1. 1. 2004. 6. - 1 -
2. 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () ()- 2 -
3. 3. .....1. 1661925252. ( ) 39 3.504. ( ) 61 5.6.. 6875- 3 -176
4. 4. I. . (WHO) 1985 (WHO,(multifactorial)1985) . (SluiterJK etal, 2001). 1 () , - , . . (DavidStubbs). . 1992 . . 10, . - 1 -11
5. 5. . (risk assessment) .-(work- - - system) (Klaus J. Zink, 2003) . - -(performance) (quality- ODAM(Organizational Design and Management : ODAM) of working life)(Macroergonomics) (macro-ergonomics) . (ScottPA and Zink K, 2003). 1 ( MICRO -ERGO NO MICS ) ( MACRO -ERGO NO MICS ) ( P hy sical demension) - () ( P scy chological demension) ( Q ualification) ( Economic demension) - 2 -
6. 6. , , . , .WHO 1985 (multifactorial) . . ,,,,,,,,, ( , 2003-24) , ( ), ( ), : , , , ( ): , . (macro-ergonomics) . , . 1 .- 3 -
7. 7. 2 () () - , () , , , , , , , - , , , . . 2(force),(movement) (vibration) (physical (( .)()(posture), factors) ( : ) (decision (nonphysicallatitude) ) factors) 3 1. ; , , , 2. ; (, : ) (, )EU , - 4 -
8. 8. 1997 NIOSH, ,Punnet BergqvistISO/DIS11226,UEMSD (ICOH) . DG-5NIOSH,(IEA) 1997 1999 . , . , (NIOSH, 1997).,WHO (WHO,1985). . . . :(autonomy),(decisionlatitude),. . , , , . , , . , . Karasek job content . , , . , . : 10 .- 5 -60
9. 9. II. , . , . , , , , , III.1. : (Participatory action research) (Participatoryaction research) . , , (Participatory -->action research) -->(De Kong Martin 1996). -->--> (Ritchie (Participatoryaction research) -->1996).-->--> --> , , .1) : , . : , .- 6 -
10. 10. 2) : , . : , , , , O/T, , 3) : . : , , , 4): , . : 5): . : 6) ( ): , . : 7) (1) : , , . : , , 2. . .- 7 -
11. 11. 1) . 2 . , . .(1) . 4 - , , , , , , - - , , , - , (, ) - , , - : , , (HAL) (NPF) - - - - - , , - , - , - - , - - , , - - - : , , /, /, /, /, / - , , , - , - , - - 8 -
12. 12. (2) (NationalInstitute Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH) ( 1), (2,3,4). . (NIOSH1 :2 :3 : 1 ) 1 1(NIOSH1 , ) 1 ( ) 4 :3 1 ( (3) . Karasek(1979) . . , , , , , . , 4 (Karasek,- 9 -1979)().
13. 13. 2 (lowstrain group) . , , . (passivegroup) . . (activegroup) . (high group)strain . , , ,Theell(1990),(Karasek,1988).Karasek . Karasek(1988) . , . Karasek(1979) . Karasek(1982) - 10 -
14. 14. . (4) (4) .(5) 7, 3,6, 1, 2 . 1 5 , , , , . . [, intensity of labor] ( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/). .- 11 -
15. 15. 5 [ , intensity of labor] () . , . () , () , . . , () , . , 1 , 1 , 1 , . , . , (RMR). .RMR = ( - ) / = / . RMR 0.1 10.0 , () RMR 01 (), 12 , 24 , 47 , 7 ( ) . , , , . , , . , () . ( EnCyber (http://www.encyber.com/) - 12 -
16. 16. 6 (2) [ , intensity of labour] . , , . . 1 . . , 1 . , . ( , http://nisweb.nonghyupi.com/dic/aac/aac206.html) ( ) ( ) , . , . . . 7 ( ) =( ) = - 13 -
17. 17. . , . , , , . 8 (, , ) , , , : , , 2)(1) , , : , , 2003-24: 2003-24(2003.7.15) . . 1.11 .4 2. 2 , , , - 14 -
18. 18. 3. 2 , , , 4. , 2 5. 2 6. 2 ,2kg1kg 7. 2 4.5kg 8.1025kg 9.2510kg , , 10. 2 , 2 4.5kg11. 2 10 (2) ANSI(ANSI) 10ANSI(ANSIZ-365 Quick Checklist) . , , / , (>3m), ( / / / , / , / : , / / / / / / , ) (8 ) .(3) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (ACGIH) ACGIH TLV for Hand Activity (HAL) (NPF) , , (TLV) - 15 -0.78
19. 19. (TLV) . 0.56 (AL) 0.78 . (TLV) (flexin), (extension), (rotation) (neutral) , (TLV) . 4 .(4) RULA McAtamneyCorlett(1993)RULA(Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) . ( ), , , (), , . , . 1(43 1 - 2) , 2( 3 - 4) ( ), ( 4( 5 - 63) (soon) , 7) (immediately) . . 9 RULA 11-223-435-647 , , (5) ACGIH Lifting TLV ACGIH Lifting TLV (ACGIH) - 16 -
20. 20. . , . , (TLV)1/2 30 . NLE(theRevisedNIOSHLiftingEquation) (TLV) .NLE(6) NLE (the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation) NIOSH(1991) (AL: (RecommendAction Limit)(MPL) Weight Limit, RWL), (LiftingIndex, LI)RWL (,.8) . .RWL AL (H), (V), (D), (FM) (AM) (C) .RWL = 23(25/H){1-(0.003V-75}{0.82+(4.5/D)}{1-(0.0032A)}(FM)(CM)H(Horizontal distance) : , ( ) , 25cm. , (V(Vertical distance) : ) D(Vertical25cmtravelF(Frequency,(, 5distance)25cm/):: 25-175cm, , 0.2/ 0.2/min ) ., 0-135 (sagittalplane). 0.2/0-175cm..A(Asymmetric angle) :RWL25-63 cm, 25cm,23kg - 17 -75cm, 25cm
21. 21. , . NIOSH (LiftingIndex, LI)' , (RWL) (Ratio) .LI .LI = (kg)/ RWL(kg) (LI) RWL . LI . LI 1 ,LI 3NIOSH . LI , LI 1 .(6) Kilbom(1994) . 50 10 . 2.5 /10 /10 200 . , , , , , 10 - 18 -
22. 22. .1. 1) ( %) . 100 80%60 40 20 0 1234 3 . (NIOSH1 :2 :3 : 1 ) 1 1(NIOSH1 , ) 1 ( ) 4 :3 1 ( 49(34.8),3. 1 34.8%1 28(19.9),84.4%4119(84.4),21(14.9)2 , , , 4 14.9%- 19 -3219.9% .
23. 23. 2) % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1234 (42.2),3 1(2.2),391 4 1(2.2)2 19 . , , 439(86.7),3121 19 , 1 . 2 .3) 1. Motor, Pump , , 8 . , , , , . 2. ANSI 1 , , GM, . ( ).ANSIANSI 1515 - 20 -
24. 24. . 3. ACGIH TLV 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 , , , ( 1). / .ANSI .4. . . . 25kg .5. , , , 2 , 2 1, 1 , 2 , 2 , 2 , , . .6. .7. , . .- 21 -
25. 25. . . . , . , , - .4)(1) 2002 ,2003 . . ,2002 78, 2003 133200146. .(2) . . - 22 -
26. 26. .(3) . . . . .(4) . .(5) . . . .- 23 -
27. 27. (6) 30.0(5.2)31.4(6.6)-1.464.2(9.5)52.7(11.0)8.59.8(2.7)8.0(2.6)1.89.5(2.5)9.9(2.3)-0.419.3(4.5)17.9(4.0)-0.2 11 70 6050 40 30 20 10 0 5 . , . . . .- 24 -
28. 28. . 1. 1) 2004 5 24 . 400 186 2)45. 14146.5% ., .1) . 139(98.6),171.6cm, 2(1.4)111(79.9) 2/363(45.3),. 14.9,68.5kg. , 102(54.2) . 55(39.6), 37.97.28(20.1). 21(15.1) . 7.17. .1) - 25 -
29. 29. cm kg( ) ( ) 171.6 37.97 68.5 14.9 7.17 4.94 9.02 8.31 6.9 14.2 139 2(%) 98.6 1.41 8 86 42 28 111 0 0 0 30 107 55 21 63 34 102 62 78 0.7 5.8 62.8 30.7 20.1 79.9 0 0 0 21.9 78.1 39.6 15.1 45.3 25.0 75.0 44.3 55.7(%) 4-4 2 5 1 12. 3) 6(4.2).2)44.9.135(95.7) 104(73.8) 1 37(26.2) 76 . (53.9),44(31.2),16(11.4) 4276.7. . 76(53.9),41(29.1),18(12.8) .2) . - 26 -
30. 30. ( ) 4276.7783.744.9(%)104 37 16 32 88 5 573.8 26.2 11.4 22.7 62.4 3.6 3.676 44 16 6 76 41 1853.9 31.2 11.4 4.3 53.9 29.1 12.8135 3 1 295.7 2.1 0.7 1.4(%) ----13.7 1 13. 5.1 , 3.5 . . ;, ; ; ; ; ; 14 - 27 - 8 0 8 7 21 18 53 11 12 1 0(5.8) 0 (5.8) (5.0) (15.1) (13.0) (38.1) (7.9) (8.6) (0.7) 02
31. 31. () () 1 4 4 30 39 21 22 7 7 2 0 0 ()(0.7) (2.9) (2.9) (21.9) (28.5) (15.3) (16.1) (5.1) (5.1) (1.5) 0 04 15 4) (1) 48(34.0) 20(14.2) , . () (11.4) ,37(26.4) 16 . (17.9) ,62(44.3) 25 . () () (19.3) ,73(52.1) 27 . (19.3) , .- 28 -67(47.9) 27
32. 32. (16.6) ,75(54.0) 23 . 20(14.3) ,84(60.0) . ,42(29.8) 52(36.9) . ,49(35.8) 21(15.3) . 83(59.3) , . .- 29 -40(28.6)
33. 33. 1. () 20(14.2) . 2. () 16(11.4) . 3. 6(4.3) . 4. () 6(4.3) () . 5. 4(2.9) . 6. 4(2.9) . 7. () () 12(8.6) . 8. 7(5.0) . 9. () 24(17.0) . 10. 52(36.9) . 11. 9(6.4) . 12. 16(11.4) . 13. . 21(15.3) 14. 5(3.6) . () - 30 - 48(34.0) 37(26.4) 47(33.6) 34(24.3) 42(30.0) 37(26.6) . ( ) 57(40.4) 16(11.4) 66(47.1) 21(15.0)62(44.3) 73(52.1) 67(47.9) 75(54.0)25(17.9) 27(19.3) 27(19.3) 23(16.6)1 1 1 1 243(30.7) 68(48.6) 17(12.1)184(60.0) 20(14.3)129(20.7)37(26.2) 53(37.6) 27(19.2)42(29.8)35(24.8)12(8.5)31(22.1) 47(33.6) 53(37.9)125(17.9) 48(34.3) 51(36.4)140(29.2) 27(19.7)449(35.8) 12(8.6)40(28.6) 83(59.3)1
34. 34. 5) . . 1. 4(2.9) 18(12.9) 61(43.6) . 2. 3(2.1) 28(20.0) 82(58.6) . 3. 3(2.1) 35(25.0) 77(55.0) . 4. 4(2.9) 31(22.1) 69(49.3) . 5. 12(8.6) 66(47.1) 57(40.7) . 6. 8(5.8) 38(27.3) 83(59.7) () . 7. . 11(7.9) 61(43.9) 58(41.7) 8. 9(6.4) 57(40.4) 63(44.7) . 57(40.7) 27(19.3) 25(17.9) 36(25.7)29(6.5)212(8.5)30.0(5.2)31.4(6.6)-1.464.2(9.5)52.7(11.0)8.59.8(2.7)8.0(2.6)1.89.5(2.5)9.9(2.3)-0.419.3(4.5)17.9(4.0)-0.250 40 30 20 10 0 - 31 -110(7.2)6011 15(3.6) 17 701
35. 35. . , . . . .44(33.3)7 68(51.5) 13 (5.3) *(9.9) (51.5).44(33.3). 9 68 .- . . . .- 32 -
36. 36. 28.6(4.9) 31.1(6.6) 31.1(5.8) 27.0(9.4) 33.4(5.9) 34.2(5.0) 32.8(9.7) 20 7) 52.5(10.2) 7.9(2.3) 47.3(9.6) 7.2(2.8) 57.3(10.8) 9.7(2.6) 51.6(14.6) 8.5(1.0) 61.4(8.1) 7.6(1.2) 59.1(10.5) 9.0(2.5) 55.1(9.8) 8.4(2.7) 10.4(1.9) 18.3(3.6) 9.7(2.5) 16.9(4.3) 11.6(2.0) 21.3(3.6) 9.0(1.4) 16.3(0.6) 9.3(2.0) 16.8(2.5) 10.1(2.3) 19.1(4.2) 10.3(2.3) 18.6(3.3) () , , ( ) , . ( / 45% ) . 2003 . . . 18.3(2.8) 19.9(3.1) 19.6(2.8) 17.6(2.5) 20.7(3.2) 19.9(3.5) 19.8(4.3) 21 23.3(2.6) 23.7(4.1) 21.4(4.2) 20.8(4.8) 24.5(2.6) 24.8(3.3) 24.6(3.8) 9.5(1.2) 10.8(1.7) 9.5(1.8) 11.0(1.6) 9.5(1.0) 9.9(1.6) 10.2(1.2) - 33 - 3.2(0.5) 6.5(0.8) 61.0(5.3) 2.7(0.7) 6.1(1.0) 63.4(7.2) 2.8(1.2) 6.2(0.6) 59.5(8.5) 3.4(0.5) 6.0(0.0) 59.0(6.2) 3.2(0.4) 6.1(0.6) 62.8(4.5) 3.0(0.7) 6.6(1.1) 64.9(8.6) 3.1(0.4) 6.2(0.9) 64.2(8.8) ()
37. 37. 1 2 3 4 5 3(2.1) 22(15.7) 56(40.0) 43(30.7) 16(11.4) 1 20(14.4) 26(18.7) 84(60.4) 8(5.8) 1(0.7) 2 15(10.7) 33(23.6) 85(60.7) 7(5.0) 1 38(27.3) 77(55.4) 15(10.8) -25(3.6)9(6.5)32(22.9) 69(49.3) 32(22.9)16 / 11(7.9) 25(17.9) 63(45.0)7 3(2.1)9(6.4)69(49.3)82(1.5)9(6.5)50(36.2)5(3.7)7(5.2)79(59.0)5(3.6)5(3.6)61(44.2) 9 10 ( ) 11 ( 16(11.7) 34(24.8)) 12 35(25.0) 6(4.3) 46(32.9) 13(9.3) 59(42.8) 18(13.0) 37(27.6) 6(4.5) 54(39.1) 13(9.4)1 1 3 7 364(46.7) 20(14.6)3(2.2)46(4.7)133(2.3)5(3.9)90(70.3) 24(18.8)13 3(2.3)4(3.0)90(68.2)14 1(0.8)5(3.8)80(60.6)15 4(3.0)2(1.5)68(51.5) 16 4(3.0)7(5.2)74(55.2)17 9(6.8)2(1.5)106(80.3) 13(9.9)18 6(4.4)9(6.6)74(54.0) 19 7(5.2)3(2.2)59(44.0) 2(1.4)33(25.0) 2(1.5) 44(33.3) 2(1.5) 45(34.1) 13(9.9) 36(26.9) 13(9.7) 2(1.5)46(33.6) 2(1.5) 54(40.3) 11(8.2)9 9 9 7 9 4 7 22 8) , (NIOSH) (, , ), ( ), (1 ), ( ) .- (34.8), 31 28(19.9),4- 34 -119(84.4),21(14.9)249
38. 38. . 1 34.8%84.4% , , , 4 14.9%1 119(84.4)3219.9% .23449(34.8)28(19.9)21(14.9) 23 100 80%60 40 20 0 1234 7 - 1 90(63.8),/ 83(58.9),56(39.7),/ 35(24.8)80(56.7),/63(44.7),/ . 50% . 40% . 1 82(58.2) 80(56.7) 99(70.2) 90(63.8) / 43(30.5) 35(24.8) / 65(46.1) 63(44.7) / 91(65.0) 83(58.9) / 58(41.1) 56(39.7) 24 - 35 - 2 3 421(14.9)9(6.4)8(5.7)24(17.0)13(9.2)10(7.1)10(7.1)5(3.6)3(2.1)17(12.1)11(7.8)7(5.0)29(20.6)10(7.1)8(5.7)15(10.6)8(5.7)4(2.8)( ) :%
39. 39. - . 34.04%,4 21.28%1 95.74%,2 40.43%,3 . . 19) 3 46(27.27)3(13.64)3(13.64)2218(81.82)4745(95.74)109(90.00)55(100.00)1816(88.89)45(95.74) 19(40.43) 16(34.04) 10(21.28) 8(80.00) 2(20.00) 2(20.00) 2(20.00) 3(60.00) 2(40.00) 2(40.00) 2(40.00) 16(88.89) 7(38.89) 0(0.00) 0(0.00)1715(88.24)15(88.24)6(35.29)2(11.76)1(5.88)1613(81.25)13(81.25)5(31.25)2(12.50)2(12.50) 25 15(68.18) 2( ) :% 26 (1) p-value38.736.60.206223.323.10.74414212.24380.40.254515.314.20.35344.95.50.06753.34.00.0235 () . . - 36 -
40. 40. 27 (2) 95% 1.063.031.354-6.7960.370.178-0.7626.703.098-14.4926.07 / / / / / /0.449-2.4912.836-13.011 / / 3.03 . . / / 6.70 . / / 6.07 , .< 28> (1) 18.7 22.720.9 24.9p-value 0.0002 0.0017 10.010.40.1245 2.93.10.17006.36.10.2873 60.665.30.0004 .- 37 -
41. 41. < 29> (1) p-value 30.633.10.0537 53.052.10.6811 8.37.40.0593 10.09.80.5116 18.317.20.1197 .- 38 -
42. 42. 2. 1) . . . 10% .- . . . 13-14 .. .. .. .... 2 3 .. .. 1 4 .. 2 .. 12 - 1 .. .. 1 2 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. 9 6 ..- . 346 133 . .- 39 -
43. 43. .. 1,2 .. .. 1 .. .. 20-30 .. 110 .. 1 .. 7-8 40 5:5 .. .. .. .. .. 2 34-36 .. .. .. 3-4 .. 150 .. .. 1,2 .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10-15 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 10 10 15 .. ..- . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 .. .. .. 10% .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - 40 -
44. 44. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 .. .. 120 .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 30 120 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ..2.. 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. , .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . - 41 -
45. 45. . ... .... .... .. ... 100 200 200 ... 10 .. 15 .. 1 .. 1 2 17 .. 10 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. () .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..- . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ( ) .. .. .. .. 10 1 .. 1 - 42 -
46. 46. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..- . . . .. .. 8 30 .. .. .. .. 5 10 .. () .. .. 2 .. 10 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..16 18 .. .. .. .. .. / .. .. - 43 -
47. 47. .. .. .. 16 18 .. 16 .. .. .. .. .. 16 .. 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..- . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ? .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..- 44 -
48. 48. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 ..- .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. () .. 30-40KG .. .. 30KG .. .. 50 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2 .. 3 .. .. 2.. .. 2 .. 3 .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2)- - 45 -
49. 49. .3) 2003 .199819992000200120022003 4 144 : 214 18 18714 2111158 2622420044 72725 76 30(8) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1999200020012002-20032004.4. () , () . () . . . .2002 30 2003 76 2 2001 2002 31 20032004. ( )4678133175 26307632(4 )()202206217210(4 )3) .( - 46 - )