46322960-Chemistry-C8A-aaNotes-S.doc

8/10/2019 46322960-Chemistry-C8A-aaNotes-S.doc

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Chapter 8 : SALTS

A Synthesizing Salts

1. Meaningof salts

Example 1 :

HCl H+ + Cl-

HNO3 H+ + NO3

-

Example 2 :

Na+ NaCl

NH4

+NH

4NO

3

H+ SO4

2-

Sulphuric acid

Cu2+ SO42-

CuSO4

K+ SO42-

K2SO

4

NH4

+ SO4

2-

(NH4

2SO

4

Zn2+ SO42-

!nSO4

Al3+ SO4

2-

Al2(SO

4

"

Na+ SO4

2-

Na2SO

4

Salt is an ioni# #o$po%n&fr!"d #h"n th"$$$$$$$.in%

fr! an acid is r"plac" &' a !"tal in oran a!!niu! in.


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4'4 CH)*ST, Chapter 8

Activity 1:-

C!pl"t" th" dia(ra! &"l# :

Chapter 8 Salts

2

H+ ..//

H'drchlric acid

Cu

2+

K+

NH4

+

Zn2+

Al3+

Na+

H+ ..//

Nitric acid

Cu2+

K+

NH4

+

Zn2+

Al3+

Na+

)*A,A 1.1

)*A,A 1.2


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2 rit" d#n th" ch"!ical fr!ula f salts :

*etal ion S%lphate salt Chlori&e salt Nitrate salt Car0onate salt

/H2SO40 /HCl0 /HNO"0 /H2CO"0

Na+

K+

(2+

Ca2+

Al3+

Zn2+

"2+

&2+

Cu2+

A(+

a2+

NH4+

2/ 1ses Of Salts n O%r aily Li3es

1S)S O SALTS

Agri#%lt%re *e&i#inal iel& oo& n&%stries Che$i#al n&%stries

Type of salt

Chapter 8 Salts

3


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4. h" 6,)6A,ATONf salt d"p"nds n its solubility in water.

.

Activity 4 :-

Chapter 8 Salts

6reparation of salt

Sol%0le nsol%0le

+; Na+; NH4

+ Otherthan K+% Na+%NH

4

+ salt

itratin f acid and al;ali!"thd usin( an indicatr.

Acid + !"tal Salt + H2

Acid + !"tal 6id""thd : r"cipitatin?


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Based on your practical book


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1@. h" ht saturat"d slutin is $$$$$$$$$$$$$$. t r! t"!p"ratur" fr

cr'stallisatin t ccur.

11. h" cnt"nts ar" $$$$$$$$$$$$$$. t &tain th" potassi%$ #hlori&e; Cl

cr'stals.

12. h" cr'stals ar" pr"ss"d &"t#""n t# pi"c"s f filt"r pap"r t &" dri"d.

13. The #he$i#al e>%ation : NaOH + HCl FFFFFFFFFFF + H2O

Activity :-

)ia(ra! &"l# sh#s th" !"thd f pr"parin( a slu&l" salt.C!pl"t" th" dia(ra! &' dra#in( th" s"t-up f apparatus us"d t &tain th" salt cr'stals in th"spac" pr5id"d.

Chapter 8 Salts

Salt slutin

h" slutin is all#"d t cl

@ c!3f 2.@ !l d!-3

acid

"tal 6id" p#d"r

Salt slutin

Heat

=6c"ss !"tal 6id"

)r' salt cr'stals ar" &tain"d

ilt"r pap"rs


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/a0 Stat" t5ost"ps that ar" r"Guir"d t sp""d up th" r"actin &"t#"n !"tal 6id" and acid.

........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................

/&0 as"d n th" dia(ra!% stat" t5osu&stanc"s that ar" us"d t pr"par" inc chlrid" salt.

........................................................................................................................................

2 )ia(ra! &"l# sh#s th" !"thd f pr"parin( an inslu&l" salt.

/a0 as"d n th" dia(ra!% stat" t5osuita&l" su&stanc"s that ar" us"d t pr"par" l"ad/**0idid" salt.

........................................................................................................................................

/&0 Stat" th" t'p" f r"actin in /a0.

........................................................................................................................................

/c0 rit" th" inic "Guatin fr th" r"actin.

........................................................................................................................................

Chapter 8 Salts

D

Slutin I

Salt

)r'i6in( t# slutin

Slutin J

ilt"r and rins"

Salt


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" C!pl"t" th" ta&l" &"l# #ith th" suita&l" su&stanc"s :

Sol%tion 9 Sol%tion Salt !

Sdiu! sulphat" "ad/**0 sulphat"

Calciu! chlrid" tassiu! $$$$$$$$ Calciu! sulphat"

ariu! sulphat"

Sil5"r chlrid"

"ad/**0 chlrid"

Zinc car&nat"

Calciu! car&nat"

. 61,CATONf slu&l" salts :

Slu&l" saltpuriiedthru(h $$$$$$$$$$$.. prc"ss.

)ia(ra! :

Chapter 8 Salts

E

Salt slutin

h" slutin is all#"d t cl

)istill"d #at"r

$p%resalt

Salt slutin

Heat

*!puriti"s

)r' p%resalt cr'stals

Stir


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Activity :-

rit" ? fr slu&l" salts and 9 fr inslu&l" salts.

rit" allth"pssi&l" chemical e!uationst pr"par" th" slu&l" saltsrit" chemical e!uationand ionic e!uationfr inslu&l" salts.

Salt ? @ 9 )>%ation

Zinc chlrid" ?

Zn + HCl

ZnO + HCl

ZnCO3 + HCl

Sdiu! nitrat" ?

Sil5"r chlrid" 9

Cpp"r/**0 sulphat"

"ad/**0 sulphat"

Alu!iniu! nitrat"

"ad/**0 chlrid"

a(n"siu! nitrat"

tassiu! chlrid"

"ad/**0 nitrat"

Chapter 8 Salts

1@


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ariu! sulphat"

Activity :-

Salt is pr"par"d &' fll#in( !"thds :

"thd A: r"actin &"t#""n !"tal 6id" and acid. "thd 7: du&l" d"c!psitin in5l5in( t# slutins f salts.

Ju ar" r"Guir"d t pr"par" lea&( s%lphateand #opper( s%lphatesalts./a0 as"d n th" !"thd a&5"% s"l"ct suita&l" !"thd t pr"par" "ach salt.

/&0 Stat" th" ch"!ical su&stanc"s n""d"d fr pr"parin( "ach salt.

/c0 rit" a ch"!ical "Guatin t pr"par" "ach salt.

/d0 )"scri&" an "6p"ri!"nt t pr"par" "ach salt.

2 /a0 h" fll#in( ar" thr"" "6a!pl"s f chlrid" salts that can &" pr"par"d in th" la&ratr'.

Sdiu! chlrid"

"ad/**0 chlrid"

Cpp"r/**0 chlrid"

/i0 r! th"s" "6a!pl"s% id"ntif' th" slu&l" salt and inslu&l" salt.

/ii0 Stat" th" r"actants fr th" pr"paratin f th" inslu&l" salt in /a0 /i0.

/&0 Ju ar" r"Guir"d t pr"par" !a(n"siu! nitrat" salt fr! th" ch"!ical su&stanc"s pr5id"d&"l#.

Jur ans#"r shuld includ" th" ch"!ical "Guatins in5l5"d in th" r"actins.

"

)"scri&" a la&ratr' "6p"ri!"nt t pr"par" a dr' !a(n"siu! sulphat".

*n 'ur d"scriptin% includ" th" ch"!ical "Guatin in5l5"d.

Chapter 8 Salts

11

a(n"siu! sulphat" is a slu&l" salt

a(n"siu! 6id"

)ilut" nitric acid


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4 )ia(ra! &"l# sh#s th" r"actins in5l5"d in th" pr"paratin f slu&l" salts.

/a0 Sdiu!% ptassiu! and a!!niu! salts can &" pr"par"d usin( r"actin &"t#""n acid

and al;ali. Stat" th" r"actin"% #and$.

/&0 ' chsin( onef th" r"actins in /a0 /i0% su(("st "6a!pl" f r"actants us"d andprducts fr!"d.

rit" th" ch"!ical "Guatin fr th" r"actin &as"d n 'ur su(("stin.

' )ia(ra! &"l# sh#s a s"ri"s f r"actins fr th" prductin f cpp"r/**0 nitrat" andsu&stanc" #ith cp"r/**0 car&nat" as th" initial r"actant.

/a0 Stat" th" na!" f th"

/i0 Slutin A :

..$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Chapter 8 Salts

12

Sol%0lesalts

tassiu! salts

A!!niu! salts

Sdiu! salts

Oth"r salts

Asid + al;ali salt + #at"r

,"actin"

,"actin #

,"actin$

C%CO"

Slutin A+

CO2

+

at"r

C%(NO"

2

+

Su&stanc" 7

+ HCl

Sta(" *

+ &/NO30

2

Sta(" **


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/ii0 Su&stanc" :

..$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

/&0 *n Sta(" *% 2@ c!3f 1.@ !l d!-3h'drchlric acid is r"act"d #ith "6c"ss cpp"r/**0

car&nat" p#d"r.

/i0 rit" th" ch"!ical "Guatin fr this r"actin.

..$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

/ii0 Calculat" th" !a6i!u! 5lu!" f car&n di6id" (as that can &" prduc"d at r!

cnditin.

>h" !lar 5lu!" f an' (as is 24 d!3 !l-1at r! cnditin?

/c0 /i0 Na!" th" t'p" f r"actin that ta;"s plac" in Sta(" **.

..$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

/ii0 Stat" h# t s"parat" su&stanc" fr! th" !i6tur".

..$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

)ia(ra! &"l# sh#s th" s"t up f apparatus fr th" pr"paratin f cpp"r/**0 sulphat".Cpp"r /**0 6id" p#d"r is add"d int acid I until in "6c"ss.

Chapter 8 Salts

13

=6c"ss cpp"r/**0 6id"

p#d"r

Acid 9

BBBBBBBBBBBBBB

Heat

Stir


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/a0 Stat" th" clur f cpp"r/**0 sulphat" slutin.

...................................................................................................................................

/&0 as"d n th" dia(ra!% stat" th" na!" th" f acid I us"d t pr"par" cpp"r/**0 sulphat".

..............$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.

/c0 rit" th" ch"!ical "Guatin fr th" pr"paratin f cpp"r /**0 sulphat".

...................................................................................................................................

/d0 Stat" th" r"asn #h' cpp"r/**0 6id" p#d"r is add"d until in "6c"ss.

..............$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.

hich f th" fll#in( salts can &" pr"par"d &' a pr"cipitatin !"thdL

A Sdiu! sulphat"

7 Cpp"r/**0 chlrid"

C "ad/**0 chlrid"

tassiu! car&nat"

8 hich f th" fll#in( r"actins d"s nt prduc" !a(n"siu! chlrid"L

A a(n"siu! 6id" and h'drchlric acid

7 a(n"siu! p#d"r and h'drchlric acid

C a(n"siu! nitrat" and h'drchlric acid

a(n"siu! car&nat" and h'drchlric acid

D A #hit" pr"cipitat" fr!"d #h"n sdiu! sulphat" slutin is add"d t slutin Z.hich f th" fll#in( slutins is !st pr&a&l' slutin ZL

A Zinc nitrat"

7 Sil5"r nitrat"

Chapter 8 Salts

14


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C Calciu! nitrat"

a(n"siu! nitrat"

7 E%alitati3e Analysis of Salt

&entifi#ation of ions>Qualitative Analysis?

The >%alitati3eanalysisin5l5"s thr"" i!prtant st"ps : h'sical prp"rti"s

h"r!al "ff"ct

Cnfir!atr' t"sts fr catins and anins

6hysi#al 6roperties

/a0 h'sical stat" at r! cnditins :

st f salts "6ist as soli&ionic c!pund *f th" salt "6ist as an aGu"us slutinit !ust &" a soluble salt.

/&0 Clur

Soli&A>%eo%ssol%tion

Salts @ *etal oBi&e

Fhite Colo%rless K+% Na+% Ca2+% (2+% Al3+% Zn2+% &2+% NH4+salt

Green C%CO3

Light Green Light Green e2+salteSO4% eCl2% e/NO302

7l%e 7l%e C%SO4% C%/NO302%C%Cl2

Brown Brown e"+ salte2(SO403eCl3% e/NO303

Black C%O

ello5 5hen hot!nO

Fhite 5hen #ol&

7ro5n 5hen hot60O

ello5 5hen #ol&

Chapter 8 Salts

1


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Ther$al )ffe#t

Test or Gases

6,OC)1,) @ T)ST O7S),ATON N),)NC)

#"r aglowing#d"n splint"r intoth"t"st tu&".

l#in( #d"n splint"r is

r";indl"d.

h" (as li&"rat"d is

oBygen% O2

rin( a lighted#d"n splint"r to the$o%thf th" t"st tu&".

A #olo%rless(as that"6pld"s #ith a MpopIsund.

h" (as li&"rat"d is

hy&rogen% H2

u&&l"


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turns re&.

rin( a pi"c" f !ist 0l%elit!us pap"r t

th" !uth f th" t"st tu&".

ist 0l%elit!us pap"r

turns re&.

h" (as li&"rat"d is

acidic and it is

hy&rogen #hlori&e%HCl1. Ther$al effe#tn nitrateand carbonatesalts.

Activity :-

rit" d#n th" ch"!ical "Guatins fr th" r"actins that ccur.

Cation Nitrate (NO"- Car0onate (CO"2 -

/i0 )"c!ps" int$etal nitrite andO2 gas *s nt d"c!ps"d 0y heat

+ $..KNO3 $$KNO2 + O2

Na+

/ii0 )"c!ps" int$etal oBi&e; NO2gas andO2gas )"c!ps" int$etal oBi&e andCO2gas

Ca2+ CaCO3 CaO + CO2

*g2+

Al"+

!n2+

e"+

602+

Chapter 8 Salts

1

Nitrate salt *etal oBi&e NO2+ O2+

Car0onate salt *etal oBi&e CO2+

%&cept:

6otassi%$%so&i%$anda$$oni%$salt.


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C%2+ $Cu/NO302 $CuO + $NO2 + $O2

S%lphatesalts usuallyd nt d"c!ps".Chlori&esalts do not decompose"6c"pt NH4Cl.

NH4Cl/s0 NH3/(0 + HCl/(0 > sublimationprocess?Activity :-

a&l" &"l# sh#s th" inc!pl"t" &s"r5atin fr an "6p"ri!"nt :

)Bperi$ent 6ro#e&%re O0ser3ation

Cpp"r/**0 car&nat" is h"at"d

and th" (as prduc"d is pass"d

thru(h li!" #at"r.

1. r""n slid turns

$$$$$$$$$$

2. h" li!" #at"r turns

$$$$$$$$$$

/a0 C!pl"t" th" &s"r5atin n th" ta&l" a&5".

/&0 as"d n th" &s"r5atin% na!" th" prducts in th" "6p"ri!"nt and #rit" th" ch"!ical

"Guatin fr th" r"actin ccur"d.

rducts : $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..

Ch"!ical "Guatin : $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

2 )ia(ra! &"l# sh#s th" d"c!psitin f c!pund I t fr! l"ad/**0 6id"% and (as 9.

as J is a &r#n (as.

as"d n th" dia(ra! a&5"%

/i0 stat" th" na!" f th" (as J.

................................................................................................................................................

/ii0 stat" th" clur f l"ad/**0 6id" #h"n it is ht and cld.

................................................................................................................................................

Chapter 8 Salts

1D

H"at

C!pund I "ad/**0 6id" as J+ as Z+


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/iii0 #rit" th" fr!ula f c!pund I.

................................................................................................................................................

/i50 #rit" th" ch"!ical "Guatin fr th" r"actin.

................................................................................................................................................

2. Confir$atoryTests for Cations an& Anions

/a0 Ch"!ical t"sts shuld &" cnduct"d fr th" cnfir!atin f anins and catins in aGu"us

fr!.

/&0 Catin cnfir!atin *t is dn" &' addin( a s!all a!unt f sdiu! h'dr6id" slutin%NaOH/aG0 < aGu"us a!!nia slutin% NH3/aG0 fll#"d &' eB#esssdiu! h'dr6id"

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