347.Khao Sat Cac Yeu to Anh Huong Den Trich Ly Dau Gac

8/3/2019 347.Khao Sat Cac Yeu to Anh Huong Den Trich Ly Dau Gac

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Bo co ti:Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly du Gc

CHNG 1

M U

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 1


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1.1 Dn nhp

Ngy nay x hi ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu v thc phm ca con ngi ngy cng

cao. Nhng thc phm chc nng c gi tr dinh dng cao cng c nhiu ngi ch

n v tri Gc l mt trong nhng loi thc phm chc nng . Tht vy, trong tri Gcm c bit l du Gc cha nhiu cht c hm lng dinh dng cao v c kh nng phng

chng bnh tt. Du Gc c cha nhiu caroten, tin vitamin A rt cn thit cho kh nng

nhn tt ca mt, kch thch tnh min dch v tng sc khng cho c th, c tc dng

chng oxy ho. Lycopen l cht chng oxy ho hng u c kh nng bo v c th chng

li cc bnh thoi ho, suy gim min dch v c cc chng bnh ung th (Tangboditham

(1998), c trch dn bi Phm Hu Yn Phng (2004)). Vitamin E mang cc c im

chng oxy ha, ngn chn tc ng c hi ca cc gc t do, l vitamin chng lo ho(Cossut v cng s, 2001). Hai acid bo khng bo ho linoleic v -linolenic l nhng axit

bo thit yu. Chng tham gia vo thnh phn mng t bo v dy lin kt gia cc t bo

no, l tin thn ca omega 3 (3) v omega 6 (6) (Cossut v cng s, 2001).

Tuy nhin vic sn xut v tiu th du Gc Vit Nam v cc nc trn th gii cn

cha ph bin. Chnh v l do trn nn chng ti thc hin ti Kho st cc yu t nh

hng ln hiu sut trch ly du Gc gp phn nghin cu vic trch ly du Gc t hiu

qu hn v nng cao gi tr ca tri Gc Vit Nam.

1.2 Mc ch ca ti

Nghin cu s nh hng ca cc thng s k thut ln hiu sut trch ly bng

phng php ngm chit.

1.3 Yu cu ca ti

Xc nh nhng thng s ti u nht cho qu trnh trch ly (loi dung mi, nhit , thi

gian trch ly)

Xc nh mt s ch tiu cht lng ca du Gc.

Tnh ton gi thnh ca du Gc thu c.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 2


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CHNG 2

TNG QUAN

TI LIU

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 3


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2.1 Tng qut v tri Gc

2.1.1 c im nng hc

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Gc) thuc h Cucurbitaceae, ging

Momordica v loi Cochinchinensis. Cy ny c nh danh l Muricia Cochnchinensisvo nm 1790 bi Loureiro. Sau , nm 1826 Sprengel kt lun rng cy gc thuc

ging Momordica v i tn thnh Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour) Spreng (Berley

(1937) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)). Loi cy ny c mt cc nc Nam ,

nh Trung Quc, Min in, Lo, Campuchia, n (Perry (1980) c trch dn bi

Vng L Thu (2002)).

Gc l loi cy thn tho dy leo hng nm thuc chi mp ng, l loi n tnh

khc gc (dioecious) cui ng sau khi thu hoch qu ngi ta cht n tn gc, sang xuncy li leo ln ti tt. T gc mc ra nhiu thn mi, mi dy c nhiu t, mi t c l.

L Gc nhn mc so le, hnh thy chn vt, chia thy kh su, l to di t 10 25cm, mt

trn xanh lc thm, pha di mu xanh nht. Hoa Gc mu vng nht, n tnh, n vo

thng 5, 6 pha Bc, trong Nam c nhiu v (Nguyn Thin Lun v cng s, 1999). Trung

bnh, cn khong 18 20 ngy qu c th chn t khi n hoa ci xut hin. Mt cy c th

cho khong 30 60 qu trong mt nm (WHO (1990) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu

(2002)).Qu Gc hnh trn hay hnh bu dc, c chiu di t 6 10cm v chiu rng l 4

6cm. Loi qu ny c mu xanh lc, c gai, khi chn chuyn dn t mu vng sang mu .

Bn trong lp v l lp tht vng, mm, k tip l nhng ht gc c bao bc bi mng mu

mu, xp hng dc. Ht Gc mu en, hnh trn dt ging con ba ba nh, c rng ca

(Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004), trong ht c nhn trng cha nhiu du. Vit

Nam, trng lng qu khong 500g 1600g (Vng L Thu, 2004). Mt kg qu Gc bao

gm khong 190g mng v 130g ht. Mng ht khi chn c v thm d chu hoc khng c

mi (Vng L Thu, 2002). Tt c cc b phn ca Momordica cochinchinensis u c th

c s dng trong y hc truyn thng ( Tt Li, 1991).

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 4


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Hnh 2.1 Gin Gc Hnh 2.2 Hoa Gc

Hnh 2.3 Tri gc

C 2 loi Gc c trng ph bin Vit Nam l:

Gc Np: Tri to, nhiu ht, gai to, t gai. Khi chin chuyn sang mu cam rt p.

B tri ra, bn trong cm vng ti, mng bao bc ht c mu ti rt m. Gc T: Tri nh, c t ht, gai nhn. Tri chin b ra bn trong cm c mu vng v

mng bao bc ht thng c mu nht hoc mu hng khng c ti nh

Gc np.

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Mc Xun Ha 5


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Do , ta thng chn Gc Np ch bin thc phm v Gc Np tri to, khi chn

nhiu cm v c mu sc p, cht lng tt.

2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut v phn phi

Vit Nam, trc y Gc mc hoang d hay c trng mt s gia nh nu

xi hay s dng cho y hc truyn thng. Hin nay ngi ta bt u trng trt quy m cngnghp thu ly du t mng Gc, mu v du t ht Gc, ch bin cc thc ung dinh

dng cng nh cc sn phm khc. Gc c trng nhiu vng Trung Du v ng Bng

Bc B. Dc theo sng Tin trng Gc rt tt, c dy Gc lu nm gc to ng knh n 15

20 cm. Trn din tch 5 m2 dy Gc c th cho 100 200 qu/nm.

Trn th trng gi ca Gc ti khong 6.000 n 10.000 VN/kg c khi ln n

25.000 VN/kg. Vo ma kh (c bit thng 11), c rt nhiu loi qu ny, ngc li vo

ma ma gi Gc tng cao do tnh trng khan him (Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004).

Ngy nay Gc c s dng nhiu trong sn xut cng nghip.

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Hnh 2.4 Tri Gc Np Hnh 2.5 Tri Gc T


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2.1.3 Thnh phn ho hc ca tri Gc

Mng ti ca qu Gc chn c cc thnh phn:

Bng 2.1 Cc thnh phn trong mng ti ca qu Gc chn

S th t Thnh phn Gi tr (%)1

2

3

4

5

6

78

Nc

Protein

Lipide

Glucide

X

Mui khong

- CarotenLycopen

77

2,1

7,9

10,5

1,8

0,7

0,0460,038

(Ngun www.gactuoikieuphuong.com)

2.1.4 Gi tr ca tri Gc trong i sng

Trong gia nh, tht Gc c s dng ch yu nhum mu cc loi xi, ch bin

cc mn n, va c tc dng thay phm mu trong ch bin thc n va c tc dng phngchng suy dinh dng, thiu vi cht, tng sc khng cho tr em, lm ko gm Gc, sa

chua Gc, bt Gc dinh dng

Gn y qu Gc bt u c tip th ra ngoi khu vc Chu trong dng nc

p tri cy b dng v dng du Gc do n c cha hm lng tng i cao cc dinh

dng thc vt. (www.laodong.com.vn)

Trong m phm cng c th dng Gc. Gc c th thay th Sudan mt loi cht to

mu cho thc phm v m phm ang thc s l mi lo ngi cho nhiu ngi tiu dng vinguy c gy ung th cao. Vit Nam vic chn mt cht to mu an ton khc thay th cho

Sudan khng kh khi du ca tri Gc hon ton c th thay th cho phm mu ha hc c

hi. (www.vnmedia.vn)

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Mc Xun Ha 7
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Ngoi vic s dng trong m thc, Gc cn c s dng trong y hc. Cc hng dc

phm ca M gi tri Gc l Fruit from Heaven (loi qu n t thin ng). Thc t,

nghin cu ti M cho thy cc hp cht ca Beta caroten, Lycopen, Alphatocopherol

trong du Gc c tc dng lm v hiu ho 75% cc cht gy ung th ni chung, nht l ungth v ph n.

Du Gc dng b sung vitamin A cho tr con chm ln, kh mt, qung g, km

n, mt mi, hoc dung bi vt thng, vt bng. Ht gc cha mn nht, trng ht, quai b,

sng v, tc tia sa (www.dantri.com.vn)

R Gc cha t thp, sng ph chn vi liu dung 4g/ngy.Gc dy Gc phi hp vi

mt vi v thuc em sc ung hoc dng ngoi ngm ru xoa bp cng cha phong thp,

sng chn.

2.2 Tng qut v Du Gc

2.2.1 Thnh phn ho hc

2.2.1.1 Thnh phn ch yu

Triglyceride l thnh phn ch yu ca du m cha t 95 n 98% ca ht du. Cu

to ho hc l este ca ru 3 chc vi cc acid bo.

CH2 OH R 1COOH CH2OCOR1

CH OH + R 2COOH CHOCOR2 + 3H2O

CH2 OH R 3COOH CH2OCOR3

Glycerol Axt bo Triglyceride

Triglyceride dng ho hc tinh khit khng mu, khng mi, khng v.

Khi lng phn t tng i ca triglyceride kh cao nn khng bay hi ngay c

trong iu kin chn khng cao. nhit trn 240 2500C, p sut 1atm triglyceride s b

thy phn thnh cc sn phm bay hi ca s phn hu ho hc. V vy ngi ta phi kh

mi du trong iu kin chn khng v nhit cao.

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Mc Xun Ha 8
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Di tc dng ca cc enzyme thu phn, khi c nc v nhit , triglyceride s b

phn ct mi lin kt este v b thu phn to thnh acid bo t do, do vy acid bo t do

bao gi cng c trong cc loi du thc vt.

Tn ti khong 20 axt bo trong t nhin, chng khc nhau bi s lng ca cc nii.

Bng 2.2 Mt vi acd bo quan trng ca du Gc

2.2.1.2 Cc thnh phn ph

a) Acid bo t do

Acid bo t do l cc loi acid bo khng nm trong lin kt gia este v diglyceride

Acid bo lm cho du b chua.

Cht bo b thu phn l do enzyme Lipase c trong nc.

b) Mono v di glyceride

Gm u a nc v mt u k nc. Trong cng ngh thc phm n c s dng

nh mt cht nh ha. Tuy nhin, n cng gy kh khn cho vic phn ly gia du v nc

trong qu trnh tin luyn ha hc, thc y phn ng oxi ha cht bo.

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Mc Xun Ha 9

S th t Axt bo K hiu1 Palmitic 16 : 02 Stearic 18 : 03 Olic 18 : 1(n-9)

4 Linolic

18 : 2

(n-6; n-9)

5 Linolnic18 : 3

(n-3; n-6; n-9)

6 Arachidonic20 : 4

(n-6; n-9; n-12; n-15)


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c) Cc phospholipide

Hm lng phospholipide trong du Gc dao ng t 0,25 3%.

Cu to ca phospholipide:

Phosphooipit ng vai tr l cht hot ng b mt trong trao i cht, chuyn ho

cc cht bo, trong qu trnh thm thu qua mng t bo, thng c s dng trong y

dc, trong thc phm.

Hp cht in hnh l Lecithin v Cephalin hm lng phosphatid c trong du m t

0,5 3%.

d) Cc sterol

L nhng rc cao phn t c cu to phc tp v phn b rng ri, tan tt trong du

Gc. Trong t nhin chng c th tn ti dng este. Hm lng ca chng dao ng t 0,4-

2,9% (ch yu l tocopherol). Cc srerol cha trong du Gc ch yu l Phirosterol.

e) Cc vitamin

a s l vitamin A, D, E, K v cc vitamin c kh nng ho tan cht bo. Ngoi ra c

mt s hp cht c kh nng to ra sinh t thng gi l tin sinh t - Caroten: tin

vitamin A v Egosterol: tin vitamin D.

Trong c tocopherol (40 - 250mg%) c hot tnh vitamin E c tc dng chng oxy

ha cho du rt tt, du c hm lng tocopherol cao bo qun tt hn du c hm lng

tocopherol thp.

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Mc Xun Ha 10


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Vitamin E t nhin c ngun gc thc vt hay ng vt. Du thc vt c cha nhiu

tocophrol v tocotrinol hn. Trong du thc vt, cc dng vitamin thgn gp nht l -

tocophetrol v - tocophrol (Cuvelier v cng s, 2003)

Vitamin E thuc h tocophrol, h ny gm 4 dng:

- tocophrol, cn gi lvitamin E, - tocophrol, - tocophrol hay - tocophrol.

Ngoi ra, nhng cht ny c s tng ng v cu trc vi phn t thuc h

tocotrinol: - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol, - tocotrinol hay - tocotrinol (Pennock v

cng s (1964), trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).

Cu trc ha hc ca cc tocophrol bao gm mt vng chromanol mono-, di- hay tri-

methyl, c ni vi mt chui 16 cacbon bo ha cnh bn (chui phytyl) (Fernoholx

(1938) c trch dn bi Cuvelier v cng s (2003)).Cc tocophrol khc nhau bi s lng v s sp xp cc nhm metyl xung quanh

vng benzene ca nhn chromanol (Hnh 2.6)

Cu trc ho hc ca cc tocotrinol cng bao gm mt vng chromanol mono , di

hay tri methyl vi chui cacbon cnh bn, nhng cu trc ny cha 3 nhm ni i 3 v

tr 3, 7 v 11 (Hnh 2.7).

Hnh 2.6 Cu trc ha hc

ca 4 loi Tocopherol

f) Cc cht mu t nhin

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Mc Xun Ha 11

Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ha hc

ca 4 loi Tocotrienol


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Du m ni chung v du Gc ni ring c mu sc l do s tn ti mt s cht c

tnh tan trong du (y c gi l cht khng x phng ho).

Carotenoid

Carotenoid l nhng sc t t nhin, c mt rng ri trong t nhin v l ngun gcca cc mu chi sang (vng, cam v ) ca nhiu tri cy n c (cam, du) ca cc

loi rau (c rt, c chua, gc) ca cc loi nm, ca hoa, to, vi khun, chng cng c mt

trong cc sn phm ng vt.

Thut ng carotenoid bao gm hai phc hp gn tng t nhau: mt mt l cc

carotin, hydrocacbon khng bo ha v mt khc l nhng ng phn b oxy ha ca hp

cht ny hay cn gi l cc xanthophil. Hn 600 carotenoid c c lp t nhng sn

phm t nhin (Faure v cng s, 1999).Trn phng din ha hc, l cc chui vi u mi chui c nhn dng vng

mang nhiu nhm chc khc nhau (ru, axit ); nhng cht thng thng nht l

caroten v lycopen nhng cc cht khc cng c s dng nh cht mu thc phm: -

caroten, - caroten, bixin, norbin, capstin, - apo 8 carotenan, ester ethylic ca axit

apo 8 carotenoid. Chng l nhng hp cht ha tan trong du m, mu sc thay i t vng

n .

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Hnh 2.8 Cu trc ca cc carotenoide chnh v cc xanthophil


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- caroten tn ti di dng bt tinh th, khng ha tan trong nc v trong ru, t

ha tan trong du thc vt. Trong cloroform, hp ph quang ph cc i nm gia 446

v 496 nm. Dng carotnoit ny mang hot ng ca vitamin: 1g - caroten tng ng 1,67

triu U.I vitamin A v hot ng vitamin ca 0,6g

- caroten gn bng 0,3g

vitamin A.Tin vitamin A ny rt nhy cm vi khng kh, nhit nh sng v m (De Saint

Blanquat,1984).

Lycopen

L mt cht mu ca tri cy chn, c bit trong mng qu Momordica

cochinchinensis. N th hin hp ph quang ph cc i 446, 472 v 505 nm (i vi

dng trans); Hp cht ny ha tan trong chloroform v bezen, gn nh khng ha tan trong

methanol v tanol (De Saint- Blanquat,1984).Du Gc nhiu lycopen n mc c th t kt tinh thnh nhng tinh th, y l cht

carotenoit c kh nng chng lo ho rt mnh v v hiu ha 75% cc cht gy ung th.

y cng l carotenoit duy nht c kh nng ngn nga c chng nhi mu c tim v bo

v Gen khi b tn thng (c th khng t tng hp c cht ny)

Xanthophil

L cc sc t rt gn vi carotnoit, thng thng vi s thay th gc hydroxin hay

xton trn nhn (Hnh 2.8). Chng phn tn trong cc l cy v trong cc cnh hoa vi hm

lng gn 10% so vi cht mu c . Kh nng ho tan ca n trong tanol ln hn

carotnoit (Linden v Lorient, 1994)

2.2.2 Tnh cht

2.2.2.1 Tnh cht vt l

Du Gc l mt cht lng mu sm.

a) T trng:

T trng ca du Gc nh hn nc, ddu = 0.46 0.97 200C cn dnc = 1 200C. T

trng ca du Gc tng vi gim khi lng phn t v tng theo bt bo ha c trong

chui.

b) Ch s khc x:

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Ch s khc x D = 1.474 1.748, ch s khc x cng ln, mc khng no cng

ln.

c) nht:

Du Gc c tnh nht, nhit cng cao tnh nht cng gim.d) Tnh tan:

Du Gc ha tan tt trong ether du ha, etanone, chlorofom v axeton, khng tan

trong nc v cn lnh. (Ng Th Thu, 2004).

e) Nhit dung ring:

Nhit dung ring ca du Gc trung bnh C = 0.4 0.5

2.2.2.2 Tnh cht ha hca) Phn ng thy phn

Vi s hin din ca nc hoc hi nc, du b thu phn gii phng acid bo v

glyxerin. Phn ng c xc tc axid v c hay enzim. Thc cht qu trnh thu phn xy ra

qua 3 giai on, trong mi giai on l mt phn ng thun nghch.

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Mc Xun Ha 14


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Giai on 1:CH2OCOR1 CH2OH

xt

CHOCOR2 + H2O CHOCOR2 + R1COOH

CH2OCOR3 CH2OCOR3Triglyceride Diglyceride

Giai on 2:CH2OH CH2OH

xt

CHOCOR2 + H2O CHOCOR2 + R3COOH

CH2OCOR3 CH2OHDiglyceride Monoglyceride

Giai on 3:CH2OH CH2OH

xt

CHOCOR2 + H2O CHOH + R 2COOH

CH2OH CH2OHMonoglyceride Glycerin

b) Phn ng x phng ho

Tc dng x phng ho iu kin t0, p, xc tc thch hp.CH2OCOR CH2OH

CHOCOR + 3H2O CHOH + 3RCOOH

CH2OCOR CH2OH

RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H2O

Phng trnh tng qut:CH2OCOR CH2OH

CHOCOR + 3NaOH CHOH + 3RCOONa

CH2OCOR CH2OH

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 15


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c) Phn ng oxi ha.

Khi tip xc vi oxi khng kh, glyxerit, acid bo c th tc dng vi oxi ch yu theo

mch cacbon. Kt qu ca qu trnh oxi ho ny lm xut hin nhng cht mi c tnh cht

mi. Cc sn phm thng l peroxyt, cetoacidNu qu trnh oxi ha khng su, s thay i ch yu l tnh cht cm quan nh mi,

v ca du m. Nhng thay i ny gi l s i hng ca du m, thng xy ra khi bo

cc iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh oxi ho.

Trong mt s trng hp khc, qu trnh xi ha su th trong du m xut hin

nhng tnh cht ho, l mi. T du oxi ho mnh c th nhn c cc vt liu qu. Sn

phm ca oxi ha du c th chia lm 3 nhm:

Sn phm ca s phn hu gc cacbuahydro ca acid bo cha no. Sn phm c cc nhm chc cha oxy.

Sn phm cha cc acid bo b polymer ho hoc trng hp, trong phn t ca

chng c cc nhm chc cha oxy.

d) Phn ng hydrogen ha

Trong cc iu kin thch hp (p sut cao, nhit cao v Niken xc tc) cc acid

bo khng bo ha s thc hin phn ng cng vi H2 (Hydrogen) chuyn ni i thnhni n v chuyn ng phn t dng Cis sang Trans.

2.2.3 Gi tr ca du Gc

Ngi Vit Nam s dng mn qu ny lm thuc b cho ph n mang thai, cho con

b, phng nga v trnh thiu vitamin A, bnh kh mt, bnh qung g tr em. Bn

cnh , du Gc cn lm lnh nhanh chng cc vt thng, vt bng v l lot (V nh

Trc (1986) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)).

Bi Minh c v cng s (2004); Ng Th Thu (2004); Nguyn Cng Sut (2002)

ch ra rng du gc gp phn lm tng kh nng min dch, chng li s lo ha ca t

bo v chng li qu trnh oxy ha. Hn na, nhng tc gi ny cng ch ra vai tr loi b

cc tc ng c hi ca mi trng nh cc cht c ha hc, tia phng x.

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Nguyn Cng Sut (2003) cho rng thnh phn - carotene, lycopen v vitamin E

trong du Gc c tc ng trung ha 75% cc cht gy ung th, c bit i vi bnh ung

th v.

2.2.4 Phng php khai thc du Gc

Theo Tt Li (1991), hin nay c 3 phng php khai thc du Gc, tuy theo quy

m cng nghip v iu kin sn xut m la chn phng php thch hp, nhng trc khi

khai thc mng ca Gc phi c sy 60 700C v c nghin thnh bt.

2.2.4.1 Phng php truyn thng

Trong trng hp chng ta mun s dng du Gc trong gia nh hay trong mt thi

gian ngn, chng ta c th s dng m heo hay du u phng trch ly. u tin cc chtny phi un nng nhit 60 700C, tip theo bt Gc c a vo. Nh vo cng on

ny, cc lipit cha trong bt Gc ha tan trong m hay du u phng ri chng c tch ra

loi b b. Du ny c gi trong mt l kn trnh nh sng.

Nhc im: a thm c thnh phn Cholesterol vo trong du Gc (trong m heo

hay u phng c nhiu Cholesterol) nh hng n sc khe.

u im: d thc hin, khng i hi thit b phc tp v k thut cao.

2.2.4.2 Phng php trch ly bng dung mi

Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc

hin bng khuyn tn phn t (chuyn du t ni tm nguyn liu vo dung mi) v khuyn

tn i lu (chuyn du t b mt nguyn liu t dung mi)

Nhc im: s dng nhiu dung mi trong qu trnh trch ly nn nh hng n

sc khe.

u im: phng php ny c hiu sut trch ly cao hn, t gy nh hng n cc

nhng thnh phn c gi tr nh: - Caroten, Lycopen, Tocopherol (Vitamin E),

y l phng php c s dng ph bin hin nay trong sn xut cng nh trong

nghin cu.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 17


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2.3 Tng qut v cng ngh trch ly cht bo

2.3.1 c im ca phng php trch ly cht bo

Da vo tnh ha tan tt ca du trong dung mi hu c nh xng, n Hexan hay

ether m ngi ta trch ly du ra khi bt nghin chng sy, s lng dung mi theo t lthch hp.

2.3.2 Bn cht ca phng php trch ly cht bo

Trch ly l qu trnh ngm chit lm chuyn du t nguyn liu vo dung mi thc

hin bng khuch tn phn t (chuyn du t ni tm nguyn liu vo dung mi) v khuch

tn i lu (chuyn du t b mt nguyn liu vo dung mi)

Lc u, dung mi ch ha tan lp du trn b mt bt. Sau mi thm su vo bntrong, tip tc ha tan du trong cc ng mao qun to ra mixen (dung dch du trong dung

mi). Mixen c lm sch bng phng php lng, lc v ly tm. Chng ct mixen c

du th v dung mi thu hi.

Qu trnh ha tan du vo dung mi din ra cho n khi t n s cn bng nng

mixen cc lp bn trong v bn ngoi ca nguyn liu.Vic to ra s chch lch thng

xuyn n nh gia nng mixen trong nguyn liu vo bn ngoi nh dng dung mi

chuyn ng (do bm) mang nguyn liu trch ly.(Ngun Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt trng H Cng Nghip

TP.HCM)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 18


19/78


2.3.3 Cc yu t nh hng ln qu trnh trch ly

2.3.3.1 Nguyn liu

a) Mc ph v ca m:

Mc c hc hay l hc ca cc m nh hng ngc li trn nng sut trch ly.y l mt nhn t c bn y nhanh v lm trit tin trnh trch ly bi dung mi. Vi cu

trc t bo hon ton b ph v, cc phn t c th tip xc hon ton vi dung mi (Kitrigin,

1976)

i vi kch c v dng cc phn t nguyn liu, tht r rng rng c mt mi li

nhn i khi thc hin cng vic trn cc phn t mn: qu trnh thm thu s nhanh hn.

Ngoi ra, vi kch c v hnh dng thch hp, qu trnh chuyn ng ca cc phn t trong

my trch ly s d dng hn. Du vy, nh ca cc phn t cng phi c gii hn: mtkch c nh qu mc s lm gim kh nng thm ca lp vt liu rn vo dung mi, do lm

tt cc ng mao dn, cn tr tin trnh trch ly mt vi v tr, ni m dung mi khng th

thm qua.

Theo Kitrigin (1976), kch c ca cc phn t thch hp cho trch ly du t 0,5mm

n 9 mm.

b) m ca cc phn t:m cao s lm chm qu trnh khuych tn v gy ra s dnh bt gia cc phn t.

Nc cn li trong nguyn liu s lin kt protin v cc cht ho nc khc, iu ny ngn

chn s thm ca dung mi, lm chm qu trnh khuych tn phn t v i lu.

Cc loi ht khc nhau c m thch hp ring trong trch ly bng dung mi. Theo

Kitrigin (1976), m thch hp ca ht hng dng t 8% n 10% trong xng, trong khi

m ca u nnh l 14% trong tanol (L Bch Tuyt v cng s, 1996)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 19


20/78


2.3.3.2 T l dung mi v nguyn liu

Vi khi lng nguyn liu ban u c nh, khi lng dung mi gia tng, qu trnh

trch ly din ra nhanh chng v lng du cn li trong b s gim.

Bermardini (1997) ch ra rng lng dung mi c tm quan trng trn hm lngdch trch ly n t l dung mi: ht du ( th tch: khi lng ) 18 : 1, i vi ht hng

dng, u phng, s gia tng trn t l ny lm hiu sut trch ly tng chm v nu t l trn

88 : 1 nng sut trch ly l mt hng s.

2.3.3.3 Nhit trch ly

Nhit tc ng phc tp, nhit gia tng lm tng hiu sut trch ly.

Nhng nhit qu cao s c tc ng ngc li bi vic lm bin tnh cc sn phmcn trch ly.

2.3.3.4 Thi gian trch ly

S ko di ca thi gian ko theo s gia tng nng sut trch ly, nhng khng nn ko

di v iu ny s khng lm gia tng hiu sut ln bao nhiu, bi v du cn li trong b

ngy cng gim.

Theo Bernardini (1997), mt lng ln du c trch ly trong 4 gi trch ly u tin.y l thi im kt thc qu trnh trch ly thch hp lng du ly ra tng i nhiu

nht m khng tiu hao nhiu nng lng v dung mi.

2.3.3.5 Loi dung mi

Nhiu dung mi nh benzen, etanol, propan, butan, freon, axetone, n Hexan, ether

du ha ... c s dng trch ly du Gc. Th nhng dung mi c s dng thng

thng nht l n Hexan.

Vic la chn dung mi da trn cc vn sau: hng s in mi, l mt du hiu

tt cho phn cc, im si, hay cc ch s khc nh kh nng trn ln vi cc dung mi

khc hay tnh d dng lm sch n (West, 1984 c trch dn bi Richard v Multon,

1992).

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 20


21/78


Trong thc t khng tn ti dung mi l tng, nhng chn la dung mi s dng

phi da vo cc yu cu sau y :

Gi thnh khng t: chi ph v s mt mt c gii hn.

Trch ly c chn lc v d dng. Tr vi my mc v t h hng, hm lng bn thp.

Khng c kh nng chy n, t c

Bng 2.3 Cc loi dung mi c th s dng trch ly cht bo

S th t Dung mi Khi lng phn t im si (OC)1

2

34

5

N Hexan

Acetone

Diethyl etherCn

Cloroform

86,18

58,08

76,1546,07

119,38

69

56,2

6078,5

61,7

2.3.3.6 Tc chy ca dung mi

Thng s ny nh hng n qu trnh khuch tn phn t v i lu. Tc gia

tng lm tng chnh lch nng gia mixen trong nguyn liu v mixen t do. Nh vy,

chng ta c th rt ngn thi gian v lm tng hiu sut trch ly thng qua vic iu chnh tc chy ca dung mi.

2.4 Cc phng php trch ly

2.4.1 Trch ly gin on (ngm chit)

Nguyn liu v dung mi c cho vo ngm mt thi gian nht nh chit mixen ra,

cho dung mi mi vo ngm chit v c th cho n khi nng mixen t n gi tr cn

bng.Nhc im: thi gian di v nng mixen thp.

u im: nguyn liu tip xc trc tip vi dung mi nn d dng cho vic kho st

nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly. Thit b n gin, d s dng.

2.4.2Trch ly lin tc

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 21


22/78


y c xem l phng php ph bin hn do c hiu sut cao v thi gian ngn, n

c thc hin bng cch ngm nguyn liu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng ngc chiu

hoc di ti lin tc, nhiu t dung mi hoc mixen long ln lp nguyn liu chuyn

ng.Nhc im: H s s dung thit b thp (45%), c th d chy n hn khi dung mi

tip xc vi khng kh trong thit b, h thng tun hon dung mi phc tp, phi

dng bm nhiu.

u im: nng mixen cao, t l s dng dung mi v nguyn liu gim, ng thi

mixen thu c sch hn do n c t lc bi lp nguyn liu trch ly.

Trong cng nghip, ngi ta s dng c hai phng php. Giai on u, ngm

nguyn liu trong dng dung mi chuyn ng. Giai on hai l ti dung mi sch hocmixen long ln nguyn liu. Nh vy, c th tn dng c nhng u im ca hai phng

php.

(Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt - trng H Cng Nghip TP.HCM

2009)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 22


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CHNG 3

VT LIU VPHNG PHP

NGHIN CU

3.1 Thi gian v a im thc hin ti

Thi gian: T ngy 04/05/2009 n ngy 15/06/2009

Gio vin hng dn:

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a im: Ti c s th nghim Trng Cao ng Cng Nghip Thc Phm Thnh Ph

H Ch Minh.

3.2 Vt liu nghin cu3.2.1 Nguyn liu

Qu Gc dng trong th nghim thuc loi Gc Np, ln, chn, khng v, khng b h

hng, lun ng nht v kch thc v chn (Hnh 3.1). Ni mua: Gc mua ti ch u

mi Nng Sn Hc Mn, TP.HCM

Hnh 3.1 Qu Gc Trc khi ch bin

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 24

Hnh 3.1 Qu Gc trc khi ch bin


25/78


3.2.2 Ha cht, dng c, thit b

3.2.2.1 Ha cht

Ha cht dng trong th nghim ch yu l dung mi dng trch ly. Chng ti s

dng 4 loi dung mi trch ly l : n Hexan, Dietyl ether, Acetone v Cn.Bng 3.1 Mt s thng tin v dung mi

STT Tn dung miNhit

si (0C)

tinh

khit (%)

Ngun

gcNi bn Nm SX

1 n Hexan 69 99,5 TQ ng T

Hin Thnh,

qun 10,

TP.HCM

20032 Diethyl ether 60 99,5 TQ 20033 Acetone 58,08 99,5 TQ 2008

4 Cn 78,5 98 VN 2009

3.2.2.2 Dng c, Thit b

Dng c: b Soxhlet, b bnh cu v ng sinh hn (Ph lc 26, trang 73)

Thit b: My iu nhit (Ph lc 26, trang 75)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 25


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3.3 Phng php nghin cu

3.3.1 Quy trnh cng ngh trch ly du Gc c kho st trong ti

3.3.1.1 S cng ngh

Hnh 3.2 S cng ngh trch ly du Gc bng dung mi

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 26

Gc ti

X l

Phi, sy

Nghin nh

Ry

Trch ly

Thu hi dung mi

Du th

To = 60 70oCThi gian = 7 8 gi

m ca bt = 8 10%

= 0.5 1mm

m ca bt = 8 10 %T l nguyn liu:dung mi = 1:14

Dung mi

Dungmi


27/78


3.3.1.2 Thuyt minh s cng ngh

a) Nguyn liu

Qu Gc dng trong th nghim thuc loi Gc Np, ln, chn, khng v, khng b h

hng, lun ng nht v kch thc v chn.Qu Gc mua ti ch u mi nng sn Hc Mn.

b) X l

Qu Gc c ch bin thu ly mng Gc, bng cch: qu Gc c ch i, tch

mng , b ht.

c) Phi, sy

Sau khi tch ly mng, ta em mng Gc i phi lm gim m v rt ngn thi

gian trong qu trnh sy. Sau , mng Gc c em sy 60 700

C trong vng 7 8 gin khi m t 8 10 %

d) Nghin nh v ry

Mng Gc sau khi sy t c m 8 10 %, c em i nghin nh ri ry

( kch thc l ry 0.5 1 mm ). Phn khng lt ry ta em nghin li v tip tc ry n khi

khng cn Gc trn ry t kch thc cn thit.

e) Trch ly

Bc 1: em cn 5g bt Gc c nghin nh gi vo giy lc (3gi x 5g) v chovo bnh cu.

Bc 2: ong dung mi v cho vo bnh cu (vi t l nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 :

14), sau gn ng sinh hn ln.

Bc 3: tin hnh trch ly bng phng php ngm chit.

(Cu to ca h thng trch ly ph lc 26, trang73)

f) Thu hi dung mi

Sau khi trch ly xong ta thu c mt hn hp gm du v dung mi (Mixen). Tin

hnh thu hi dung mi bng b chng ct Soxhlet bng cch gia nhit 80 0C, dung mi c

nhit si thp hn nhit si ca du s bay hi qua h thng ng sinh hn. Sau dung

mi s c ngng t trong ng chit, ta ly c dung mi thu hi. Kt thc qu trnh thu

hi, ta thu c du th.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 27


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3.3.2 Phng php b tr th nghim

Th nghim c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th nghim

hon ton ngu nhin. Trong ti th nghim ny, chng ti ch tp trung kho st cng

on trch ly du Gc (c th l hiu sut trch ly), cn cc cng on khc c c nh ccthng s. Qu trnh nghin cu c b tr thnh ba th nghim chnh:

Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch ly.

Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly.

Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du cn

li trong nguyn liu.

3.3.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi ln hiu suttrch ly

Du Gc tan tt trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc. Do vy, chng ti kho st 4

loi dung mi l : n Hexan, Dietyl ether, Acetone, Cn. (Bng 3.1, trang 25)

a) Mc ch

Kho st nh hng ca cc loi dung mi khc nhau ln hiu sut trch ly tm ra

loi dung mi cho hiu sut trch ly cao nht, nhng t nh hng n cht lng ca du

gc.b) Phng php b tr th nghim

Th nghim 1 c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th

nghim hon ton ngu nhin. th nghim ny, kho st nh hng ca dung mi ln hiu

sut trch ly bn mc nhit c nh khc nhau tm ra loi dung mi trch ly thch hp

nht. V cc dung mi c em kho st c nhit si chch lch khc nhau (t 50 0C n

800C) nn da trn c s , th nghim 1 c chia thnh 4 th nghim nh, c b tr nh

sau:

Th nghim 1.1: Kho st nh hng ca 4 loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch

ly nhit c nh l 50OC

Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 28


29/78


Nghim thcYu t thay i

(Loi dung mi)Yu t c nh

1 Cn Nhit : 50OC

Kch thc phn t bt Gc: = 0,5 1mm

T l gia nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14

2 Acetone

3 Diethyl ether

4 n Hexan


ly nhit c nh l 60OC

Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :

Nghim thc Yu t thay i(Loi dung mi)

Yu t c nh

1 Cn Nhit : 60OC



2 Acetone3 Diethyl ether

4 n Hexan


ly nhit c nh l 70OC

th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit

70OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n

sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:



Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 29


30/78


1 Cn Nhit : 70OC



2 Acetone

3 n Hexan


ly nhit c nh l 80OC

th nghim ny chng ti khng kho st dung mi Diethyl ether. Bi v, nhit

80OC dung mi Diethyl ether si mnh, bay hi gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n

sc khe. Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :



1 Cn Nhit : 80OC



2 Acetone

3 n Hexan

Th nghim1 gm 16 nghim thc, mi nghim thc c lp li ba ln m bo tin cy.

Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta chn c loi dung mi tt nht v s dng

dung mi thc hin cc th nghim tip theo.

c) Cc ch tiu theo di

nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo hiu sut

trch ly (H%).

Cch tnh ton H% (xem ph lc 22, trang 69)

d) Phng php x l s liu

Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)

bng phn mm SPSS (Statistical Products for Social Services ) v phn mm Microsoft

Excel.

Gio vin hng dn:

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3.3.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Khi tm c loi dung mi ti u nht th nghim 1, th nghim 2 chng ti kho

st su hn v nhit .a) Mc ch

Tm ra nhit trch ly ti u vi loi dung mi ti u nht (va kho st th

nghim 1) hiu sut trch ly cao nht nht.

b) Phng php b tr th nghim

Th nghim 2 c b tr theo kiu th nghim mt nhn t, m hnh b tr th nghim

hon ton ngu nhin. th nghim ny, kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch

ly cc mc nhit khc nhau l : 500

C; 550

C; 600

C; 650

C; 700

C; 750

C; 800

C; 850

C tm ra nhit trch ly thch hp nht. Da trn c s th nghim 2 c b tr nh sau:

Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau:

Nghim thc

Yu t thay i

(Nhit ) Yu t c nh1 50OC

Loi dung mi: va kho st th nghim 1


2 55OC3 60OC4 65OC5 70OC

Gio vin hng dn:

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6 75OC7 80OC8 85OC

Th nghim 2 gm 8 nghim thc, mi nghim thc c lp li ba ln m bo tin cy.

Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta chn c nhit trch ly tt nht v s dng

nhit thc hin cc th nghim tip theo.

c) Cc ch tiu theo di

nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo

Hiu sut trch ly (H%).

Lng dung mi hao ht (%)

Cch tnh ton (xem ph lc 22 v 23, trang 69)


Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA)

bng phn mm SPSS (Statistical Products for Social Services ) v phn mm Microsoft

Excel.

3.3.2.3 Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng

du cn li trong nguyn liu

a) Mc ch

Tm ra mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du trong nguyn liu vi

loi dung mi ti u nht (va kho st th nghim 1) v nhit ti u nht (va kho st

th nghim 2), t tm ra thi im thch hp dng qu trnh trch ly sao cho hiu

sut trch ly l cao nht v lng dung mi hao ht thch hp.

b) Phng php b tr th nghim

th nghim ny, kho st mi quan h gia hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu

vi thi gian trch ly cc mc thi gian khc nhau l : 60 pht; 90 pht; 120 pht; 150

Gio vin hng dn:

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pht; 180 pht; 210 pht; 240 pht; 270 pht; 300 pht tm ra thi im thch hp nht

dng qu trnh trch ly. Da trn c s th nghim 3 c b tr nh sau:

Cc nghim thc ca th nghim ny c th hin bng sau :

Nghim thc Yu t thay i(Thi gian: pht)

Yu t c nh

1 60

Loi dung mi: va kho st th nghim 1

Nhit : va kho st th nghim 2



2 903 1204 1505 1806 2107 2408 270

9 300

Th nghim 3 gm 9 nghim thc, mi nghim thc c lp li ba ln m bo

tin cy.

Sau khi thc hin th nghim ny ta tm ra c thi im thch hp dng qu trnh

trch ly.

c) Cc ch tiu theo di nh gi hiu qu ca cc nghim thc khc nhau, chng ti da vo:

Lng du cn li trong nguyn liu theo thi gian (%)

Lng dung mi hao ht (%)

Cch tnh ton cc ch tiu (xem ph lc 22 v 23, trang 69)


Kt qu th nghim c x l bng phng trnh hi quy trn phn mm Microsoft

Excel tm ra mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du cn li trong nguynliu.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 33


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CHNG 4

Gio vin hng dn:

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KT QU

V THO LUN

4.1 Kt qu kho st cc thng s k thut ca nguyn liu

4.1.1 Cc thng s vt l ca nguyn liu

Kt qu thu c c th hin trong Ph lc 1, 2 trang 51, 52 v Bng 4.1, 4.2 ch

ra cc s liu x l.

Bng 4.1 Kch c v cu ca qu Gc

Thng s a (cm) b (cm) c (cm)

Gi tr 15,15 2,45 13,03 1,45 12,57 1,63 0,90 0,07

Vi

a : Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm)

b : Chiu rng ca qu Gc (cm)

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c : Chiu cao ca qu Gc (cm)

: cao ca qu Gc

S liu Bng 4.1 ch ra rng qu Gc c hnh trn hoc elp, chiu di l 12 18cm, chiu rng 11 15cm v cu khong 0,83 0,97.

Khi lng qu t khong 0,6 1,4 kg. Mi qu bao gm khong 40 55% tht qu,

18 31% mng v 8 13% ht. iu ny c th hin trong Bng 4.2.

Bng 4.2 Khi lng v thnh phn k thut ca qu Gc

Thnh phn Khi lng (g) T l (%)

QuTht qu

Mng ht

Ht

V

1010,5 365,8485,4 201,4

252,4 126,6

98,12 31,8

184,88 91,3

10047,49 7,52

24,46 6,11

10,21 2,65

18,83 7,46

Gio vin hng dn:

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4.1.2 Cc thnh phn ha hc chnh ca nguyn liu

Thnh phn ch yu ca mng Gc bao gm nc vo cht bo. Hm lng lipide v

hm lng nc ca mng ht c th hin trong Bng 4.3.

Bng 4.3 Hm lng nc v du ca mng ti v mng kh trong qu Gc

Thnh

phn

Mng ti Mng khHm lng

ng

Hm lng

nc

Hm lng

nc

Hm lng

du

Hm lng

Caroten

Gi tr 8% 78,41% 9,33% 38.01%15,89mg/100g

bt Gc

Mng Gc ti cha hm lng nc cao, chim khong 78,41%. Sau 7 gi sy, m

ca n gim cn 9,33% 0,28%. m ny, sau 5 gi trch ly Soxhlet, chng ti

xc nh c 36,6 39,9 % du. Nh vy, trch ly du Gc bng dung mi l mt phng

php thch hp.

4.2 Kt qu th nghim kho st cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut trch ly

4.2.1 Th nghim 1: Kho st nh hng ca loi dung mi ln hiu sut trch ly

Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly ca bn loi dung mi

cc mc nhit khc nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P


38/78


Bng 4.4 Bng so snh hiu sut trch ly ca Cn v n Hexan cc nhit

khc nhau

Nhit Cn n Hexan500C 26,9529 % 65,2071 %600C 35,8293 % 68,7751 %700C 43,0542 % 71,0507 %800C 52,3769 % 80,6186 %

Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn n Hexan l dung mi trch ly thch

hp nht trch ly du Gc.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

50 60 70 80

Nhit (oC

Hiusut(%)

CnAxetoneDiethyl ethen-Hexan

Hnh 4.1 S thay i hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi theo nhng nhit khc nhau

4.2.2 Th nghim 2: Kho st nh hng ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Gio vin hng dn:

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Theo kt qu phn tch ANOVA cho thy, hiu sut trch ly cc mc nhit khc

nhau l c s khc bit v mt thng k vi tin cy (P


40/78


T 65OC 85OC: lng dung mi hao ht nhiu

iu c m t c th th (Ph lc 8, trang 58 v Hnh 4.3)

Vi kt qu nh trn, chng ti thy rng:

T 80OC 85OC: hiu sut trch ly tng chm, nhng lng dung mi hao ht qu

nhiu. iu ny nh hng n tnh kinh t.

T 55OC 80OC: lng dung mi hao ht khng nhiu, nhng hiu sut trch ly li

khng cao.

Nu nhit trch ly cao qu th hm lng - Caroten, lycopen, tocopherol

(vitamin E),trong du gc s gim.

Nu nhit trch ly thp qu th hiu sut trch ly khng cao, hm lng du trong

b cn nhiu.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 40

10

10.5

11

11.5

12

12.5

13

13.5

14

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Nhit (oC)

Lng

dungmihaoht(%)

Hnh 4.3 Lng dung mi hao ht cc nhit khc nhau


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Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn 80OC l nhit trch ly ti u nht.

4.2.3 Th nghim 3: Kho st mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du

cn li trong nguyn liu

Thi gian cng di th hm lng du cn li trong b cng t. Trong 4 gi u tin,

lng du ny n t cc t bo b ph v do qu trnh nghin. Khi thi gian cng tng th

hm lng du trong v ngoi t bo s cng i n trng thi cn bng. Khi t n trng

thi cn bng th qu trnh trch ly khng xy ra, do hiu sut trch ly s gim.

T 1 gi - 4 gi: hm lng du cn li trong b gim nhanh.

T 4 gi - 5 gi: hm lng du trong b gim chm

iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.4)

0

5

1015

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5Thi gian (h)

L

ngducnli(%)

Hnh 4.4 Lng du cn li cc khong thi gian khc nhau

Thi gian trch ly cng tng th lng dung mi hao ht cng nhiu.

T 1 gi - 4 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng chm

T 4 gi - 5 gi: lng dung mi hao ht tng nhanh

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 41


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iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.5)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5Thi gian (h

Lngdungmihaoh

t(%)

Hnh 4.5 Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau

Ngoi ra, vn cn mt lng nh du sau 5 gi trch ly (gn 7%). Du Gc l mt sn

phm qu gi (2.000.000 VN/l), nh vy cn phi tnh ton mt cch k lng mi li kinh

t xc nh thi gian trch ly ph hp.

Chnh v nhng l do trn nn chng ti chn 4 gi l thi gian trch ly thch hp nht

v cng chnh l thi im thch hp dng qu trnh trch ly.

T chng ti xy dng phng trnh hi quy v mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly

v hm lng du cn li trong nguyn liu. iu c m t c th th (Hnh 4.6)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 42


43/78


y =1.762x2 - 21.681x +70.157

R2

=0.9926

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Thi gian trch ly (gi)

Hmlngducnlitrongnguynliu(

Hnh 4.6 Mi quan h gia thi gian trch ly v hm lng du

cn li trong nguyn liu

Kt lun chung:

Qua tt c nhng th nghim tin hnh kho st, chng ti nhn thy rng trch ly

du Gc t hiu qu tt nht th cc thng s ti u nht l:

Loi dung mi trch ly l : n Hexan

Nhit trch ly : 800

C Thi gian trch ly l : 4 gi

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 43


44/78


4.3 Kt qu kho st tnh cht ca du Gc thu c

xc nh cc c im ho, l v cc thng s khc, trong qu trnh kho xc,

chng ti thu c 300g du Gc bn thnh phm.

Tnh cht vt lDu Gc c dng lng mu sm, vi mt mi thm d chu v kh c trng. Sau

khi trch ly, du ny c cha trong chai thy tinh, mu nu, trnh nh sng. iu ny c

ch ra trong (Hnh 4.7)

Hnh 4.7 Du Gc sau khi trch ly

4.3.1 Cc ch tiu ho hc

Kt qu xc nh cc c tnh ho hc c ch ra trong Bng 4.4.

Bng 4.4 c tnh ho hc ca du Gc

Ch sAcid

(mg KOH/1g)

Peroxide

(m.eq

peroxide/1kg)

Caroten

(mg/100g)

Gi tr 1,62 0,36 14,29

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 44


45/78


4.3.2.1 Ch s Acid

Du Gc c ch s axit thp, gi tr ny cao hn kt qu ca Nguyn Hng Khnh v

cng s (2004), nhng n li thp hn ch s axit ca cc du thng thng nh du u

nnh (max = 6), du hng dng (max = 4) (Codex Alimentarius Commission (1993) trchdn bi ENSAI (2004)). Ngoi ra, ch s axit ca du Gc p ng c quy nh ca B Y

T Vit Nam (1998) ( 6).

Vy th, du Gc thu c c tinh sch v c kh nng n nh iu kin mi

trng.

4.3.2.2 Ch s Peroxide

Ch s peroxit l 0,36, gi tr ny thp hn kt qu ca Nguyn Hng Khnh v cngs (2004) (8,48), gi tr ny tha mn quy nh ca B Y T (1998) ( 5).

4.3.2.3 Hm lng caroten ca du Gc

caroten th hin mnh m c tnh chng oxy ho, chim mt s lng ng k

trong du Gc thu c. Kt qu phn tch cho thy rng hm lng ca tin vitamin A ny

chim 0,12 % so vi lng du tng cng. Gi tr ny ngang bng gi tr ca du c m

Zagr v cng s (2003) s dng nghin cu chng li hin tng thiu vtamin A Burkina. Nh vy, iu ny xc nhn thm mt ln na vai tr ca du Gc v tnh hiu qu

ca vic trch ly bng dung mi.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 45


46/78


CHNG 5

KT LUN

V NGH

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 46


47/78


5.1Kt lun:

Kt qu thu c cho php chng ti kt lun rng:

Mng Gc thuc loi t du (36,6 39,9 %).

Kh nng trch ly ca cc dung mi khc nhau, n Hexan l dung mi thch hp nht trch ly du Gc.

Nhit cng gia tng, lng du Gc c trch ly cng d dng. Tuy nhin, cn

trnh trch ly nhit qu cao s gy nh hng n cht lng du Gc v gy tht thot

dung mi nh hng n gi tr kinh t. V qua qu trnh kho st, chng ti chn nghim

thc 800C v t l dung mi : nguyn liu l 14 : 1 l thch hp nht.

Thi gian trch ly nh hng c ngha n nng sut trch ly. Nhng sau 4 gi ly

trch, vn cn gn 7% du trong b.Sn phm du Gc l dng bn thnh phm. C cha mt hm lng caroten

(14.29mg/100g cht th), cng vi cc c tnh l ha (ch s axit: 1,62 ; ch s peroxyt

0,36) xc nhn tnh hiu qu ca phng php trch ly bng n Hexan.

5.2 ngh

Do gii hn v mt thi gian, iu kin trang thit b cng nh iu kin kinh t nn

th nghim vn cha c thc hin hon chnh. hon thin quy trnh ang nghin cuchng ti c mt s ngh nh sau:

Kho st vi lng mu ln hn c kt qu tt hn.

Nghin cu cc thng s cc cng on kho st (hm lng carotenoid, hm

lng cc tp cht khng ha tan, )

S dng kt hp hai phng php trch ly gin on v trch ly lin tc c hiu

sut trch ly cao hn.

Nghin cu v vn tinh luyn du Gc.

Thit k bao b trch h hng cc cht : Beta caroten, lycopen, vitamin E

(Tocopherol), .

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 47


48/78


Ngoi ra, mt s hiu bit r rng v cc loi Momordica cochinchinensis, v hm

lng Carotenoide cc chn khc nhau tht cn thit t c ngun nguyn liu tt.

Cng tht quan trng nghin cu sy chn khng gim s mt mt cc cht

chng oxy ha. nng cao gi tr ca qu Gc, cn nghin cu v s dng du Gc lm mu

thc phm hay thc phm chc nng, nghin cu ch bin cc sn phm t tht qu v phn

tch thnh phn ca b.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 48


49/78


PH LC

Ph lc 1

Kch c v cu ca qu Gc (Momodica Cochinchinensis)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 49


50/78


Thng s a (cm) b (cm) c (cm) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

14,73

17,99

16,31

12,00

15,02

14,99

14,43

18,78

16,82

20,29

12,29

12,57

13,51

13,81

13,75

13,61

14,15

15,51

11,26

13,94

15,20

13,76

13,00

13,21

13,56

12,00

11,17

11,60

12,85

10,71

12,83

13,10

16,22

10,81

12,98

13,96

14,04

12,79

12,54

14,08

11,75

10,56

10,82

11,95

10,15

0,93

0,83

0,98

0,95

0,93

0,98

0,98

0,87

0,84

0,77

0,98

0,91

0,88

0,93

0,83Trung bnh 15,15 13,03 12,57 0,90

Sai s 2,45 1,45 1,63 0,07

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 50


51/78


Ph lc 2

Khi lng v thnh phn k thut ca qu Gc

Qu

Tng

cng Tht qu Mng ht Ht V

(g) (g) (%) (g) (%) (g) (%) (g) (%)1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1169,31

1314,17

1705,38

578,69

1044,56

610,27

1342,72

1364,22

1117,13

1410,90

604,14

605,12

750,15

820,05

720,44

623,37

653,35

894,78

245,50

675,46

250,62

522,13

629,30

632,04

569,05

253,28

300,54

400,12

340,14

290,54

53,31

49,72

52,47

42,42

64,66

41,07

38,89

46,13

56,58

40,33

41,92

49,67

53,34

41,48

40,33

285,23

390,70

508,75

142,41

177,79

145,77

392,19

382,30

136,27

365,58

189,78

104,33

234,75

214,64

114,76

24,39

29,73

29,83

24,61

17,02

23,89

29,21

28,02

12,20

25,91

31,41

17,24

31,29

26,17

15,93

125,61

98,75

163,72

56,21

86,10

85,41

157,20

84,84

98,43

85,03

54,72

70,35

95,00

120,11

90,35

10,74

7,51

9,60

9,71

8,24

14,00

11,71

6,22

8,81

6,03

9,06

11,63

12,66

14,65

12,54

135,10

171,37

138,13

134,57

258,54

128,47

271,20

267,78

250,38

391,24

106,36

129,90

20,28

145,16

224,79

11,55

13,04

8,10

23,25

24,75

21,05

20,20

19,63

22,41

27,73

17,61

21,47

2,70

17,70

31,20Trung bnh 1010,48 485,35 47,49 252,35 24,46 98,12 10,21 184,88 18,83

Sai s 365,76 201,53 7,52 126,55 6,11 31,81 2,65 91,27 7,46

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 51


52/78


Ph lc 3

Kt qu so mu xc nh hm lng Caroten o bc sng 450nm

STT

ng nghim ODHm lng Caroten

(mg/100g cht th)1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

0,949

0,885

0,840

0,766

0,721

0,657

0,598

0,532

0,483

0,429

0,368

0,322

0,250

0,192

0,146

0,080

0,034

0,020

0,012

0,000

16,60

15,60

14,60

13,60

12,60

11,60

10,60

9,60

8,60

7,60

6,60

5,60

4,60

3,60

2,60

1,60

0,66

0,33

0,16

0,00

Phng trnh ng chun l:y = 17,497x + 0,0901R2 = 0,9996

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 52


53/78


y = 17.497x + 0.0901

R2

= 0.9996

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

OD

Hm

lngCaroten(mg/100g

chtth

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 53


54/78


Ph lc 4

Kt qu hm lng du Gc xc nh bng phng php Soxhlet

Loi Gc

Lp li

1 2 3

1 39.3463 38.9107 36.93792 34.3452 43.6899 34.33373 38.7141 37.0970 38.6948

Gi tr trung bnh 37.4685 39.8992 36.6555 Sai s chun 1.5723 1.9663 1.2668

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 54


55/78


Ph lc 5

Hiu sut trch ly ca cc dung mi cc nhit khc nhau

Loi dung mi

Nhit (0C)Cn 98

0

Aceton Dietyether n_Hexan

50

1 22.4960 55.2587 68.2347 72.92802 26.5920 58.5920 56.4373 58.59203 31.7707 60.3627 53.7013 64.1013

Gi tr trung bnh 26.9529 58.0711 59.4578 65.2071Sai s chun 2.6834 1.4962 4.4590 4.1752

60

1 41.3973 71.9253 69.7973 77.39202 32.8373 63.0667 69.1413 65.10933 33.2533 63.8080 64.2987 63.8240

Gi tr trung bnh 35.8293 66.2667 67.7458 68.7751Sai s chun 2.7866 2.8374 1.7339 4.3244

70

1 43.5307 65.5680 70.92272 42.2453 58.4640 69.25873 43.3867 67.5147 72.9707

Gi tr trung bnh 43.0542 63.8489 71.0507 Sai s chun 0.4066 2.7505 1.0735

80

1 55.2640 67.3120 72.64532 52.5120 68.6880 84.5973

3 49.3547 62.3200 84.6133Gi tr trung bnh 52.3769 66.1067 80.6186 Sai s chun 1.7072 1.9346 3.9867

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 55


56/78


Ph lc 6 Hiu sut trch ly bng n Hexan cc nhit khc nhau

Ph lc 7 Hiu sut trch ly bng n Hexan cc khong thi gian khc nhau

Gio vin hng dn:Mc Xun Ha 56

Nhit (0C)

Lp li

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

1 50.1326 49.9174 63.4689 64.6449 65.4707 72.6518 73.9779 70.9372

2 44.8431 50.9783 50.2177 55.1519 60.3613 64.8952 69.8694 73.43743 42.9515 48.6814 50.8382 54.3662 55.3721 57.0785 71.4958 74.4583

Gi tr trung bnh 45. 9757 49. 8590 54. 8416 58. 0543 60. 4014 64. 8752 71. 7810 737744

Sai s chun 2.1490 0.6637 4.3174 3.3031 2.9153 4.4956 1.1946 2.6750

Thi gian(gi)

Lp li

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1 51.8692 60.3978 70.9428 65.3188 75.6567 86.9973 92.1962 92.5504 92.74112 48.8338 54.3597 64.8283 76.6322 78.3869 88.1907 91.8583 91.5422 92.46873 53.1771 54.8174 64.1362 74.5668 80.4523 78.3379 87.1172 92.9918 93.1117

Gi tr trung bnh 51. 2934 56. 5250 66. 6358 72. 1726 78. 1653 84. 5086 90. 3906 92. 3615 92. 7738

Sai s chun 1.2864 1.9409 2.1628 3.4784 1.3888 3.1045 1.6396 0.4290 0.1863


57/78




58/78


Ph lc 8

Lng dung mi hao ht cc nhit khc nhau

Ph lc 9

Lng dung mi hao ht cc khong thi gian khc nhau


Nhit (0C)

Lp li50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

1 10.00 10.50 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.50 12.50 13.502 10.50 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 12.00 13.50 14.003 10.00 10.00 11.00 11.50 11.50 12.00 13.50 14.00

Gi tr trung bnh 10.17 10.50 10.67 10.83 11.50 12.50 13.17 13.83Sai s chun 0.17 0.29 0.33 0.44 0.29 0.50 0.33 0.17

Thi gian (h)

Lp li 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

1 12.00 15.00 15.00 18.00 19.00 19.50 21.50 32.00 37.002 13.50 16.50 17.50 18.50 18.50 19.00 22.00 31.50 38.503 14.50 15.00 17.00 18.00 18.50 19.50 21.50 32.00 37.00

Gi tr trung bnh 13.33 15.50 16.50 18.17 18.67 19.33 21.67 31.83 37.50Sai s chun 0.73 0.50 0.76 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.50


59/78




60/78


Ph lc 10Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C

Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C

Ph lc 11Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C

Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Ph lc 12Kt qu phn tch ANOVA ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 60

2680.461 3 893.487 25.488 .000

280.441 8 35.055

2960.902 11

2280.045 3 760.015 27.006 .000

225.136 8 28.142

2505.181 11

Between

Groups

Within

Groups

Total

Between

Groups

Within

Groups

Total

HS50

HS60

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

ANOVA

1268.086 2 634.043 71.379 .000

53.297 6 8.883

1321.383 8

1196.699 2 598.350 26.534 .001

135.303 6 22.551

1332.003 8

Between

Groups

Within

Groups

Total

Between

Groups

Within

Groups

Total

HS70

HS80

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

ANOVA

2404.011 7 343.430 11.704 .000

469.503 16 29.344

2873.513 23

Between

Groups

Within

Groups

Total

HS

Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

ANOVA


61/78


Ph luc 13Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 500C v 600C

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 61

LSD

-31.1167* 4.834 .000 - 42.2645 - 19.9688

-32.5033* 4.834 .000 - 43.6512 - 21.3555

-38.2533* 4.834 .000 - 49.4012 - 27.1055

31.1167* 4.834 .000 19.9688 42.2645

-1.3867 4.834 .782 -12.5345 9.7612

-7.1367 4.834 .178 -18.2845 4.0112

32.5033* 4.834 .000 21.3555 43.6512

1.3867 4.834 .782 -9.7612 12.5345

-5.7500 4.834 .268 -16.8978 5.3978

38.2533* 4.834 .000 27.1055 49.4012

7.1367 4.834 .178 -4.0112 18.2845

5.7500 4.834 .268 -5.3978 16.8978

-30.4374* 4.331 .000 - 40.4257 - 20.4490

-31.9165* 4.331 .000 - 41.9048 - 21.9281

-32.9458* 4.331 .000 - 42.9341 - 22.9575

30.4374* 4.331 .000 20.4490 40.4257

-1.4791 4.331 .742 -11.4674 8.5092

-2.5084 4.331 .578 -12.4968 7.479931.9165* 4.331 .000 21.9281 41.9048

1.4791 4.331 .742 -8.5092 11.4674

-1.0293 4.331 .818 -11.0177 8.9590

32.9458* 4.331 .000 22.9575 42.9341

2.5084 4.331 .578 -7.4799 12.4968

1.0293 4.331 .818 -8.9590 11.0177

(J) DUNGMOI

ACETON

DIETYETHER

HEXAN

CON

DIETYETHER

HEXAN

CON

ACETON

HEXAN

CON

ACETON

DIETYETHER

ACETON

DIETYETHER

HEXAN

CON

DIETYETHER

HEXANCON

ACETON

HEXAN

CON

ACETON

DIETYETHER

(I) DUNGMOI

CON

ACETON

DIETYETHER

HEXAN

CON

ACETON

DIETYETHER

HEXAN

Dependent

Variable

HS50

HS60

Mean

Difference

(I-J) Std. Error Sig.

Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

95% Confidence

Interval

Multiple Comparisons

The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.*.


62/78


Ph lc 14Kt qu so snh LSD ca dung mi nhit 700C v 800C

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 62

LSD

-20.7947 * 2.433 .000 -26.7492 -14.8402

-27.9965 * 2.433 .000 -33.9510 -22.0420

20.7947* 2.433 .000 14.8402 26.7492

-7.2018 * 2.433 .025 -13.1563 -1.2473

27.9965* 2.433 .000 22.0420 33.9510

7.2018* 2.433 .025 1.2473 13.1563-13.7298 * 3.877 .012 -23.2173 -4.2423

-28.2417 * 3.877 .000 -37.7292 -18.7542

13.7298* 3.877 .012 4.2423 23.2173

-14.5120 * 3.877 .010 -23.9995 -5.0245

28.2417* 3.877 .000 18.7542 37.7292

14.5120* 3.877 .010 5.0245 23.9995

(J)

DUNGMOI

ACETON

HEXAN

CON

HEXAN

CON

ACETONACETON

HEXAN

CON

HEXAN

CON

ACETON

(I)

DUNGMOI

CON

ACETON

HEXAN

CON

ACETON

HEXAN

Dependent

Variable

HS70

HS80

Mean

Difference


Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

95% Confidence

Interval




63/78


Ph lc 15 Kt qu so snh LSD ca nhit ln hiu sut trch ly

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 63

Dependent Variable: HS

LSD

-3.8833 4.423 .393 -13.2596 5.4930

-8.8659 4.423 .062 -18.2421 .5104

-12.0786 * 4.423 .015 -21.4549 -2.7023

-14.4256 * 4.423 .005 -23.8019 -5.0494

-18.8994 * 4.423 .001 -28.2757 -9.5232

-25.8053 * 4.423 .000 -35.1816 -16.4290

-31.6352 * 4.423 .000 -41.0115 -22.2590

3.8833 4.423 .393 -5.4930 13.2596

-4.9826 4.423 .277 -14.3588 4.3937

-8.1953 4.423 .082 -17.5716 1.1810

-10.5423 * 4.423 .030 -19.9186 -1.1661

-15.0161 * 4.423 .004 -24.3924 -5.6399

-21.9220 * 4.423 .000 -31.2983 -12.5457

-27.7519 * 4.423 .000 -37.1282 -18.3757

8.8659 4.423 .062 -.5104 18.2421

4.9826 4.423 .277 -4.3937 14.3588

-3.2127 4.423 .478 -12.5890 6.1635

-5.5598 4.423 .227 -14.9360 3.8165

-10.0336 * 4.423 .037 -19.4098 -.6573

-16.9394 * 4.423 .001 -26.3157 -7.5632

-22.7694 * 4.423 .000 -32.1456 -13.3931

12.0786 * 4.423 .015 2.7023 21.4549

8.1953 4.423 .082 -1.1810 17.5716

3.2127 4.423 .478 -6.1635 12.5890

-2.3470 4.423 .603 -11.7233 7.0292

-6.8208 4.423 .143 -16.1971 2.5554

-13.7267 * 4.423 .007 -23.1030 -4.3504

-19.5566 * 4.423 .000 -28.9329 -10.1804

14.4256 * 4.423 .005 5.0494 23.8019

10.5423 * 4.423 .030 1.1661 19.91865.5598 4.423 .227 -3.8165 14.9360

2.3470 4.423 .603 -7.0292 11.7233

-4.4738 4.423 .327 -13.8501 4.9025

-11.3797 * 4.423 .020 -20.7559 -2.0034

-17.2096 * 4.423 .001 -26.5859 -7.8333

18.8994 * 4.423 .001 9.5232 28.2757

15.0161 * 4.423 .004 5.6399 24.3924

10.0336 * 4.423 .037 .6573 19.4098

6.8208 4.423 .143 -2.5554 16.1971

4.4738 4.423 .327 -4.9025 13.8501

-6.9059 4.423 .138 -16.2821 2.4704

-12.7358 * 4.423 .011 -22.1121 -3.3595

25.8053 * 4.423 .000 16.4290 35.1816

21.9220 * 4.423 .000 12.5457 31.2983

16.9394 * 4.423 .001 7.5632 26.3157

13.7267 * 4.423 .007 4.3504 23.103011.3797 * 4.423 .020 2.0034 20.7559

6.9059 4.423 .138 -2.4704 16.2821

-5.8299 4.423 .206 -15.2062 3.5463

31.6352 * 4.423 .000 22.2590 41.0115

27.7519 * 4.423 .000 18.3757 37.1282

22.7694 * 4.423 .000 13.3931 32.1456

19.5566 * 4.423 .000 10.1804 28.9329

17.2096 * 4.423 .001 7.8333 26.5859

12.7358 * 4.423 .011 3.3595 22.1121

5.8299 4.423 .206 -3.5463 15.2062

(J)

NHIETDO

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

50.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

50.00

55.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

50.00

55.0060.00

65.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

80.00

85.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.0070.00

75.00

85.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

(I)

NHIETDO

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

75.00

80.00

85.00

MeanDifference


Lower

Bound

Upper

Bound

95%Confidence

Interval




64/78


Ph lc 16

Phng php xc nh kch thc ca qu Gc

Chng ti chn ngu nhin 15 qu trong 3 ln mua kho st kch thc ca qu

gc. Dng thc kp, chng ti o chiu di (a), chiu rng (b), v chiu cao (c) ca qu. cu c tnh theo cng thc :

Vi :

: cu ca qu Gc

a : Chiu di ca qu Gc (cm) b : Chiu rng ca qu Gc (cm)

c : Chiu cao ca qu Gc (cm)

Ph lc 17

Xc nh hm lng du trong bt Gc bng phng php Soxhlet

a. Nguyn l

Xc nh hm lng du Gc bng cch trch ly trong b Soxhlet, vi dung mi l n

Hexan.

b.Phng php thc hin

Ly mu

Cn (chnh xc n 0,0001 g) khong 5g bt gc gi vo giy lc v cho vo trong

ng trch ly.

Trch ly

u tin, sy cc bnh cu Soxhlet nhit khong 1050C v ngui ti thiu 30

pht trong bnh ht m. Sau em cn bnh ( chnh xc cn 0,0001g) xc nh khi

lng ban u ca bnh.

Lp t h thng trch ly, cho vo mi bnh cu khong 200 ml dung mi, iu chnh

nhit .

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 64


65/78


Thc hin qu trnh trch ly n khi bt Gc kit du. Dng a thu tinh v giy lc

th xem du cn trong b hay khng. Nu kit du, khng c vt loang trn giy lc,

nu c vt loang, tip tc trch ly.

Sau khi trch ly ht du, ta ly cc gi bt Gc ra v tip tc thu hi dung hi. Thu hidung mi trong cng b Soxhlet n khi cn kit dung mi.

Sau em sy 900C trong 1 gi. ngui bnh trong bnh ht m trong 30 pht,

cn bnh c cha du thu c.

Thc hin th nghim vi 3 ln lp li.

c.Kt qu

Hm lng du, %, ca bt Gc bng:

(m1 m2) x 100m0

Vi:

m0 : khi lng mu (g)

m1 : khi lng du thu c v khi lng bnh (g)

m2 : khi lng bnh (g)

Ph lc 18

Xc nh hm lng ng trong nguyn liu

a) Chun b mu

Cn v cho vo ci s 5 10g nguyn liu (mng gc ti). Nghin cn thn trong ci

s. Sau chuyn ton b hn hp vo cc thy tinh dung tch 250ml, trng cc cn, ci

chy 2 ln, mi ln khong 10ml thu hi ton b mu. Thm nc ct vo cc sao cho th

tch trong cc khong 60 70ml. un cch thy 70 80 0C trong 30 45 pht hoc khuy

bng my khuy t (tc 600v/pht, gia nhit 80

0

C trong thi gian 10 20 pht). Lmngui cc ri chuyn sang bnh nh mc 100ml hoc 200ml, trng cc 2 ln, mi ln

khong 10ml nc ct ri thm nc ct cho ti vch mc. Lc mu qua giy lc vo cc

hay bnh kh, sch. Dung dch lc dng lm dung dch th nghim.

b) Lm mu trng

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 65


66/78


Cho 10ml Feling A, 10ml Feling B, 20ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic, un si dung

dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht, cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic,

ng thi un si. Chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh

1% cho n khi mt mu xanh th dng li. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.c) Lm mu chnh

Dng pipet cho dung dch mu vo bnh tam gic 250ml, thm 10ml Feling A, 10ml

Feling B, 10ml nc ct vo bnh tam gic. un si dung dch trong bnh tam gic 1 pht,

cho thm 3 5 git xanh metyl, lun tay lc bnh tam gic, ng thi un si. Tip tc

chun nng dung dch trong bnh tam gic bng dung dch ng kh 1% cho n khi

mt mu xanh th dng li. Thm vi git xanh metyl, nu mu dung dch trong bnh tam

gic khng i l phn ng kt thc. Ghi th tch dung dch ng kh 1% tiu tn.d) Kt qu

D =0,01(V V1)Vdm . 100

=10.(V V1)Vdm

m . Vdd m . VddVi:

D : Hm lng ng kh ca mu (%)

V : Th tch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu trng (ml)

V1 : Th tch ng kh 1% tiu tn trong mu chnh (ml)

Vdm : Th tch bnh nh mc c s dng (ml)

Vdd : Th tch dung dch th c ht ra thc hin phn ng (ml)

M : khi lng mu (g)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 66


67/78


Ph lc 19

Xc nh hm lng caroten

a. Nguyn l:

Loi cc sc t khc ca mu th bng cch hp th bi oxyt nhm (Al 2O3). Mu scca caroten cn li c so snh vi 1 dung dch mu K2Cr2O7 bng my so mu bc

sng 450 nm.

b. Pha dung dch K2Cr2O7 2% trong nc ct:

K2Cr2O7 tinh khit :0,72g

Nc ct va :1000ml

1 ml dung dch tng ng vi 0,00416g caroten.

c. Tin hnh xc nh:Cn chnh xc lng thc phm tng ng vi t 0,16mg 16,6mg caroten trong

100g cht th. Ct nh thnh tng ming 1 3mm. Nu l thc phm kh nghin vi 8 10g

ct sch. Nu l thc phm t, nghin vi 4 5g Al2O3 v nghin o k 2 3 pht.

Chuyn tt c vo bnh tam gic 150ml c nt mi v thm 40ml ether du ha, lc 2

3 pht, yn 5 pht. Co thnh bnh tam gic tt c cc cht c c th lng xung y

v mt thi gian va cho dung dch chit pha trn tr nn trong sut.

Nu mu sc ca ng th qu sm th pha long vi nc ct v kt qu cui cngphi nhn thm h s pha long.

d. Tnh kt qu:

Da vo phng trnh ng chun tnh hm lng caroten (ph lc 3, trang 54)

y = 17.497x + 0.0901

R2 = 0.9996

Vi :

x: (Kt qu o OD)

y: Hm lng carotene (mg/100g cht th)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 67


68/78


Bng Xy dng thang mu cho phng php xc nh hm lng Caroten

Cho vo 20 ng nghim cc dung dch nh sau:

STT

ng nghim

DD Kali Bicromat

0,072 % (ml)

Nc ct

(ml)

Hm lng caroten (mg/100g cht

th) nu phn tch trn 1g chtth chit vi 40ml dung mi

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

11

12

1314

15

16

17

18

19

20

10,0

9,4

8,8

8,2

7,6

7,06,4

5,8

5,2

4,6

4,0

3,4

2,82,2

1,6

1,0

0,4

0,2

0,1

0,0

0,0

0,6

1,2

1,8

2,4

3,03,6

4,2

4,8

5,4

6,0

6,6

7,27,8

8,4

9,0

9,6

9,8

9,9

10,0

16,60

15,60

14,60

13,60

13,60

11,6010,60

9,60

8,60

7,60

6,60

5,60

4,603,60

2,60

1,60

0,66

0,33

0,16

0,00

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 68


69/78


Ph lc 20

Phng php xc nh ch s Acid

-Cn 2 3g du th + 5ml etanol + 2 git PP 1%

-Tin hnh chun bng dung dch KOH 0.1N n khi dung dch chuyn sang muhng nht.

Kt qu:

AV =5.6 x V

PTrong : V : l th tch KOH 0.1N dng chun (ml)

P : khi lng du (g)

Ph lc 21

Phng php xc nh ch s Peroxide

Bnh 1: cn 2g du

Bnh 2: 2ml nc

-Thm vo mi bnh 15ml hn hp CH3COOH : CHCl3 (t l 2 : 1)

-Thm 2 git h tinh bt

-Thm 5ml KI bo ha- yn khong 5 pht

-Sau em i chun bng Na2S2O3 0.002N cho n khi mt mu xanh.

Kt qu:

X =(V1 V2) x 0.0002538

x 100m

Trong : V1: th tch Na2S2O3 0.002N dng chun bnh s 1 (ml)

V2: th tch Na2S2O3 0.002N dng chun bnh s 2 (ml)0.0002538: s g iod tng ng vi 1ml dung dch Na2SO3 0.002N

m: khi lng du (g)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 69


70/78


Ph lc 22

Phng php xc nh hiu sut trch ly

Sau khi loi b dung mi, du c sy kh 80OC cn trc tip trong bnh cu. Hiu

sut trch ly (%) c tnh theo cng thc sau:H =

M1x 100%

M2Trong :

H : hiu sut trch ly (%)

M1 : khi lng du th (g)

M2 : khi lng du trong nghuyn liu ban u (g)

Ph lc 23

Phng php xc nh lng dung mi hao ht

Sau khi ngng t ta thu hi c dung mi v dng ng ong ong li th tch

dung mi thu hi c. Lng dung mi hao ht c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong :

V : Phn trm dung mi hao ht (%)

V1 : Th tch dung mi lc u (ml)

V2 : Th tiach1 dung mi sau khi thu hi (ml)

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 70

V =V1 V2

x 100%V


71/78


Ph lc 24

Bng nh mc kinh t k thut cho 1 n v sn phm du Gc thu c (1 lt)

STT Tn chi ph n v S lng n gi(VN)

Thnh tin(VN)

1 Gc ti kg 70,13 7.000 490.9102 Dung mi( n-Hexan) ml 8.1 190.000 1.539.0003 in kw 45 2.500 112.5004 Nc m3 2 2.500 5.0005 Chi ph khc 50.000

Tng cng : 2.197.410

Cch tnh: Khi lng Gc ti cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc:

Ta c: Hm lng du trong bt Gc l: 38,01%

100g bt Gc s trch ly c: 38,01 ml du

Vy trch ly 1 lt du Gc s cn:

1 x 100= 2,63 kg bt Gc

38,01

Mt khc, trong 40 kg Gc ti s c 1,5 kg Gc bt

Vy trch ly 1 lt du Gc s cn:

2,63 x 40 = 70,13 kg Gc

ti1,5

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 71


72/78


Lng dung mi cn trch ly 1 lt du Gc

Ta c: T l nguyn liu : dung mi = 1 : 14

1g bt Gc cn 14ml dung mi

Lng dung mi cn dng trch ly 1 lt du Gc l

2,63 x 14 = 36,82 lt

Mt khc, phn trm dung mi hao ht trong qu trnh trch ly l 22%

Lng dung mi hao ht khi trch ly 1 lt du Gc l

36,82 x 22= 8,1 lt

100

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 72


73/78


Ph lc 25 S trch ly du Gc bn thnh phm

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 73

Gc ti

X l

Sy kh

Xay nhuyn Ry

Gi vo

giy lc

Du Gc

Trch ly


74/78


Ph lc 26 Cc thit b chnh c s dng trong ti

B trch ly Soxhlet

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 74

My xay


75/78


T sy

My so mu AQUALYTIC

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 75


76/78


My iu nhit

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 76


77/78


TI LIU THAM KHO

Cc sch tham kho:

1. Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt - trng H Cng Nghip TP.HCM

2009.

2. Sch :Th nghim phn tch Thc Phm - Mc Xun Ho, V i Long, Hunh

Thi Nguyn - 6/2008.

3. Ti liu Cng Ngh Sn Xut Du Thc Vt L Phc Trung4. L Bch Tuyt v cng s, 1996.Cc qu trnh cng ngh c bn trong ch bin thc

phm - NXB Gio Dc, H Ni, 93-101 ; 248-254.

5. Ng Th Thy, 2004. Du Gc, thuc qy ca ngi Vit, trong tp ch Cy Thuc

Qu s 19/2004, 21.

6. Nguyn Cng Sut, 2002. Du Gc - Thc phm an ton Thn dc tr nhiu bnh

v lm p da. Trong Tr Thc Tr s 6/2002, 34-35.

7. Bi Minh c v cng s, 2004. Bt Gc v du Gc. Hm lng cao - caroten,

lycopen v - tocopherol m bo dinh dng bn vng, phng v iu tr HIV/AIDS.

Trong tp ch Cy Thuc Qy, s 17/2004, 20.

8. BYT (B Y T Vit Nam), 1998. Danh mc tiu chun v sinh i vi lng thc,

thc phm. Quyt nh s 867/1998/Q-BYT ngy 4 thng 1998.

9. Tt Li, 1991. Nhng cy thuc v v thuc ca Vit Nam. Khoa

Hc v KThut, H Ni, 876-879.

10. Hong Trng Ym v cng s, 1999. Ho hc hu c. Khoa Hc v

K Thut,H Ni, 88-93.

11.Nguyn Quang Lc v cng s, 1993. K thut p du v ch bin du, m thc

phm. Khoa Hc v K Thut, H Ni, 279 p.

Gio vin hng dn:

Mc Xun Ha 77


78/78


12.Nguyn Thin Lun v cng s, 1999. Thc phm thuc v thc phm chc nng.

Nng Nghip, H Ni, 123-156.

13.Nguyn Th Minh Th, 2004. Th nghim pht trin sn phm t mng ht Gc.

Lun Vn Tt Nghip trng i hc Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh.14. Nguyn Hu Thin, 7/2005. Nguyn cu s b trch ly du mng ht Gc

(Momordica Cochinchinensis) bng dung mi. Lun Vn Tt Nghip trng i hc

Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh.

15.Nguyn Hng Khnh v cng s, 2004. Nghin cu hon thin cng ngh sn xut

ph gia bo qun thc phm PDP t v tm v cht mu thc phm t qu Gc v ng

dng vo qu trnh sn xut, ch bin thc phm nhm tht. Vin khoa hc k thut, H

Ni, 2004, 94 p.16. Phm Hu Yn Phng, 2004. Nhng yu t thit yu trong qu trnh ly trch lycopen

bng dung mi siu trng thi CO2. Trong : Tp ch KHKTNng Lm nghip, s 2/2004.

i hc Nng Lm, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 73-78.

Cc trang web tham kho:

1. www.gactuoikieuphuong.com

2. www.laodong.com.vn

3. www.vnmedia.vn

4. www.dantri.com.vn

5. http://www.facmv.ulg.ac.be/amv/articles/2003_147_5_02.pdf

6. http://spip.cm.refer.org/pba1/article35.html

7. http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/bio_rech/abc/edocs/00/00/C6/B3/re

sume.
http://www.gactuoikieuphuong.com/http://www.laodong.com.vn/http://www.vnmedia.vn/http://www.dantri.com.vn/http://www.gactuoikieuphuong.com/http://www.laodong.com.vn/http://www.vnmedia.vn/http://www.dantri.com.vn/

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