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二、动词的语态 As has been pointed out, a sentence/ clause

whose predicator(predicate verb) is active is called an “active sentence”, and a sentence/ clause whose predicator (predicate verb) is passive is called a “passive sentence”. The subject in the active sentence is the agent or doer of an action, and in the passive the recipient of the action.

各个时态的被动形式大致可归纳如下：

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一般时态 进行时态 完成时态现

在

am

is given

are

am

is being given

are

has

been given

have

过

去

was

given

were

was

being given

were

had been given

将

来

shall

be given

will

X X X

(shall

have been given)

( will

过去将来

should

be given

would

X X X

(should

have been given)

( would

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1) 被动语态主要在下面几种情况下用： a> 我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁

( 这时都不带由 by 引起的短语 ) ： Such books are written for children. 这种书是为儿童写

的。 When will the road be opened to traffic? 这条路什么时

候通车？ We haven’t been told about it. 没有人通知我们这件事。 b> 动作承受者是谈话的中心 ( 这时可带有 by 引

起的短语 ) ： The store is run by the trade union. 这家店是工会办的。

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The song was composed by a student. 这首歌曲是一个学生谱写的。

The lathe was designed by ourselves. 这个车床是我们自己设计的。

c> 出于礼貌措辞圆通等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁：

You are requested to give a performance. 请你给我们表演一个节目。

It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 这样做一般认为是不妥当的。

You are cordially invited to a party to be given at the Teachers’s Club at 3 p.m. Nov. 23. 谨定于 11 月 23 日下午 3 时在教师俱乐部举行晚会，敬请光临。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（ｅｎｄ）

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2)passive voice of phrasal verbs:when used transitively, phrasal verbs can be made passive.

A) passive voice of basic phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs have three basic forms: “verb

+ preposition”, “verb + adverb ” and “verb + adverb + preposition”.

In the transformation from the active into the passive, these forms are mostly treated as single word verbs, and both the adverb and the preposition should remain immediately after the verb.

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a) verb + preposition, eg: look after, look into, talk about:

The children are well looked after. This matter is being looked into. Other possibilities were talked about at the meeting. b) verb + adverb , eg: set up, put off, bring about: When was the hospital set up? The sport meet is to be put off. A new outburst of revolutionary enthusiasm will

soon be brought about.

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c) verb + adverb + preposition, eg: do away with, face up to, put up with:

That sort of thing should be done away with. There’s no running away from the facts; they just

have to be faced up to. Such a state of things cannot be put up with. B) passive voice of “verb + noun +

preposition” The “verb + noun + preposition” combination may

have two passive possibilities. The first of these is to treat the combination as a single transitive verb,eg:

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He took great care of his books. His book were taken great care of. The second is to treat the combination as “verb +

noun + preposition” , and put the whole prepositional phrase after the passive verb,eg:

He took great care of his books. Great care was taken of his books. Compare: They had made a mess of the house. The house had been made a mess of.( 第一种用法 ) A mess had been made of the house. ( 第二种用法 ) 注意：采用第二种形式时要把整个介词词组放到被动态

动词的后面去。　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 （ｅｎｄ）

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3) Active constructions expressing passive meanings

There are verbs that can be either transitive or intransitive and which can be active in form but passive in meaning. The following two points may be noted. The first of these, which occurs chiefly in the present progressive( 如 do,owe, cook, bind, print 等动词。这类结构是早期英语遗留下来的用法， 常见于日常用语以及某些行业的专门术语中 ), eg:

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The house is building. The book is printing. The dinner is cooking.

Verbs used in this way can also be made passive. compare:

The house is being built. The book is being printed. The dinner is being cooked.

The second type occurring frequently in the simple present is only found when the subject is represented as having certain inherent qualities which promote, hamper,

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or prevent the realization of the idea expressed by the predicate verb, eg:

Browning’s plays won’t act. 布朗宁戏剧不宜上演。 Tomatoes bruise easily. 西红柿很容易碰伤。 This belt won’t buckle. 这根腰带扣不上。 My voice doesn’t carry well. 我的声音传不远。 Enamel wares clean easily. 搪瓷器皿容易弄干净。 This box doesn’t close properly. 这厢子关不拢。 These apples cook well. 这些苹果适于烹煮。 This metal cuts easily. 这种金属容易切削。 Nylon dries quickly. 尼龙织物干得快。 The pipe doesn’t draw well. 这烟斗不大畅通。

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This material doesn’t dye well. 这料子染不好。 It eats well. 这东西吃起来味道好。 Damp wood will not fire. 潮湿的木头烧不着。 This wheat grinds well. 这种麦子很好磨。 The brake does not grip properly. 刹车不灵。 This car handles well. 这辆车好驾驶。 Damp clothes iron easily. 湿衣容易烫平。 Will this meat keep till tomorrow? 这肉能放到明天吗？ The flat lets for 500 dollars a month. 这套公寓房月租金 500

美元。 The match lights easily. 这火柴容易划着。 The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上。 The cow milks well. 这头母牛出奶率高。 These books pack easily. 这些书容易包装。

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These potatoes peel easily. 这些土豆容易销皮。 Ripe apples pick easily. 熟了的苹果容易采摘。 This poem reds well. 这首诗读来顺口。 His voice records well. 他的声音录下来很好听。 That play screens badly. 那个剧本不适于拍电影。 His new novel sells well. 他的新小说销路好。 The window won’t shut. 这窗关不上。 Some kinds of wood splits easily. 有些木材容易劈开。 Some kinds of food soon spoil. 有些食品容易变质。 This linen cloth stains easily. 这种麻布容易弄脏。 This paper tears easily. 这种纸币一撕就破。 This cloth washes well. 这部很耐洗。 This material won’t wear. 这种材料不耐久。 The drawer won’t open. 抽屉开不开。

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以上这些句子一般都不能转换为被动句，如果变为被动句，句子的意义就改变了。 compare ：

His novels don’t sell. 他的小说销路不佳。 His novels are not sold. 他的小说没有卖掉。 The middle house won’t let. 中间的房子租不出

去。 The middle house will not be let. 中间的房子不会

出租。 She does not photograph well. 她不上照。 She has not been photographed well. 她的相没有照好。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（ｅｎｄ）

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4)非限定动词的被动语态 非限定动词包括不定式、 -ing 分词和– ed分词，

其中不定式和 -ing 分词有被动语态。以 write 为例，形式如下：

形式 不定式 -ing 分词一般时态 to be written being written

完成时态 to have been written

having been written

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A ）不定式的被动态 当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，这个

不定式要用被动语态。例如： I hope to be nominated. It is impossible for lost time to be made up. To fetch water before breakfast seemed to them a rule

never to be broken. Note: get-型被动态 (get-passive)也可以不定式

的形式出现。例如： It was nasty for Mary to be / to get hurt.(玛丽受到伤害这

件事令人很不愉快。 ) It was good for Joan’s mother to be / to get looked after so

kindly.

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B ） -ing 分词的被动态 当 -ing 分词的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，就

要用 -ing 分词的被动态。例如： The workers were proud of their products being praised

highly by the buying public.. I object to being kept waiting. Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations

tomorrow. Note: 当代有人称代词作为自己主语的 -ing 分词

被动态在主句中作宾语或补足成分时 , 这个人称代词既可用宾格 , 也可用属格。 例如：

I insisted on him /his being invited. I don’t mind him / his being invited.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （ end ）

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5) 被动语态的灵活运用： A) 下列的动词短语动词不能用被动式：

用

法

take place

happen

occur

(发生 )(发生 )(发生 )

belong to

break out

consist of

( 属于 )

(爆炸 )

( 组成 )

例

句

An accident happened here a week ago. ( T )

An accident was happened here a week age. ( F )

( 一个星期前在这里发生了车祸。 )

This house belongs to be now. ( T )

This house is belonged to me now. ( F )

( 这栋房子现在属于我。 )

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Note: (a) “take place” 做“举行”解时，要注意其用法： We will hold the meeting next Monday. =The meeting will be held next Monday. =The meeting will take place next Monday. ( 下星期一将举行会议。 ) (b) “ 连系动词” ( 如 look,feel, taste, smell, remain

等 ) 没有被动形式： The coffee tastes a little bitter. ( T ) The coffee is tasted a little bitter. ( F ) ( 这咖啡尝起来有点苦。 ) (c) 并非所有及物动词都有被动形式，如： cost ( 花

费 ) ， take ( 花费 ) ， last ( 持续 ), resemble ( 像 ), have ( 有 ) 等都没有被动式。

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The pen cost five yuan. ( T ) The pen is costed five yuan. ( F ) ( 这笔要五元。 ) B) 有些动词以“动名词”或“不定式”的形式

表示被动语态 下列动词看似主动，但其实还有被动的意义： ① be worth + V-ing(值得… ) ② need want + V-ing(需要… ) require ③ to let ( 出租 ) ， to blame (该受责备 ) For example:

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The book is worth reading. = The book is worthy to be read. = The book is worthy of being read. ( 这本书值得一读。 ) My car needs checking. = My car needs to be checked. ( 我的车子需要检查。 ) The house is to let. (此屋出租。 ) You are to blame. ( 你应受责备。 ) A lot remains to do.(还有许多要做的事情。 ) C) 用其他介词代替 by: 在被动语态中，表示行为者的介词，通常用

by；但有些动词不用 by而要用其他的介词 ( 如to, in, at, with…):

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be 动 词 的 过 去 分 词 介 词

be

acquainted ﹙ 认识﹚covered ﹙覆盖﹚equipped ﹙ 装备﹚ pleased ﹙ 高兴﹚satisfied ﹙满意﹚crowded ﹙挤满﹚filed ﹙挤满﹚

with

be

amazed ﹙惊讶﹚astonished ﹙ 吃惊﹚startled ﹙ 吃惊﹚surprised ﹙惊讶﹚shocked ﹙震惊﹚disappointed ﹙失望﹚frightened ﹙惊吓﹚

at

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be

dressed ﹙穿 ~ 衣服﹚interested ﹙感兴趣﹚absorbed ﹙ 专心于﹚engaged ﹙从事于﹚caught ﹙遇到﹚

in

be

accustomed﹙习惯于﹚used﹙习惯于﹚devoted ﹙献身于﹚known ﹙ 为 ~所知﹚married ﹙ 结婚﹚obliged ﹙感激﹚engaged ﹙与…订婚﹚

to

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例句： The mountain is covered with snow. (山被雪所覆盖。）

He is pleased with his new job. （他对新工作很满意。）

I was surprised at the news. ( 这消息使我吃惊。）

He is interested in music. （他对音乐感兴趣。） I am much obliged to you for your help. (真谢谢

你的帮助。） I was caught in a shower on my way home. （我在回家途中遇到阵雨。）　　　　　（ｅｎｄ）

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D ）情绪动词的被动语态 所谓“情绪动词”是指可以表达各种“心理感受”，如：高兴、满意、惊讶等的动词，如果主语是“人”的话， 通常用“被动式”表达，其句型是：“人 +be+情绪动词的过去分词”（表示某人感到……）。请看下列诸词：

表示高兴、满意 表示惊讶 其 他用

法

amused 　　　、delighted 　　　、excited 　　　、interested 　　　、pleased 　　　　　、satisfied

amazed 、 astonished 、startled 、 surprised 、frightened、 shocked

bored 　（ 厌烦） tired （疲倦） exhausted （筋疲力尽） disappointed（失望） disgusted （厌恶） convinced （相信）

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For example: I am interested in English.

He was delighted to meet you.

I was surprised to hear the mews.

I am disappointed in her.

Note: the usage of the following phrases:

be used to +N 习惯于 be devoted to+N 献身于 be absorbed in+N 专心于 be acquainted with 熟悉 be opposed to+N 反对 be exposed to+N 暴露于 be made up of 由…组成 be wounded = be hurt 受伤 be located = be situated 位于

Be accustomed to+N 习惯于 be dedicated to+N 致力于 be engaged in 从事于 be concerned about 关心 be supposed to+V 应该要 be well-known for 以…著名 be inclined to+V 倾向于 be seated = sit 就座 be dressed= dress oneself 穿着

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E) 客观的说法 表示客观的说明常用“ It is +p.p.” 的句型。下

面为常见的句型： believed 大家相信 expected 大家期待 reported 据报道 It is said 据说 that

suggested 有人建议说 thought 大家认为 acknowledged 大家公认For example: It is said that Mike is sick in bed.

It is believed that he was killed.

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Conclusion So far we have discussed the use of active

voice and passive voice and some special points that we should pay much attention to on verb voices. Now let’s practice.

Exercises:1. All the apparatus___before the experiment began. a. have been prepared b. was prepared c. had been prepared d. had prepared2. The assassination attempt___millions, because the

speech was on television. a. was seen by b. was saw by c. seen by d. was seen for

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3. He said that the patient___by a chief doctor. a. would operate on b. will operate on c. will be operated on d. would be operated on4. The world;s supplies of copper___. a. had been gradually being exhausted b. have gradually exhausted c. are gradually exhausted d. are being gradually exhausted5. Hurry up, or the tickets___out by the time we got there. a. will have been sold b. will sell c. have sold d. have been sold6. Miller___how to make the test before he tried. a. had told b. have been told c. had been told d. told

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7. The house suddenly collapsed while it___down.

a. pulled b. had been pulled c. was being pulled d. was pulled8. I enjoyed last night’s concert, although Beethoven’s Fifth

Symphony___rather poorly. a. was playing b. playing c. was played d. played9. Today the public___about the way nature is being ruined. a. is concerned b. has been concerning c. is being concerned d. is becoming concerned10.The result of these examinations___by the teacher. a. announces b. announced c. have been announced d. has been announced