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MOSQUITO
Sources: Ken Boyce, Trumans, ESA, Pasteur, internet
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Mosquito problem2
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KLB3
KLB
Kejadian yang melebihikeadaan biasa, pada satu /
sekelompok masyarakattertentu.(Mac Mahon and Pugh, 1970;Last, 1983, Benenson, 1990),
Peningkatan frekuensi
penderita penyakit, padapopulasitertentu, pada tempat danmusim atau tahun yang sama(Last, 1983).
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KLB dan Epidemiologi
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No . 949/
MENKES/SK/VII/2004.
Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) : timbulnya atau
meningkatnya kejadianKesakitan atau kematianyang bermakna secara epidemiologis pada suatu
daerah dalam kurun waktu tertentu.
Epidemiology is study of the distribution and causes
of diseases.(Elizabeth Barrett)
4
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Problems with mosquitoes
Nuisances to human and they also transmit diseases
such
Transmit diseases (can kill): DHF/DF, malaria,
filariasis, chikungunya, encephalitis
The most effective way to control the mosquito
population is to get rid of their breeding sources.
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Global Distribution of Malaria
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http://www.humenhealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Transmission-of-dengue-fever3.gif
9
Read article about demam berdarah dengueSee also :http://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash
/dbd.swf
http://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swfhttp://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swfhttp://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swfhttp://belajar.kemdiknas.go.id/file_storage/materi_pokok/MP_444/Flash/dbd.swf7/29/2019 4 Mosquitoes 2013
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The Family Culicidae - Mosquitoes
Worldwide distribution
> 3450 species and subspecies (38 genera)
Great habitat diversity
Approximately 40 million years older than humans (fossilsfrom Eocene, 38-54 mya)
Anophelinae (subfamily) - Anopheles (genus)
Culicinae (subfamily) - Aedes, Culex, Haemagogus,Mansonia, Ochlerotatus and all other genera
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Mosquitoes
Order : Diptera
Toxorhynchitinae Anophelinae Culicinae
Family: Culicidae
Aedes CulexAnopheles
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Mosquito Characteristics (note
conspicuous forward projecting
proboscis)
Non-biting Gnat (note proboscis
curved under head)
MosquitoGnat
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Bloodfeeding - only females take blood
Males and females feed on plant sugars
Gonotrophic cycle - feed, egg development, oviposition
(half-gravid, gravid)
Egg biology - oviposition location, type of egg,
desiccation resistance, diapause
Larval biology - aquatic, spiracle for breathing, filter-
feeders, some cannibalistic, variable habitats
Mosquito Characteristics
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Mosquito eggs:
Culexegg raft
Anopheles egg
with floats
Aedes egg
Patterns on the
external eggsurface are
species specific
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Eggs
Laid singly On water
Anopheles
On land Aedes
Egg rafts Culex spp.
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Egg stage comparison
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PupaLighter than water
Non-feeding
Respiration
Anopheline Culicine
Pupal Stage Comparison
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Mosquito Pupa and Larvae
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Anopheles Pupa and Larvae
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Comparison of
male and
femaleAnophelines
vs. CulicinesCulicine
Anopheline
females
males
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Mosquito facts
CO2,
temperature,humidity,odor,colour (infra-red)movement
Malaria
West Nile virusfilarial diseasesdengueencephalitisyellow fever
1.5 KM/hour~ 75 - KM20 - 35 meters
Detection Transmission
Immunity
Blood-meal
endophage4x weight
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Larval StageGrowth Stage
Larval instars (4)
Aquatic, Filter feeders
Respiration
Anopheles
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How long from egg to adult?
3 to 5 days for flood water species like Aedes
7 to 10 days for standing water species like Culex
14 to 21 days for rice field species like Anopheles
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Mosquito Genre in Indonesia
Aedes
A. aegypti
A. albopictus
Anopheles
A. Sondaicus
Culex
C. quenquefascciatus
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Adults
1-2 months
Females feed onblood
Mating usually
occurs at breeding
site.
Nectar feeders
.751.25 KM range
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When are Mosquitoes Active?
Dusk & Dawn (Culex)
Daytime (Aedes)
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How Long do Mosquitoes live?
Depends on the temp and species
Ranging 2-3 weeks
Aedes lived longer than Culex.
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How Far can a Mosquito Fly from a
Development Site?
Flight Range Distance Species
Short Hundreds
meters- 1.5 KM
Culex
quenquefasciatus
Medium 4.5 to 15 KM Culex tarsalis
Long 15 to 60 KM An. freeborni
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Habitats30
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Habitats31
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Rice Fields/Clean Water Sources
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Habitats33
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Mosquito Immature Habitats
Agricultural
Industrial
Domestic
Natural
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Mosquito Breeding Sites Around the
Home/Community
http://www.nwmadil.com/catchbasin4.JPG7/29/2019 4 Mosquitoes 2013
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Mosquito Control39
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Mosquito Management
Best achieved as an area wide/regional
effort/community.
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Steinly , B. A., R. J. Novak and Ahmad, I. 1993. A shift in Culex pipiensoviposition initiation in east-central Illinois during1991.Vector Contr. Bull. North-Central States. 1(2): 215-224http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdf
http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdfhttp://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdfhttp://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdfhttp://www.sith.itb.ac.id/publikasi-ia/A%20shift%20in%20Culex%20Illinosi%201991.pdf7/29/2019 4 Mosquitoes 2013
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IPM
Inspection (weekly), breeding places
Elimination of breeding sites
Fogging
Residual spraying ( malaria)
-education
Note: fogging only for adults, make sure that one
also treat/kill the larvae
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Mosquito Traps
Newly developed carbon dioxide
baited traps do attract and trap many
adult mosquitoes Expensive
Practical benefits unknown
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Habitat Reduction
Eliminate water-trapping containers
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Homeowner Insecticides
Aerosol
Abate
Metophrene
DEET
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