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第四章. 電腦軟體 COMPUTER SOFTWARE. 學習目標. 1. Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. 指出電腦軟體的重要發展趨勢。 2. Give examples of several major types of application and system software. 舉出應用軟體與系統軟體的數種主要類型。 3. Explain the purpose of several popular software - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2010
第四章
電腦軟體COMPUTER SOFTWARE
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學習目標1. Describe several important trends occurring incomputer software.指出電腦軟體的重要發展趨勢。
2. Give examples of several major types of applicationand system software.舉出應用軟體與系統軟體的數種主要類型。
3. Explain the purpose of several popular softwarepackages for end-user productivity and collaborativecomputing.說明數種能提升終端使用者生產力與協同計算能力的常見軟體之目的。
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4. Define and describe the functions of an operatingsystem.描繪作業系統的功能。
5. Describe the main uses of computer programmingsoftware, tools, and languages.說明電腦程式設計軟體、工具與語言的主要應用情況。
學習目標
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應用軟體：終端使用者的應用Application Software:End-user Applications
What Is Software?
什麼是軟體？Software is the general term for various kinds of programs
used to operate and manipulate computers and their
eripheral Devices.軟體是泛指用來執行及操作電腦與相關設備的不同應用程式。
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Wolf Peak International ：中小型企業應用軟體之成敗
Wolf Peak International: Failure andSuccess in Application Software for
the Small to Medium Enterprise
1. What problems occurred when Wolf Peak upgradedfrom QuickBooks to a new accounting software package?How could these problems have been avoided?當 Wolf Peak 將 QuickBooks 升級成新的會計套裝軟體後，產生了哪些問題？這些問題後來又是如何避免的？2. Why did SAP’s Business One prove to be a betterchoice for Wolf Peak’s management than the new accountingsoftware? Give several examples to illustrateyour answer.相對於新的會計軟體，為什麼 SAP Business One 是 Wolf Peak 較佳的選擇呢？請附上幾個例子來說明你的答案。
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Wolf Peak International ：中小型企業應用軟體之成敗Wolf Peak International: Failure andSuccess in Application Software forthe Small to Medium Enterprise
3. Should most SMEs use an integrated business softwaresuite like SAP Business One instead of specialized accountingand other business software packages? Why orwhy not?大部分的中小型企業是否都應該選擇整合式企業軟體套件，而非專門的會計套裝軟體或其他的企業套裝軟體？為什麼？
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Types of Application & System Software
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電腦軟體概觀
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一般用途應用程式甲骨文的電子化企業套件
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Components of Top Software Suites
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套裝軟體與整合式套件
套裝軟體（ software suites ）最廣為使用如 Microsoft Office 、 Lotus SmartSuite 、 Corel
WordPerfect Office ， 以及 Sun StarOffice 都是常見的生產力套裝軟體範例。
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一般用途應用程式
瀏覽器微軟的 Internet Explorer
瀏覽器Netscape
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一般用途應用程式電子郵件、即時通訊軟體及網誌
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一般用途應用程式文書處理與桌上排版
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一般用途應用程式電子試算表軟體
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一般用途應用程式簡報圖形
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一般用途應用程式個人資訊管理 Using a personalinformation manager
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一般用途應用程式群組軟體 Lotus Sametime
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一般用途應用程式應用服務供應商（ ASPs ）
Salesforce.com軟體授權 Software Licensing
The requirement for licensing does not disappear when use of the software is obtained through an ASP. In this case, the license to dispense use of the software is granted to the ASP by the various software vendors, and in return, the ASP agrees to pay the software vendor a royalty based on the number of user accounts to which the ASP resells the rights.
當個人或公司購買軟體應用程式後，並沒有購買所有權，更確切地說，他們是購買軟體的使用許可證。
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系統軟體：電腦系統管理System Software: Computer System Management
We can group system software into two major categories
系統軟體區分成兩種主要類別： System management programs
系統管理程式System development programs
系統開發程式
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配電與執法的應用：透過 XML 分享資料獲得之利益
Power Distribution and Law Enforcement: Reaping the Benefits of Sharing Data Through XML
1. What is the business value of XML to the organizationsdescribed in the case? How are they able to achievesuch large returns on investment?根據上文，哪些是 XML為組織帶來的企業價值？它們要如何為企業帶來龐大的投資報酬？
2. What are other ways in which XML could be used byorganizations to create value and share data? Look forexamples involving for-profit organizations to gain amore complete perspective on the issue.公司還能用哪些方法透過 XML創造價值並分享資料？請尋找和營利組織相關的範例，以獲得對此議題更完整的看法。
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配電與執法的應用：透過 XML 分享資料獲得之利益
Power Distribution and Law Enforcement: Reaping the Benefits of Sharing Data Through XML
3. What seem to be important elements in the successof projects relying on extensive use of XML acrossorganizations, and why? Research the concept ofmetadata to inform your answer.XML在組織間廣泛使用，並讓專案得以成功的重要因素是什麼？請研究詮釋資料的概念並提出你的答案。
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Interface Between End Users and Computer
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系統軟體：電腦系統管理終端使用者應用程式間不可或缺的軟體介面（ software interface ）
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作業系統
使用者介面（ user interface ）指令式（ command-driven ）選單式（ menu-driven圖形使用者介面（ graphical user interface ）
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作業系統
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作業系統資源管理（ resource management ）
虛擬記憶體（ virtual memory ）檔案管理（ file management ）工作管理（ task management ）
多工（ multitasking ）
微軟 Windows Windows NT （ New Technology ）作業系統
Windows 2000 作業系統Widows XPWindows Server 2003
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作業系統 UNIX
Sun Microsystems Solaris IBM AIX
Linux開放程式碼（ open-source ）免費分享軟體Red Hat CalderaSUSE Linux 等
Mac OS X
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開放原始碼軟體Open-source Software
The basic idea behind open source is very simple: When programmers can read, redistribute, and modify the source code for a piece of software, the software evolves.
開放原始碼軟體（ open-source software, OSS ）基本想法是很簡單的，當眾多程式設計人員可以讀取、重新分配及修改原始碼時，軟體就會跟著進步。
People improve it, people adapt it, people fix bugs.
透過使用者改進、適應並修正錯誤。OpenOffice.org 2
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其他系統管理程式Other System Management Programs
系統管理軟體 system management software
資料庫管理系統 database management systems
網路管理程式 network management programs
工具程式（ utilities ）效能監視器（ performance monitors ）安全監視器（ security monitor ）應用伺服器（ application servers ）中介軟體（ middleware ）
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Other System Management Programs
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系統軟體的比較
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Programming Languages
Examples of programming in each language
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程式語言Machine Languages
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Object-Oriented LanguagesCombines data elements
and the procedures that will be performed uponthem into objects
E.g., data about a bank account and the procedures performed on it, such as interest calculations
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Object-Oriented
Languages
物件導向語言Visual BasicC++Java
程式語言Machine Languages
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物件導向程式語言Visual Basic 的物件導向程式撰寫環境 The Visual Basic object-oriented programming environment.
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網站語言與服務Web Languages and Services
網站語言與服務HTML （ Hypertext Markup Language ，超文件標示語言）XML （ eXtensible Markup Language ，延伸性標示語言）
HTML inserts control codes within a document at points you can
specify that create links ( hyperlinks ) to other parts of the document or
to other documents anywhere on the World Wide Web• XML 透過將識別標籤或文意標籤嵌入網頁文件資料中，來描述網頁內容的意義。
Java• 獨立運算平台• Java applets
J2EE （ Java2 Enterprise Edition ）微軟的 .Net 軟體開發平台
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J2EE versus .Net
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程式語言 Java2 企業版與微軟 .Net 軟體開發平台的優點與缺點
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How Web Services Work
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網站服務
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網站服務Web Services
Web services promise to be the key software technology for automating access to data and application functions between a business and its trading partners.網站服務讓企業與交易夥伴之間，能自動存取資料與應用程式功能。The XML language is one of the key technologiesthat enable Web services to make applications work between different computing platformsXML語言是應用程式得以在不同運算平台間順利運作的主要技術之一。
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網站服務Web Services
Also important are UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, andIntegration), the “yellow pages” directory of all Web services and how to locate and use them,通用描述探索與整合（ Universal Description and Discovery Integration, UDDI）也是一樣重要，它就像是電話簿的「黃頁」目錄，列出所有的網站服務。SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), an XML-based protocol Of specifications for connecting applications to the data that they need.簡易物件存取協定（ Simple Object Access Protocol, SOAP）則是以 XML 為基礎，為了連接各應用程式所制定的資料通訊協定。
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程式設計軟體Programming Software
語言翻譯程式 Language Translator Programs
組譯器（ assembler ）編譯器（ compiler ）直譯器（ interpreter ）程式設計工具（ programming tools ）
• 圖形導向的程式編輯器• 除錯器（ debugger ）
電腦輔助軟體工程（ Computer-Aided Software Engineering, CASE ）
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程式設計軟體（續） 程式設計工具 Using the graphical programming interface of
a Java programming tool,Forte for Java, by Sun Microsystems.
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本章總結 Computer software consists of two major types of programs
電腦軟體分為兩大類別：應用軟體 application software系統軟體 system software
應用軟體分為兩大類別：一般用途 general purpose特定用途 application-specific categories
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本章總結（續）
系統軟體 System Software系統管理軟體 system management programs
系統開發軟體 system development programs
網路管理程式 network management programs
資料庫管理程式 database management systems
系統工具 system utilities
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本章總結（續） 作業系統具備五項基本功能：
(1) a user interface for system and network communicationswith users,使用者與系統以及網路通訊間的介面。 (2) resource management formanaging the hardware resources of a computer system,電腦系統硬體的資源管理。(3) file management for managing files of data and programs,資料檔案與程式檔案的管理。(4) task management for managing the tasks acomputer must accomplish, 管理電腦必須完成的工作管理。(5) utilities and otherfunctions that provide miscellaneous support services.提供各種支援服務的工具與功能。
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本章總結（續）
The five major levels of programming languages
程式語言的五種層級機器語言 machine languages組合語言 assembler languages高階語言 high-leve languages,第四代語言 fourth-generation languages物件導向語言 Objectoriented languages
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微軟等企業：發展經營企業的軟體
Google, Microsoft, and Others:Transforming the Desktop withWeb Top Software Applications
1. Do you agree that Web top software will one dayreplace suites of desktop applications? Why or whynot? Check out the features of a few of the Web topproducts mentioned in the case on the Internet tosupport your answer.在資訊科技專業人士中流傳的一句玩笑話是：「這個世界透過Windows來取得資料。」為什麼微軟能夠掌握電腦及軟體市場網絡？請拜訪微軟的網站，檢視其產品與服務的類別。
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微軟等企業：發展經營企業的軟體
Google, Microsoft, and Others:Transforming the Desktop withWeb Top Software Applications
2. Will Microsoft succeed in dominating the Web top?Why or why not? Visit the Web sites of WindowsLive, Office Live, and Google Apps and review theirproducts and services to support your answer.與其他專門針對健康照護、零售等服務的軟體供應商競爭，微軟會有多大的勝算呢？請說明你的看法。
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微軟等企業：發展經營企業的軟體
Google, Microsoft, and Others:Transforming the Desktop withWeb Top Software Applications
3. Should a small business invest its time and money inacquiring and learning how to use some of the Web topapplications mentioned in this case? Defend your answerbased on your review of the Web top products from thesmall developers, Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft.你同意微軟與其他公司合作，一起開發特定產業程式的策略嗎？身為微軟的開發夥伴，有哪些優缺點，請說明你的看法。
