2014 - Chuyên đề 02 - Liên kết hóa học & Phản ứng oxi hóa - khử-a

8/14/2019 2014 - Chuyn 02 - Lin kt ha hc & Phn ng oxi ha - kh-a

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LP BI DNG VN HANGY MI 18A/88 INH VN T - TP.HI DNG

TP CH HA HC & TUI TR HOAHOC.ORGNg Xun Qunh - 0979.817.885 0936.717.885 Ym: [email protected]

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CHUYN 02:LIN KT HA HC

A. LIN KT HA HCKhi nim phn t v lin kt ha hc

Phn t l phn t nh nht ca cht, mang tnh cht c tr-ng cho cht, c th phn chia thnh ccht nh hn trong cc phn ng ho hc v c th tn ti c lp.

S kt hp gia cc nguyn t t ti trng thi bn vng hn -c gi l lin kt ha hc.Cc khuynh h-ng hnh thnh lin kt ha hc- Qui tc bt t (Octet)

Ni dung ca qui tc bt t: Khi tham gia vo lin kt ha hc cc nguyn t c khuynh h-ng dngchung electron hoc trao i t n cu trc bn ca kh him bn cnh vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoicng.V d:

H . + . Cl Cl:.. ..

..:..H H-Cl:

Na . . Cl Na+ Cl-

(2/8) (2/8/8)

+ NaCl:..

..

(2/8/1) (2/8/7)

I. lin kt ion1.S hnh thnh ion

Trong nguyn t, s proton bng s electron nn nguyn t trung ha in. Trong phn ng ha hc,nu nguyn t mt bt hoc thu thm electron, n s tr thnh phn t mang in tch dng hocm.Nguyn thocnhm nguyn tmang incgil ion.a. Ion dng

Cc nguyn t kim loi d nhng 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng tr thnh cc ionmang 1, 2, 3 n v in tch dng.

Th d: MgMg2++2e AlAl3++ 3eIon mang in tch dng c gi lion dnghay cation.

Ngi ta gi tn cation kim loi bng cch t trc tn kim loi t "cation" nh cation liti (Li+

),cation magie Mg2+, cation nhm (Al3+), cation ngI(Cu+), cation ngII(Cu2+),...b. Ion m

Cc nguyn t halogen khc v cc nguyn t phi kim nh O, S c th thu thm 1, 2 electron vtr thnh cc ion m.

Th d: Cl + e Cl O + 2e O2 S + 2e S2

Ion mang in tch m c gi lion mhay anion.Ngi ta thng gi tn cc anion bng tn gc axit tng ng, th d cc ionF, Cl, S2 ln lt

c gi l ion florua, clorua, sunfua. Ion O2 c gi lion oxit.c. Ion nv ion anguyn t

Ion nnguyn tl ion c to nn t mt nguyn t.

Th d:Li+

,Mg2+

,Al3+

,Cu2+

,F

,Cl

,S2

,...Ion a nguyn tl ion c to nn t nhiu nguyn t lin kt vi nhau thnh mt nhm

nguyn t mang in tch dng hay m. Th d, ion amoni ( 4NH ), cc ion gc axit nh ion

nitrat ( 3NO ), ion sunfat ( 2

4SO ), ion photphat3

4PO ...

2. S hnh thnh lin kt ion


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nh ngha lin kt ion: lin kt ion l lin kt ho hc c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ionmang in ng c du.

Bn cht ca lc lin kt ion: l lc ht tnh in. Thngc hnh thnh gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.

Xt mng tinh th NaCl:Mng tinh thNaCl c cu trc hnh lp phng. Cc ionNa+ v Cl nm cc nt ca mng tinh

th mt cch lun phin. Trong tinh thNaCl, c mt ionNa+ c bao quanh bi 6 ion Cl. Ngc li,

mt ion Cl c bao quanh bi 6 ion Na+

Tinh thNaCl c to bi rt nhiu ionNa+ v Cl, khng c phn tNaCl ring bit. Tuy vykhi vit cng thc phn t mui natri clorua, ngin ngi ta ch vitNaCl.Tnh cht ca cc hp cht lin kt ion:

+ Cc hp cht ion cng kh nng chy+ Kh b ho tan trong dung mi phn cc hn.+ Cngv d v+ Hnh thnh tinh th, c dng rn

+ Tinh th ion thng khng mu+ Dn in trng thi nng chy v dung dch, trng thi rn thng khng dn in.

Tm li:Kim loi cng d nh ng electron, phi kim cng d nhn electron, cc ion c to thnh ht nhaucng mnh th cng thun li cho s to thnh lin kt ion.

II. Lin kt cng ha tr1. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr.

Khi hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr, cc nguyn t c khuynh h ng dng chung cc cp electron t cu trc bn ca kh him gn k ( vi 8 hoc 2 electron lp ngoi cng).

Cc cp electron dng chung c th do s gp chung ca hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt (cng hatr thng th ng) hoc ch do mt nguyn t b ra (lin kt cho nhn hay lin kt phi tr). S electron gp chung ca mt nguyn t th ng bng 8 - n (n: s th t ca nhm nguyn t). Khiht kh nng gp chung, lin kt vi cc nguyn t cn li c hnh thnh bng cp electron do mtnguyn t b ra (th ng l nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in nh hn).

V d: Cng thc phn t Cng thc electron Cng thc cu toH2O H :O: H H - O - HSO2 :O:: S: O: O= SO

a. S hnh thnh phn t n cht

Cc phn t H2, N2 to nn t hai nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t (c m in nhnhau), nn cc cp electron chung khng b ht lch v pha nguyn t no. Do , lin kt trong cc

phn t khng b phn cc. l lin kt cng ha tr khng cc .

....

..

.. ....


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b. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht

Lin kt cng ha tr trong cp electron chung b lch v pha mt nguyn t c gi l lin ktcng ha tr c cc hay lin kt cng ha tr phn cc.

m in ca oxi (3,44) ln hn m in ca C (2,55) nn cp electron chung lch vpha oxi. Lin kt gia hai nguyn t oxi v cacbon l phn cc, nhng phn t CO2 c cu to thngnn phn cc ca hai lin kt i (C=O) trit tiu nhau, kt qu l ton b phn t khng b phncc.

2. Lin kt cng ho tr cho-nhn (lin kt phi tr).a) nh ngha:Lin kt cng ho tr cho - nhn l lin kt cng ho tr trong cp electron dng chung chdo mt nguyn t cung cpgi l nguyn t cho, nguyn t cn li l nguyn t nhn.

VD:

N

H

H

H

+ H+ N

H

H

H

H

+

hay N

H

H

H

H

+

N

O

O

N

O

O

hay

Trong cng thc cu to, ngi ta biu din cp electron chung bng mt gch ni, cp electron cho- nhn bng mt mi tn c chiu hng v pha nguyn t nhn.

b) iu kin to ra lin kt cho nhn:- Nguyn t cho phi c lp v e bo ho v cn t nht mt cp e t do (ch-a tham gia lin kt) cbn knh nh, m in t ng i ln.

- Nguyn t nhn phi c obitan trng.3. Tnh chtcacc chtc lin ktcngha tr

Cc cht m phn t ch c lin kt cng ha tr c th l cht rn nh ng, lu hunh, iot,..., cth l cht lng: nc, ancol,... hoc cht kh nh kh cacbonic, clo, hiro,...

Cc cht c cc nh ancol etylic, ng,... tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc nh nc.Phn ln cc cht khng cc nh iot, cc cht hu c khng cc tan trong dung mi khng cc nh

benzen, cacbon tetraclorua,...Ni chung, cc cht ch c lin kt cng ha tr khng cc khng dn in mi trng thi.

MIQUAN H GIA LIN KT ION V LIN KT CNG HA TRVi lin kt A B th xt v c im ca lin kt ca A B, ngi ta da vo gi tr hiu m in

ca hai nguyn t A v B4,0

BA => Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc

4,0BA

=> Lin kt ion 7,14,0 BA

=> Lin kt cng ha tr c cc


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Dng lin kt V d c im lin kt

Lin kt cngha tr

Khng phn cc Cl : Cl Cp e dng chung nm gia hai nguyn t

Phn tc H : ClCp e dng chung lch pha nguyn t c m inln hn

Cho nhn(Phi tr) H3N :

H

Cp e dng chung ch do mt nguyn t n phngcung cp

Lin kt ion Na+Cl-

E chuyn hn v mt nguyn t trong phn t to thnh

cc ionCC LOI TINH TH

Tinh th ion Tinh th nguyn t Tinh th phn t Tinh th kim loi

Khi

nim

c hnh thnh t nhngion mang in tch tri du,gm cac cation v anion nt mng tinh th

c hnh thnh tcc nguyn t

c hnh thnh tcc phn t

c hnh thnh tnhng ion nguynt kim loi v ccelectron t do

V d Mui n Kim cng Iot, nc Na, Fe, Cu ...

ctnh

- Lin kt c bn cht tnh

in- Rt bn- Kh nng chy- Khi bay gi

- Lc lin kt c bn

cht cng ha tr- Nhit nng chyv nhit si cao

- Lc lin kt l lctng tc tnh phn

t- Km bn- cng nh-Nhit nng chy,nhit soi thp

- nh kim- Dn in

- Dn nhit- Do d dtmng

III. Lin kt kim loi1. nh ngha:Lin kt kim loi l lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do cc electron t do gn kt cc ion d ngkim loi trong mang tinh th kim loi hay trong kim loi lng.

Bn cht ca lc lin kt kim loi l lc ht tnh in gia cc electron t do v cc ion (+) kim loi.2.nh h ng ca lin kt kim loi n tnh cht vt l ca kim loi

Do cu trc c bit ca mng tinh th kim loi m cc kim loi rn c nhng tnh cht vt l chung: tnhdn in, tnh dn nhit, tnh do, nh kim. Cc tnh cht vt l chung u do electron t do trong kim loi gy ra.

Ngoi ra c im ca lin kt kim loi: Mt nguyn t (hay c kht), mt electron t do, intch ca cation kim loi cng nh hng n cc tnh cht vt l khc ca kim loi nh : cng, nhit nng chy, nhit si, t khi.

IV. Lin kt hiro1. Khi nim

- Lin kt hyro l lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh bng lc ht tnh in yu gia mt nguyn t hyrolinh ng vi mt nguyn t phi kim c m in ln, mang in tch m ca phn t khc hoc trongcng phn t.

C

OO

O

H

H

VDO

HH

O

H

H

O

H

H

2. Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro.- Bn cht ca lc lin kt hyro l lc ht tnh in.- Lin kt hiro thuc loi lin kt yu, c nng l ng lin kt vo khong 10-40 kJ/mol, yu hn nhiu

so vi lin kt cng ha tr m nng lng lin kt vo khong v trm n vi ngn kJ/mol, nhng ligy nn nhng nh h ng quan trng ln tnh cht vt l (nh nhit si v tnh tan trong n c) cngnh tnh cht ha hc (nh tnh axit) ca nhiu cht hu c.


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HX ... :

1

Y 3. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hyr.

+ X phi c m in cao, bn knh nguyn t phi t-ng i nh( O, N, F)

+ Y: c t nht mt cp e ch-a s dng, c r nh(O, N, F)

C 2 loi lin kt H

+Lin kt H gia cc phn t ( lin kt H lin phn t)VD:

O H

R

O H

R

C th c loi lin kt H lin phn t to thnh vng khp kn (dng ime) rt bn rt kh tch nhau ra

ngay c khi bay hi

+ Lin kt H ni phn t: Xut hin trong phn t c c

HX v :

1

Y v chng phi

t ng i gn nhau khi hnh thnh lin kt H to thnh c vng 5-6 cnh( th ng th vng 5 cnh

bn hn)

VD CH2H2C

O

H

O

H

C

O

OH

O H

;

Trong phn t c lin kt H ni phn t: ngoi ra cn c lin kt H lin phn t nh-ng v cng kh

khn v n to ra lin kt H ni phn t d dng hn v bn hn lin kt H lin phn t

4.nh h ng ca lin kt H

+)nh h-ng n si, nhit nng chy

- Lin kt hyro lin phn t lm tng nhit nng chy, nhit si, sc cng b mt v kh nng hotan vo nc ca cht.- Cc cht c lin kt hyro ni phn t s gim kh nng to lin kt hyro lin phn t, lm gim nhit nng chy, nhit si, kh nng ho lng so vi hp cht c khi l ng phn t t ng ng nhngc lin kt hyro lin phn t.

C

OO

O

HH

(I)

C

OOH

OH

(II)

VD

(II) c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao hn(I).

+)nh h-ng n tan: Xt nh h ng ca lin kt H gia phn t v dung mi

- Nu c lin kt H gia phn t hp cht v dung mi th tan ln- Nhng cht c kh nng to lin kt H ni phn t d tan trong dung mi khng phn cc, kh tan trongdung mi phn cc hn so vi nhng cht c lin kt H lin phn t

VD: Do c lin kt hyro nn H2O, NH3, HF c nhit si cao hn cc hp cht c khi l ng phn tt ng ng(hoc ln hn) nh ng khng c lin kt hyro nh H2S, HBr, HI... Lin kt hyro ca C2H5OH

vi H2O lm cho ru etylic tan v hn trong nc.

+- +-

+-


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...O - H

C2H5

...H- O

C2H5

...

O - H

C2H5

...O - H

H

... O - H

H

......

+)nh h-ng n bn ca ng phn

VD: Hin t ng ng phn tautome:

+)nh h-ng n tnh axitbaz

- Ngoi ra lin kt hyro cn nh h ng n kh nng cho v nhn proton(H+), tc nh h ng n tnhaxit-baz ca cht.

VD: HF to lin kt hyro mnh trong dung dch nn tnh axit ca HF gim mnh so vi cc axit HCl, HBr,HI.

CH3CCH2CCH3|| ||O O

CHCH3C CCH3|| ||

O - H . . . O


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MT S BI TP T LUNCu 1:Hai nguyn t M v X to thnh hp cht c cng thc l M2X. Cho bit:- Tng s proton trong hp cht bng 46.- Trong ht nhn ca M c n -p = 1, trong ht nhn ca X c n = p.

- Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim47

8khi lng.

1. Tm s ht proton trong nguyn t M v X.2. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit tn cc nguyn t M, X.3. Lin kt trong hp cht M2X l lin kt g? Ti sao?Vit s hnh thnh lin kt trong hp cht .Cu 2:1. Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B bit rng:-Tng s cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t A l 34. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang inl 10.- K hiu ca nguyn t B l 19

9B.

2.Lin kt trong hp cht to thnh t A v B thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit cng thc ca hp chtto thnh .

Cu 3: Mt hp cht c cng thc XY2trong Y chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X c n =p v ht nhn Y c n = p. Tng s proton trong phn t XY2l 32.a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.

b. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit X, Y l nhng nguyn t g? Cho bit bn cht lin kt v cng thccu to ca phn t XY2.Cu 4:X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc H2X, trong X c s oxi hathp nht.1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.2. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 40% khi lng. Tm khi lng nguyn t ca R.

3. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit X l nguyn t no. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H 2Xtc dng vi nc Cl2, dung dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4.Cu 5:R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2.Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34. 1. Xc nhR2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc phnt ca X v Y.3. Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t RO2; RO3; H2RO4.Cu 6:Cation X+do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng sproton trong X+l 11.

1. Xc nh cng thc v gi tn cation X+.2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion X+. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?Cu 7:

Anion Y2- do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s electron trong Y2-l 50.1. Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn ion Y2-, bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y2-thuc cng mt phn nhmv thuc hai chu k lin tip.2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion Y2-. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?Cu 8:Ha tan hon ton 7 gam kim loi M trong 200 gam dung dch HCl va thu c 206,75 gam dung dchA.1. Xc nh M v nng % ca dung dch HCl.2. Ha tan 6,28 gam hn hp X gm M v mt oxit ca M trong 170 ml dung dch HNO 32M (long, va) thu c 1,232 lit NO (ktc).Tm cng thc caoxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca M trong oxit.


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Cu 9:Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ravo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2d, thy to thnh 7 gam kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ha tanht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H2(ktc).1. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.2. Cho 4,06 gam oxit kim loi trn tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch H2SO4c, nng (d) cdung dch X v c kh SO2bay ra.

Hy xc nh nng mol/lit ca mui trong dung dch X.Coi th tch ca dung dch khng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn ng.

(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi A nm 2003)Cu 10: kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kimloi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H2. Bit cc kh o ktc.Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca kim loi trong oxit.

P N HNG DNCu 1:

1. Tng s proton trong hp cht M2X bng 46 nn : 2p + p = 46. (1)

Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim 478

khi lng nn:

39

8

2M

M

M

X

39

8

p)2(n

pn ,,

39

8

1)2(2p

p2 ,

39p =8(2p + 1). (2)

T (1), (2) ta tm c: p = 19; p = 8. 2. M l kali (K) v X l oxi (O).3. Lin kt trong hp cht K2O l lin kt ion v K l kim loi in hnh, O l phi kim in hnh.

S hnh thnh lin kt:O + 2e O2-2K 2K+ + 21eCc ion K+v O2-to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh

hp cht K2O:2K+ + O2- K2O

Cu 2:1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t A l P, N, E (trong P = E).

Ta c: P + N + E = 34 v P + E - N = 10.T y tm c P = E = 11; N = 12.K hiu ca nguyn t B l 19

9B nn ZB = 9

Cu hnh electron ca A, B:A (Z = 11) : 1s22s22p63s1B (Z = 9) : 1s22s22p5

2. Lin kt trong hp cht gia A v B l lin kt ion v A l kim loi in hnh (nhm IA), B l phi kimin hnh (nhm VIIA).S hnh thnh lin kt:

A A+ + 1e B + 1e B-Cc ion A+v B-to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh

hp cht AB: A+ + B- AB.Cu 3:

a. Trong hp cht XY2, X chim 50% v khi lng nn:

50

50

M

2M

X

Y 1

n)(p

)n2(p,,

p = 2p.

Tng s proton trong phn t XY2l 32 nn p + 2p = 32.T y tm c: p = 16 v p = 8 .Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s22s22p63s23p4v ca Y: 1s22s22p4

b. Da vo bng tun hon ta thy X l S, Y l O. Hp cht cntm l SO2.


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S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t SO2:

Tng ng vi cng thc cu to:

Cu 4:1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hidro l II nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI.

Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trongbng tun hon.2. R thuc nhm VI nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI, vy cng thc oxit cao nht c dng RO3.

Trong oxit ny R chim 40% khi lng nn:

60

40

163

MR

MR= 32.3. X l S. Cc phng trnh phn ng:

H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HClH2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl

H2S + CuSO4 CuS + H2SO4Cu 5:1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l +m v -n.

S oxi ha cao nht ca R trong oxit l +m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t R c m electron.S oxi ha trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l -n nn t c cu hnh 8 electron bo ha ca kh

him, lp ngoicng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n electron.

Ta c: m + n = 8. Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m - 2n = 2.T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI.S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao nht l +6 nn R l lu

hunh.2. Trong hp cht X, S c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H2S.

Gi cng thc oxit Y l SOn.

Do %S = 50% nn16n

32=50

50 n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO2.

3. Cng thc cu to ca SO2; SO3; H2SO4:

Cu 6:

1. S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong X+l5

11= 2,2. Vy mt nguyn t trong X+c in

tch ht nhn nh hn 2,2, nguyn t l H (Z = 1). Ta loi trng hp He (Z = 2) v He l kh him khng toc hp cht.Vy cng thc ion X+c dng: [A5-nHn]

+. Trong : (5-n).ZA+ n = 11.Ta lp bng sau:

N 1 2 3 4

ZA (A) 2,5 (loi) 3 (Li) 4 (Be) 7 (N)

O

O

S

O:

O:

S:

Lin kt

Lin kt cho nhn

O

O

S O

O

S

O

O

S

OHO

HO


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Ta loi cc trng hp A l Li, Be v cc ion X+tng ng khng tn ti.Trng hp A l nit tha mn v ion amoni tn ti. Vy X+l ion NH

4.

2. Cng thc electron ca ion NH 4

nh sau:

Cng thc electron Cng thc cu toCu 7:

Gi cng thc ca Y2-l

2

mm5 ]F[E .

Theo bi, tng s electron trong Y2-bng 50 nn tng s proton trong Y2-bng 48.Ta c: (5-m)ZE+ mZF= 48. (1)Ta nhn thy:

S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong Y2-

l 5

48

= 9,6 nn E thuc chu k 2, F chuk k tip vi E nn F thuc chu k 3.

Mt khc, hai nguyn t E v F thuc cng mt phn nhm nn ZF- ZE= 8. (2)T (1), (2) ta c: 5ZE + 8m = 48.Ta lp bng sau:

M 1 2 3 4

ZE(E) 8 (O) 6,4 (loi) 4,8 (loi) 3,2 (loi)

Vy E l O. T suy ra F l S. Ion Y2-cn tm l ion sunfat SO 24

.

2. Cng thc electron ca ion SO

2

4 nh sau:

Cng thc electron Cng thc cu toCu 8:

1.Gi ha tr kim loi l n v s mol l a mol. Ta c: Ma = 7.2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2

(mol): a a 0,5naKhi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 6,75 gam nn:7 - 0,5na2 = 6,75 hay na = 0,25.

Lp t l: 28na

Ma

n

M . Vy M = 28n.

Ta lp bng sau:N 1 2 3M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)

Vy kim loi M l Fe.

2. Gi s mol: Fe = b v FexOy= c mol. Ta c 56b + (56x + 16y)c = 6,28.Fe + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O(mol): b 4b b

H

H

HH

....

.

.N.. H HH

N

H

......

..

..

..

..

..........

..

..

....O

O

OO S

2-

O O

O

S

O 2-


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3FexOy+ (12x - 2y)HNO3 3xFe(NO3)3+ (3x - 2y)NO + (6x - y)H2O

(mol): c3

2y)c(12x

3

2y)c(3x

Ta c: 4b +3

2y)c(12x = 0,34 v b +

3

2y)c(3x= 0,055.

T y tnh c: b = 0,05 mol; xc = 0,045 mol v yc = 0,06 mol.

Lp t l:43

ycxc

yx . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe3O4.

S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +3

8, ha tr ca st l II v III (FeO.Fe2O3).

Cu 9:

Gi cng thc oxit l: MxOy= a mol. Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 4,06.

MxOy + yCO 0t xM + yCO2

(mol): a ax ay

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O

(mol): ay ayTa c: ay = 0,07. T y suy ra: Max = 2,94.

2M + 2nHCl 2MCln + nH2 (mol): ax 0,5naxTa c: 0,5nax = 0,0525 hay nax = 0,105.

Lp t l: 28nax

Max

n

M . Vy M = 28n.

Ta lp bngsau:N 1 2 3

M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)Vy kim loi M l Fe.

Lp t l:4

3

ay

ax

y

x . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe3O4.

Cu 10:

Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy= a mol.

MxOy + yH2 0t xM + yH2O

(mol): a ay axTa c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy Max = 5,6.

2M + 2nHCl

2MCln + nH2 (mol): ax 0,5naxTa c: 0,5nax = 0,1 hay nax = 0,2.

Lp t l: 28nax

Max

n

M . Vy M = 28n.

Ta lp bng sau:N 1 2 3M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)

Vy kim loi M l Fe.

Lp t l: 3

2

ay

ax

y

x . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe2O3.

S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +3, ha tr ca st l III.


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BI TP TRC NGHIM CNG C KIN THC

Cu 1:X, A, Z l nhng nguyn t c s n v in tch ht nhn l 9, 19, 8. Lin kt c th c gia 2nguyn t ca nguyn t no l lin kt cng ha tr?A. X v Z B. A v Z C. Khng c trng hp ny xy ra D. X v ACu 2:Nguyn t X c20 proton, nguyn t Y c 17 proton. Cng thc hp cht hnh thnh t hai nguyn

t ny l:A. X2Y vi lin kt ion B. X2Y vi lin kt cng ho tr.C. XY2vi lin kt cng ho tr D. XY2vi lin kt ion.

Cu 3:Lin kt ha hc trong NaCl c hnh thnh doA. hai ht nhn nguyn t ht electron rt mnh.B. mi nguyn t Na v Cl gp chung mt electron.C. nguyn t clo nhng electron, nguyn t Na nhn electron to nn hai ion ngc du, ht nhau to nn

phn t NaClD. nguyn t Na nhng electron, nguyn t clo nhn electron to nn hai ion ngc du, ht nhau to nn

phn t NaCl.Cu 4: m in ca nit bng 3,04; ca clo l 3,16 khc nhau khng ng k nhng iu kin thngkh nng phn ng ca N2km hn Cl2l doA. Cl2l halogen nn c hot tnh ha hc mnh. B. in tch ht nhn ca N nh hn ca Cl.C. N2c lin kt ba cn Cl2c lin kt n. D. trn tri t hm lng nit nhiu hn clo.Cu 5:Cho tinh th cc cht sau: iod (1), kim cng (2), nc (3), mui n (4), silic (5). Tinh th nguynt l cc tinh thA. (1), (2), (5). B. (1), (3), (4). C. (2), (5). D. (3), 4).Cu 6:Ha tr ca nit trong cc cht: N2, NH3, N2H4, NH4Cl, NaNO3tng ng lA. 0, -3, -2, -3, +5. B. 0, 3, 2, 3, 5. C. 2, 3, 0, 4, 5. D. 3, 3, 3, 4, 4.

Cu 7:Dy no trong s cc dy sau y ch cha cc lin kt cng ha tr?A. BaCl2; CdCl2; LiF. B. H2O ; SiO2; CH3COOH.C. NaCl ; CuSO4; Fe(OH)3. D. N2; HNO3; NaNO3.Cu 8:Cho cc tinh th sau:

Kim cng (C) Iot (I2) H2OTinh th no l tinhth phn t:

A.Tinh th kim cng v It B.Tinh th kim cng v nc .C.Tinh th nc v It. D.C 3 tinh th cho.

Cu 9:Mt phn t XY3c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong s ht mang innhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phnt l 76. XY3l cng thc no sau y?A. SO3 B. AlCl3 C. BF3 D. NH3

Cu 10:X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A, hai chu k lin tip. Cho bit tng s electrontrong anion XY 23

l 42. Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y v XY 23

trong s cc phng n sau

A. Be, Mg v MgBe3 B. S, O v2

3SO C. C, O v2

3CO D. Si, O v2

3SiO


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Cu 11:Cp cht no sau y u c c ba loi lin kt: lin kt cng ha tr, lin kt ion , lin kt phi tr? A. NaCl , H2O B. NH4Cl , Al2O3 C. K2SO4, KNO3 D. SO2, SO3

Cu 12: Tm cu sai trong cc cu sau y:A. Nc thuc loi tinh th phn t.

B. Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt cng ha tr.C. Trong tinh th phn t, lc lin kt gia cc phn t l lin kt yu.

D. Tinh th iot l tinh th phn t.Cu 13: Tm cu sai trong cc cu sau y:A. Kim cng l mt dng th hnh ca cacbon, thuc loi tinh th nguyn t.B. Trong mng tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t c phn b lun phin u n theo mt trt t nhtnh. C. Lc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong tinh th nguyn t l lin kt yu.D. Tinh th nguyn t bn vng, rt cng, nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao.Cu 14: Chn mnh ng:A. Trong lin kt cng ha tr, cp electron lch v pha nguyn t c m in nh hn.B. Lin kt cng ha tr c cc c to thnh gia 2 nguyn t c hiu m in t 0,4 n nh hn 1,7.

C. Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc c to nn t cc nguyn t khc hn nhau v tnh cht ha hc.D. Hiu m in gia hai nguyn t ln th phn t phn cc yu.Cu 15: Cho cc nguyn t K,Na,Ca,Al, F,O, Cl. C bao nhiu phn t hp cht ion to thnh t 2 nguynt trong cc nguyn t trn c cu hnh electron ca cation khc cu hnh electron ca anion ?A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Cu 16:Anion XY32c tng s ht mang in l 62. S ht mang in trong ht nhn ca Y nhiu hn s

ht mang in trong ht nhn ca X l 2. Nhn nh no sau y l sai?A. Y l nguyn t thuc chu k 2.B. X l nguyn t cacbon.

C. Trong phn t hp cht gia Na, X,Y va c lin kt ion va c lin kt cng ha tr. D. Nu Z l nguyn t cng phn nhm vi Y chu k k tip th phn t hp cht gia X v Z c tng sht mang in l 48.Cu 16:Nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 115 trong s ht khng mang in chim39,13% tng s ht. Trong hp cht ion gia M v X s ht mang in ca M chim 14,63% tng s htmang in ca phn t. M l :A. Na B. Mg C. Na D. K

Cu 17:Anion Xv cation M2+(M khng phi l Be) u c chung 1 cu hnh electron R. Khng nh nosau y l sai?

A. Nu M chu k 3 th X l Flo.B. Nu R c n electron th phn t hp cht ion n gin gia X v M c 3n electron.C. X l nguyn t p v M lnguyn t s.D. S ht mang in ca Ms ht mang in ca X = 4.Cu 18: Cho cc phn t : H2, CO2, HCl, Cl2, CH4. C bao nhiu phn t c cc ?

A.1 B.2 C.3 D. 4

Cu 19(B-07): Cho cc cht: axit propionic (X), axit axetic (Y), ancol (ru) etylic (Z) v imetyl ete (T).Dy gm cc cht c sp xp theo chiu tng dn nhit si l

A. T, Z, Y, X. B. T, X, Y, Z. C. Z, T, Y, X. D. Y, T, X, Z.

Cu 20:Dy no sau y sp xp ngtheo th s oxi ho tng dn ca nit trong cc cht?A. N2, NO, N2O, NO2, NH3, NaNO3. B. NO, N2, N2O, NH3, NO2, NaNO3.

C. NH3, N2, N2O, NO, NO2, NaNO3. D. NH3, N2, N2O, NO, NaNO3, NO2.


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Cu 21:Cho cc nguyn t v m in tng ng : oxi 3,5 ; hiro 2,1 ; natri 0,9 ; lu hunh 3,0.a) phn cc ca cc lin kt trong cc phn t tng dn theo dy:A. SO2, H2O, H2S, Na2O. B. SO2, H2O, Na2O, H2S.

C. SO2, H2S, H2O, Na2O. D. H2S, Na2O, SO2, H2O.

Cu 22:Cho cc phn t cc cht CaO, CH4, CO

2, NH

3, Na

2O, KCl. Tng s cc cht c lin kt ion l

A. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D.2

Cu 23:Cho 6C, 7N, 1H, 17Cl. S phn cccc cht c sp xp theo th t tng dn nh sau:A.NH3 < CH4< HCl. B. HCl < NH3< CH4.

C. CH4 < NH3< HCl. D. CH4< HCl < NH3.

Cu 24 :Ch ra ni dungsai:A.S oxi ho ca nguyn t trong cc hp cht bng ho tr ca nguyn t .B.Trong mt phn t, tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng.C.S oxi ho ca ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .D.Tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong ion a nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .

Cu 25 :S oxi ho ca nguyn t nit trong cc hp cht : NH4Cl, HNO3, NO, NO2, N2, N2O ln lt l :A.4, +6, +2, +4, 0, +1. B.4, +5,2, 0, +3,1. C.3, +5, +2, +4, 0, +1. D.+3,5, +2,4,3,1

Cu 26 :Hon thnh ni dung sau: S oxi ho ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l ...(1) ca nguyn tnguyn t trong phn t, nu gi nh rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t l ...(2)..

A.(1): in ho tr; (2): lin kt ion. B.(1): in tch; (2): lin kt ion.C.(1): cng hotr; (2): lin kt cng ho tr. D. (1): in ho tr; (2): lin kt cng ho tr.

Cu 27 : cc nt mng ca tinh th natri clorua lA.phn t NaCl. B.cc ion Na+, Cl.C.cc nguyn t Na, Cl. D.cc nguyn t v phn t Na, Cl2.

Cu 28 :Trong tinh th nguyn t, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau bngA.lin kt cng ho tr. B.lin kt ion. C.lin kt kim loi. D.lc ht tnh in.

Cu 29 :Trong tinh th kim cng, cc nt mng tinh th lA.nguyn t cacbon. B.phn t cacbon. C.cation cacbon. D.anion cacbon.

Cu 30 :Trong tinh th iot, cc im nt ca mng tinh th l :A.nguyn t iot. B.phn t iot. C.anion iotua D.cation iot.

Cu 31 :Trong tinh th nc , cc nt ca mng tinh th l :A.Nguyn t hiro v oxi. B.Phn t nc. C.Cc ion H+v O2. D.Cc ion H+v OH.

Cu 32 :Trong phn t amoni clorua c bao nhiu lin kt cng ho tr ?A.1 B.2 C.4 D.5

Cu 33 :Trong mng tinh th NaCl, cc ion Na+v Clc phn b lun phin u n trn cc nh cacc

A.hnh lp phng. B.hnh t din u. C.hnh chp tam gic. D.hnh lng tr lc gic u.Cu 34 :Ch ra ni dung saikhi xt phn t CO2:

A.Phn t c cu to gc. B.Lin kt gia nguyn t oxi v cacbon l phn cc

C.Phn t CO2khng phn cc D.Trong phn t c hai lin kt i.

Cu 35 :Trong phn ng ho hc, nguyn t natri khnghnh thnh c

A.ion natri. B.cation natri. C.anion natri. D.ion n nguyn t natri.

Cu 36 :Trong phn ng : 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl, c s hnhthnhA.cation natri v clorua. B.anion natri v clorua.

C.anion natri v cation clorua. D.anion clorua v cation natri.


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Cu 37 :Hon thnh ni dung sau : Bn knh nguyn t...(1) bn knh cation tng ng v ... (2) bn knh aniontng ng.

A.(1) : nh hn, (2) : ln hn. B.(1) : ln hn, (2) : nh hn.C.(1) : ln hn, (2) : bng. D.(1) : nh hn, (2) : bng.

Cu 38 :Trong tinh th NaCl, xung quanh mi ion c bao nhiu ion ngc du gn nht ?A.1 B.4 C.6 D.8

Cu 39 :Lin kt ion l lin kt c hnh thnh biA.s gp chung cc electron c thn.B.s cho nhn cp electron ho tr.C.lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tri du.D.lc ht tnh in gia cc ion dng v electron t do.

Cu 40 :Ch ra ni dung saikhi ni v tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion :A.Kh nng chy, kh bay hi. B.Tn ti dng tinh th, tan nhiu trong nc.C.Trong tinh th cha cc ion nn dn c in. D.Cc hp cht ion u kh rn.

Cu 41:Lin kt cng ha tr:

A. khng c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha C. Khng c tnh nh hng, c tnh bo haB. c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha D. C tnh nh hng v c tnh bo haCu 42:Lin kt ionA. khng c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha C. Khng c tnh nh hng, c tnh bo haB. c tnh nh hng, khng c tnh bo ha D. C tnh nh hng v c tnh bo haCu 43:Trong phn t Cl2, xc xut c mt cc electron tp trung ln nht:A. ti khu vc gia hai ht nhn nguyntB. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn tC. ti khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t

D. ti mi ni trong phn tCu 44:lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh:A. bi cp electron dng chung gia hai nguyn t lin ktB. bicp electron dng chung gia mt kim loi in hnh v mt phi kim in hnhC. bi lc ht ht nhn gia hai nguyn tD. bi lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du. Cu 45:Cho m in ca cc nguyn t : C (2,55) ; H (2,20) ; S (2,58) ; Na (0,93) ; O (3,44) ; N (3,04) ;P (2,19) ; Cl (3,16) ; K (0,82) ; Ba (0,89).Nhm cc hp cht c cng bn cht lin kt lA. CO2, H2S, Na2O, SO2, SO3, B. CO2, N2, H2S, PCl5, BaCl2.

C. CO2, H2O, KOH, NaCl, H2SO4. D. SO2, H2S, HCl, PCl3, H2O.Cu 46:Nhn xt no sau y khngng?A. Kim cng l tinh th nguyn t nn nhit nng chy rt caoB. Nc l tinh th ion nn nhit nng chy rt thpC. Iot l tinh th phn t nn d ha hi khi un nngD. NaCl l tinh th ion nn d b ha tan trong nc

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