အေနာ္ရထာအရင္ကျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဗိုလ္မွဴးဘရွင္

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

1

taemf&xmt&ifu jrefrmEkdifiH

2

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

3

AkdvfrSL;b&Sif\

taemf&xmt&ifu

jrefrmEkdifiH


4

'kwd,tBudrf

1975? azaz:0g&Dv/

tkyfa& 2000

yef;csDrsKd;nGefYxGef;

bavmuf vGif

tzkH;&kduf oZif

a&mif;aps; ajcmufusyf

ykHESdyfol OD;ausmfckdif(NrJ-01638)&Jabmfa[mif;

rkd;ausmfatmif ykHESdyfwkduf? 149-37vrf;?

&efukefNrdKU/

xkwfa0ol OD;aiGqkdif (NrJ-01362)

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

5

pma&;ol\

xkwfa0cJhNyD;aom tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;

1/ acwfopfrmC 1937

2/ jrefrmEkdifiH aus;vufjyKjyifa&;pmwrf;

Ä

1939

3/ Oa&my pD;yGm;a&;orkdif; 1942

4/ jrefrmEkdifiHawmforkdif; 1948

5/ Loka Htaikpan 1962

6/ yk*Hrifpmpk okawoDc&D; tpD&ifcHpm 1964

7/ ppfa&;? EkdifiHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;qkdif&m orkdif;

pmwrf;rsm; 1969

Ä

a'gufwm OD;omqkdif? a'gufwmtef'&yfwkdYESifhyl;wGJ jyKpkonf/


6

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tykdif; 6

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

7

AkdvfrSL;b&Sif

(1914-1971)

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jycJhonf/ 1968 *RefvrS 1968 Ekd0ifbmtxd jzpfonf/ xkdaemuf þ

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a&;vkyfief;twGuf Soerates of School trnf&Sdpmtkyfudk jyKjyif

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a&;r*¾Zif;\t,f'Dwmtjzpfvnf; wESpfaqmif&GufcJhao;onf/ 1938

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8

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rSL;BuD;tqifh)tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Gufonf/

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onf/)

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

9

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10

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EkdifiHorkdif;}usrf;udk jyKpkaeqJ jzpfonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

11

ed'gef;

OD;wnf&nf&G,fcsuf

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tvm;wlyif EkdifiHwck\wkd;wufrItwGufvnf; t&Sdefaumif;udk ay;Ekdif

rnfh tpOftvmvrf;aMumif;wnf;[laom aemufcHorkdif;pOf&Sd&efvkday

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wkdY\aemufcHorkdif;pOfonf &SdcJhygoavm/ &SdcJhygu rnfrQ &Snf&Snfa0;

a0;&Sdí rnfrQaumif;rGefaom orkdif;pOf jzpfygoenf;/

orkdif;pOf[lonf

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cJhaom Oa&myom; orkdif;q&mwkdY\jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;wkdYwGif taxmuf

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aemf&xmrif;BuD;(11&mpkESpfrsm;)ESifhpcJhonf[k qkdMuonf/ olwkdYodorQ


12

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wkdY\tqkdt&qkdvQif uREkfyfwdkY\orkdif;pOfonf ESpfaygif; 900rQom Mum

anmif;cJhao;onf[k em;vnf&ygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdY\orkdif;tp

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vlwkdY\orkdif;pOfonf bDpD 3000 ausmfu pcJhaMumif; az:xkwfay;

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

13

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tar;wkdY\ tajzrsm;udk odvkdMurnfom jzpfayonf/


14

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

15

tydkif;(1)

ta&SUawmiftm&S

ausmufacwf


16

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

17

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wkdYESifha&? ajrwaMumwnf; wpyfwnf; wajy;wnf; jzpfonf/ þodkY

wpyfwnf;&Sdaom ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif a&S;acwfa[mif;twGif;u vl

wkdY\vIyf&Sm;a&TUajymif;aexkdifrI? ,Ofaus;rIpwifykHwnfrI? jyefYESHYrIESifh

ajymif;vJrIwkdYrSm EkdifiHudkvkdufí woD;wjcm;pDjzpfay:vmcJhjcif;r[kwf/

Murf;wajy;wnf; &Sdonfhtm;avsmfpGm wavQmuf wajy;wnf; jzpfay:

ajymif;vJcJhjcif;om jzpfonf/

odkYjzpfí jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH\acwfOD;ydkif;orkdif;udk avhvm&mwGif

ta&SUawmftm&Sw&yfvkH;ESifh[yfí qufpyfí avhvm&ef vkdtyfonf

[kqkdjcif;jzpfonf/


18

ta&SUawmiftm&SESifhvltp

vlonf t"dujzpfonf/ vlonf orkdif;udk zefwD;olvnf; jzpf

onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;\tpudkqkdvQif ta&SUawmiftm&Sorkdif;\tp

udk qkd&rnf/ ta&SUawmiftm&Sorkdif;tpudkqkdvQif xkda'o\vlwkdY\

tpESifhyif pwif&rnfjzpfonf/

AkdeD,kduRef;

ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif urÇmOD;vl\tpudk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/

AkdeD,kduRef;\taemufydkif;wGif eDtm;

1

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udk a&'D,kdumbGefenf;ESifhprf;oyfMunfhaomtcg c&pfray:rDESpfaygif;

2195 cefYu[k twefckdifvkHpGm od&onf/

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2

rS rEkóvlom;

3

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4

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wGifvnf;aumif;? *sm;0g;uRef;awmifydkif; 0'fh*suf

5

a'owwGifvnf;

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6

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vJwkd;wufvmaomvlwkdY\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;rsm;udk awGUcJh&onf/

1. Niah2. Pithican-throid3. Homo Sapien4. Solo5. Wadjak 6. Keilor

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

19

vlay:aygufNyD;aemuf tqifhqifhajymif;vJcJhykH

ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif vlay:aygufcJhNyD;aemuf tqifhqifwkd;

wufajymif;vJcJhykHudkorkdif;rwifrDacwf blrdaA'ynm&SifwkdYu þodkYjzpf

cJh[efwlonf[k ,lqMu\/

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1

? ,if;rS 0'f*suf

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wkdif &Sdaeaom MopaMwvRduf

2

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3

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vlwkdY\taxmuftxm;wkdYudk tjcm;a'orsm;ü awGUcJh&jcif;aMumifhjzpf

ayonf/

w&kwfjynf yDuif;NrdKUteD; csLudkw,ef*lwdkYwGif awGU&aomurÇm

1. Solo Man2. Australoid3. Sakai


20

OD;vl\ausmufjzpf&kyf<uif;wkdYrSm *sm;0g;vlxuf wkd;wufaeaMumif;od&

\/ þvludk yDuif;vl[k ac:Muonf/ xkdrSwyg; ,ckajrmufAD,uferf

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rsm;udk awGUcJh&jyefonf/

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

21

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onf/ omreftm;jzifh þvufeufudk &kd;&kd;ausmufwkH;i,fESifhcGJjcm;&ef


22

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1

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2

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ynmt&qef;ppfívnf;aumif;? ausmufvufeufwkdY\t&G,fuGJjym;rI

1. Silicifide Tuff2. Anyathian Culture

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

23

udkaxmufívnf;aumif;? tnmom;,Ofaus;rIudk tapmydkif;acwfESifh

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ay/ pif;&ef? ckwf&ef? cGJ&ef? jcpf&efwkdYtwGuf okH;cJh[efwlaom vufeuf

rsm;ygonf/

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ausmufacwfOD;onf jrefrmEkdifiHwGifomru ,kd;',m;EkdifiH? r

av;uRef;qG,f? *sm;0g;uRef;? qJvJADuRef;? AkdeD,kduRef;ESifhzdvdpfydkifuRef;

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aMumif;rSm a'oyif a0;uGmjcm;aomfvnf; tokH;jyKaomausmufvuf

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&Sdaom yifudk,fausmufwkH;i,frsm;om jzpfMuonf/

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wyg; ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oonf þausmufacwfOD;u wpkwpnf;

wnf;usaom wrsKd;wnf;jzpfaom orkdif;toGifaqmifaeonfudk xif

&Sm;apayonf/


24

ta&SUawmiftm&S ausmufacwfOD;onf w&kwfjynftm&S t

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tv,fydkif; Moa'gh(pf)a'owkdYü awGU&aom ausmufacwfOD;vufeuf

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wnf;/

taemufESifhuGJjym;csuf

taemufygupöwef? yef*syfe,f pdktef

1

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yif jzpfonf/

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aus;rI pwifcJh\/ xkdacwfvlwdkY\b0&yfwnfrItwGuf vIyf&Sm;aqmif

&GufrIrsm;ESifh,Ofaus;rItajctaeudk qkd&mü xkdacwf vlwkdY tokH;jyKcJh

1. Soan

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

25

aomausmufvufeufypönf;wdkYudkomvQif taxmuftxm;jyKí cefYrSef;

az:jyEkdifayrnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh xifjrif,lqcsufwkdYudk csifhcsdefjyKvkyf

íom qkdEkdifayrnf/

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vlwkdYonf tpmudk &SmazGpkaqmif;EkdifonfhtqifhwGifom &SdMu

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ouf&SifaexkdifrIudk vkH;yrf;Mu&onf/ rsm;jym;vSaom obm0tEÅ&m,f

tMum;wGif olwkdYtrSDo[J jyKEkdifaom tultnDwkdYrSm ausmufMurf;

vufeufrsm; rD;ESifh,Ofyg;vmaom acG;wkdYavmufom &SdcJhayrnf/ acwå

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rnf/

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wl\/ olwkdYydkifqkdifí tNrJwap xdef;odrf;xm;&rnfh yk*¾vduykdifypönf;

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opfoD;0vH&SmazGpm;aomufjcif;wkdYavmufom &SdcJhayrnf/ xkdacwfvl

wkdYonf tom;tjyif ozef;oD;? wnfoD;? iSufaysmoD;? ydef;O? arsmuf

O? jrufoD;ESifhrIdESifhMuHyif? yifv,furf;ESifha&em;wGif aeMuolwkdYonf

ig;? c&k? a,mufoGm; paom a&owå0grsm;ESifhtkef;oD;avmufudkom

pm;okH;cJhonf[k ,lq&\/


26

vlaerItzGJUtpnf;

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olwkdY\vlUtzGJUtpnf;rSm tkyfpkoabmrQom &Sdayrnf/ tdrfaxmifonf

b0? rdom;pkb0[lí &Sd[efrwlay/ olwkdY\b0rSm tvGefa&S;usvS

aom 0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm; bkHb0\tpjzpfonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/

ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,kHMunfrI

olwkdY\ukefvkyfqufqHa&;? olwkdY\ukefvkyfu&d,mESifhukefvkyf

pGrf;tm;wkdYrSmvnf; txufwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; &kd;&kd;ESifh&Sif;&Sif;yifjzpf

onf/ xl;jcm;aom ,kHMunfrIvnf; &Sd[efrwl/ tHhbG,fo&J&Sdí cefYnm;

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um; pwifcJhayNyD[k ,lq&\/

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ay/ yvkdif;pwkd;pD;

1

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aygufcJhonf[k cefYrSef;Mu\/

ausmufacwfv,f

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wkdYu olwkdY\todudk wkd;wufapcJhonf/ wDxGifrIudk jzpfapcJhonf/ vl

onf b0wnfNrJa&;twGuf tajctaeESifhywf0ef;usifwkdYESifhpyf[yfrd

atmif jyKjyifvmcJhMuonfom jzpfayrnf/ þodkYajymif;vJrIwkdYonf jzpf

cJh\/ ajymif;vJrIqkd&mü t"duajymif;vJrIrSm ukefxkwfu&d,mjzpfaom

ausmufvufeufrsm; ajymif;vJvmjcif;jzpfonf/

1. Pleistocene

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

27

vlYb0onf ydkíaxGjym;vmonfESifhtrQ tokH;jyKaom ukefxkwf

u&d,monfvnf; tokH;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhudkufnDatmif ajymif;vJvmonf/

ausmufvufeufwkdY\ykHoP²mef? tokH;ESifhpGrf;tm;wkdYonf wkd;wuf

aumif;rGefvmcJh\/ ,if;odkYajymif;vJonfESifhtrQ vlwkdY\pD;yGm;a&;b0?

vlrIa&;b0onfvnf; ajymif;vmonf/ þodkYjzifh ,Ofaus;rIonfvnf;

toGifopfudk aqmifvmcJhayonf/

,if;odkY wkd;wufvmaom olwkdY\acwfudk ]ausmufacwfv,f}

[kynwfMuonf/

ay:aygufcJh&ma'orsm;

ausmufacwfv,fokH; ausmufvufeufypönf;rsm;udk plrmMw

uRef;? zdvpfydkifuRef;? rav;uRef;pG,f? ,kd;',m;EkdifiHESifhajrmufAD,uferf

EkdifiHwkdYwGif txift&Sm; awGUcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;ü

vnf; awGUcJhMuonf/

rkdif;yGefe,f

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ausmufacwfv,f taxmuftxm;rsm;udkawGU

&NyD[k twdtus rqkdEkdifao;yg/ odkYaomf &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGef

e,f ausmufaqmif&dyfwckatmufwGif ausmufvufeuf tydkif;tprsm;

udk awGUcJh&\/ ,if;ausmufvufeuf tydkif;tpwkdYrSm ausmufacwf

v,fvufeufwkdY\tydkif;tp[k orkdif;rwifrDacwf ynm&SifwkdYu ,lq

Muonf/ odkYjzpfí &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGefe,f&Sd tqkdyg ausmuf

aqmif&dyfrSm wcsdefu ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY aexkdifoGm;cJh&m uGef;ckd

cJh&mae&m[k qkdbG,f&m&Sdayonf/


28

AD,uferfESifhrav;rS taxmuftxm;

ajrmufAD,uferfEkdifiH [EGKdifNrdKUawmifbuf&Sd AufpkH

1

*lrsm;? ,if;

*lrsm;teD;&Sd [dktmAif;

2

*lrsm;? rav;EkdifiHajrmufydkif; y&ufESifhy[ef*l

rsm;wGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfv,fvufeufypönf;wkdY\taxmuf

txm;wkdYrSm ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk tawmf

twef cefYrSef;od&Sd&onf/

ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif a&S;ya0oPDuyif vla&pD;aMumif;rsm;

pD;qif;cJhonf[laomrlt& ausmufacwfOD;rSmuJhodkY ausmufacwfv,f

wGifvnf; vla&pD;aMumif;wkdYonf pD;qif;cJhonfjzpf&m jrefrmEkdifiHwGif

rawGU&ao;vifhupm; ausmufacwfv,f ,Ofaus;rIonf jrefrmEkdifiH

wGifvnf; ay:aygufcJhonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sd\/

ausmufacwfv,f vlwkdY\tquftEG,frsm;

ajrmufAD,uferfAufpkH*lwGif; atmufqkH;tvTmwGif awGU&aom

ausmufacwfv,f vlwkdY\t&kd;pkwkdYrSm ,ckacwfe,l*DeDuRef;&Sd r,fveD;

&Sif; eD*&kd;wkdY\t&kd;pkrsm;ESifhwlnDaMumif; okawoDwkdYu qkdonf/ odkYjzpf

í þe,l;*DeDr,fveD;&Sif;vlrsKd;wkdYrSm ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\tquf

tEG,f[k ,lq&onf/ tmoHe,fESifhjrefrmEkdifiHe,fpyf&Sd ukef;jrifhrsm;

wGifvnf;aumif;? tif'rifuRef;awmifbuf&Sd euAm&DuRef;om;rsm;wGif

vnf;aumif; þr,fveD;&Sif;vlrsKd;\taoG;ta&mifESifhMueftifvu©Pm

rsm;ay:xGef;wwfonfudk awGU&\/ þonfwkdYuvnf; ausmufacwf

v,fvlwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif aeoGm;cJhbl;aMumif;udk axmufcHaeay

onf/

1. Baeson2. Hoa-binh

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

29

eD*&GKdufrsm;

vlrsKd;rEkóaA't& þvlrsKd;udk eD*&GKduf[k ac:onf/ eD*&GKduf

wGif t&yf&Snfol t&yfykol[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ vlrsKd;rEkóaA'ynm&Sif

wkdYu ykaomeD*&GKduf(eD*&pfwkdeD*&kd;vlyk)rsm;onf eD*&kd;vl&Snfrsm;xuf

ydkíapmonf[k qdkMu\/ r,fveD;&Sif;wkdYrSm eD*&kd;vl&Snfrsm; jzpfMu\/

&SdESifhNyD;aom MopaMwvGKdufrsm;ESifheD*&pfwkdwkdY aoG;aESm&mrS r,fveD;

&Sif;rsm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfonf[kqkdMuonf/ odkYjzpf&um; ausmuf

acwfv,frS qif;oufaygufzGm;í ,aeYwkdif&Sdaeao;aom tjcm;t

quftEG,fwkdYrSm wuRef;ac: tif'rifuRef;&Sd eD*&kd;ykrsm;? rav;uRef;

qG,ftv,fykdif;ae qDrefrsm;

1

auvefwefe,f&Sd yef*ef

2

rsm;? zdvpf

ydkifuRef;&Sd ttDw

3

rsm; paom eD*&dk;vlykrsm; jzpfMuonf[kqkd&ayrnf/

olwkdY\,aeY,Ofaus;rItajctaerSmvnf; ausmufacwfv,f,Ofaus;

rItajctaexuf rsm;pGmomvGefjcif; r&Sdao;ay/

ausmufacwfv,f\umv

ausmufacwfv,f\a&S;tusqkH;tydkif;onf c&pfray:rDESpf

10000-cefYwGif pwifcJh[efwlaMumif; ynm&SdwkdYu cefYrSef;Muonf/

xkdacwfvlwkdY tokH;jyKcJhaom vufeufrsm;? tokH;taqmif

ypönf;rsm;? olwkdYrS qif;oufonf[k,lq&aom ,ckacwf&Sd rwkd;wuf

ao;aom vlrsKd;pkwkdY\rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;? ,if;vlwkdY\a&S;usaom tavh

txrsm;udk tajcjyKí ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0udk cefYrSef;od&SdEkdif

ayonf/

1. Semang 2. Pangan 3. Aeta


30

pD;yGm;a&;b0

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYuJhodkY

yif tajcwpkdufaeMujcif; r&Sdao;ay/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh vSnfhvnfoGm;

vmaeolrsm; jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYuJhodkYyif tpm;tpm

udk &SmazGpkaqmif;onfhpD;yGm;a&;b0ü&Sdaeí trJvkdufjcif;? a&owå0g

rsm;udk zrf;qD;jcif;? opfoD;opfOESifhtoD;tESHrsm;udk &SmazGpkaqmif;jcif;

jzifh toufarG;Muonf[k omreftm;jzifh qkd&ef&Sdaomfvnf; [dktmAif;

*lwGif awGU&aom ausmufacwfv,ftaxmuftxm;wkdYu xkdvlwkdY

onf tpmpkaqmif;&onfhb0udk ausmfvGefpjyKum tajcpkdufaexkdif

jcif;ESifhwd&pämefrsm;udk ,Ofyg;atmif arG;jrLjcif;wkdYudk pwifaeNyD[k ,lq

&ef&Sdayonf/

vlESifheD;pyfaom owå0grsm;

,Ofyg;aomacG;wkdYrSm olwkdY\taz:jzpf\/ ausmufacwfv,f

vlwkdY\tquftEG,fjzpfaom qDrefwkdY\,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m rl&if;a0g[m

&wkdYudk bmomaA'enf;t& qef;ppfMunfhaomtcg ausmufacwfv,f

vlwkdYESifheD;pyfaeNyDjzpfaom ouf&Sdowå0gwkdYrSm 0uf0H? 0uf? &SOfh? zGwf?

zm;? a>r? iSuf? ,if? ig; ponfwkdYjzpfaMumif; od&\/ rav;uRef;qG,f

tv,fydkif;&Sd ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\*lrsm;wGif c&k? a,mufoGm;cGHrsm;?

qif? MuHh? pdkif? orif? awmifqdwf? 0uf? jzL? &SOfh? arsmuf? ukef;vdyf? a&

vdyfponfhowå0gwkdY\t&dk;rsm;? ig;&kd;ESifha<uaphrsm;udk awGU&jcif;jzifh

vnf; ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0? owåavmuESifhqufoG,faeykHwkdY

udkvnf; cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

31

tpm;tpm

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYwGif *ludk trSDjyKaom vlrsm;&Sdonf/

vGifjyifudk trSDjyKaom vlrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ yifv,furf;ajcudk trSDjyK

aomvlrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ olwkdYaexkdif&ma'oudkvdkufí olwkdY\b0wGif

uGmjcm;csufrsm;&Sdonf/ tpm;tpmwGifvnf; uGJjym;Muonf/ txuf

wGifqkdcJhaom,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m rl&if;a0g[m&rsm;t& olwkdYonf om;

aumifwkdY\tom;rsm;tjyif opfoD;0vHtrsKd; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk pm;

okH;wwfaMumif; odEkdif\/ rav;uRef;qG,fbufwGif aeMuolwkdY\t

pm;tpmwkdYrSm om;ig;tjyif jrufrsKd;wkdYrS taphtqHrsm;? arsmufO? iSuf

aysmoD;? tkef;oD;wkdYjzpfonf/ olwkdYonf qm;udkvnf; okH;pGJwwfMuNyD

jzpfonf/

tkd;vkyfief;ESifhcsufjyKwfpm;aomufrI

tkd;xdef;puftokH;udk rodao;aomfvnf; vufvkyftkd;rsm;udk

jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ BudK;rQifrsm;udk tokH;jyKí tpif;taMumif;av;

a'gifhuGufponfjzifh tkd;tjyifbufydkif;udk tvSty ykHaz:xm;wwfMu

onf/ olwkdYonf tpm;tpmudk tkd;jzifh csufjyKwfpm;wwfMuNyD[k ,lq

bG,f&Sdayonf/ xkdtkd;rsm;ESifh*lwGif;rD;zkdae&mrsm;u þtcsufudk axmuf

cHaeayonf/

ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYxuf

todESifhtwwfwGif wkd;wufvmMuNyD;jzpfonf/ olwkdY\ukefxkwfu&d,m

rsm;rSm ausmufvufeufrsm;yif jzpfaomfvnf; ausmufacwfa[mif;rSm

uJhodkY ausmufMurf;vufeufrsm; r[kwfawmhay/ ykHaz:xm;aom ausmuf

vufeufrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmufrsm;udk qwfícGmjcif;jzifh vufeuf\ykH


32

oP²mefudk zefwD;,lMuonf/ aoG;ítacsmudkifxm;onfh vufeufrsKd;

r[kwfao;onfhwkdifatmif twefyifykHusí oyf&yfayonf/ vuf

powfrIrsKd;&Sdonfudk awGU&\/

av;jrm;\tp

tokH;rsm;aom pOf;"m;? yJuGyfponfwkdYtjyif vSHoGm;rsm;? jrm;

oGm;rsm;udkvnf; ausmufrsm;jzihf jyKvkyfEkdifMuavonf/ ausmufacwf

v,fodkYa&mufaomtcg ta&SUawmiftm&SvlwkdYonf av;ESifhjrm;udk okH;

pGJwwfMuNyD[k qkdEkdifayonf/ olwkdY\tEG,ftqufjzpfaom tif'rif

uRef; eD*&kd;vlykwdkYrSm av;ESifhjrm;udk wDxGifolrsm;[k ynm&SifwkdY,lqMu

onf/

0wfqifrI

qDrefvlrsKd;\,Ofaus;rIrl&if;a0g[m&wGif ukd,fwkH;vkH;ESifhcg;

pnf;[laom a0g[m&ESpfckudk awGU&onf/ þa0g[m&rsm;tm;jzifh xkd

acwfvlwkdYonf udk,fwkH;vkH;raejcif;ESifhudk,fwkH;vkH;aejcif;udk cGJjcm;odcJh

NyD[k qkd&ayrnf/ þonfudk axmufí ausmufacwfv,fwGif vlwkdY

onf udk,fwkH;vkH;aeonfhb0udk pGefYvTwf&ef pwifcJhMuNyD[kqkdEkdif\/

odkYaomf t0wftpm;0wfMuNyD[kum; rqkdEkdifao;ay/ olwkdYonf t&Suf

udk zkH;Ekdif&ef aygifcsdefzkH;onfhtodkif;rsKd; odkif;qifjcif;avmufom jyKcJh

onf[kqkd&ayrnf/ olwkdY\tquftEG,frsm;jzpfMuaom qDrefrsm;ESifh

uyÜvDvlykrsm;u þtcsufudk vufawGUaxmufcHaeayonf/ udk,fw

udk,fvkH;udk tvSty wefqmqifaomtm;jzifh xkdacwfvlwkdYonf uyÜvD

vlykrsm;uJhodkY ta&mif&Sdaom &GHUrsm;jzihf udk,fudk tpif;aMumif;ay:atmif

vdrf;jc,fjcif;rsKd;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm jyKvkyfaumif; jyKvkyfcJhMuayrnf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

33

a<uaphrsm;? c&kcGHrsm;udkazmufí oDukH;um udk,fwGif tvSty

qGJcJhMujcif;vnf; &Sdonf[k qkdEkdifonf/ xkda&S;vlwkdY aexkdifcJhaom rav;

uRef;qG,fajrmufydkif; *lwkdYwGif ,if;odkYBudK;jzifhoD&ef azmufxm;aom

a<uaphrsm;? c&kcGHrsm;udk awGUcJhMu&ayonf/

uGrf;pm;"avh

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf uGrf;&Gufudk aumif;pGm odaeMu

NyDjzpf\/ odkYaomf tvGefa&S;usaom uGrf;pm;"avhonf xkdacwfu ay:

aygufaeNyD[kum; rqkdomay/

<,kH,kHMunfrI

tpm;tpm pkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0üyif &Sdaevifhupm;

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\b0rSm ausmufacwfa[mif;rSmxuf wkd;wuf

cJh\/ qef;us,fvmcJh\/ ,kHMunfrIwnf;[laom pdwfydkif;qkdif&m cH,l

csufwkdYvnf; wkd;wufvmonf/ ausmufacwfa[mif;rSmuJhodkYyif BuD;

rm;aom anmifyifrsm;udk tav;*&kjyKMu&\/ ,if;anmifyifukdvnf;

zGHUNzdK;rI\txdrf;trSwf[k oabmxm;Muonf/ þoabmxm;rIrSm vGef

pGma&S;usonf/ ,ckacwfeD*&kd;vlykuav;rsm;\a'owGifomru a&S;

tcgu tdEd,? tmz&du? Oa&myESifhypdzdwfuRef;rsm;txd þt,ltq

jyefYESHYcJhayonf/

wrvGef,kHMunfrI

xkdrSwyg; þvlwdYkonf wrvGefb0udkvnf; ,kHMunfcJhMu[ef

wl\/ aooludk av;pm;í tavmif;udk w&kdwaojr§KyfESHonfh"avh&Sd

Muonf/ txufwGif qkdcJhaom xdkvlwkdYaexkdifcJh&m rav;uRef;qG,f*l

wkdYwGif rD;zkd\atmufü vl&dk;rsm;udk awGU&SdcJhayonf/ aooludk aexkdif


34

&ma'o\tywGif rjr§KyfyJ tdrfwGif;ü jr§KyfESHjcif;rSm aool\0dnmOftm;

tdrfwGif;ü aeapvkdonfhoabm? txl;ojzifh rD;zkdatmufü jr§KyfESHjcif;

rSm pm;aomufMuaomtcgwGif wygwnf;0ifa&mufpm;apvkdaom o

abmrsKd;jzpfayonf/ ,ckacwfwkdifatmif jynfaxmifpkukef;jrifhom;t

csKdUwGif aooltdrfom;udk tdrfwGif;üyif jr§KyfESHonfh"avh &Sdaeayao;

onf/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;

omreftm;jzifh vSnfhvnfoGm;vmí 0rf;aMumif;rIjyKaomolrsm;

yif jzpfvifhupm; *lrsm;wGif uGef;ckdí ajrtkd;rsm;jzifh csufjyKwfpm;wwf

Mujcif;? aoolukd rD;zkdatmufwGif jr§KyfESHjcif;wkdYudk axmufí ausmuf

acwfv,fvlwdkYonf pkpkpnf;pnf; aexkdifonfhvlrItzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk

pwifvmMuNyD[k qkd&ayrnf/ tdrfaxmifonf odkYr[kwf rdom;pkb0

rsKd;ukd tpjyKvmNyD[k ,lqbG,f&m\/

jrefrmEkdifiH ausmufacwfv,f

&Srf;jynfawmifydkif; rkdif;yGefe,fwGif ausmufacwfvufeuf t

ydkif;tprsm;udk awGU&jcif;? jynfaxmifpk ukef;jrifhom;tcsKdUwkdYwGif ausmuf

acwfv,fvlwkdY\Mueftifvu©Pmrsm; ay:xGef;wwfjcif;wkdYavmufudk

om taxmuftxm;jyKí jynfaxmifpktwGif;ü ausmufacwfv,fvl

rsm;ESifh ,Ofaus;rI &SdcJhonf[k omreftm;jzifh qkdEkdifjcif; jzpfygonf/

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY aexkdifcJh&m ae&mrsm;udk pepfwus &SmazGí

orkdif;rwifrDacwf a&S;a[mif;okawoeenf;t& avhvmokawoe

jyKEkdifaomtcgwGif jynfaxmifpk\ausmufacwfv,f ,Ofaus;rIudk ydk

rkd xif&Sm;pGm xkwfaz:ay;Ekdifrnf jzpfayonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

35

wkd;wufajymif;vJvmaom ,Ofaus;rItopf

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY aecJh&m AufpkH*lrsm;ESifhrav;uRef;qG,f

y[ef*lrsm;wGif ausmufacwfv,f ausmufvufeufESifhypönf;rsm;awGU

&Sd&m ajrvTm\txufydkif;wGif aumif;pGmaoG;í ykHaz:xm;aom ausmuf

acsmvufeufypönf;rsm;udk awGU&Sd&onf/ þuJhodkY acsmarGUoyf&yfpGm ykH

az:xm;aom ausmufvufeufwkdYrSm ausmufacwfopfvufeufrsm; jzpf

onf/ wae&mwnf;wGif ausmufacwfESpfacwfrS vufeufrsm;awGU&

onfudk axmufí ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdYonf wjznf;jznf;ESifhausmuf

acwfopfodkY wkd;wuful;ajymif;cJhMuoavm? odkYr[kwf ausmufacwfv,f

vlwkdY aexkdif&modkY ausmufacwfopfvlrsm; a&muf&SdBuD;pdk;vmMuoavm

[k awG;awmbG,f&m &Sdayonf/

ausmufacwfOD;vlwkdYonf ,Ofaus;rIudk pwifay;cJh\/ ausmuf

acwfv,fvlwkdYu ydkrkdwkd;wufqef;us,fapcJhonf/ ukefvkyfu&d,mrsm;

wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmaomfvnf; ukefvkyfqufqHrIwnf;[laom vlwkdY

\pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGifrl xl;jcm;odomavmufaom ajymif;vJrIrsKd; rjzpf

ay:ao;ay/

a&S;OD;bkHvlaerIpepf

ausmufacwfv,fvlwkdY\vlrIa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;b0wGif yk*¾vdu

ykdifqkdifrI ray:aygufao;ay/ þvlwkdY\b0onf ausmufacwfa[mif;

rSmuJhodkY ]a&S;OD;bkH vlaerIpepf}ay:wGifom rlwnfqJ &Sdayonf/

xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmaom vufeuf u&d,m? ukefvkyfpGrf;

tm;? ukefvkyfqufqHrIESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepf? ,if;wkdYudk taMumif;jyKí ajymif;

vJwkd;wufvmaom,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk ausmufacwfopfwGifawGU&ayonf/


36

tydkif;(2)

orkdif;OD; bkHajracwf

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

37

ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwdkY\tajctae

ausmufacwfOD;wGif vlonf ausmufMurf;vufeuf? rD;? ,Of

yg;vmaom acG;wdkYavmufudkom trSDo[JjyKí tpkvkduf vSnfhvnfae

cJhaMumif;? tajcwpdkuf raecJh? rdom;pkb0&Sd[efrwl/ opfoD; opfO

om;aumifrsm;udk pkaygif;&SmazG pkaygif;cGJa0 pm;aomuf&onfh a&S;OD;

bkHvlaerIpepfwGif &SdcJhaMumif;? ausmufacwfv,fodkYa&mufaomf vSnfh

vnfí tpm&Sm&onfhpD;yGm;a&;b0üyif &Sdvifhupm; tajcpdkufaexkdif

rIESifhtpm;tpm xkwfvkyfonfhpD;yGm;a&;b0odkY a&SU&IaeNyDjzpfaMumif;udk

qkdcJhNyD;jzpfayonf/


38

a&S;tusqkH;aom ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfrIawmfvSefa&;

ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdY\a&S;OD;bkHvlaerIpepfonf bpD

10000-cefYtxdvnf;aumif;? ausmufacwfv,f\a&S;OD;bkHvlaerIpepf

onf bDpD 3000-cefYxdvnf;aumif; toD;oD; wnfcJhonf[k ,lqMu

ayonf/ xkdbDpD 3000-avmufrSpí ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'ovlaerI

pepfESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;pepfwkdYonf xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJhay

onf/ þa'ovlwkdY\ukefvkyfqufqHa&; orkdif;wGif a&S;tusqkH;aom

ukefypönf;jyKvkyfrI awmfvSefa&;jzpfcJhonf[k qkdEkdifonf/

ajymif;vJvmaom ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifhvlaerIb0

a&S;acwfa[mif;umvu ukefvkyfu&d,mrsm; xl;jcm;pGmajymif;

vJvmonfESifhtrQ ukefxkwfvkyfrIpepf? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;wkdYonfvnf;

xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJvmcJhonf/ þajymif;vJrIudk tajcjyKí vlaerIzGJU

pnf;ykH? vlrIa&;,Ofaus;rI ponfwkdYonfvnf; ajymif;vmcJhí vlYorkdif;

wGif vlwkdYonf u@opfw&yfudk zGifhEkdifcJhayonf/

rnfuJhodkYaom wkd;wufaumif;rGefonfhukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;udk

vlwkdYonf wDxGif jyKvkyfvmcJhoenf;/ ,if;wkdYudk taMumif;jyKí ukef

vkyfqufqHa&;ESifhvlrIa&;b0wkdYonf rnfokdYajymif;vJvmcJhoenf;/

ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;

þajymif;vJrIwkdYonf &kwfjcnf;ay:aygufcJhonfr[kwf/ txl;

ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tcsdefMumjrifhpGm jzpfay:ajymif;vJcJh&onf/ pepf

wusavhvmNyD;jzpfaom ausmufyef;awmif; rD;&xm;blwm&kH awmif

bufteD;ESifhrauG;anmifOD;pyfMum; ausmufacwfopfpcef;wkdYwGif awGU

&aom taxmuftxm;rsm;t& ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;wGif

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

39

okH;cJhonfh ausmufvufeufypönf;wkdY\toGifoP²mefwdkYrSm acsmarGUjcif;

r&SdvSao;? tawmftwefyif Murf;aeonfudk awGU&\/ toGm;az:enf;

ESifhausmuftvTm cGmenf;wkdYwGif wDxGifrIrsm;&Sdvmojzifh ausmufvuf

eufwkdYrSm ododomom ao;i,fvmayonf/ tifMuif;ausmufudk jyK

vkyfxm;aom ausmufvufeufwkdYrSmrl toGifajymif;vJrI tenf;i,f

om &Sdayonf/ þodkYykHrusao;aom ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;

vufeufwkdYESifhtwl aoG;í usepGm ykHaz:xm;aom ausmufacsmvuf

eufrsm;ESifhtpif;aMumif;rsm;? zsm&mykHrsm;ygaom tkd;jcrf;uGJwkdYudkyg þ

ausmufacwfaESmif;pcef;wkdYwGif awGU&ojzifh tapmydkif;umv ,Ofaus;

rIonf aemufydkif;umv ,Ofaus;rItjzpfodkY wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvm

onf[k qkdEkdifayonf/

ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;

ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;vlwkdY tokH;jyKcJhaom ausmuf

acsmvufeufrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif ajray:üyif omreftm;

jzifh awGUcJh&ayonf/ jrpfBuD;em;c&dkif Bwd*Ha'o? a&Tbkdc&kdif? rkH&Gmc&kdif?

rEÅav;? ausmufqnf? &rnf;oif;? rauG;? o&uf? jynf? armfvNrdKif p

onfhc&kdifwkdYwGif tawmfrsm;rsm; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ausmufrmtrsKd;

rsKd; jyKvkyfxm;í ykHoP²meftzkHzkH ta&miftoG,foG,f&Sdaom vufeuf

rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk aq;buf0ifaom rkd;BudK;oGm;rsm;jzpfonf[k

tcsKdUaomolwkdYu ,kHMunfpGm tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/

tpGrf;xufaom vufeufrsm;

þausmufvufeufrsm;rSm aoG;í ykHaz:xm;aomvufeufrsm;

jzpfí acsmarGUvSonf/ vufudkif&kd;wyf&ef trif;az:xm;onfvnf;

&Sdonf/ trif;rygonfvnf; &Sd\/ toGm;az:&mwGif ykqkdefoGm;uJhodkY

2-zufaoG;í toGm;az:jcif;rsKd;r&Sd/ aqmufoGm;uJhodkY rsufESmwzufukd


40

om aoG;í toGm;az:xm;onf/ þtcsufrSm xl;jcm;onf/ þxl;jcm;

csufrSm Oa&myESifhtdEd,ausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdYESifhrwlonfh

xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf/ xkda'o ausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdYwGif 2-

zufaoG;í toGm;az:xm;aom vufeuftrsm; yg0ifonf/

awGU&NyD;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHausmufacwfaESmif; vufeufwkdY

rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh t&G,fao;onf/ t&G,fBuD;aom vufeufrsm;

vnf; &Sdonf/ trif;rJhvufeufwkdYwGif tBuD;qkH;rSm 7ƒ vufr&Snfonf/

ti,fqkH;rSm 1 vufrom&Snf\/ trif;&SdvufeufwkdYwGif tBuD;qkH;rSm

11‡ vufr&Snfí tenf;qkH;rSm 2-vufr &Snfonf/ t&G,ftpm;pm;

ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhtavsmuf ,if;vufeufwkdY\tokH;rSmvnf;

axGjym;vSonf/ opfyifckwfvSJ&m? opfcGJ&m? tdrfaqmuf&m? avSxGif;

&mwkdYwGifokH;aom vuform;vufeufrsm;? ajrxGef&m? ajrwl;&m? ajrmif;

azmuf&mponfwkdYwGif okH;aom awmifolv,form;okH; vufeufrsm;?

ckwf&m? xkd;&m ypfcwf&mwkdYwGifokH;&aom rkqkd;vufeufrsm;? omreftdrf

axmifokH; vufeufrsm;rSpí xkdacwfvlaerIb0twGuf tzufzufrS

0ifqHhtokH;usaom vufeufypönf;rsm; yg0ifayonf/

pD;yGm;a&;pepf ajymif;vJcsuf

þuJhokYd ydkrkdpGrf;tm; xufjrufvmonfh ukefxkwfvufeufu-

&d,mrsm;udk ydkifqkdifaom ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkdY\b0wGif xl;jcm;

aom ajymif;vJcsuf 3-&yfudk awGU&\/

(u) tpm;tpm &SmazGpkaqmif;&onfh pD;yGm;a&;b0udk ausmfvGefum

tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfEkdifonfhpD;yGm;a&;b0okdY a&mufvmcJhMu\/

(c) xkdodkYtpm;tpmESifhvlokH;ypönf;rsm;udk xkwfvkyfMu&mwGifvnf;

wOD;wnf;ydkifxkwfvkyfjcif;rsKd;xuf pkaygif;xkwfvkyfMujcif;? pkaygif;pm;

aomufMujcif;wkdYudk jyKvkyfonfhpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk usihfokH;Mu\/ xkdpepf

7

8

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

41

udk ]orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepf}[kac:onf/

(*) xkwfvkyfonfhypönf;wkdYwGif t"durSm vlwkdYpm;okH;&efjzpfaom toD;

tESHrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk awmifukef;rsm;ay:wGif awmif,mpepfjzifh

pdkufysKd;Muí ajrjyefYwGif v,f,mpepfjzifh pdkufysKd;Muonf/ txl;ojzifh

rkd;aumif;v,frsm;? qnfa&aomufv,frsm;wGif pyg;udk pwifpdkufysKd;

vmMuNyDjzpfonf/

rkqkd;? awmif,morm;? v,f,morm;

pm;ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfwwfonfhtqifhodkY a&mufaomfvnf;

rkqkd;tvkyfoufoufjzifhvnf;aumif;? rkqkd;vkyfief;ESifhpkdufysKd;rI? arG;jrL

rIvkyfief;udk yl;wGJaqmif&Gufjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pkdufysKd;jcif;? arG;jrLjcif;

jzifhomvnf;aumif; toufarG;Muolrsm; &SdcJhayonf/

ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkdY\vlrsKd;tEG,frsm;

þodkYaom toufarG;rIrsm; &SdcJhaom ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwdkY

rSm trsm;tm;jzifh MopMwpfac: awmifydkif;bmompum; tEG,fBuD;0if

pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm; jzpfMuonf/ vlrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifh a&S;usaom

awmifydkif;tEG,f(y&kdwkdMopaMwvGKduf)ESifhrGef*kdvGKduftEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfMu

onf/ rGef*kdvGKduftEG,f0ifwkdYonf y&dkwkdMopaMwvGKduf tEG,f0ifwkdYxuf

aemufusolrsm; jzpfonf/ ydkíwkd;wufolrsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ tm;vkH;

rSm MopMwpfbmompum; tEG,fBuD;0ifrsm;jzpfMuí xkdacwf tm&St

a&SUawmifydkif; vlwkdY\,Ofaus;rIudk MopMwpf,Ofaus;rI[kvnf; orkdif;

rwifrDacwf ynm&SifwkdYuac:a0:Muonf/ xkdpOfu ,aeYvlrsKd;pkjzpf

aom wdAuf w&kwfbmompum;tEG,fBuD;0ifwkdY ta&SUawmiftm&SodkY

ra&mufMuao;ay/


42

tapmydkif; tvTmrS vlrsm;

y&dkwkdMopaMwvGKdufrsm;jzpfaom ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;

tvTmvlwkdYonf tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfwwfNyDjzpfaomfvnf; t"du

tm;jzifh trJvkdufjcif;? awmif,mvkyfief;wkdYjzifhom toufarG;Muonf/

rav;uRef;qG,ftv,fydkif; awmeuftwGif;ae qudkifvlrsKd;pkrsm;rSm

xkdacwf ukefvkyfqufqHa&;b0üyif &SdaeMuao;onf/ olwkdY\vuf&Sd

ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ESifh,Ofaus;rIwkdYudk taxmuftxm;jyKí ausmuf

acwfaESmif;tapmydkif;tvTmolwkdY\b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;jyK

Ekdifayonf/

pkdufysKd;rI

olwkdY\pkdufysKd;rIrSm rus,fjyefYao;yg/ pkaygif;awmeufrD;&IdUjcif;

jzifh awmif,mudk &Sif;vif;az:xkwfí pl;xkd;pdkufysKd;onfhpepfwGifom

&SdMuao;onf/ awmif,ma&TU&onfESifhtrQ a&TUajymif;aexkdifMu&ojzifh

tajcwpkduf aexkdifjcif; r&Sdao;[kqkdEkdif\/

tpm;tpm

bmomaA' taxmuftxm;rsm;t& olwkdYpkdufysKd;cJhonf[k ,l

qEkdifaom oD;ESHyifwdkYrSm pyg;? ajymif;? yJBuD;? yJvGef;? c&rf;? ausmufz&kH?

ydef;O? arsmufO? MuHyifponfwkdY jzpfonf/ ,if;pdkufysKd;oD;ESHrsm;tjyif

trJvkdufí&aom om;aumifrsm;rSm olwkYd\tpm;tpm jzpfonf/

aetdrf

olwkdY\aetdrfwkdYrSm oufi,f odkYr[kwf udkif;jrufrkd;tdrfrsm;

jzpfonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

43

t0wftxnf

avQmfawt0wf? iSufaysmavQmft0wfwkdYudk rJe,fqkd;í 0wf

wwfMuNyD[k ,lq&\/

vufeuf

vufeufwkdYrSm av;? jrm;? rIwfajymif;? qdyfvl;jrm;? yJuGyf? pOf;

"m;ponfwkdY jzpfcJh[efwl\/

aysmf&TifrI

yavGrIwfjcif;? oDqkdjcif;? ujcif;wkdYjzifh tem;,laysmf&TifcJhonf

[k qkdEkdifonf/ uGrf;yif? uGrf;oD;yifwkdYudkvnf; pdkufMuonf/ uGrf;pm;

"avhudk olwkdYu pwifchJMuonf[k awG;xif&onf/

yifv,ful;avS

olwkdYonf jrpfrsm;wGifomru yifv,fwGif oGm;vm&ef txdef;

ygaom avSi,frsm;udk wDxGifokH;pGJcJhMuonf[k qkdEkdifonf/

taxGaxGESifh,kHMunfrI

a&wGuf&mwGif 3 txdom a&wGufEkdifMu\/ 4 udk ajymvkdvQif

taygif; 1? 5 qkdvQif 3 taygif; 2 ponfjzifh a&wGufMuonf/ t

xdrf;trSwftjzpf jyKvkyfxm;aom wkdwrfrsm;udk ukd;uG,fMuonf/ wr

vGefb0udkvnf; ,kHonf/ vlaovQif wapäo&Jjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfMu

onf/


44

ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;tvTmvlrsm;

ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;tvTmvlrsm;rS qif;oufí ,aeY

wkdifatmif xkdacwf,Ofaus;rIESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;rsm;udk txkduft

avsmuf qufvufusifhokH;aeMuolrsm;rSm qkdcJhaom qudkifrsm;? oD[kdVf

uRef;&Sd aA'rsm;jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;ae u,m;rsm;? A&ufu&if

rsm;? 0rsm;wGif y&kdwkdMopaMwvGKdufvlwkYd\Mueftifvu©Pmrsm; ay:

xGef;wwfonfudk awGU&ojzifh xdkvlwkdY\a&S;a&S;u bdk;bGm;BuD;wkYdrSm

ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmydkif;tvTmvlwkdY\tquftEG,frsm;jzpfonf

[k qkdbG,f&m &Sdayonf/

ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvlrsm;

bDvl;rsm;

þausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvlrsm;\tquftEG,f

rsm; ,aeYwkdif tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdonf/ rGefcrmbmompum;rsm;udkajym

Muaom AD,uferfEkdifiH? tmeef awmif&kd;ae pudif? rGKdifuJhodkYaom ukef;

jrifhom;rsm;? rJacgifjrpf0uRef;ay:ajrmufykdif;&Sd csif;rsm;? jrefrmEkdifiHNrdwf

uRef;pk&Sd qvkHrsm;rSm xdkacwf vlwkdY\tquftEG,frsm; jzpfonf/

&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;ESifh'EÅm&D('@m&D)wkdYwGif vm&SdaombDvl;ac:

vlMurf;rsm;rSm þvlrsm;yifavm[k awG;awmbG,f&m &Sdonf/ þvlwkdY

rSm vlrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifh awmifydkif; rGef*kdvGKdufrsm; r[kwfMuay/

ausmufacwfaESmif;tEG,f awmifydkif;rGef*kdvGKdufrsm;

þacwfvlwkdY\tEG,ftqufrsm;jzpfaom awmifydkif;rGef*kdvGKduf

rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ þolwkdYrSm jrefrmEkdifiHESifh,kd;',m;EkdifiH&Sd rGefrsm;?

uarÁm'D;,m;EkdifiH wkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfaom crmrsm;? &Srf;jynfajrmuf

ydkif;&Sd yavmifESifhyav;rsm;? &Srf;jynfta&SUydkif;&Sd 0ESifhv0rsm;? &Srf;jynf

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

45

awmifydkif;&Sd ,if;Mum;? ,if;eufrsm; jzpfonf[k tMurf;tm;jzifh qkdEkdif

\/ þvlwkdY\,ckacwf,Ofaus;rI? ukefvkyfqufqHa&; ponfwkdYrSm

wnDwnmwnf; wajy;worwfwnf; r&SdMuay/ ywf0ef;usifqufoG,f

rItvkduf tqifhqifhuGJjym;aeMuayNyD/

þvlwkdYaemuf jyify,Ofaus;rI vTrf;rkd;csufenf;aom vlwkdY\

xl;jcm;aom ,Ofaus;rItcsuftvufrsm;? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;pepfrsm;

udk taxmuftxm;jyKí a&S;ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvl

wdkY\b0udk jyefvnfwnfaqmuf,lEkdifrnf[k ,lq&ygonf/

r[maovm ,Ofaus;rI

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tquftpyfr&Sd? wwkH; wqkdif wcJwnf;jzpfaom ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;

udk av;pm;udk;uG,fonfh"avh jzpfonf/ þ,kHMunfrIudk taMumif;jyK

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qkdEkdifonf/ tdEd,tv,fydkif;&Sd a&S;usvSaom rkefursm;? tmoHe,f

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rsm;? tmeefawmif&kd;ae a&S;a[mif;vlrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif r[maovm

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qJ&SdMuonf/ aemufrS a&mufvmaom wdAuf jrefrm bmompum;t

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uG,foGm;NyDjzpfaom ysLwkdYüyif r[maovm,Ofaus;rI&Sdonfjzpf&m ,if;

,Ofaus;rIudk þausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTm vlrsm;xHrS quf

cH&&SdcJhavoavm[k awG;bG,f&mjzpfayonf/


46

v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rI

ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTmvlwkdYonf v,fpyg;pkduf

ysKd;rIudk tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;ü a&S;OD;pGm wwfodolrsm;jzpfonf/ þa'

oü v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rIudk wwfodaqmif&GufvmonfESifh wNydKifeuf vl

rsKd;pkwpkonf ,Ofaus;rIe,fedrdwfudk jzwfausmf0ifa&mufvmNyD[k qkd&

ayrnf/ &Sd&if;ukefxkwfvkyfrIpepftwGif;odkY v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rI a&muf&Sd

vmonfESifhukefvkyfqufqHa&;rSpí vlaerIb0 ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdY

yg ajymif;vJvm&onf/

orkdif;OD; bkHajrpepf xif&Sm;vmjcif;

v,fpyg;pdkufysKd;&mwGif a&S;uxufydkí vkyftm;vkdvmonf/

v,frsm;udk wDxGif&jcif;? a&oGif;&ef a&xkwf&ef ajrmif;azmuf&jcif;?

xGef,ufpkdufysKd;&jcif;? &dwfodrf;jcif;wkdYtwGuf vkyftm;ydkívkdvmonf/

þwGif vlwkdYonf pkaygif;um bkHpepfjzifh ukefxkwfvkyfrIudk jyKvkyf&

onf/ bkHpepfonf ydkíta&;ygvmonf/ bkHajrpepfxGef;um;rIudk tm;

ay;axmufulcJhayonf/ tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepf

xif&Sm;vmaomumv jzpfonf/ ausmufacwfaESmif; tapmykdif;tvTm

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jcm;csufrSmvnf; þv,fpyg;pdkufysKd;rIudk wwfodaqmif&Gufvmaom

aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/

tajcwpdkuf aexkdifvmjcif;

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ysKd;NyD; tpm;tpmudk tajrmuftjrm; xkwfEkdifcJhMu\/ pyg;udk tajcjyK

aom us,fjyefYonfh ukefvkyfqufqHa&;pepfonf vlOD;a& tajrmuft

jrm;udk axmufyHhauR;arG;Ekdifonf/ pdkufcif;aumif;aomae&mteD;wGif

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

47

vlwkdYonf tajcwpdkuf aexkdifvmMu\/ pkaygif;aqmif&GufMu&onfh

twGuf pkaygif;aexkdifvmMuum aus;&Gmrsm; ay:aygufcJhayonf/

vlOD;a& wkd;wufjcif;ESifha&TUajymif;jcif;

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wkd;wufvmonf/ rsm;vGef;vmaomtcg ydkvQHaomvlwkdYonf v,fpyg;

pdkuf&ef ae&mopfudk &Smí a&TUajymif;cJhMuonf/ þrkd;aumif;a&oGif;

v,fpyg;pkdufysKd;onfhpepfudk tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif ajrmufAD,uf

erfwkHuifjrpf0uRef;ay:a'oü pwifcJhonf[k ,lq&\/ ,if;a'orS

wqifh pkdufcif;aumif;aom rkd;ajrjyefYa'ojzpfonfh rJacgifjrpf0uRef;

ay:a'o(awmifAD,uferfESifhuarÁm'D;,m;)? ,if;rSwqifh acsmifzsrJheef

(areef)jrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;a'o(,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;)? ,if;rSwqifh

*sKdif;? tw¬&Hjrpf0Srf;rsm;ESifhoHvGifjrpf0uRef;ay:a'o? ,if;rSwqifh ppf

awmif;jrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;ESifh{&m0wDjrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;wkdYodkY wacwfNyD;

wacwf tqifhqifh a&TUajymif;cJh[efwlayonf/

awmifydkif; rGefcrmtEG,f0ifwkdY\a&TUajymif;rIrSm v,fpyg;ysKd;

EkdifrIudkvkdufí þuJhodkY wkHuifa'orS jrefrmEkdifiH& mrna'otxdd

a&mufcJhonf[k qkd&ef&Sdayonf/

ajymif;vJvmcsufrsm;

þuJhodkY ukefvkyfud&d,m? ukefvkyfqufqHa&;wkYdajymif;vJvm

aomaMumifh ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;tvTm vlwkdY\vlaerIb0?

vlrIqufqHa&;? pDrHcefYcGJrI? ,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdYonf rsm;pGm

ajymif;vJvmcJh\/ topfwkdYonf ay:aygufcJh\/ wkd;wufrIvnf; &Sdvm

cJh\/ orkdif;pOfajymif;í orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfonf xGef;um;vmcJh\/


48

wd&pämefvkyftm;udk okH;vmjcif;

,cifu pm;okH;&eftwGufESifhtaz:o[JtwGufom wd&pämef

rsm;udk ,Ofyg;atmif vkyfí arG;jrLcJhMuonf/ ,ckaomf v,fpyg;pkduf

ysKd;a&;wGif tultnD&&ef wd&pämefrsm;udk arG;jrLvmMuonf/ 0efqGJ

wd&pämefwkdYteuf tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;wGif a&S;OD;pGm tokH;csonf[k

,lq&aomwd&pämefrSm uRJjzpfonf/ xkdYaemufrS EGm;rsm;udk arG;jrLokH;pGJ

Muonf[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/

qifESifhjrif;wkdYudkvnf; vlokH;wd&pämefrsm;tjzpf arG;jrLvmMu

onf/ xdkacwfvlwkYd\tquftEG,frsm;jzpfaom v0ESifhcrkufvlrsKd;wkdY

rSm ,aeYwkdif qifzrf;aumif;? qifOD;pD;aumif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ]jrif;}

twGufjzpfaom rGefcrma0g[m&rSm ta&SUawmiftm&S\awmifydkif;wcGif

wGif tjyefYESHYqkH;jzpfaeonfudk axmufí þacwfvla[mif;rsm;jzpfaom

rGefESifhcrmwkdYrSm jrif;udk pwifarG;olrsm;jzpfaMumif; odEkdifayonf/

ukefzvS,frI

rdrdwdkYxkwfvkyfí ydkvQHaeaom ukefypönf;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYtvkd&Sd

aom tjcm;olxkwf ypönf;rsm;jzifh xnfcsif;zvS,fcJhMuonf/ tcsKdUa'

owGif a<uaphrsm;? &Sm;yg;aomyifv,fc&kcGHrsm;udk ypönf;vJvS,frIwGif

tokH;jyKcJhonfhpepfvnf; &SdcJh[efwlonf/ þonfudk ausmufacwf

aESmif;aemufydkif;tvTmvlwkdY\ ukefoG,frIpepf[k qkd&ayrnf/

ajrtkd;ajrcGufvkyfief;

ausmufacwfv,fuwnf;u tm&Sta&SUawmifydkif;&Sd a&S;

a[mif;vlwkdYonf ajrtkd;rsm;udk jyKvkyfwwfaMumif; qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/

ausmufacwfaESmif; aemufydkif;wGif ajrtkd;ajrcGuf vkyfief;onf ykdrkd

aumif;rGefvmonf[k qkdEkdif\/ tkd;rsm;udk vufcwfESifh&kdufí ydkrkdckdifrm

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

49

aponf/ &mZrwfuGuf? av;axmifhuGuf&kd;&kd;? zsmykHwkdYudktjyif qef;us,f

aom tpif;aMumif;wkdYjzifh tkd;\jyifyudk tvStywefqmqifMuonf/

ausmufacwfaESmif; ukefvkeD;aomf vlwkdYonf tkd;xdef;puf\tokH;udk

odvmMuNyD[k ,lq&onf/ tkd;xdef;pufESifhjyKvkyfonf[k ,lq&aom

tkd;rsm;\tkd;jcrf;uGJrsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ausmufacwfaESmif;

pcef;wkdYwGif xkdacwf ausmufvufeufrsm;ESifhtwl awGUcJh&NyD; jzpfay

onf/

udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI

r[maovm(ausmufwkH;BuD;)udk;uG,f,kHMunfrItaMumif;udk t

>rufrQ qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;udk wpkwa0;wnf; pepfwus

pdkufxljcif;? ausmufjym;BuD;rsm;udk ajray:wGif wckay:wck pepfwus

xyfí ae&mcsxm;jcif;wkdYudk jyKvkyfMuonf/ ,if;odkYjyKvkyfxm;jcif;rSm

a&S;OD;zcifBuD; odkYr[kwf uG,fvGefoGm;Muaom a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm;udk

txdrf;trSwf&&ef jzpfonf/ tcsKdUrSmrl ,if;ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;yifvQif

a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm; jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfukd;uG,fMuonf/ þonfu a&S;

bdk;ab;BuD;wkdYudk &kdaoav;pm; ukd;uG,fonfhtpOftvm\tp[k qkd

bG,f&m &Sdayonf/ aojcif;w&m;ESifhwrvGefb0udk ,kHMunfMuaMumif;

udkvnf; odomEkdifonf/

a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;

a&SUwGif jzpfvwåHYaom taMumif;&yfrsm;\tqkd;taumif;udk

wifBudKod&Sdatmif jyKvkyfEkdifonfudkvnf; ,kHMunfMu\/ a&SUjzpfzwfenf;

tzkHzkH &SdcJhonf/ pDrHxm;aom ysOfjym;ay:wGif MuufOudk azmufcGJNyD;

aemuf tum tESpfESifhtcGHwkdY wnfaeykHudk Munfhum a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;?

Muuf? iSuf? 0ufponfwkdY\tludk cGJMunfhNyD; a&SUjzpfzwfjcif;ponfwkdY&Sd

cJhonf/ ,aeYwkdif a&S;usaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYonf enf;


50

trsKd;rsKd;jzifh udpöwckckudk aqmif&Gufoifh raqmif&Gufoifh? aqmif&Guf

vQif atmifjrifrnf ratmifjrifrnfudk wifBudKod&Sd&atmif aA'ifar;

onfhES,f ,kHMunfpGm twdwfedrdwfudk zwfvsuf &SdMuayao;onf/

wm;jrpfcsufrsm;

vlrsKd;\tpOftvmudk vkdufí rvkyf&[k wm;jrpfxm;aomt

csufrsm;udkvnf; ,kHMunfpGm vkdufemcJhMu[ef wl\/ bmoma&;,kHMunf

csufuJhodkYyif av;pm;&rnfhynwfcsufrsm;tjzpf vufcHMuavonf/ þ

onfrSmvnf; þa&S;a[mif;vlwkdY\,kHMunfrIw&yf jzpfayonf/

vludk ,ZfylaZmfjcif;

olpdrf;wkdY\OD;acgif;udkjzwfí aoG;jzifh odkYr[kwf OD;acgif;jzifh yl

aZmfvQif toD;tESHydkí xGufrnf[k ,kHMunfcJhMuonf/ ,ckacwf a&S;

usaom cgqD? v0? em*wkdYwGif ,cifu vlacgif;jzwfí ,ZfylaZmfonfh

"avh&SdcJhonf/ þ"avhrSm vlom;pm;onfh"avhum; r[kwfay/

ewfudk;uG,frI

a&S;jzwfzwf&mwGif tqkH;tjzwfay;ol? wm;jrpfrIudk usL;ausmf

vQif 'Pfcwfol? vlowfí ,ZfylaZmfvQif ESpfoufí toD;tESHtxGuf

rsm;atmif vkyfay;ol[lí wefcdk;&Sifewfrsm; &Sdonfudk ,kHMunfcJhMuay

onf/ ,if;wkdYtjyif tdrfaxmifpkewf? v,fewf? awmif,mewf? awmif

ewf? awmewf? opfyifewfrsm;udkvnf; ,kHMunfMu\/ ewfudk;uG,frIt

wGuf pDpOfay;&aom ewfq&m 0wf0ifonfponfhorkdif;OD;bkHajracwf

a&S;tusqkH; acgif;ykHjzwfvlwef;pm;onfvnf; ay:aygufvmcJhayonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

51

e*g;udk;uG,frI

a>re*g;udk;uG,frIonfvnf; ausmufacwfaESmif;vlwkYdESifhyif

pwifcJh[ef wlonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0ifrsm;wGif a>re*g;udk udk;uG,frIESifh

qufpyfaeaom ,kHMunfrI? "avhxkH;pHrsm; &Sdaeayao;onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH

waumif;&mZ0ifvm armifaygufusKdif;'EÅm&D('@m&D)rSm þudk;uG,frI

ESifhqufpyfcJh[ef wl\/

tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJrI

vlwkdYonf rdom;pk? aqGrsKd;pktvkduf pka0;í tajcwpdkufae

vmMuojzifh vlaerIjyóemrsm;? vlrIa&;jyóemrsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/

aus;&Gmrsm;omru aus;&Gmrsm;tcsif;csif; qufoG,fzGJUpnf;tyfaom

a'orsm;wGif ,if;jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifrnfht&nftcsif; t

ajrmftjrif&Sdaom acgif;aqmifrsm; ay:aygufcJhavonf/ rsm;aomtm;

jzifh rdom;pkrsm; aygif;pyfxm;aomaqGrsKd;pk\tBuD;tuJrsm; jzpfonf/

wcgw&H tBuD;tuJwOD;om&Sdí wcgw&H ESpfOD;&Sdwwfonf/ þtBuD;

tuJwkdYonf udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI? vlrIa&;ESifhxkH;wrf;pOfvm"avhwkdYt&

om BuD;uJtkyfcsKyfMu&onf/

vlpk\ tpOftvmESifh"avhrSm xkdvlpktwGuf Oya'rsm; jzpf

onf/ tjiif;yGm;rI&SdvQif a&ikyfjcif;uJhodkYaom tNydKifjyKvkyfrIrsKd;udkap

ckdif;í tqkH;tjzwfay;onf[k qkdEkdifonf/ a&S;usaom vlpkwkdYwGif

,if;tpOftvmonf ,aeYwkdif usef&Sdaeayao;onf/

trdBuD;pkd;aom vlYtzGJYtpnf;

vlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdYwGif tz BuD;pkd;onfvnf; &SdcJhonf/ trdBuD;

pkd;onfvnf; &SdcJhonf/ rGefcrmtEG,f0if cgqDvlrsKd;wkdYwGif ,cktxd

trdBuD;pdk;onfhpepf&Sdaeonf/ tcsKdUumv tcsKdUa'owGif trsKd;orD;


52

wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf ydkíta&;yg t&ma&mufcJhMuonf/ ausmuf

acwfaESmif;twGif;u trsKd;orD;wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf tqifht

wef; redrfh&kHomru vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhtkyfcsKyfa&;wkdYwGif a&SUwef;rS

OD;aqmifcJhonfrsm; &Sdayonf/ ukef;jrifha'oae wkdif;&if;om;vlYtzGJU

tpnf;wGif trsKd;orD;wkdY\0wfpm;wefqmonf vlrsKd;owfrSwf&m t

rSwftom; jzpfaejcif;? trsKd;orD;wkdYonf trsKd;om;wkdYxuf ydkíwm0ef

,laqmif&Gufaejcif;wkdYu þtcsufudk axmufcHaeayonf/

t0wftxnfESifhaq;rifxkd;jcif;

avQmfrsm; rIdYrsm;udk ,ufvkyfaomt0wftxnfrsm;udk 0wfqif

cJhMuonf[k qkdEkdif\/ txl;ojzifh t0wftxnfrsm;udk aq;a&mifqkd;

í 0wfwwfMuayNyD/ trsKd;orD;wkdYonf a&mifpkHykwD;rsm;udkvnf; qif

,ifwwfMuNyD[k ,lq&\/ a<uaphrsm;? usdwfoD;rsm;ponfwkdYjzifh ykwD;

jyKvkyfcJhayrnf/

trsKd;om;wkdYonf aq;rifaMumif xkd;vmNyD[k ,lq&\/ udk,f

udk tvSty wefqmqif&ef t0wftxnf0wfonhfae&mwGif tpm;

xkd;onfh"avh[k ,lq&\/

aysmf&TifrIESifhtyef;ajzrI

ausmufacwfaESmif; vlwkdYonf aot&ufudk azmufvkyfaomuf

okH;wwfMuNyD[k ,lq&onf/ ewfylaZmf&mwGifvnf; aot&ufyg&onf/

0g;? opf? ponfjzifh jyKvkyfaom wl&d,m*Dwypönf;rsm;udk wD;

rIwfí tyef;ajzcJhMu[efwl\/ rsufESmjyifrnDaom opfwkH;udk tacgif;

jzpfatmif xGif;um wD;acgufcJhMuonf/ aysmf&TifrItwGufomru t

csufay;&ef? owday;&eftwGufyg okH;cJh[efwl\/ þopfom;pnfrsKd;rSm

aMu;udk oGef;vkyftyfaom zm;pnfwkdY\a&SUajy;yif jzpfonf[k,lq&

onf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

53

aMu;jzifh zm;pnfudk oGef;vkyfum tokH;jyKvmwwfaomtcsdef

wGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sü ausmufacwfa[mif;vlwkdYonf aMu;acwfodkY

csOf;eif;0ifa&mufvmNyD jzpfayonf/ owåK\tokH;ukd odvmonfESifh

acwfvnf; ajymif;vmcJhonf/ þacwfonfum; jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SU

awmiftm&StwGuf orkdif;wifacwftp odkYr[kwf orkdif;acwfOD;yif

jzpfayonf/

orkdif;acwfOD; jrefrmEkdifiH

orkdif;rwifrDacwf vlYabmifb0taMumif;udk orkdif;OD;bkHajr

pepf tajccHaom vlrIpD;yGm;a&;b0taMumif;xd qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ orkdif;

rwifrDacwftwGif; pmaya&;om;rItwwfay:aygufvmaomf? odkYr[kwf

xkdacwfu vlwkdYtaMumif; pmayjzifh acwfNydKifrSwfwrf; wifvmaomf

orkdif;rwkdifrDacwfrSonf orkdif;wifacwfokdY ajymif;vJonf[k EkdifiH

orkdif;ynm&SifwkdYu a,bk,stm;jzifh rSwfom;Muonf/

orkdif;acwfodkYajymif;apcJhaom tajctaersm;

jrefrmEkdifiH ta&SUawmiftm&StaMumif; acwfNydKifrSwfwrf;wif

rI a&S;OD;pGm awGU&onfrSm c&pfESpfrsm;ay:NyD;pumv wenf;qkdaomf

yxr&mpk at'DESpfrsm; ywf0ef;usifavmufwGif jzpfonf[k qkdEkdifonf/

þonfudk axmufí jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owkdYwGif c&pf

ESpfrsm; ay:OD;umvw0dkufwGif orkdif;acwfOD;pwifcJhonf[k omref

tm;jzifh qkdEkdifavonf/ þumvwGif tajctaeopfrsm; jzpfay:cJh\/

odkYyif jzpfvifhupm; þa'owGif &SdaecJhaom orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfonf

qufvufwnfqJjzpf\/

orkdif;acwfOD;twGif;odkYvnf; trQifwef;í ygvmcJhayonf/

xl;jcm;aom tajctaeopfwkdYum; tb,fwkdYenf;/


54

(1) pmayrSwfwrf;wifrIudk jzpfapaom EkdifiHjcm;rSvlrsm; þa'oodkY

a&muf&Sdvmjcif;/

(2) EkdifiHwGif;odkY wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;opfrsm; a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufvmjcif;

ESifh

(3) vlokH;vufeufu&d,mrsm; jyKvkyfonfh0w¬Kypönf;opfudk awGU&SdokH;

pGJcJhjcif;wkdY jzpfonf/

EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; a&mufvmjcif;

pmayrSwfwrf;wifrIudk jzpfapEkdifonfh EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; a&muf

&ykHudk ESpfydkif;cGJEkdifonf/ yxrwydkif;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;rS jzwf

oef;oGm;aom ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;udk ydkrkdwkd;csJUtokH;jyKvmrIESifh'kwd,

ydkif;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHawmifydkif; yifv,furf;wavQmufwGif ta&SUtaemuf

ukefonfrsm; ydkrkda&muf&Sdvmjcif;wkdY jzpf\/

ajrmufydkif;ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;

c&pfESpf ay:OD;umvywf0ef;usifwGif Oa&myawmifydkif;ü a&mr

tifyg,mBuD; wefcdk;xm;aeonf/ tm&SwkdufwGif w&kwf[eftifyg,m

BuD; wefcdk;xGm;aeonf/ a&mrESifh[efwkdYonf tm&Stv,fydkif; ukef;

vrf;c&D;jzifh ukefpnfa&mif;0,fazmufum;cJhMuonf/ [eftifyg,m wef

ckd;xm;cJhaomfvnf; tapmydkif;acwfwGif ,leefe,fudk ydkifqkdifjcif; r&Sd

ao;ay/

tapmydkif;[efrif;quf(206bDpDrS 25at'D)? [efplwd{u&mZf

(140-87bDpD)vufxufwGif tm&Swkduftv,fykdif;&Sd vlrsKd;wkdYonf [ef

w&kwudk ykefuefwkdufckdufojzifh ukefoG,fvrf;ydwfcJhonf/ xdkwkdufckduf

olwkdY\taemufzuf&SdEkdifiHrsm;odkY w&kwfoHrsm; oGm;a&mufqufoG,f

Mu&mrS jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;udkjzwfí tdEd,rSwqifh tm&Staemuf

ydkif;odkY a&mufaom ukefoG,fc&D;vrf;wck&SdaMumif; odcJhMu&onf/ þ

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

55

wGifrS [efw&kwfwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufykdif;qDodkY c&D;vrf;azmuf&ef

BudK;pm;cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif; [efrif;qufvufxuf(25-220at'D)

a&mufrS ,leefe,f [efw&kwfwkdY ,m,DBuD;pdk;EkdifcJhí ,aeYjrefrme,fpyf

ESifhrkdif 70-uGm ,leefe,ftaemufzufydkif;&Sd ,kifcsef(,aeY aygif&Sef)

wGif tkyfcsKyfrIe,fwckudk 69-at'DwGif zGifhvSpfum ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;

udk xdef;odrf;csKyfudkifcJhMuavonf/ þvrf;BuD;ukd vkdufí a&mrtifyg

,mbufrS oHtzGJYrsm; w&kwfjynfodkYa&mufcJhMu\/ ukefonfrsm;vnf;

tjyeftvSef ul;vl;qufqHcJhMu\/

þodkYjzifh jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;&Sd þukefoG,fvrf;ESifhqufoG,f

aeaom vlwkdYtaMumif;udk [efacwfw&kwf&mZ0ifwkdYwGif rSwfwrf;wif

vmcJhayonf/

tkdifavmifvlrsKd;

,kifcseftkyfcsKyfa&;e,fwGif aexdkifolrsm;rSm tkdifavmifvlrsKd;

jzpfaMumif;? vSyqef;us,fpGm xkd;xm;aomZmt0wf? yef;xkd;t0wfwkdY

udk 0wfqifí a&mifpkHOD;aqmif;t0wfudk qif,ifaMumif;? pOfY odkYr[kwf

zef vlokH;ypönf;rsm;udk okH;pGJaMumif;? ykvJESifhyifv,fowå0gwkdY\tcGHrsm;

udk tokH;jyKMuaMumif;? tkdifavmifwkdY\taemufzuf jrefrmEkdifiHajrmuf

ydkif;&Sd vlwkdYrSm vlykrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh [efacwf &mZ0ifusrf;wkdY

u qkdonf/ þvlwkdYrSm ,Ofaus;aom urÇmhEkdifiHBuD;ESpfckudk qufoG,f

ay;xm;aom ukefoG,fvrf;rBuD;ESifhqufpyfaeolrsm;jzpfí jrefrmEkdifiH

wGif urÇmh,Ofaus;rIESifha&S;OD;pGm xdawGUcJh&olrsm;[k qkdEkdifayonf/ tdkif

avmif[laom trnfudkaxmufí xdktrnf&SdolwkdYrSm a&S;OD; xdkif;trsKd;

om;rsm;avm[k ynm&SiftcsKdUu awG;xifcJhMuayonf/ vlykrsKd;wkdYrSm

rGef*kdvGKdufr[kwfaom rl&if;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/


56

awmifbufyifv,fc&D;vrf;

a&mrESifh[efwkdYonfvnf;aumif;? tm&StaemufESifhta&SUydkif;

wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? xkdacwfavmufwGifyif yifv,fc&D;jzifh ul;vl;

qufqHcJhMu\/ yxraomf a&mr&GufoabFmwkdYonf yifv,fjyifodkY &Guf

rvTifhcJhMuao;/ urf;&kd;wef;udkvkdufíom tdE´d,EdkifiHtxd ul;oef;cJh

Muonf/ aemufydkif;wGif rkwfokefav\tokH;udk odNyD;aemuf tma&As

yifv,fudk jzwful;um tdEd,awmifydkif;odkY wkduf&kdufa&mufcJh\/ tm&S

ta&SUydkif;rS w&kwfESifhrav;ukefonfwkdYonf ta&SUawmiftm&SrS ukef

ypönf;rsm;udk tdEd,awmifydkif;ESifhoD[dkVfuRef;odkY o,faqmifí a&mif;

0,fazmufum;Muonf/ þodkYaom ul;vl;qufqHrIrsm; ay:aygufcJh&m

rS þa'owkdYtaMumif;onf acgr? a&mrESifhtdEd,pmaywkdYwGif yg0if

cJhayonf/

[eftifyg,m ysufokOf;NyD;aemuf w&kwfjynf 0lEkdifiHrS oHwkdYonf

zleef(,ck uarÁm'D;,m;)EkdifiHodkY a&mufcJhí ta&SUawmiftm&SEkdifiHrsm;?

tdE´d,EkdifiHESifhjrefrmEkdifiHwkdYtaMumif;udk rSwfwrf;wifcJhMujyefonf/

awmfvrD\yx0Dusrf;

acgrrSwfwrf;wkdYwGif awmfvrD\yx0Dusrf;udk todrsm;Mu

onf/ tdEd,pmayrsm;jzpfaom 550-edygwfawmfrsm;? rdvdEýO§mponfh

Ak'¨0g'pmayrsm;? &mrm,eponfh [dE´L0g'pmayrsm;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHESifh

ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otaMumif;udk awGU&onf/ w&kwf? acgrrSwfwrf;

rsm;ESifhtdEd,pmayvm tcsuftvufwkdYrSm rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcif;r&Sday/ t

xl;ojzifh tdEd,pmayESifhawmfvrDyx0Dusrf;vm a'otrnf? odkYr[kwf

trnf\t"dyÜg,fwkdYrSm vGefpGmeD;pyfonf/ awmfvrDonf tdEd,ukef

onfxHrS&aom owif;tcsufwkdYudk rlwnfí olYyx0Dusrf;udk a&;cJh[ef

wl\/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap þtaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif yg&Sdcsufrsm;udk jcKH

í aumufcsufcsMuaomtcg atmufygtaMumif;jcif;&mrsm;udk od&\/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

57

orkdif;acwfOD; jrefrmEkdifiHtajctae bDvl;rsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHurf;&kd;wef;wavQmufwGif ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;

pcef;rsm;jzpfaom qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm; &SdcJhonf/ txif&Sm;qkH;rSm ok0PÖblrd

jzpfonf/ qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm;wGif tdEd,EkdifiHom;ukefonfrsm; pwnf;cs

aexkdifcJhMuonf/ wkdif;&if;om;wkdYrSm ykíwkwfckdifonf/ qHyifvIdif;xae

ouJhodkY wGefYonf/ ESmacgif;jym;í tarT;trQifxlonf/ þvlpkrSm Mop

aMwvGKdufvlrsKd;EG,f0if a&S;usaomvlrsm; jzpfwef&m\/ a&S;usaom

MopBwKdat;&Sm;wpf pum;udk ajymMuaom a&S;OD;rGefcrm tEG,fcGJ0if

rsm;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/ jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;? ykHjyifrsm;wGif yg0ifaom bDvl;

wdkYrSm þolrsm;ukdyif qkdavoavm[k awG;bG,f&mjzpfonf/ ajrmuf

ydkif; w&kwfe,fpyfteD;ae vlykrsKd;wkdYonf w&kwfjynfxGuf ukefypönf;

rsm;udk o,f,lykdYaqmifay;jcif;jzifh ta&SUtaemuf ukeful;rIudk ulnDcJh

Muonf/

AdóEkd;

ok0PÖblrd(w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGif usifvifac:onf/ a&Te,fedrdwf

[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/)rkwårauGUw0dkufwGif &SdEkdifaumif;\[k rSwfwrf;

rsm;rS wGufcsuf,lEkdifonf/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;ESifhacgryx0Dusrf;wkdYu ok

0PÖblrd\ajrmufzuf(jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;)wGif NrdKUBuD;wNrdKU &SdaMumif;

qkd\/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;wGifrl Ak'¨0g'xGef;um;aomEkdifiH[k qkdonf/

xkdEkdifiHrSm ta&SUtaemuf ukef;aMumif;ukefoG,f&m c&D;vrf;cGJ

jzpfaom {&m0wDjrpfteD;&Sd AdóEkd;NrdKUudkyif nTef;jcif;jzpfwef&monf/

þNrdKUa[mif; wl;az:&mwGif 2-&mpkat'DokH; tdE´d,awmifydkif; jA[®D

tu©&mESifhwHqdyfwckudk awGUcJhbl;onfjzpf&m xkdacwfu pma&;onfh

twwfonf jrefrmEkdifiHodkYa&mufaeNyD[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/


58

ya'o&mZfpepf\tp

þonfwkdYudk axmufí orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfESifhaexkdifvsuf&Sd

aom jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&Sd rl&if;wkdif;&if;om;wkdY\

vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif;odkY wrlxl;jcm;aomvlaerIpepfwckonf orkdif;

acwfOD;twGif;u a&muf&SdvmcJhonf[k ckdifckdifvkHvkH qkdEkdifayonf/ ,if;

pepfopfrSm tckdiftrm t&Hwefwkdif;? usKH;NrdKU&kd;wkdYjzifh wnfaqmuftyf

aom NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;wGif wkdufwmtkd;tdrfESifhaexkdifvmonfhpepf? vlYtzGJU

tpnf;wGif tkyfcsKyfoltBuD;tuJESifhtkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;? ttkyfcsKyfcH

vlwef;pm;wkdYyg0ifvmaompepf? pkaygif;aqmif&Guf pkaygif;tusKd;cHpm;

rIrSaoGznfí trdefYay;tcGifhta&;xl;cHol vlenf;pku tvkyfvkyfaom

vlrsm;pkudk appm;onfhtjrwfxkwfonfhvlaerIpepfrsKd; jzpfonf/

tdEd,EkdifiHom;wkdYa&mufvmí OD;aqmifzGJUpnf;cJhaom olwkdYxH

rS enf;,lzGJUpnf;cJhaom ya'o&mZfpepfyif jzpfonf/ þodkYaom ya'

o&mZfpepfusifhokH;onfrSm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tcsuftcsmae&mrsKd;

üomjzpfí vlrsm;pkrSmrl &Sd&if;pGJ bkHajrpepf pD;yGm;a&;udkyif qufvuf

usifhokH;qJ[k qkd&ygrnf/

vlrsKd;opfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;

awmifbufydkif;wGif EkdifiHjcm;ukefonftpki,fuav;rsm; a&muf

&SdtajcpkdufaevmrIonf orkdif;acwfOD;\xl;jcm;csufw&yf jzpfonf/

þtcsdefavmufwGif ajrmufydkif;rS wkdif;&if;om;opfwkdY tifESifhtm;ESifh

wokwfNyD;wokwf qkdovkd wqifhNyD;wqifh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ þ

onfrSm orkdif;acwfOD;\'kwd,xl;jcm;csufjzpfonf/ þwdkif;&if;om;

opfwkdY 0ifa&mufvmrIonfvnf; orkdif;acwfOD;vlwkdY\orkdif;pOfudk t

oGifajymif;apcJhonf/

wkdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;opfwkdY ra&mufvmrDu tm&Sta&SUawmif

ydkif;rSm MopBwKdat&Sm;wpftEG,f0if rGefcrmbmompum;rsm;udk ajymol

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

59

wkdY\a'ojzpfaMumif; qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ olwkdYrSm ausmufacwfaESmif; ,Of

aus;rIESifhorkdif;OD;bkHajrpepft& tajcwpdkuf aexkdifMuolrsm;jzpfonf/

xdkvlwkdY\a'ookdY wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;opfwkdY a&TUajymif;azmufxGif;vm

Muaomtcg &Sd&if;pGJvlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdYrSm wuGJwjym;pDjzpfMuí wkdif;&if;

om;opfvlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdY ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þonfudkajymif;

vJrIw&yf[k qkdjcif;jzpf\/

ysL? ouf? em*? csif;? u&if

ajrmufzufqDrS topf0ifa&mufvmolwkdYrSm wdAufjrefrmEG,f

0ifpum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm; jzpf\/ wdAufjrefrmEG,f0ifvlwkdY\a&TUajymif;

rIwnf;[laom vla&pD;aMumif;wGif wyfOD;rS ygvmolwdkYrSm a&S;OD;ysLrsm;?

oufrsm;? em*rsm;? csif;rsm;ESifhu&ifrsm;[k ,lq&ayonf/

a&S;OD;ysLwkdYonf ta&SUajrmufqDrS 0ifvmí 1-&mpkat'Davmuf

wGif ,ckAdóEkd;[kwGifaeaom od&orQ a&S;tusqkH;NrdKUBuD;udk wnf

axmifcJhMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ uomc&dkif&Sd ,ck u'l;? ueef;wkdif;&if;om;

wkdY\a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ oufwkdYonf taemufajrmufzuf

rS {&m0wDjrpftxd jyefYESHYaecJhMu\/ olwkdY\a'oodkY em*vlrsKd;rsm;0if

vmMu\/ em*wkdYonf taemufzufydkif;wGif aexkdifvmMuí oufwkdY

\taemufzufydkif;a'oudk azmufxGif;cJhMuonf/ csif;wkdYonfvnf;

taemufajrmufrS 0ifvmí csif;wGif;jrpf&kd;wavQmufwGif aexkdifvm

Muojzifh oufwkdY\tpkrSm xyfrHí uGJoGm;&jyefonf/ awmifbufodkY

vnf; wqifhwkd;í a&TUoGm;cJh&[ef wlonf/

þouf? em*ESifhcsif;wkdY 0ifvmMuojzifh rlvu&SdcJhaom rGefcrm

tEG,f0ifwkdYrSmvnf; a0;vHpGm wuGJwjym;pD jzpfcJh&ayonf/

tvm;wlyif orkdif;acwfOD;avmufu u&iftrsKd;om;wkdYonf

ta&SUajrmufzufqDrS oHvGifjrpfaMumif;wavQmufwGif vIyf&Sm;a&TUajymif;

aeNyD; jzpfcJh[efwl\/ olwkdYonf &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;&Sd rGefcrmtEG,fcGJ

0ifwkdYae&mudk azmufxGif;cJhí Nidrf;csrf;at;aq;pGm awmifbufodkYa&TU


60

ajymif;vmcJh\/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;avmufodkY a&mufrS taemufodkYquf

vuf a&TUajymif;cJhMu[efwlonf/ þodkYjzifh &Srf;jynfESifh,ck,dk;',m;Ekdif

iH&Sd rGefcrmtEG,fcGJ0ifwkdYonf wuGJwjym;jzpfcJhMu&onf[k qkdbG,f&m

&Sdayonf/

ajymif;vJrIrsm;

&Sd&if;rlvwkdif;&if;om;wkYdrSm rdrdwkdYykdif vlaerIpepf? ,Ofaus;rI

ESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfwkdY&SdMuonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf tenf;pkrSm EkdifiHjcm;rS

a&mufvmaom tdEd,om;vlpkwkdY\,Ofaus;rIpepf ponfwkdYESifh awGU

xd&onf/

,ck wzef wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifwkdY a&mufvmjyefonf/ t

opf0ifvmaom vlpkrSmvnf; olwkdYpepf olwkdY,Ofaus;rIESifhjzpfonf/

&Sd&if;vlpkESifhawGUxda&maESmrdMuaomtcg vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Of

aus;rIwkdYonf tjyeftvSef tusKd;jyKjcif;&Sdí txkduftavsmufajymif;

vJrIrsm; &Sdrnfomjzpfrnf/

NrdKUjyjynf&Gm wnfaxmifí tdEd,pepftm;aumif;aom ae&m

wkdYwGif ya'o&mZfvlrIa&;pepfopf? pD;yGm;a&;pepfopfwkdY ykHwnfay:

aygufrnfomjzpfonf/

odkYjzpfvifhupm; vlrsKd;rsm; a&TUajymif;rI? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;

pepftoGifajymif;rIwkdYrSm &ufcsif;? vcsif;? ESpfcsif;jzpfonfh jzpf&yfrsm;

r[kwf/ ESpf&Snfvrsm; vltqufqufMumatmif wa&GUa&GUwjznf;jznf;

jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmonfhjzpf&yfrsm;jzpfonf/ a&TUajymif;jcif;rjyKbJ csef

ae&pfcJhjcif;? vlrIa&;ESifhpD;yGm;a&;pepfa[mif;üyif pGJNrJpGmusefae&pfjcif;

rsm; trsm;yif &Sdonfudk owdcsyfzdkY vdkayonf/

vlrIpD;yGm;a&;udk xl;jcm;pGm ajymif;vJapcJhaom orkdif;acwfOD;

jzpf&yfwckrSm vlokH;ukefxkwfvufeufrsm;udk aMu;owåKESifhjyKvkyfwwf

vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ þtaMumif;udkum; oD;jcm;az:jy&ef vkdayrnf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

61

tydkif;(3)

ya'o&mZfacwfOD;\tp

(aMu;acwf)


62

ukefxkwfu&d,majymif;vJrI

orkdif;OD; bkHajracwfrS ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwfOD;\tpodkYajymif;

vJvmcJhykHudk txufwGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ukefvkyfqufqHa&;ay:wGif

tajcjyKaom vlaerIb0ajymif;vJrIudk zefwD;onfh taMumif;t&mwkdY

wGif ukefvkyfu&d,m ajymif;vJvmrIonf taMumif;w&m;w&yf jzpfay

onf/

orkdif;OD;bkHajracwftwGif;u ukefvkyfu&d,mrsm; ajymif;vJvm

rIaMumifh ukefxkwfvkyfenf;ESifhpepfrsm;yg ajymif;vJcJhykH? ,if;wkdYudk tajc

jyKí vlaerIb0 wkd;wufcJhykHudk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpf\/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

63

a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfrsm;

c&pfESpfay:OD;umvwGifrl ta&SUawmiftm&S vlwkdYonf aMu;

\tokH;udk odcJh\/ aMu;oGef;twwfudk wwfodvmMu\/ aMu;owåK

rSm ausmufavmufraygrsm;? vG,fulpGmvnf; r&Ekdif/ tzkd;wefypönf;

jzpfonf/ odYkjzpf&um; aMu;oGef;twwfudk odMuNyDqkdonfhwkdifatmif

vlenf;pkavmufom aMu;jzifhjyKvkyfaom ukefxkwfu&d,m vufeufrsm;

udk ydkifqkdifMuonf/ trsm;pkurl tpOftvmausmufacsmvufeufrsm;

udkom okH;EkdifchJMuonf/ xufjrufaom aMu;vufeufrsm;udkom okH;Ekdif

cJhMuonf/ xufjrufaom aMu;vufeufydkifolwkdYrSm tjcm;olrsm;xuf

tcGifhta&; ydkomvmMu\/ tcGifhta&;ydkí ,lEkdifMu\/ tjcm;olrsm;

ay: vTrf;rkd;vmEkdifMu\/

þodkYjzifh vTrf;rkd;BuD;pdk;vmolvlrsm;ESifhtvTrf;rkd;cHvlrsm;[k uGJ

jym;vmMu\/ vTrf;rkd;EkdifolwkdYonf tjcm;olrsm;udk appm;í udk,fusKd;

&SmvmMu\/ þodkYjzifh a&S;OD;acgif;ykHjzwfrIrsm; ay:vmcJhonf/ þacgif;

ykHjzwfolwkdYonf ukefxkwfvufeufrsm;ESifhwuG pdkufysKd;ajrponfh tjcm;

ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;udkyg ydkifqkdifvmcJhMu\/ þolwkdYum; ta&SSU

awmiftm&S\a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfrsm;aywnf;/

þodkYajymif;vJrI&Sdvmaom umvavmufwGifyif tdEd,om;

rsm;ESifhtwl tdEd,,Ofaus;rIESifhya'o&mZfpepfrsm; ta&SUawmiftm&S

odkYa&mufvmcJh\/ ,if;wkdY\vTrf;rkd;rIaMumifh ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif tdEd

,toGifaqmifaom ya'o&mZfEkdifiHrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhavonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ay:aygufcJhaom tdEd,toGifaqmifonfh y

a'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm;taMumif;udk rqkdrD jrefrmEkdifiHESifhta&SUawmif

tm&SwGif awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfaom aMu;vufeufrsm;? ukefxkwfu&d,mrsm;?

vlokH;ypönf;rsm;taMumif;ESifh,if;wkdYrS od&SdEkdifaom aMu;acwfvlwkdYt

aMumif;udk tusOf;tm;jzifh az:jyvkdonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHü aMu;vufeuf u&d,mrsm;ESifhvlokH;ypönf;rsm;udk

ucsifjynfe,f Bwd*Ha'o? rkH&Gmc&dkif? &rnf;oif;c&dkif? yJcl;&kd;rawmifpG,f


64

rsm;? o&ufNrdKU? &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;ESifhawmifydkif;a'orsm;wGif tEHYSt

jym; awGUcJh&NyD;jzpf\/ rkd;rdwfESifhBwd*Ha'owkdYwGif aMu;eDvuf0wfwefqm

rsm;udkyg awGU&onf/ vufeuftrsm;pkrSm ykqdefoGm;ESifhvSHpGyfrsm;jzpf

onf/ vufudkift&kd;pGyf&ef tacgif;aygufrsm;ygonfvnf; &Sdonf/ ryg

onfvnf;&Sdonf/ {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;wGif awGU&aom aMu;ykqdefoGm;rsm;

rSm tcsKd;usí a&SUaemufnDonf/ &Srf;jynfbufwGif awGU&aom aMu;

ykqdefoGm;wkdYrSm toGm;aemufydkif;wkdYü a&SUydkif;&SnfNyD;vQif txufodkY

aumhwufae\/ ajcykHESifhwlaom toGm;rsKd;jzpfonf/ þykHrsKd;udk w&kwf

jynfawmifydkif;,leefe,fESifhAD,uferfEkdifiHajrmufydkif;wkdYwGif awGU&onf/

jrefrmEkdifiH aMu;vufeufud&d,mrsm;onf acsmarGUí vuf&m

ajrmufvSonf/ aMu;oGef;twwfudk aumif;pGm wwfajrmufolwkdY\

vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/ þvufeufwkdYonf tdEd,EkdifiHbufü awGU&aom

vufeufrsm;ESifhrwl/ ,leefe,fwGif awGU&aom vufeufrsm;ESifhqif

onf/ odkYjzpfí tdEd,om;rsm; ra&mufrDuwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHü aMu;

oGef;twwf&SdaeNyD[k qkdEkdifonf/

xkdrSwyg; wdAuf-jrefrma&SUajy;vlrsm; r0ifa&mufrDuwnf;u

yif jrefrmEkdifiHü aMu;oGef;twwf&SdaeNyD[kvnf; qkdEkdif\/

taMumif;rSm AD,uferfEkdifiHajrmufydkif; 'kifapmifoif;csKdif;*lrsm;

wGif awGU&aom vufeufwkdYrSm wdAufjrefrmr[kwfolwkdY\vufeufrsm;

jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ xkda'owGifawGU&aom aMu;zm;pnfrsm;ESifhajc

ykHykqdefoGm;rsm;ay:wGif xkdacwfvlwkdY\ykHrsm;? avSrsm;ESifhyifv,fc&D;

ppfcsDykHrsm;? uckefwD;rIwfaeykHrsm;udk awGU&\/

,if;ykHwkdYudk axmufí aMu;acwfvlwkdYwGif rkqkd;rsm;? wHigrsm;?

v,form;rsm;? ppfonfrsm;yg0ifonfudk awGU&onf/ 'kifapmif aMu;

ypönf;wkdYwGif v,form;tokH;taqmifypönf;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ at

'D 100-cefYu w&kwfaMu;ypönf;rsm;vnf; awGU&onf/ 'kifapmifaMu;

ypönf;rsm;onf oyf&yfí csyfcsyf&yf&yf &Sdonf/ w&kwfypönf;rsm;rSm yG

a,mif;a,mif;ESifhxlydef;ydef; &Sdonf/ w&kwfvuf&mESifhrwlaomypönf;

rsm; jzpfonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

65

'kifapmifaMu;acwfvlwkdY\zm;pnfrsKd;ukd avm? ,kd;',m;ESifhjref

rmEkdifiHwkdYwGifvnf; awGU&onf/ olwkdY\Al;cg;yavGrSm &Srf;jynfawmif

ydkif; wkdif;&if;om;ukef;jrifhom;wkdY\uJef;ac:Al;cg;yavGrsm;ESifhtvGefwl

onf/ ,leefjrefrme,fpyfwGif 'kifapmifajcykHykqdefoGm;ESifhwlaom ykqdef

oGm;rsm;udk awGU&onf/ odkYjzpfí 'kifapmifaMu;acwf,Ofaus;rIrsKd;onf

jrefrmEkdifiHbufwGifvnf; ay:aygufcJhonf[k qkdEkdifonf/

c&pfay:OD;avmufu[k cefYrSef;&aom {&m0wDjrpf0Srf; rauG;

c&kdif AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;wGif oHypönf;tcsKdUudk awGU&onf/ odkYjzpfí jref

rmEkdifiHwGif aMu;acwftwGif;u oH\tokH;udkvnf; odaeMuNyD[kqkd&

ayrnf/

a&S;OD;ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm;

orkdif;acwfOD;wGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sü ya'o&mZfEkdifiHi,frsm;

ay:aygufcJhaomfvnf; orkdif;OD;bkHajrpepfvlaerIb0ESifhaexkdifoltrsm;

qufvufí &SdaecJhayonf/ pepfopftwGif;odkY pepfa[mif;trQifwef;

í ygvmjcif;onf obm0w&m;twkdif; jzpfonf/

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66

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68

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69

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70

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72

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74

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

75

ysLEkdifiH 2-EkdifiH

1-&mpkcefYrS 9-&mpkESpfrsm;tv,favmufxd Mumanmif;cJhaom

ysLya'o&mZftapmydkif;ESifhtaemufydkif;(okdYr[kwf yxrysLEkdifiHESifh'kwd,

ysLEkdifiH)[k ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;Ekdif\/ tapmykdif;udk 1-&mpkcefYrS 5-&mpkcefYxd[k

vnf;aumif;? aemufydkif;udk 5-&mpkcefYrS 9-&mpk tv,fcefYxdvnf;

aumif; cGJjcm;owfrSwfEkdif\/ tapmydkif;jzpfaom ysLyxrEkdifiH\NrdKUawmf

rSm AdóEkd;NrdKUjzpfonf/ aemufydkif;jzpfaom ysL'kwd,EkdifiH\NrdKUawmfrSm

oa&acwå&mjzpfonf/ ysLNrdKUawmfwckjzpfonf[k od&SdowfrSwfxm;aom

a&Tbdkc&kdif [efvif;BuD;NrdKU\acwfumvudk twdtusrqkdEkdifay/

[efvif;jyóem

[efvif;rSm oa&acwå&m ysufNyD;aemufrS wnfaxmifcJhaom

ysLNrdKUjzpfonf/ [efw&kwfjynfESifhqufoG,fcJhaom ysLNrdKUrSm [efvif;

jzpfonf/ at'D 832-wGif eefausmufwkdY wkdufckdufí ysufcJh&aom ysL

NrdKUrSmvnf; þ[efvif;yifjzpfwef&m\[k q&mBuD;vk(pf)u ,lqonf/

þysLNrdKUa[mif;okH;NrdKUwGif wl;az:awGU&Sdcsufrsm;udk EIdif;,SOfMunfh

NyD;aemuf [efvif;onf ,Ofaus;rI tcsuftvufwkdYü AdóEkd;ESifhydkí

eD;pyfaMumif; a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeu awGU&SdcJhonf/

tjcm;tjcm;aom taxmuftxm;oufaorsm;udk tajcjyKNyD;

aemuf þysLNrdKUBuD;okH;NrdKU ay:aygufxGef;um;cJhaomtpOfrSm yxrAdó

Ekd;? 'kwd,[efvif;? wwd,oa&acwå&mjzpfonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sd

onf/ [efvif;onf AdóEkd;ysufNyD;aemuf odkYr[kwf AdóEkd;acwfaemuf

ydkif;wGif ay:aygufcJhaomNrdKUjzpfonf/ AdóEkd;ESifhtquftoG,frsm;cJh

aom NrdKUjzpfzG,f&m &Sdayonf/

a&S;a[mif;okawoeXmeonf [efvif;NrdKUa[mif;udk tawmf

twef wl;az:&SmazGí okawoejyKcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ ,if;okawoevkyf

ief;qkdif&m tpD&ifcHpmay:xGufvmaomtcgwGif [efvif;taMumif;udk


76

ydkrkdod&SdEkdifrnf[k ,lq&onf/ a&S;uawGU&Sd&csufrsm;udk axmufí ,Of

aus;rIqkdif&mwdkYwGif [efvif;onf AdóEkd;NrdKUa[mif;ESifhydkrkdeD;pyfaMumif;

? odkYaomf ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mwkdYwGif [efvif;onf AdóEkd;,Ofaus;rIxuf

rsm;pGm omvGefwkd;wufaeNyDjzpfaMumif; od&onf/

yxrysLEkdifiH

(1-&mpkcefYrS 5-&mpkcefYxd)

yxrysLEkdifiHjzpfaom AdóEkd;EkdifiHtaMumif;udk a&SUydkif;wGifaz:

jycJhNyD; jzpfonf/ at'D 5-&mpkavmufwGif oa&acwå&mysLEkdifiHESifhppf

rufjzpfí þEkdifiHysufokOf;&aMumif;udkvnf; qkdcJhNyD; jzpfonf/

'kwd,ysLEkdifiH

(500-at'DcefYrS 832-at'Dtxd)

oa&acwå&mudk tajcjyKaom 'kwd,ysLEkdifiHrSm xkdacwfu

urÇmodEkdifiHBuD;wckjzpf\/ acwfNydKif[efw&kwfjynf? yg&Sif;EkdifiH? tm&Ad

EkdifiH? ,ck tif'dkeD;&Sm;EkdifiHwkdY\acwfNydKifpmaywkdYwGif þEkdifiHtaMumif;

udk awGU&SdEkdifonf/ acwfNydKifr[kwfbJ rsm;pGmaemufusrS a&;om;cJhaom

jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif yg&Sdonfh þEkdifiHwnfaxmifcJhykHtaMumif;rSm

'EÅm&D('@m&D)qHvSonf/

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(544-bDpD)wGif AdóEkd;&aoh*0Hywd? odMum;rif;? 0doMuKHewfom;? uw

urÜe*g;rif;wkdY yl;aygif;í oa&acwå&mNrdKUudk wnfrnfjzpfaMumif;? xkd

NrdKUonf ESpfaygif; 1200(656-at'Dxd)wnfwefYrnfjzpfaMumif; jrwfpGm

bk&m;u Asm'dwfay;cJh[ef az:jyxm;\/

yk*Hacwfuwnf;uyif a&S;usvSaom þNrdKUawmftaMumif;rSm

,if;xufa&S;usaom AdóEkd;NrdKUawmftaMumif;ESifha&maxG;aeNyD[k xif

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

77

rSwfzG,f&m jzpfonf/

a&S;a[mif;okawoe taxmuftxm;ESifhacwfNydKifEkdifiHjcm;

pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;t& cefYrSef;od&Sd&aom þNrdKU\orkdif;tusOf;

rSm þodkYjzpfonf/

oa&acwå&mNrdKUawmfESifhysLya'o&mZfrsm;

jynfNrdKU\ta&SUawmif 5-rkdifcefYuGm ,ckarmfZmrD;&xm;blwm

&kHrSm ]oa&acwå&mNrdKU}a[mif;\tv,fA[dkavmufwGif &Sdonf/ oa&

acwå&m(toa&&Sdaom v,fajr)[laomtrnfrSm tdEd,EkdifiH Mo&dó

e,f r[me'Djrpf0&Sd yl&DNrdKU\a&S;trnfjzpfonf/ þonfudk axmufí

'kwd,ysLEkdifiHESifhMo&dóe,f\qufpyfrIudk cefYrSef;Ekdifonf/

,ckaomf yifv,fESifhrkdifESpf&mausmf uGmaeaomfvnf; 5-&mpk

at'DcefYuaomf þrQuGma0;onf r[kwfay/ xkdpOfu NrdKUonf {&m0wD

jrpf0uRef;ay:xdyfavmufwGif {&m0wDjrpfcGJESpfck &Hxm;aom uRef;ay:

wGif &SdcJh[efwl\/ NrdKU\ta&SUajrmufzuf tif;BuD;udk ,aeYwkdif yifv,f

[kac:aejcif;rSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f jzpfonf/

NrdKU\tpDt&if

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zufwGifrS {&m0wDjrpf&Sdonf/ AdóEkd;ESifh[efvif;wkdYuJhodkYyif jrpfESifhvuf

vSrf;a0;&mwGif awmifjcm;í wnfaeonf/ NrdKU\yHkoP²mefrSm puf0kdif;

ruswus jzpfonf/ tus,ft0ef;rSm pwk&ef; 5-rkdifausmf&Sdonf/ NrdKU

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wjznf;jznf; edrfhqif;oGm;onf/

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awmifbufydkif;wGif eef;awmf&m? vlae&yfuGufESifhomoemhtaqmuf

ttkHrsm;&Sdonf/ NrdKUwGif; tzufzufwGif a&wGif;a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;?


78

aomufa&okH;a&uefrsm;? usKH;rsm;&Sdonf/ þtpDt&ifrsm;rSm AdóEkd;

tpDt&ifrsm;uJhodkYyif jzpfonf/

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NrdKUBuD;rS þacwfjrefrmEkdifiH ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;\tcsuftcsm

jzpfonf/ ya'o&mZfacwfppfrIa&;&mESifhudkufnDatmif pD&iftyfaom

ya'o&mZfwkdY\tpDtpOfjzpfonf/

EkdifiHtus,ft0ef;

NrdKU\awmifbufESifhajrmufzsm;wGif cHNrdKUi,frsm;&Sdao;onf/ NrdKU

umuG,frItpDtpOfrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYtjyif NrdKUBuD;\tcsKdUae&mwGif

NrdKU&kd; 2-xyfxm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ 3-xyfxm;onfvnf; &Sdonf/ xk

x,fBuD;rm;í jrifhvSaom tumtuG,f ukef;wef;BuD;rsm;jzpf\/ om

reftm;jzifh Munhfaomf ,cktcgwGif awmif&kd;wef;rsm;ESifhwlaeonf/

þrQBuD;us,fcrf;em;aom aejynfawmfrS tkyfpkd;aom ysLwkdY\

'kwd,EkdifiHonf w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;tqkdt& vGefpGmus,f0ef;onf/ jrpf

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xd qufay;xm;aomae&mrSm 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH\ta&SUajrmufe,fedrdwf

jzpfaMumif; w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf/

þe,fedrdwfrSm eefapm(eefausmuf

Ä

)EkdifiHESifhtpyfjzpfonf/ 'k

wd,ysLEkdifiH\MoZmvTrf;rkd;rIonf taemufzuftdE´d,jynfta&SUydkif;?

ta&SUbufuarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiHawmifbufyifv,ftxd a&mufaMumif;

w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;u qkdonf/

Ä

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&if;usí ydkrkdrSefuefonf[k ,kHMunfojzifh ]eefausmuf}udk ]eefapm}[kjyifqifa&;om;

ygonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

79

vufatmufcHEkdifiHaygif; 18? cHNrdKUaygif; 9? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;

pkaygif; 298-yg0ifonf[kqkdonf/ þtqkdwkdYrSm us,f0ef;vSonf/

w&kwftaxmuftxm;udk axmufcHonfhtjcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;udk

vnf; rawGU&ao;ay/

a,bk,stm;jzifhqkdaomf ysLEkdifiHonf ajrmufzufeefapmEkdifiH

ESifhtpyf? awmifbuf yifv,ftxd us,fjyefYí ta&SUtaemufe,fed

rdwfwkdYrSm obm0e,fedrdwfrsm;jzpfaom taemuf&kd;rESifhoHvGifjrpfwdkY

xdom a&mufrnf[k cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/

ya'o&mZfrsm;

jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif oa&acwå&mü tkyfpkd;cJhaomrif;BuD;

rsm;taMumif;udk qkd&mü plVmorÇ0? r[morÇ0? 'Gwåaygifrif;BuD;wdkYESifh

pí okynmem*&qdEérif;ESifhqkH;xm;onf/ a&S;a[mif;okawoe t

axmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaom rif;wkdY\ausmuft&kd;tkd;pmrsm;t& oa&

acwå&mwGif at'D 673 rS 710

_

txd tkyfpkd;cJhaomrif;wkdYrSm...

ol&d,0du&r...eef;ouf 15-ESpf

[&d0du&r.....eef;ouf 7-ESpf

oD[0du&r....eef;ouf 23-ESpfwkdY jzpfaMumif;od&onf/

þ0du&rrif;qufESifhtNydKif tkyfpkd;cJhonf[k,lq&aom 0g&f

refrif;qufvnf; &Sdao;onf/ EkdifiH 2-ckuGJaecJh[efwl\/ uGJaeaom

tjcm;EkdifiHrSm rnfonfhysLEkdifiHjzpfonfudk rod&ay/ 0g&frefrif;qufyif

Z,pE&0g&frefrif;om;onf [&d0du&rrif;om;\tudkjzpfaMumif; oD&d

y&bk0g&frefrif;ESifhrdzk&m; oD&dy&bka'0DwkdYvnf; &SdcJhaMumif; od&onf/

_

t&kd;tkd;pmwGif ysLckESpfouú&mZfudk ay;xm;onf/ w&kwfrSwfwrf;rS a&S;a[mif;

ypönf;ESifhpmwkdYudk axmufí ysLouú&mZfrSm 638 rSpaom aumZmouú&mZfyifjzpf

wef&m\[k ynm&Sifrsm;u ,lqMuonf/


80

[efw&kwf&mZ0ifa[mif;wGif ysLrif;\trnfrSm r[m&mZm?

eef;&if;0ef\trnfrSm r[maoemjzpfaMumif; omrefrQom az:jyxm;

onf/

'kwd,ysLEkdifiH\ya'o&mZfpepfrSm yxrEkdifiH\ya'o&mZfpepf

xuf rsm;pGmBuD;xGm;us,fjyefYaeNyDjzpfonf/ þumvwGif ysLya'o&mZf

pepfonf txGwftxdyfodkY a&mufcJhonf[k qkdEkdifayonf/

'kwd,ysLEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&;

pD;yGm;a&;tajccHrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;rIyif jzpfonf/ AdóEkd;acwf

rSmxuf ydkrkdus,fjyefYonf/ ysLEkdifiHwGif pyg;? ESHpm;ajymif;? ajymif;ESifhyJ

rsKd;pkHjzpfxGef;onf/ *sKHESifh*kHavQmfyifrsm; rjzpfxGef;/ MuHyifrsm;rSm ajco

vkH;&kd;avmufBuD;atmif jzpfxGef;onf[k w&kwfacwfNydKifrSwfwrf;u qkd

onf/

v,fpyg;pkdufysKd;rIonf wkd;wufjzpfxGef;cJhonf/ us,fvnf;

us,fjyefYcJhonf/ wl;ajrmif;ESifha&oG,fpkdufysKd;rIudkvnf; odcJhMuNyD;jzpf

onf/ EkdifiHjcm;qufqHrI rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtrQ oD;ESHyif topftqef;

rsm; a&muf&SdpdkufysKd;cJhMuNyD[k ,lq&onf/

vufrIynm

awmifolv,form;vkyfief;tjyif vufrIynmvkyfief;rsm;vnf;

&Sdonf/ vlokH;ypönf;rsm;? omoeduypönf;rsm; jyKvkyfrIwGif rsm;pGmus,f

jyefYvmcJhonf/

tEkynmvuf&mvnf; tHhMobG,faumif;avmufatmif ajymif

ajrmufcJhonf/ yef;bJ? yef;xdrf? yef;yk? yef;&H? yef;warmh? yef;wsOf;? Adok

um? ajrtkd;vkyfief;? pOfhvkyfief;? (w&kwfrSwfwrf;t&)rSpí toufarG;

0rf;ausmif; ynm&yfrsm;xGef;um;cJhonf/ a&T? aiG? ausmufrsuf&wem

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

81

xkwfvkyfonfhvkyfief;? ,if;wkdYudk vlokH;ypönf;tjzpfodkY a&mufatmifjyK

vkyfonfhvkyfief;rsm;vnf; &SdcJhonf/

ukefoG,frI

a&TaiG? ausmufoHywåjrm; <u,f0vSaomEkdifiHjzpfonf/ vkyfom;

jynfolwkdY\xkwfvkyfrI pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;? EkdifiHjcm;rsm;ESifhul;oef;

a&mif;0,fxGef;um;jcif;? EkdifiHtwGif; ul;oef;a&mif;0,frI aumif;rGef

jcif;wkdYaMumifh þodkY<u,f0csrf;omjcif;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHwGif;wGif ysLwkdY

onf tjcm;wkdif;om;wkdYtm; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;xGuf ajrtkd;? txnft

0wf(csnfxnf[k,lq&\/)pOfhtkd;? pOfhcGufrsm;udk a&mif;MuaMumif;? ysL

wkdYonf a&T'*Fg;? aiG'*Fg;rsm;jzifh ta&mif;t0,fjyKMuaMumif; w&kwf

&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;wGif qkdonf/

ysL'*Fg;rsm;

ysLaiG'*Fg;trsKd;rsKd;udk jrefrmEkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif awGU&NyD;jzpf

onf/ tcsKdUa'owGif &mESifhcsDí awGUcJhMu&onf/ t&G,ftpm; 3-rsKd;

&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí w&kwf&mZ0ifusrf;wkdYu qkdxm;onfhtwkdif; aiG'*Fg;

udk oGef;vkyfí tojymtjzpf tokH;jyKonfrSm ,kHrSm;bG,f&mr&Sday/ odkY

aomf a&T'*Fg;udkum; rawGUbl;ao;yg/ a&Tcsxm;aom aiG'*Fg;rsKd;udkom

awGUbl;onf/

EkdifiHjcm;ukefoG,frI

ysLaiG'*Fg;rsm;udk ,ck ,dk;',m;EkdifiHawmifydkif;wGif xGef;um;cJh

aom 'Gg&0wDrGefEkdifiHwGifvnf; awGUcJh&onf/ 'kwd,ysLEkdifiHacwfu ysL

wkdY\ukefoG,fa&;onf tdEd,awmifydkif; 'Gg&0wDEkdifiH? rav;uRef;qG,f

ESifhta&SUtdEd,uRef;pkrsm;txd tjyeftvSefa&mufcJhonf/ us,fjyefYcJh


82

onf[kqkdbG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ajrmufzuf&Sd eefapmEkdifiHESifhum; txl;

qkdbG,f&m r&Sday/

ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;

þuJhodkY ukefoG,frIxGef;um;jcif;? tzkd;wef&wemrsm;aygjcif;?

vlaerItqifhtwef;jrifhjcif;(vlrIa&;ykdif;udk&Iyg)wkdY&SdcJhí 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH

udk <u,f0csrf;omaomEkdifiHjzpfonf[k qkd&ef&Sdonf/ ,if;odkY <u,f0

onfrSmrSefaomfvnf; 'kwd,ysLEkdifiH\pD;yGm;a&;wGif <u,f0csrf;omí

tqifhtwef;jrifhpGm aeEkdifMuolwkdYrSm ya'o&mZfrsm;? ya'o&mZfwkdY\

todkif;t0kdif;rsm;jzpfaom tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;ESifhukefonfBuD;rsm;om

jzpfcJhonf/

vlrsm;pkjzpfí tajccHukefMurf;ypönf;? vlokH;ypönf;xkwfvkyfay;

&aom vkyfom;jynfol ttkyftcsKyfcHvlwef;pm;wkdYrSmum; þukefxkwf

vkyfay;rI\tusKd;tjrwfudk tenf;tusOf;rQom cHpm;Mu&aom ya'

o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;om jzpfaMumif; owdcsyf&ef vkdtyfayonf/

vlrIa&;tajctae

qkdcJhNyD;onfwkdYudk axmuf&Ivsuf ysLwkdY\pD;yGm;a&;tajctaerS

ysLacwfvlrIa&;tajctaeudk omreftm;jzifh cefYrSef;od&SdEkdifygonf/ tkyf

pkd;jc,fvS,fol vlwef;pm;ESifhttkyftpkd; tjc,ftvS,fcH vlwef;pm;[k

vlwef;pm;ESpf&yf&Sd&m jc,fvS,folvlwef;pm;wGif {u&mZfya'o&mZf

rsm;? ukefonfBuD;rsm;ESifhajrydkif&SifBuD;rsm; yg0ifí tjc,fvS,fcHvlwef;

pm;rsm;wGif uRefrsm;? awmifolv,form;rsm;? tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtEk

ynmonfrsm; yg0ifonf/

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rIa&;ESifhvlaerItzGJUtpnf;? vlrIqufqHa&;wkdYonfvnf; ajr&Sifya'

o&mZfpepfay:wGif tajcwnfaeonfomjzpfonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

83

aetdrfrsm;

ya'o&mZfwkdY\eef;awmfESifhtaqmifrsm;rSm crf;em;qef;us,f

vSaMumif; acwfNydKifw&kwftaxmuftxm;wkdYu qkd\/ Murf;rsm;ay:

wGif yef;aumfaZmBuD;rsm;ukd cef;vkH;jynfh cif;xm;í eH&Hay:wGif [oFm

jy'g;ponfhta&mifawmufajymifonfh aq;rsm;jzifh jc,frIef;xm;onfh

jyif a&T? aiGwkdYjzifh rGrf;rHwefqmqifxm;\/ Ak'¨bmomzkef;awmfBuD;

ausmif;rsm;udkvnf; þenf;ESifESif rGrf;rHxm;onf/ omrefNrdKUwGif;om;

wkdY\aetdrfrsm;udk opf0g;wkdYjzifh aqmufvkyfcJhí cJ odkYr[kwf oHjzLjym;

rsm;jzifh rkd;xm;onf/ NrdKUwGif;ü omrefvlwkdY\aetdrfrsm; axmifESifhcsD&Sd

í zkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm &mESifhcsDí&SdaMumif; az:jyxm;onf/

vlrItpOftvm

ysLtrsm;pkrSm Ak'¨0g'Drsm; jzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm uav;oli,f

rsm;onf usm;rçra&G; touf 4-ESpft&G,fodkYa&mufygu OD;jynf;&dwf

í zkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;odkY 0if&onf/ ausmif;wGif &[ef;awmfwkdY\oGef

oifqkH;rrIudk cH,lí pmayoifMum;&\/ toufESpfq,ft&G,fodkYa&muf

aomtcg omoem\tqkH;trwGif oabmaygufolwkYdonf &[ef;

abmifwGifqufaeMuí w&m;oabmraygufEkdifolwkdYonf vl0wfvJ

Muonf[k w&kwftaxmuftxm;rsm;rS od&onf/ &SifjyKjcif;? yOöif;cH

jcif; tpOftvmudk qkdvkd[efwlonf/

þw&kwftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk udk;pm;axmufxm;í ysLacwf

u trsKd;om;rsm;omru trsKd;orD;wkdYyifvQif omoemhabmifodkY0ifcJh

MuonfhtpOftvm&SdcJhonf[k qkd&ayonf/ yk*Hacwfüyif bdu©KeDr(t

rsKd;orD;&[ef;)&SdcJhonfudk axmufí þtqkdudk ,kwådwefonf[k vuf

cHEkdifbG,f&m &Sdonf/


84

0wfpmqif,ifrI

ysLacwfwGif ydk;xnfudk odMuNyD;jzpfonf/ ydk;xnf&ufvkyf&mwGif

ygPmwdygwuH usL;vGefrI ruif;aom ydk;wkH;vkH;udk owfjzwfrIygaeo

jzifh Ak'¨0g'Drsm;jzpfMuaom ysLwkdYonf ydk;xnf0wfqifjcif;udk a&SmifMuOf

Muonf/ tdEd,ESifhtquftoG,f&SdaeNyDjzpfí 0g\tokH;ukdvnf; odae

MuNyD[k ,lq&onf/ odkYaomf tckdiftrmum; rqkdEkdifay/ vufyHrdIYrS&

aom csnfjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aomtxnfrsm;udk 0wfaMumif;um; od&\/

trsKd;om;wkdYonf ykqkd;jzLudk cg;ykHpcsí 0wfaMumif;? a&Tyef;yGifh

wkdYjzifh tvSqifxm;aom OD;xkyf? ykvJoG,frsm;udk wGJ&&GJqGJxm;aom

oHyk&mcGHOD;xkyfrsKd;udk aqmif;aMumif;? trsKd;orD;wdkYonf xrDjymudk 0wf

í yk0gyg;rsm;ESifhudk,fudk okdif;jcKHum tprsm;csxm;MuaMumif;/ tdrf

axmifusNyD;trsKd;orD;wkdYonf qHxkH;udk cyfjrifhjrifhxkH;aMumif;? vrf;

avQmufxGufvQif ,yfawmifudkudkifaMumif;? txufwef;vTm trsKd;o

rD;wOD; vrf;avQmufvQif aemufrS ta>ct&H ig;OD; ajcmufOD; ygwwf

aMumif; w&kwftaxmuftxm;wkdYwGif awGU&\/

,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm;

ysLtcsif;csif;awGUvQif vufarmif;udkqkyfudkifNyD; EIwfqufMu

onf/ *g&0jyKaomtcg vufESpfzuf,Sufí OD;nTwfMuonf/ oefY&Sif;

pifMu,frI? oyf&yfrI? wifhwifhw,fw,f&SdrIwkdYudk ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfonf/

ysLwkdYonf pum;enf;Mu\/ at;at;aq;aq; aewwfonf/ oabm

jzL tlpif;olrsm; jzpfonf/ pnf;urf;ao0yfol? w&m;Oya'udk &kdao

vkdufemMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ w&kwfacwfNydKiftaxmuftxm;wGifvm

aom þt&nftaoG;rsm;t& qkdvQif ysLwkdYonf vlrIa&;wGif pHxm;

xkdufolrsm;jzpfonfudk awGU&ayonf/

ysLwkdYonf acwfESifhavsmfnDpGm t,lonf;olrsm; jzpfonf/ ol

wkdYonf aA'ifudk tvGef,kHMunfMuonf/ ysLNrdKUawmftwGif;ü a&SUjzpf

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

85

zwfq&m? aA'ifq&mtajrmuftjrm;&SdaMumif; w&kwftaxmuftxm;

wkdYu qkd\/

bk&if{u&mZfonfyifvQif wdwfedrdwfaumufNyD; wkdif;a&;jynf

&mudk aqmif&Gufonf/ eef;awmfwGif;ü a&Tacgif;avmif;wvkH;? aiGacgif;

avmif;wvkH; qGJxm;onfqkd\/ NrdKUawmfudk wkdufckdufrnfh&efol ay:

aygufvmaomtcgwGif bk&if{u&mZfonf ,if;acgif;avmif;rsm;udk wD;

í &efoltm; wGef;vSefEdkifrnf rwGef;vSefEkdifrnfudk wdwfedrdwf,lonf/

w&m;Oya'

ysLwkdY\w&m;Oya'wdkYrSm vG,fulí&Sif;vif;onf/ ysLwkdYonf

&kyfykdif;xuf pdwfydkif;wGif wkd;wufzGHUNzdK;rI&Sdaeolrsm;[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/

olwkdYonf Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;\tqkH;trrsm;udk w&m;Oya'tjzpfvkduf

emolrsm;jzpfonf/ jypfrIusL;vGefoludk vufxdyfcwfjcif;? xl;cwfjcif;?

wkyfaESmifjcif;jyK&rnf[k olwkdY\w&m;Oya'wGif ryg&Sday/ &kyfukd tjypf

ay;jcif;xuf pdwfudk tjypfay;onfhpepf jzpf[efwl\/ jypfrIudk wBudrf

wcg usL;vGefolrsm;tm; ajymqkdqkH;ríom vTwfvkdufonf/ 'kwd,t

BudrfusL;vGefvQifrIum; ausmjyifudk ig;csuftxd &kdufESuf\/ ig;csuf

xuf rydkap&[k qkdonf/

olwkdYonf olYtoufowfjcif;udk vGefpGm rkef;wD;&GH&SmMuonf/

NrdKUawmftwGif; olYtoufowfjcif; vkH;0r&Sdap&[kqkdonf/ odkYaomf vl

\toufudk owfolwOD;tm; ysLwkdY\w&m;Oya't& aopm;aoap

onf/

w&m;pD&ifrI

udk,fusifhw&m; vGefpGmaumif;vSaom ysLwkdY\w&m;pD&ifykHrSm

vnf; pdwf0ifpm;bG,f&m aumif;\/ &kyfykdif;xuf pdwfydkif;wGif oefae

olrsm; jzpfonhftm;avsmfpGm w&m;wabmif jzpfvmvQif trSefw&m;


86

udk jyefvnfokH;oyfapjcif;jzifh trIudk NyD;jywfaponf/ w&kwftaxmuf

txm;rsm;t& ysLwkdY\w&m;pD&ifykHrSm þodkYjzpf\/

ysLESpfOD; w&m;wabmifjzpfvQif rif;{u&mZfxH wkdifMum;&onf/

rif;{u&mZfonf Mum;emNyD; w&m;vkdw&m;cHESpfOD;pvkH;tm; eef;awmf

a&SU&Sd &kyfyGm;awmfBuD;a&SUarSmufodkY oGm;ap\/ &kyfyGm;awmfBuD;\a&SU

arSmufonf ysLwkdY\w&m;&kH;jzpf\/ &kyfyGm;awmfa&SU a&mufaomf ESpfOD;

om; tarT;wkdifrsm;udk rD;n§dí bk&m;udk tm&kHjyK&onf/

xkdaemuf rdrdwkdY tjiif;yGm;&onfhjyóemudkvnf; jyefvnfpOf;

pm;&onf/ þjyóemwGif rdrdwkdYygaeonfhtykdif;wGif rdrdwkdY rSef rrSef

udkvnf; okH;oyf&onf/ rdrdwkdY\tjypfrsm;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;rdMuaom

tcg ESpfOD;ESpfzuf ajyat;Ekdifonfhenf;vrf;udk awGUMuonf/ þodkYjzifh

NyD;ajyrIudk &oGm;Muawmhonf/ bk&m;a&SUarSmufawmfwGif ysLwkdY pdwft

wGif;üyif rvdrf0HhMuay/

EdkifiHawmftwGif; uyfqkd;rsm; usa&mufvmaomtcgwGifvnf;

bk&if{u&mZfudk,fwkdif tqkdyg &kyfyGm;awmfa&SUodkYoGm;í tarT;wkdifrsm;

rD;n§dNyD;vQif bk&m;udk tm&kHkjyKonf/ uyfqkd;usa&muf&onfrSm rif;{u

&mZf\cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfojzifh bk&if{u&mZf

onf &kyfyGm;awmf\a&SUarSmufwGif rdrd\jypfrIrsm;? 'kp&kdufrIrsm;? rw&m;

rIrsm;? cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk jyefvnfa0zefokH;oyfonf/

xdkaemuf rdrd\rSm;,Gif;rIrsm;udk trSefwu,f aemifw&í jrwf

pGmbk&m;\a&SUarSmufwGif 0efcsawmif;yefjcif;? 0efcHjcif;jyK&onf/ þodkY

jyKvkyfvQif uyfqkd;rsm;udk ausmfvGefEkdifonf[k ysLwkdY,kHMunfMuonf/

þonfrSm ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk csKyfudkifay;onfh ysLwkdY\t

pOftvmw&yfjzpfonf[k ,lqbG,f&m&Sdayonf/

udk;uG,f,kHMunfrI

ysLwkdYonf bmomw&m;udk vGefpGmudkif;&Idif;Muolrsm;jzpf\/ &kd;

&m,kHMunfrItjyif jA[®P0g'? r[m,meAk'¨0g'ESifhax&0g'? Ak'¨0g'wkdY

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

87

udk ouf0if,kHMunfMuolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

&kd;&m,kHMunfrI? wrvGefb0udk ,kHMunfjcif;? aooludk rD;oN*ØK[f

ít&dk;jymrsm;udk tkd;rsm;wGifxnhfum w&kdwao odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;?

r[maovm(ausmufwkH;BuD;)udk tav;tjrwfxm;íudk;uG,fjcif;? oH

\tpGrf;tmedoifonf wrvGefb0wkdifxufjrufjcif; ponfwkdYrSm ysL

wdkY\&kd;&m,kHMunfrItpjzpfí wdwfedrdwfzwfjcif;? a&S;jzpfa[mjcif;ponf

wkdY taMumif;udk vlrIa&;tydkif;wGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpf\/

AdóEkd;udk;uG,frI

tdEd,wGif rlwnfay:aygufcJhí tdEd,om;wkdYrSwqifh&&Sdaom

jA[®P0g'wGif AdóEkd;ewfbk&m;udk ukd;uG,fonfh"avhonf ysLEkdifiH

wGif xif&Sm;cJh\/ AdóEkd;ewfrif;ESifhMuif,mawmfwkdY\ausmufqpfvuf

&m &kyf0ufaz:ykHrsm;udk awGU&onf/

r[m,me*kdPf;

r[m,me*kdPf;qkdif&m bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;jzpfaom tm

avmuDawoGm? rOÆLoD&d? t&drdawå,sbk&m;avmif;ESifhwm&ma'0Dac:

trsKd;orD;bk&m;avmif;wkdYudk udk;uG,fMuaMumif; awGU&Sd&aom &kyfyGm;

awmftaxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&ayonf/

ax&0g'*kdPf;

jA[®P0g'ESifhr[m,me*kdPf;Ak'¨0g'wkdYonf oa&acwå&modkY

tvGefapmpGm a&mufcJh[efwl\/ odkYaomf ax&0g'*dkPf;qkdif&m Ak'¨0g'

onf oa&acwå&mwavQmuf xGef;um;cJhaom 0g'jzpfonf/ þ*dkPf;

qkdif&m omoemhtaqmufttkHrsm;? omoeduypönf;rsm;ESifhpmayrsm;

udk oa&acwå&mwGif tajrmuftjrm;awGUcJh&ayonf/ ysLtrsm;pkrSm


88

ax&0g'*kdPf;0ifrsm; jzpfonf[k qkdEkdif\/ oa&acwå&mwGif awGU&

aom a&TayvTmwkdYwGif ysLtu©&mESifha&;om;onfh yd#uwfawmfaumuf

EkwfcsufwkdYrSm eufeJodrfarGUvSaom w&m;udk,frsm; jzpfonf/

,if;wkdYudk axmufí ysLax&0g'onf okwåefyd#uwfxuf t

bd"r®myd#uwfudk ydkítav;ay;onf[k qkdbG,f&m&Sd\/ yk*HAk'omoem

ax&0g'*kdPf;onf okwåefyd#uwfvm vG,fulaom Zmwfawmfrsm;ESifh

tpjyKonf[k qkdEkdif\/ oa&acwå&mwGifrl eufeJaom oabmw&m;

jzpfonfh ]a, "r®m a[wkyÜb0g}tpcsDaom *gxmjzifh jyKonf[kqkd&

ayrnf/

ysLtEG,f bmompum;ESifhpmay

vlrsKd;EG,ftm;jzifh ysLwkdYonf rGef*kdvGKdufrsm;jzpfMu\/ ,aeYjynf

axmifpkom;wkYd\vlrsKd;EG,fyif jzpfonf/

bmompum;tm;jzifh ysLbmomonf wdAufjrefrmEG,f0ifjzpf

onf/ ,aeYjynfaxmifpktwGif; ajymqkdaeMuaom jrefrm? u&if? csif;?

ucsifponfhpum;wkdYrSm tEG,fwljzpfonf/ jrefrmbmompum;rsm;ESifh

tvSrf;ruGmvSay/ ,cktcgwGif ysLpum; ajymolwkdYr&Sdawmhaomfvnf;

yk*H&mZukrm&f\av;rsufESmbmom ausmufpmvm ysLrsufESmudk jrefrm

rsufESmESifhwkdufqkdifí qkdjcif;jzpfayonf/

ysLausmufpm? a&Taypm? aiGMuKwfpm? tkyfcsyfpmrSpí ysLpmt

awmfrsm;rsm;udk awGUcJh&NyD;jzpfonf/ ysLtu©&mwkdYonf at'D ig;&mESpf

rsm;t&ifu tdEd,EkdifiHawmifydkif;wGif okH;cJhaom tu©&mwkdYrS qif;ouf

onfhtu©&mrsm;jzpfonf[k omreftm;jzifh qkdEkdif\/ odkY&mwGif oa&

acwå&mwGifawGU&aom ysLtu©&mwkdYrSm ae&mvkdufí ykHoP²mefrsm;uGJ

jym;aeonfudk awGU&onf/

þonfudkaxmufí oa&acwå&modkY a&mufaomysLtu©&m

wkdY\ rl&if;a'orSm wae&mwnf;r[kwf a&mufonfhumvrSmvnf;

umvwckwnf; r[kwf[k qkdEkdifonf/ ysLtu©&mtrsKd;tpm;rsm; ae&m

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

89

a'oESifhtcsdefumvuGJjym;aerIudkaxmufí 'kwd,ysLEkdifiHonf tvGef

MumjrifhpGm wnfwefYcJhaMumif; odEkdifayonf/

Adokumynm

jrefrmEkdifiHAdokumESifhtEkynmorkdif;wGif topftqef;wDxGif

rIudk &SmazGvQif tapmqkH;ESifhtxl;jcm;qkH;aom wDxGifrIudk oa&acwå

&mysLwkdY\umvwGif awGU&ayrnf/

vkHjcKHa&;twGuf xkx,fBuD;rm;ckdifcefYpGm vlwkdYwnfaqmufcJh

aom a&S;NrdKUa[mif;BuD;rsm;udk AdóEkd;ESifh[efvif;wkdYwGif awGU&NyDjzpf

onf/ oa&acwå&mysLwkdY wnfaqmufcJhaom NrdKU&kd;NrdKUwmrSm xl;jcm;

onf/ pwk*HykHr[kwfbJ t0ef;t0dkif;ykH jzpfonf/ NrdKU&kd;BuD;rsm;onf xk

x,fBuD;rm;vS\/ NydKysufí awmzkH;usefaeaom NrdK&kd;ydkif;wkdYonfyif ,ck

tcgwGif awmifukef;wef;[k xif&avmufatmif jrifhí xkx,fBuD;ae

ayonf/

&efolvmrnf[k ,lq&mbufjzpfaom NrdKU\taemufajrmuf

ESifhta&SUawmifbufwkdYwGif NrdKU&kd;ESpfxyfrS okH;xyftxd&Sd\/ rlvu euf

&Idif;aomusKH;jzifh &Hxm;onf/

NrdKUawmifbufteD;wGifvnf;aumif;? (AdóEkd;NrdKU)cyfvSrf;vSrf;

wGifvnf;aumif;(ysLwkdufrsm;)? cHNrdKUi,frsm;[k ,lq&aom tkwfNrdKU&kd;

ESifht&Htwm;ae&mrsm; &Sdonf/

taqmufttkHrsm;

vlrIqkdif&m taqmufttkHrsm; rusefr&Sdawmhjzpf\/ eef;awmf

rSm atmufcHckHavmufom usefawmhonf/ vGefrif;pGm ysufpD;jcif;r&dSao;

bJ rlvykHudkzrf;í &Ekdifao;aomtaqmufttkHwkYdrSm omoemqkdif&m

xlyg? apwD? *lbk&m; ponfwkdYjzpf\/


90

xlyg

xif&Sm;aom oa&acwå&mysL xlygwkYdrSm abmabmBuD;? bk&m;

BuD;ESifhbk&m;rmwkdYjzpfonf/ xlygwkdY\ykHrSm ,aeY tawGUtjrifrsm;aom

acgif;avmif;ykH vkH;ywfygonfhapwDykHrsm;ESifhrwl/ tkyfaqmif;ykH odkYr[kwf

wkdifvkH;BuD;(qvif'g)toGifaqmifaom ykHrsKd;jzpfonf/

edrfhvnf; edrfh? usOf;vnf; usOf;aom ypö,HwkdYtay:wGif tcsKd;

tm;jzifh tqrwefjrifhaom xlygvkH;udk t"dutom;ay;um rm;rm;

rwfrwf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; &Sdatmif aqmufvkyfxm;ykHjzpf\/

,if;xlygwkdYrSm tjriftm;jzifh twGif;ydwf tkwftjynfhpDxm;ykH

ay:aomfvnf; twGif;ü |myemwkduftwGuf ae&mvGwfxm;í wnf

aqmufxm;aom ]twGif;acgif;yg}xlygrsm;jzpfonf/ abmabmBuD;ESifh

bk&m;BuD;wkdYwGif þtwkdif; txift&Sm; awGU&onf/

apwD

xlygykH r[kwfbJ acgif;avmif;ykH vkH;ywf&Sdaom apwDykHudkvnf;

oa&acwå&mwGif awGU&\/ ,if;apwDrSm ]aomifjynfhukef;}wGif wl;az:

awGU&aom ay:awmfrlapwDjzpfonf/ rl&if;twkdif; awGU&aom apwD

wkdYwGif þapwDawmfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;tusqkH;jzpf\/

xlygESifhapwDwkdYonf jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefpH0ifawmfrljcif;udk

txdrf;trSwfjyKaom taqmufttkHjzpf\/

*lbk&m;

tapmqkH;[k qkd&rnfh*lbk&m;taqmufttkHudk oa&acwå&m

wGif awGU&onf/ twGif;wGif Ak'¨&Sifawmf\&kyfyGm;awmfudef;atmif;í

vlrsm;0ifa&mufylaZmfEkdifatmif *Eük#Dtcef;zGJUum tkwfjzifh wnf

aqmufxm;aom taqmufttkHjzpfonf/ (jrwfpGmbk&m; oufawmf

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

91

xif&Sm;&Sdí oDwif;okH;aeawmfrlonfudk txdrf;trSwfjyK&ef)tcsKdUrSm 0if

aygufESifh*Eük#Domygaom *li,frsm;jzpf\/

tcsKdUwGif 0ifayguftm&kHcH*Euk#Dygonf/ wqlwGifrl av;rsuf

ESmü 0ifaygufav;aygufygí twGif;av;rsufESm A[dkwkdifBuD;wGif eH&H

uyf &kyfyGm;awmfrsm; xnfhxm;onf/ ,if;A[dkwkdifudkywfí ylaZmfEkdif

&ef aMumifvdrfpBuøxnfhay;xm;onf/

ysLwkdYwDxGifcJhaom Adokumenf;

,if;*lwkdY\0ifaygufrsm;udk jyKvkyf&mwGif ab;wzufcsufrS tkyf

csyfrsm;udk twGif;odkYwkd;um wvTmNyD;wvTmpDNyD; ckH;az:jcif;rsKd;rjyKbJ tkwf

udk tjym;vkdufwzufrS wzufaxmifuyfum ckH;az:vmNyD;aemuf ESpf

zufrS uyfvmaom tkwfjym;wkdYqkHrd&m ae&mxdyfwGif Bwd*HykHaz:í usef

aeaom uGufvyfwGif oyftkyfxnfhay;&\/

þodkYjzifhpDxm;aom tkwfwkdYudk ydkíusyfapí ckdifaponf/ þ

odkYoyfjzifh tqkH;owfpD&aom ckH;wkdYudk ]oyfpDckH;}[kac:onf/ txuf

wGif a&SUodkY wvTmNyD; wvTm wkd;um pDjcif;jzifh ckH;udk ]wkd;pDckH;}[kac:onf/

oyfpDenf;jzifh tkwfudk wvTm;NyD;wvTm; uyfpDum &Snfvsm;aom vkdPf

udk jzpfapEkdifonf/ þckH;rsKd;tay:wGif xyfwkd;í aqmufvkyfvkdvQif

tav;csdefydojzifh ckH;onf ckdifonfxuf ydkckdifonf/

wkd;pDckH;rSmrl ,if;odkY Mum&SnfrcHEkdif? uGJjym;wwfonf/ oyfpDckH;

enf;t& *Eük#Dtrkd;udk a'gifvkduftkwfpDum tkef;av;bufcsí ,l

onf/ ,if;trkd;ay:wGif ypö,Hrsm; odu&(uGef;awmif)apwDtxGwfukd

xyfwifonf/

oyfpDckH;? oyfpDtkef;? av;bufcs? trkd;ckH;zGJUenf;udk ydkrkdus,fjyefY

BuD;us,fpGm tokH;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh tHhcsD;bG,fjzpfaom tmeE´m? oAÁnK?

plVrPd? xD;vkdrif;vkduJhodkYaom BuD;us,fcefYjim;vSonfhyk*Htaqmuft

tkHBuD;rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwGif þAdok

umenf;udk a&S;OD;pGm wDxGifay;olwkdYrSm oa&acwå&m ysLrsm;jzpfonf/


92

wDxGifxm;aom þAdokumenf;ESifhaqmufvkyfcJhí ESpfaygif;

1200-ausmf 1300-Mumonfhwkdif wnfaeao;aom ysL*ltaqmuft

tkHwkdYrSm bJwJ*lbk&m;? ta&SUaps;*l? av;rsufESm*lbk&m;wkdY jzpfonf/ þ

*lbk&m;i,fwkdYrSm yk*H*lbk&m;BuD;wkdY\a&SUajy;ykHpHi,frsm;yif jzpfayonf/

vufrItEkynmrsm;

tEkynmvuf&mbufwGifvnf; ysLwkdY\wDxGifrI trsm;yif&Sd\/

oa&acwå&monf tdEd,toGifaqmifí tdEd,,Ofaus;rIudk tajcjyK

aom ya'o&mZfEkdifiHjzpfonf/ tdEd,,Ofaus;rIESifhtpOftvmwkdYonf

NrdKUawmfESifhNrdKUawmfywf0ef;usifa'owkdYavmufwGifom xif&Sm;aomvTrf;

rkd;rIudk jyKEkdif\/ wjcm;a'owkdYwGif xdxda&mufa&muf jyefYESHYcJhjcif; r&Sd

ay/

NrdKUawmfüyifvQif ysLwkdYonf tpyxrüom tdEd,,Ofaus;rI

ESifhvufrItEkynmwkdYudk tdE´d,[ef? tdE´d,ykHpHtwkdif; vufcHtokH;jyK

cJhMuonf/ aemufydkif;wGif rdrdwkYdudk,fydkif[efESifhtoGifodkY ajymif;,l\/

Oyrm &kyfyGm;awmf ykHoGif;jyKvkyfrI? xkvkyfrIwkdYwGif ysLwkdYonf

tdE´d,ykHtwkdif; tif'dktm&d,efrsufESmoGifjyifawmfrsKd; ESmacgif;cRefcRef

rsufESmawmf oG,fykHrsKd;udk xkvkyfcJhMu\/ oGef;vkyfcJhMu\/ xkdaemuf

,if;toGifESifh[efrS rGef*kdvGKdufrsufESmawmfoGifjyifrsm;? ESmacgif;ykHtae

awmfrsufESm0dkif;0dkif;ykHawmfrsKd;odkY ajymif;vJoGef;vkyfxkvkyfvmMuonfudk

awGUEkdif\/

'kwd,ysLEkdifiHwGif wwfuRrf;vdr®mí xl;cRefpGm vuf&majrmuf

vSaom vufrItEkynmonfrsm; ay:xGef;cJh\/ ,if;vuf&mwkdYonf

yk*HtEkynmvuf&mxufyif ydkíomonf/ aumif;onf/ Ekonf/ vuf

&majrmufonf[kyif qkdEkdifayonf/

awGU&Sd&NyD;aom taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd tajcjyKí ysLvufrI

tEkynmonfwkdYudk-

(u) yef;warmh(ausmufopf)tEkynmonfrsm;/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

93

(c) yef;bJ? yef;xdrf? yef;wOf;ponfhowåKtEkynmonfrsm;/

(*) yef;&HtEkynmonfrsm;/

(C) ykwD;vkH;? vnfqGJponfwkYdukd jyKvkyfonfhausmufaoG;tEkynm

onfrsm;/

(i) ajrtkd;? ajr&kyfponfwkdYudk jyKvkyfonfhajrrD;zkwf tEkynmonfrsm;

[k ig;rsKd;cGJjcm;Ekdif\/

yk*HwGif awGU&aom yef;csDESifhyef;yktEkynmonfrsKd; oa&acwå

&mwGif &SdcJhaMumif;udk oufaoxlEkdif&ef taxmuftxm;rsm; rawGU&

ao;ay/ ,if;odkY rawGU&ojzifh yef;csD? yef;yktEkynmonfrsm; r&Sd[k

um; rqkdEkdifacs/

yef;warmh

awGU&aom vufrItEkynmypönf;rsm;udk az:jyí ysLwkdY\tEk

ynmtaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;rnfqkdvQif us,fjyefY&Snfvsm;vSawmhrnf/

þae&mwGif tusOf;rQom qkdEkdifayrnf/

yef;warmhvuf&mwkYdwGif &kyf0ufaz: eH&Huyf&kyfyGm;awmfrsm;?

&kyfvkH;rsm;? Ak'KyÜwådESifhpyfvsOf;onfh &kyf0ufaz:ausmufqpfvuf&mrsm;?

zGm;awmfrlcef;? "r®pMuma[mawmfrlcef;ponfrsm;? AdóEkd;ewf *VKefpD;

aeykH&kyf0ufaz:? r[m,me*kdPf;0if bk&m;tavmif;awmfrsm;ykH? xlyg&kyf

0ufaz: |myemwkdufzkH;ausmufjym;BuD;rsm;? Mumyef; MumcufwkdYjzifh wef

qmqifxm;aom ausmufyv’ifrsm;? wHcg;apmifhewf&kyf? ausmufjcaoFh?

ausmuft&kd;tkd;? ausmufpm? ausmufavSum;wkdYrSm ysLwkdYxm;cJh&pfaom

ausmufqpftEkvuf&mrsm; jzpfonf/

owåKtEkynm

oa&acwå&mwGif awGU&aom oHacsmif;? oHaumuf? oHcRef?

oHacsmif;rsm;pGm vQKdxm;aom oHjym;ayguf? "m;oGm;? oHuGif;ponfwkdY


94

u ysLwkdYonf yef;bJvkyfief;wGif uRrf;usifaMumif; axmufcHaeonf/

xkdrQruao; ysLwkdYonf oH&nfoGef;twwfudkvnf; aumif;

pGm wwfajrmufaMumif; rMumrDESpfrsm;twGif;u awGU&aom oHbDvl;r

&kyfESifh&Sdckd;aeaomoH&kyfi,fwkdYudk axmufí odEkdif\/

yef;wOf;

aMu;owåKudkvnf; ydkifEkdifpGm tokH;cswwfaMumif;udk ysLwkdYxm;

&pfcJhonfhtcsKd;usí oyÜg,fvSaom aMu;qif;wkawmfi,ftrsKd;rsKd;? aMu;

zvm;? vifAef;? MuKwfESifhvufudkifyg aMu;rkHwkdYrS od&SdEkdif\/ tkwfcGuf

bk&m;jyKvkyf&ef aMu;ykHpHrsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/

yef;xdrf

ysLwkYdonf a&Tyef;xdrf? aiGyef;xdrfwkYdwGifvnf; wzufurf;cwf

olrsm;[k qkdEkdif\/ acgif;yG a&Tqif;wkrsm;? azmif;<ua&TayvTmrsm;? a&T

yef;yGifhi,frsm;? a&TykwD;vkH;? a&Tacgif;avmif;? a&TMuufO? a&TvufpGyf

ponfhvuf0wfwefqmrsm;? aiGqif;wk? aiGxlygi,f? MumcGufyg Mum

yGifhBuD;rsm;? aiGjcif;vkH;i,f? aiGvifAef;? aiGcGuf? av;axmifhMuKwf? aiG

qDrD;cGuf? aiG'*Fg;rsm;onf ysLyef;xdrfwkdY\oyf&yfaumif;rGefvSaomvuf

&mrsm; jzpf\/

txl;ojzifh yGifhawmfrlNyD; bk&m;av;qltm; om0ursm;&Hvsuf

&SdykHudk azmif;<uykHaz:um a&T&nfoGef;íxm;aom MuKwf0kdif;BuD;wGif t

zkH;tv,frS anmifyifaygufxm;ay;ykHrSm vuf&majrmufvSaomyef;xdrf

vufpGrf;yif jzpfonf/

azmif;<upaomenf;jzifh cwfxm;aom Ak'¨&kyfyGm;ykHyg a&Tjym;

aiGjym;rsm;? wHcg;apmifh&kyfaiGjym;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&\/ ysLwkdYonf a&T

&nfpdrf odkYr[kwf a&Tcsonfhynmudkvnf; wwfuRrf;olrsm; jzpfMu\/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;tusqkH;[kqkd&rnfh zefqif;wkawmfwqludk

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

95

oa&acwå&mwGif awGU&\/ ,if;wkdYtjyif zefykwD;vkH;rsm;udkvnf; awGU

cJh&\/ þypönf;wkdYrSm EkdifiHjcm;rSoGif;,laom ypönf; odkYr[kwf ysLwkdYjyK

vkyfonfh ypönf;[ktwdtuscGJjcm;í rqkdEkdifao;ay/

ausmufaoG;tEkynm

MuKwftcsKdUwkdYwGif ausmufoHywåjrm;udk jr§Kyfxm;\/ vlokH;vnf

qGJausmufrsuf&wemrsm;udkvnf; awGU&\/ tokH;jyKcJhaom ausmufrsuf

&wemwkdYrSm qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; ywåjrm;? eDvm? aMumif? ausmufeD? r[l

&m? a*:rkwf? a*:'ef? ausmufovif;? ausmufpdrf;? Oóz,m;ponf

wkdYjzpf\/ acsmarGUnDnmpGm vkH;aeaom t&G,ftpm;(tcsKdUrSmoQpfoQm;

oD;cefYBuD;onf/)&Sd ykwD;vkH;rsm;? &Spfajr§mifh? ajcmufajr§mufyg ykwD;aphrsm;?

tv,fwkwfí ab;odkYoG,foGm;aom pnfykHykwD;aphrsm;? qif? orif p

onfhwd&pämefykHwkdY ykHay:atmif xkvkyfxm;onfhausmufpdrf;wkH;i,frsm;

yg0ifonf/ þuJhodkY ykHtrsKd;rsKd;ay:atmif aoG;jcif;? qpfjcif;jzifh jyKvkyf

pGrf;&SdonfhvufrIynmonfrsm; jzpfonf/

ajrrD;zkwftEkynm

Ak'¨&kyfykHawmf? r[m,mebk&m;avmif; ykHawmfygí ykHtrsKd;rsKd;?

ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdaom tkwfcGufrsm;? Xmyemcef;eH&Hywfvnfudk eH&Hjynfhwef

qmqif&ef jyKvkyfxm;aom obm0usvSonfh &kyf0ufaz:jrif;? jcaohF?

toD;? yef;? wkdif? &aoh&kyf? rif;&kyfrsm;u ajrap;udk tEkynmajrmufpGm

ykHaz:í Mum&SnfcHatmif rD;zkwfonfhvkyfief;ü ysLwdYk\xl;cRefrIukd ouf

aocHaeayonf/

tkwfvkyfief;wGifvnf; awmfMuolrsm;jzpfonf/ NrdKU&kd;twGuf

zkwfvkyfxm;aom tvsm; 18-vufr? teH 9-vufr xk3-vufr&Sdtkwf

BuD;rsm;rSm ESpfaygif; 1200-ausmf? 1300-Mumonfhwkdifatmif aumif;

rGefvsuf &Sdao;onf/


96

ajrtkd; ajrcGufvkyfief;wGifvnf; vuf&majrmufMu\/ ajymif

tkd;rsm;tjyif tkd;tjyifyudk ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; wefqmqifxm;aomtkd;rsm;udk

jyKvkyfEkdifMuonf/ aool\t&kd;jymxnfh&ef ajrtkd;rsm;udk txl;wvnf

tqef;wus,f jyKvkyfMuonf/ tkd;ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; &Sdonf/

pOfhvkyfief;

w&kwfacwfNydKifusrf;rsm;u ysLwkdYonf pOfhtkd; pOfhcGufrsm;udk

a&mif;csaMumif;? NrdKU&kd;\jyifyrsufESmtkwfwkdYudk pOfhudkifxm;aMumif;az:

jyMu\/ odkYaomf oa&acwå&macwfu pOfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk oa&

acwå&mwGif rawGU&ao;ay/

ysLobifynm

wl&d,m*DwESifhobifynmwGifvnf; ysLwkdY\wkd;wufatmifjrif

rIrSm tHhMobG,fyifjzpfaMumif; w&kwfacwfNydKifusrf;wkdYu qkd\/ 800

ESifh 802-at'DESpfrsm;wGif eefapmrSwqifh ysL,Ofaus;rI cspfMunfa&;

tzGJUwkdYonf xefw&kwfeef;awmfodkY a&mufcJhMuí xkd,Ofaus;rItzGJUt

aMumif;udk tao;pdwfa&;rSwfxm;aom w&kwfrSwfwrf;wkdYrS od&Sd&\/

wl&d,mypönf;

ysLwkdY\wl&d,mwD;0kdif;wGif wl&d,mypönf; 22-rsKd;yg\/ þypönf;

wkdYjzifh toH&SpfrsKd; wD;rIwfEkdifonfqkd\/ þwl&d,mypönf; 22-rsKd;wGif

owåKESifhNyD;aom u&d,m 2-rsKd;? BudK;wyfu&d,m 17-rsKd;? 0g;u&d,m

2-rsKd;? Al;cGHu&d,m 2-rsKd;? om;a&u&d,m 2-rsKd;? qifpG,fu&d,m 1-

rsKd;? OD;csKdu&d,m 2-rsKd;? c&kcGHu&d,m 1-rsKd;ponfwkdY yg0ifonf/

wl&d,mypönf;wkdY\trsKd;trnf? ykHoP²meft&G,ftpm;wkdYudkyg

w&kwfrSwfwrf;u az:jyonf/ acgif;avmif;? vif;uGif;? apmif;jym;? rd

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

97

ausmif;? ,ckacwf 'kHrif;[kac:aeaom BudK;trsm;wyfxm;aom ysyf

apmif;wrsKd;? ysyfapmif;0dkif;? yavG? wH>rm? ,aeY &Srf;jynfukef;jrifhom;wkdY

okH;aeaom uJef;ac:Al;cg;yavG? a>ra&usufxm;í rsufESm 3-bufyg

aom AkHESifhpnf? oHvufckwfrsm; yg0ifonf/

BudK;wyfu&d,mwkdYwGif BudK;rnfrQ? toHn§dcvkwfrnfrQ? BudK;wyf

wkH;i,f

1

rnfrQponfwkdYudkyif az:jyxm;\/ þu&d,mypönf;rsm;udk

axmufí ysLu&d,m*DwrnfrQ wkd;wufaeNyDudk cefYrSef;Ekdifayonf/

oDcsif;rsm;

xefeef;awmfwGif ysL,Ofaus;rItzGJUonf oDcsif; 12-yk'fqkdcJh\/

oDcsif;tm;vkH;rSm Ak'¨0g'ESifhpyfvsOf;í oDukH;xm;aom oDcsif;rsm;jzpf

onf/ oDcsif;wkdYudkvnf; Ak'\wHqdyfawmf? tifMuif;yef;bGJU? csKd;jzL? psmef

\Nidrf;csrf;rI? Oa'gif;rif; ponfjzifh trnfrsm; ay;xm;onf/

uacsonfwkdY\qef;us,faom 0wfpm;qif,ifrI? tvSjyifrI?

o&kyfaz:í uMuykH? twD;ESifhtu yeH&í nufnufanmanmNidrfhNidrfh

ajimif;ajimif;&SdykH? rurD tcrf;tem;rSL;u tutaMumif;udk &Sif;vif;

wifjyí bmomjyefay;ykH? uNyD;aomtcg tEkynmonfwkdYu OD;nTwf

í tav;jyKykH? xef{u&mZfukd,fwkdif ysLwl&d,m*DwESifhujyajzazsmfrI

wGif pdwf0ifpm;pGm tm;ay;onfudk w&kwftEkynmonfwkdYuyif 0efwkd

vmykHwkdYudk w&kwfrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfaz:jyxm;\/

vGefpGm wkd;wufatmifjrifí w&kwfeef;awmfwGif yg0ifcJhaom

tqifhtwef;jrifhvSonfh wl&d,m*DwESifhobifynm jzpfonf/

ysLEkdifiHysufokOf;&jcif;

ysLwkdY\,Ofaus;rIonf tqifhtwef; jrifhvS\/ xl;cRefatmif

jrifrIrsm; &Sd\/ þuJhodkY ,Ofaus;rIwGifom wzufowfxl;cRefojzifh ysL

1. Bridge


98

wkdYrSmEl;nHhaysmhavsmhaomtajcodkY a&mufrSef;rod a&mufcJhMu\/

tEkynmwGifom epfarsmaeMuojzifh wkdif;jynfwnfwefYckdifNrJ

a&;ESifhumuG,fa&;wkdYbufwGif avsmhnHhvmMuNyD[k qkd&ef&Sdonf/ txuf

wef;usaom ,Ofaus;rIESifhMumjrifhpGm aevmcJhMuojzifh ysLwkdYonf ,Of

aus;El;nHh&nfrGefvGef;onfh wzufpGef;odkYa&mufchJMu\/ vkdtyfonfhrZösdr

y#y'gvrf;aMumif;rS vGJz,faoGznf&m a&mufcJhMuayonf/

rSef\/ ysLwkdY\vlYtzGJUtpnf;onf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;

wGif od&orQ txufwef;usí crf;em;vSaom jrwfEkd;bG,f&mjzpfaom

,Ofaus;rIESifhodrfarGUnufanmvSonfhvlrIqufqHa&;wdkY &SdcJhaom a&S;

tusqkH;aom ya'o&mZfvlYtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/

odkYaomf aysmhnHhrI? El;nHhodrfarGUrIwnf;[laom wzufpGef;odkY

a&mufcJhMuojzifh 832-at'DwGif rarQmfvifhbJ eefapmwyfrsm; 0ifa&muf

wkdufckdufvmaomtcg rckcHEkdifbJ tnHhcHvkdufMu&&Smonf/ eefapmwyf

wkdYonf ysLNrdKUawmfudk wkdufckdufvk,ufzsufqD;&kHomru ysL 3000-ausmf

udk okHYtjzpf zrf;qD;oGm;Muonf/

okHYwkYdudk eefapm\ta&SUykdif; NrdKUawmfjzpfaom auswkif1(,ck

,leefzl)teD;wGif uReftjzpf ae&mcsxm;ay;\/ uReftjzpf apckdif;Mu

aomfvnf; olwkdYbmom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIudk jyKvkyfaponf/ eef

apmocifwkdYu auR;arG;jcif; rjyKMuay/

txufwef;usvSaom ysL,Ofaus;rIonf wzufpGef;odkYa&muf

cJhojzifh þuJhodkY tqkH;owfum wpcef; odrf;cJh&&Smonf/

1. Chetung

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

99

tydkif;(5)

a&S;jrefrmrsm; 0ifa&mufcJhykH


100

umvysufcsdef tajctae

jrefrmEkdifiH ta&SUajrmufzuf ,leefe,fudk A[dkkjyKaomeefapm

EkdifiHu 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufzsufqD;ojzifh 832-at'DwGif ysLEkdifiHysufpD;

í ysLacwfjrefrmEkdifiH vlYtzGJUtpnf; z&kdz&JjzpfcJh&ykHudk qkdcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/

{&m0wDjrpf0uRef;ay:ta&SUpGef ppfawmif;jrpf0ywf0ef;usif

*sKdif;ESifhoHvGifjrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif &SdcJhaom a&S;&mrna'o(ok0PÖ

blrd)udkvnf; 835-at'DwGif eefapmwkdY wkdufzsufí vl 2000-ausmf

udk okHYyef;tjzpf zrf;qD;ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/

þodkYjzifh xdkacwf jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkdYrSm pkpnf;rIr&Sd? ttkyft

csKyfr&SdbJ tcgysuf&onfhumvESifhMuKHBudKufcJh&onf/ þumvavmuf

wGif jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif; {&m0wDESifhcsif;wGif;qkH&m a'oavmufü

txufydkif;jzpfaom jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufydkif;wGif oufrsm;? ppfawmif;jrpf

0Srf;tv,fydkif;avmufwGif u&ifrsm;? ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;atmufydkif;wGif

a&S;rGefrsm;? {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;tv,fykdif;ESifhawmifbufydkif;wGif ysLrsm;?

aZmf*sDESifhyef;avmifjrpf0Srf;a'owGif(u&ifwdkY 0ifa&mufcJhNyD;jzpfí ppf

awmif;jrpf0Srf;awmifydkif;&Sd a&S;rGefwkdYESifhtqufjywfcJh&aom)a&S;rGefrsm;

toD;oD; &SdaecJhMuonf[k ,lq&\/

,if;wkdYtjyif yavmif? 0 paom rGefcrm tEG,fcGJ0ifrsm;? ouf

tpk0if *'l;rsm;onfvnf; {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;tv,fydkif;ESifhaZmf*sDyef;avmif

jrpf0Srf;wkdYwGif tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYESifha&maESmaexkdifvsuf&Sdonf[k

qkdEkdifayonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

101

ukef;jrifhom;wkdY ajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;EkdifonfhtcGifhtvrf;

ysLEkdifiHysufonfh(835-at'D)rS yk*HwGif taemf&xmrif;BuD;tkyf

pdk;vmonfhumv(11-&mpktv,favmuf)txd þacwfysufumvysuf

or,twGuf jynfwGif;ausmufpmponfh pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;

udk rawGU&ao;ay/ þumvwGif xll;jcm;aom rnfonfhorkdif;jzpf&yf

rsm; jzpfay:cJhoenf;/

vlYtzGJUtpnf;onf ysufpD;vsuf&Sd\/ wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf pnf;

vkH;nDnTwfrIr&Sd/ jyifytiftm;udk wGef;vSefumuG,fEkdifaom tiftm;pk

vnf; r&Sdaom umvjzpf&m þumvrSm jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYtwGif;odkY

ukef;jrifha'owkdYrS tiftm;BuD;aom tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;wkdY tvkH;t&if;

ESifh0ifa&mufvmEkdifaom? a&TUajymif;vmEkdifaom tcGifhaumif;ESifhtajc

taeudk zefwD;ay;aeaom umvjzpfayonf/

jrefrmtpk0if pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm;

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif wkdif;&if;om;wkYd jyefYESHYaeykH vuf&SdtajctaeESifh

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmausmufpmwkdYudk taxmuftxm;jyKí þumvtwGif;

ukef;jrifhrS ajrjyefYodkY a&TUajymif;qif;oufvmMuaom wkdif;&if;om;wkdY

rSm a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;? wenf;qkd&aomf wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifjrefrm

tpk0ifbmompum;udk ajymqkdaom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfonf[k ckdifvkH

pGm qkdEkdifayonf/

jrefrmtpk0if pum;ajymaom wkdif;&if;om;wkYd\,aeYjyefYESHYae

xkdif&m a'orsm;udk avhvmvQif ,if;tqkdonf ydkrkdxif&Sm;apEkdifrnf

jzpfonf/


102

jrefrmtpk0ifpum;rsm;

bmomaA'enf;t& avhvmvQif jrefrmEdkifiHom; 10-OD;wGif

8-OD;onf jrefrmtpk0if pum;rsm;udk ajymolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ jrefrm

tpk0ifpum;wkdYrSm...

(u) trsm;pkajymaeaom jrefrmpum;rsm;/

(c) ,if;jrefrmpum;ESifhtoHESifhav,lavodrf;wGif tenf;i,fuGJjym;

rI&Sdaom ]toHuGJ}jrefrmpum;rsm;/

(*) ,if;pum;rsm;tm;vkH;wkdYESifhtajccHwGif wlnDaom ]a&S;OD;jrefrm

pum;}rsm;jzpfonf/

jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY\tcsuftjcma'orsm;

trsm;pkajymaeaom jrefrmpum;udk wEkdifiHvkH;wGif tESHYtjym;

ajymqkdMuonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpum;ukdom trsm;qkH;ajymaomae&m

rSm csif;wGif;jrpfESifh{&m0wDjrpfqkH&m w0dkufjzpfaom rEÅav;? a&Tbkd?

ppfudkif;? yckuúL? jrif;jcH? ausmufqnfESifhrdw¬Dvmc&kdifrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;

a'orSm jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY\tcsuftjcma'ojzpfonf/ ,if;a'o

rS tjyifodkYa0;a0;oGm;avav jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY wjznf;jznf;avsmh

enf;vmavav jzpfonf/

odkYaomf a&S;uwnf;u jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdY a&mufí tajc

pdkufaexkdifcJhMuonfh a0;vHaoma'otcsKdUwkdYwGif toHuGJjrefrmpum;

ajymolwkdYu vlrsm;pkrsm; jzpfonfukd awGUEkdifayonf/

toHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm;

,if;uJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;rS jyefYESHYa&muf&SdoGm;í toH

uGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymqkdaeolwkYdukd taemufzufwGif &rf;NAJc&kdifESifh

ppfawGc&kdif(&ckdifpum;)? yckuúLc&kdif xD;vif;ESifhaqma'orsm;(a,m

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

103

pum;)? csif;0daoowkdif; awmifydkif; ukvm;wefjrpf&kd;wavQmuf(acsmif;

om;pum;)? ta&SUygupöwef(taemufzufom;wkdYajymMuaom &ckdif

pum;? ajrmufzufom;rsm; ajymMuaom acsmif;om;pum;)wkdYwGif awGU

Ekdif\/ awmifbufwGif xm;0,fc&kdif(xm;0,fpum;)ESifhNrdwfc&kdif(Nrdwf

pum;)wkdYwGif awGUEkdif\/ þtoHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolwkdYrSm jrefrm

EkdifiHtv,fydkif;&Sd vlwkdYESifh,Ofaus;rI? 0wfpm;qif,ifrIwkdYwGif rsm;pGm

uGJjym;jcif; r&SdMuay/

csefae&pfcJholrsm;

jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;\ta&SUbuf &Srf;ukef;jyifjrifh\taemuf

pGefwGifvnf; toHuGJjrefrmpum;udk ajymolrsm; &SdMuonf/ xkdwkdif;&if;

om;wkdYrSm ajrvwf\taemufpGefwavQmufaeol "Ekrsm;? olwkYd\ta&SU

bufwGif awmif&kd;rsm;? tif;av;uefw0dkufwGif tif;om;rsm; jzpfMu

onf/

þwkdif;&if;om;wkYdae&mrSm ajrjyefYaevlwkdYESifhrsm;pGm ruGma0;

vSaomfvnf; toHwGifomru ,Ofaus;rI? "avhxkH;? 0wfpm;qif,if

rIwkdYüyg ajrjyefYom;wkdYESifhuGJjym;rI &Sdaeonfudk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh

þwkdif;&if;om;wkdYrSm txufwGif qkdcJhaom &ckdifwkdif;? weoFm&Dwkdif;

ae toHuGJjrefrmpum; ajymolrsm;uJhodkY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;rS a&TU

ajymif;oGm;cJholrsm; rjzpfEkdifaMumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyeYfodkY

a&TUajymif;vmcJhpOfu vkdufygrvmbJ csefae&pfcJholrsm;om jzpfaMumif;

odomEkdifayonf/

rnfonfhbufrS vmoenf;

awmif&kd;ESifh"EkwkdYonf csefae&pfolrsm; jzpfvQif xkda&S;jrefrm

wkdYonf rnfonfha'orS vmonf[k qkdEkdifrnfenf;/ &Srf;jynfbufrS[k

om ajz&ef&Sdonf/


104

a&S;OD;jrefrmpum;ajymolrsm;

þtqkdtaMumif;udk rpOfpm;rD txufwGifqkdcJhaom a&S;OD;

jrefrmpum;ajymol wkdif;&if;om;wkdYaexkdif&ma'orsm;udk az:jyvQif

oifhrnfxifonf/ &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; er®wlw0dkufwGif aexkdifMuaom

r&lwkdif;&if;om;rsm;? &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; uGwfckdife,f ajrmufzuf w&kwf

jrefrme,fpyfwavQmufwGifawGU&aom tZD;ac: ZD;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;?

Aef;armfe,fwGif tenf;i,fawGU&í ,leefe,f [kdomESifhvome,fwGif

aeMuaom rkdif;omac:tcsef;rsm;? ucsifjynfe,f {&m0wDjrpfta&SUbuf

qrm;e,fw0dkuf&Sd tZD;ac: ZD;rsm;? olwkdY\ajrmufzuf q'kHe,fESifhavm

acgife,f awmifydkif;wGif&SdMuaom v&SDwkdif;&if;om;rsm;? olwkdY\ajrmuf

zuf avmacgife,fESifhaxma*gw0dkuf arcjrpf0Srf;ae r&lwkdif;&if;om;

rsm;? Aef;armfc&dkifESifhjrpfBuD;em;c&kdifqkH&m {&m0wDyxrjrpfusOf;wGifae

Muolrsm; jzpfonf/ r&lESifhv&SDwkdYudk jrpfBuD;em;w0dkufwGifvnf; awGU&

onf/

a&S;OD;jrefrmwdkY jyefYESHYaeykHudk qufpyfavhvmjcif;

þwkdif;&if;om;wkdY jyefYESHYaeykHudk &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; ajrvwfa'

oü "EkESihfawmif&kd;wkdif;&if;om;wkdYESifhqufpyfMunfhygu a&S;a[mif;jref

rmwkdYonf ajrmufzufucsifjynfe,fta&SUydkif;ESifh,leefe,ftaemuf

ydkif;rS awmifbuf&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;? ,if;rSwqifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif;

ajrvwfa'oodkY wqifhNyD;wqifh a&TUajymif;cJhaMumif; cefYrSef;od&SdEkdifay

onf/

þajrvwfa'orSwqifh jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif; ajrjyefYodkYajymif;

a&TUvmcJhjcif; jzpfonf[k em;vnfEkdifayonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

105

tb,fhaMumifh csif;wGif;ESifh{&m0wDjrpfESpfoG,fMum;odkY

rqif;cJhoenf;

,ck ucsifjynfe,fwGif;a&mufaecJhaom a&S;OD;jrefrmwkdYonf

xkdjynfe,ftwGif; tb,fhaMumifh {&m0wDjrpfudkjzwful;í ajrjyefYodkY

rqif;cJhoenf;[k ar;&ef&Sdygonf/

trSefpifppf olwkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfudk jzwful;um awmifbuf

odkY a&TUajymif;&ef BudK;pm;cJhMu[ef wl\/ odkYaomf xkdpOfu {&m0wDjrpf

ESifhcsif;wGif;jrpf pyfMum;a'owGif oufwkdYBuD;pdk;aom waumif;EkdifiH&Sd

aecJhí a&S;OD;jrefrmrsm; þbufrS ajrjyefYqDodkY rxkd;azmufEkdifbJ a&S;OD;

qkH;a&TUvmcJholwkdYonf {&m0wDjrpfusOf;wGif zGef;rsm;tjzpfjzifh &yfwefY

cJhMu&jcif; jzpfonf/

awmawmifa&ajr tajctaeuvnf; cufcJvSonf/ odkYjzpf

í wydef? a&TvDjrpfaMumif;rsm;? ,if;wkdYrSwqifh {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;vrf;

udk rvkdufcJhMujcif;jzpfonf[k qkd&ygrnf/

&Srf;jynfodkY

oufwkdY BuD;pdk;aom waumif;EkdifiHudk ta&SUbufrS yef;í jrpf

i,fjrpfaMumif;udkvkdufum &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wGif pwnf;cscJhMu\/

,if;rSwqifh &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; &yfapmufESifhajrvwfa'oodkYwqifh

ajymif;a&TUcJhMujcif; jzpfayonf/

tb,fhaMumifh ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;odkY tqif;cJhoenf;

tb,fhaMumifh awmifbufodkYqufqif;um ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;

twGif;odkY rqif;Muoenf;[k wenf;awG;&ef &Sdao;\/ ,if;odkYawmif

bufodkY rqufEkdifjcif;rSm xdkpOfu ajrvwfa'oawmifbufwGif u&if

wkdif;&if;om;wkdY tifESifhtm;ESihf a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/


106

þc&D;vrf;wGif yx0DrsufESmjyif tajctaerSmvnf; cufcJvS

\/ u&ifwkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf ,ck rkd;NAJe,f? u,m;jynfe,fESifhu&if

jynfe,fajrmufydkif;wkYdwGif ajcukyf,lrdMuNyD; jzpf&kHomru taemufzuf

ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;twGif;odkY tcGifhomvQif omovkd oufqif;a&muf&Sd

aecJhNyD;jzpfonfudk txufwGif qkdcJhNyD; jzpfygonf/

tvG,fqkH;ESifht[efYtwm; tenf;qkH;vrf;

þuJhodYkaom tajctaewGif a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYtwGuf c&D;

vrf;vnf; vG,ful? t[efYtwm;vnf; enf;yg;aom ajrvwfa'o

ajrmufydkif;ESifhajrjyefYquf&m ausmufqnfc&kdifavmufqDrS ajrjyefYodkY

0if&efom &Sdawmhonf/

&yfapmufESifhyif;w,qDrS ajrjyefYqDodkY

bmomaA't& toHuGJ jrefrmpum;ajymolawmifay:om;"Ek

ESifhawmif&kd;wkdYaexkdif&ma'oESifhyg qufpyfí pOf;pm;vQif txufwGif

qkdcJhaom ajrvwfa'oajrmufydkif; &yfapmufESifhyif;w,qDrS ajrjyefYodkY

qif;cJhMuonf[laomtqkdkudk ydkrkdvG,fulpGm xifjrifEkdifMurnf jzpfay

onf/

pdwful;ESifhtawG;rQomavm

txufwGif qkdcJhonfwdkYrSm jrefrmtpk0if pum;ajymolwkdY ,aeY

jyefYESHYaeykHudk bmomaA'EIdif;,SOfcsufay:wGif tajcwnfí aumufEkwf

csufcsxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tjcm;orkdif; taxmuftxm;rsm; r&Sdygo

avm/

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf ,leefe,ftaemufykdif;ESifh&Srf;jynf

ajrmufydkif;wkdYwGif tajcpdkufaecJhMuonf[kqkdaom tqkdudk axmufcH

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

107

Ekdifrnfh ckdifvkHaom tudk;tum;rsm; &Sdygoavm/ &SdvQif xkdpOfu[kqkdcJh

aom 8-&mpk 9-&mpkESpfrsm;twGif;u þa'orsm;wGif aecJhMuaom

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYtaMumif;udk odEkdifygrnfavm ponfh tar;wkdYudk

pOf;pm;rdMuayrnf/

þtar;wkdYudk rajzEkdifygu txufwGifqkdcJhaom a&S;a[mif;

jrefrmwkdY jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY qif;oufa&TUajymif;vmykHtpOfrSm

pdwful;rQom tawG;rQom jzpfcsdrfhrnf/ taxmuftxm;r&SdvQif EkdifiH

orkdif;r&SdEkdif[k qkdxm;onfhtwkdif; þawG;awm,lqcsufwkdYudk EkdifiH

orkdif;jzpf&yfrsm;[k qkd&ef vG,fulrnf r[kwfay/

acwfNydKifw&kwfpmay taxmuftxm;rsm;

8-&mpk ESifh 9-&mpkat'DESpfrsm;twGif;u ,leefe,ftaemuf

ydkif;ESifh&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;wGif tajcpdkufaexkdifcJhMuaom a&S;a[mif;

jrefrmrsm;taMumif;udk acwfNydKifa&;om;cJhaom w&kwf&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;

ESifha'oqkdif&m rSwfwrf;wkdYrS tckdiftvkH od&onf/ aexkdif&ma'o?

vkyfudkifpm;aomufrI? 0wfpm;qif,ifykH? t&nftcsif;rSpí tkyfpkvkduf

cGJjcm;az:jyxm;onfudkyif od&onf/

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmorkdif;onf eefapmorkdif;\wpdwfwa'o

xkda&S;jrefrmtkyfpkwkdYonf eefapmppfrsm;wGif ta&;ygaoma

&mrS yg0ifxrf;&GufcJhMu&í eefapmEkdifiHwefcdk;tiftm;BuD;rm;a&;twGuf

yg0ifaqmif&GufcJholrsm;? eefapmorkdif;wnfaqmuf&mwGif yg0ifcJholrsm;

jzpfaMumif; od&\/

eefapmwkdY ysLNrdKUawmfukd wkdufMu&mwGif ok0PÖblrda'oudk wkduf

Mu&mwGif [EGKdifudk wkdufMu&mwGif wdAufrsm; w&kwfwyfrsm;udk wkduf

Mu&mwGif olwkdYyg0ifcJhMuonf/ wenf;qkdaomf eefapmorkdif;\wpdwf

wa'oonf xkda&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY\orkdif;yif jzpfonf[k qkd&csdrfhrnf/


108

xkda&S;a[mif;w&kwf&mZ0ifusrf;rsm;? a'oqkdif&mrSwfwrf;rsm

ESifhwuG ,if;wkdYrS od&aom eefapmEkdifiHwGif; ,leeftaemufydkif;ESifh&Srf;

ajrmufydkif;wkdYwGif 8-&mpkESifh9-&mpkat'DESpfrsm;twGif;u aexdkifcJhMu

aom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmvlYtzGJUtpnf;wkdY\vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhppfa&;

orkdif;udk atmufwGif qufvufzwf&IEkdifMuygonf/

,if;odkYaz:jy&mü ydkrkdvG,fulpGm em;vnfoabmaygufEkdif&ef

eefapmEkdifiHtaMumif;ESifhorkdif;pOftusOf;udk az:jy&ef vdkrnfxifyg

onf/

xef

1

w&kwf rvTrf;rkd;Edkifaoma'o

w&kwfjynfudk at'D 618 rS 907-xd tkyfpdk;cJhaom xefrif;quf

onf w&kwfwkdY\orkdif;wGif acwfaumif;BuD;wckjzpf\/ EdkifiHwGif pD;yGm;

a&;? ,Ofaus;rI? pmay? tEkynm wkd;wufonf/ tm&StaemufEkdifiH

rsm;ESifhul;oef;a&mif;0,frI wkd;wufwnfwefYap&ef tm&Stv,fydkif;odkY

e,fcsJUí ukefoG,fvrf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;cJhonf/

þodkYjzifh xeftifyg,monf taemufzuf tm&Stv,fydkif;

wGif rsm;pGmus,fjyefYcJhonf/ odkYyifjzpfvifhupm; ,efpDjrpf\awmifbuf

,ckacwf ,leef? avGcsKd? vGrfpD? uGrfwkefponfha'orsm;udk vufatmufcH

EkdifiHrsm;[k oabmxm;&kHom xm;Ekdifonf/ ppfa&; EkdifiHa&;wkdYjzifh wkduf

&kdufvTrf;rkd;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhay/

wdAufjrefrm tEG,frsm;\a'o

xdkpOfu w&kwfjynf ,efpDjrpfawmifydkif;ae vlrsm;pkrSm w&kwf

rsm; r[kwfMuacs/ wdAufjrefrm tEG,f0ifbmompum; ajymolrsm;ESifh

&Srf;tpk0if bmompum;ajymolrsm;rSm xkda'owkdY\vlrsm;pk wkdif;&if;

om;rsm;jzpfMu\/

1. T'ang

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

109

xkda'owkdYwGif xefw&kwfwkdY\vufatmufcH r[kwfaomwkdif;

&if;om;wkdY\EkdifiHrsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;EkdifiHwkdYteuf tm;[kdif

(tm;yifv,f)

1

ywf0ef;usifwGif ay:aygufcJhaom EkdifiHi,f 6-EkdifiHwkdY

onf xif&Sm;\/ ,if;EkdifiHi,fwkdYü aexdkifolwkdYwGif armapmrsm;

2

? a&S;

a[mif;jrefrmrsm;? avmavmrsm;

3

paom wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0ifrsm;

ESifh&Srf;tpk0ifrsm; yg0ifMuonf/

eefapmEkdifiH

,if; 6-EkdifiHteuf awmifbufpGefusaom rkifa&Sapm

4

onf

tiftm;taumif;qkH;jzpfonf/ at'D 739wGif rkifa&SapmEkdifiHonf usef

EkdifiHi,f 5-ckukd odrf;oGif;í tiftm;awmifhwif;aom jynfaxmifpkudk

wnfaxmifonf/ NrdKUawmfudk tm;[kdiftaemufurf; ,ck wmvDzlNrKdU

awmifbufteD;wGif wnfaqmufcJhonf/ awmifbuf tusqkH;apm

(rif;)u OD;pD;wnfaxmifí w&kwfwkdYu eefapmEkdifiH

Ä

[k ac:a0:a&;

om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/

eefapmjynfaxmifpkudk wnfaxmifaom eefapm{u&mZf &SJifh

avmfzD

5

\aemuf qufpHaom rif;wyg;jzpfonfhaumfavmfzGJifh

6

vuf

xufwGif eefapm\tiftm; vGefpGmwkd;wufcJhonf/ xefw&kwfEkdifiH\

av;pm;jcif;udkyif cH&onf xdkpOfu w&kwfjynftaemufzuf&Sd wdAuf

EkdifiHrSmvnf; tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHwck jzpfcJhonf/ tm&Stv,fykdif;udk BuD;

1. Erh Hai2. Mo-so(rkd;qkd;[k odMuonf/)

3. Lo-lo(vkdvkd[k odMuonf/)

4. Meng-she ChaoÄ a&S;u eefapmudk &Srf;EkdifiH[k owfrSwfcJhMu\/ aemufxyf okawoe jyKcJhaom

ynm&SifwkdYu &Srf;rsm;yif &SdcJhonfrSefaomfvnf; &Srf;EkdifiH[k ac:&avmufatmif

rrsm;cJh[k ,lqMuonf/

5. Sheng-lo-pi 6. Ko-lo-feng


110

pkd;Ekdifa&;twGuf wdAufESifhxefw&kwfwkdYonf tjyeftvSef ppfqifETJae

MuqJjzpfonf/

,ck tiftm;BuD;EkdifiHwck ay:vmojzifh wdAufESifhw&kwfwkdY

onf eefapmEkdifiHjzpfaom xdktiftm;BuD;EkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;í tcsif;csif;

wkdufckduf&ef tajctaersm;jzpfay:cJhonf/ eefapmuvnf; rdrd\tusKd;

udk Munfhí wcgw&H wdAufESifhaygif;NyD; xefw&kwfudk wkdufonf/ wcg

w&H xefw&kwfESifhaygif;í wdAufudk 0ifwkdufonf/

þodkYjzifh þya'o&mZf 3-EkdifiH\ 3-yGifhqkdifppfonf jzpfay:

cJhonf/ þppfrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí eefapmonf pGdusKdESifha0SYxkifNrdKUudk

odrf;ydkufcJhonf/ taemufzufwGif ,ckaygif&SefrS arcjrpftxd ,if;rS

wqifh jrefrmEkdifiHajrmufpGef a&cJawmifBuD;rsm;txd cHNrdKUudk aqmuf

EkdifcJh\/ ysLEkdifiHESifhvnf; tquftoG,f&cJh\/

a&S;a[mif; jrefrmppfonfrsm;

þppfwkdYwGif a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwyfrsm; yg0ifqifETJcJh\/ txuf

wGif qkdcJhaom &SJifhavmfzDrif;vufxufrSpí a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf

eefapmjynfaxmifpk\rkifa&SapmEkdifiHi,fwGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/

xdka&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYrSm rnfolwkdYenf;/ olwkdY\taMumif;udk

acwfNydKifa&;cJhaom ref&I1usrf;? xef&mZ0ifusrf;a[mif;2ESifhxef&mZ

0ifusrf;opf3wkdYwGif awGU&SdEkdifayonf/ (tao;pdwftnTef;rsm;udkum;

rqkdawmhNyD/)

xkda&S;a[mif; jrefrmvlrsKd;pkwkdYudk xefacwf&mZ0ifq&mrsm;ESifh

tjcm;olwkdYonf xkdvlrsKd;pkwkdYu rdrdwkdY\tBuD;tuJrsm;udk ac:aom

bGJUtrnfjzifh odcJhMuonf/ a&;rSwfac:a0:Muonf/ tBuD;tuJudkac:

onfh tac:ta0:jzifh vlrsKd;pk\ trnfudk rSwfom;wwfonfh tavh

1. Man Shu 'Book of the Southern Barbarians' translated by Gordon11, Luce 1961.2. Chiu-t'ang-Shu 3.Hsin-t'ang-Shu

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

111

aMumifhyifjzpfonf/

ref&Iusrf;u ,ckodEéDe,fwGif rmif;apm

1

ESifhpaom trnf&Sdonfh

vlrsKd;pkrsm;? ,ckaygif&Sef\taemufajrmufzufwGif a0gif0kduf,l

2

vlrsKd;

pk? aygif&Sef\taemufzufwGif zl

3

rsm;? rJaygifjrpftaemufzufwGif 0gifh

usL

4

rsm; toD;oD;&Sdonf[k az:jyxm;\/

þtrnfwkdYwGif ]apm}ESifh]usK}wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? ]rmif;}]a0gif}

]0gifh}wkdYonfvnf;aumif; tajccHtoHwlaom pum;vkH;rsm; jzpfMuonf/

þ rmif;? a0gif? 0gifhwkdYrSm ,ckacwfokH; jrefrma0g[m& rif;(tkyfpkd;ol?

BuD;ol)\a&S;OD; a0g[m&rsm; jzpfEkdifayonf/

tvm;wlyif ]apm}ESifh]usK}wkdYrSmvnf; acwfokH;jrefrma0g[m&

]apm}odkYr[kwf]pdk;}ESifhxyfwl jzpfEkdifonf/ odkYjzpffí þvlrsKd;pkwkdYonf rdrd

wkdY\tBuD;tuJrsm;udk rif;apm? rif;pdk;[laom t"dyÜg,fESifhac:a0:cJhMu

onf[k em;vnfEkdifayonf/ þonfudk axmufí ,if;vlrsKd;pkwkdYudk

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;[k qkdjcif;jzpfonf/

Ä

t&nftaoG;ESifh"avhxkH;pHrsm;

vlrsKd;pkwkdY\"avhxkH;pH? 0wfpm;qif,ifykH? t&nftaoG;wkdYESifh

pyfvsOf;í tqkdyg ref&Iusrf;ü az:jyxm;csufwkdYrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,f

aumif;vSayonf/

rif;apm tpkrsm;

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;[k az:jycJhaom rmif; odkYr[kwf rmif;apm

vlrsKd;pkwkdY\taMumif;udk qkd&mü þtrnfESifhqifwl,dk;rSm;trnfrsm;&Sd

1. Mang-Chao 2. Wang-wai-yu 3. P'u 4. Wang-ChuÄ odkYaomf ]zl}ESifh]a0gif0dkuf,l}wkdY\trnfudkrl tvm;wl qufpyf,l&ef rvG,fulay/

odkYaomf olwkdYu olwdkY\tBuD;tuJESifhqufoG,f ajymqkdaomtcgwGif ]pkd;}toHxGuf

ESifhwlaom pum;udk okH;aMumif; xkdusrf;rSyif od&\/


112

aom tjcm;vlrsKd;pktrsm;&SdaMumif;? olwkdYonf ajcwH&Snftdrfrsm;ESifhae

aMumif;? teDa&mifydk;pjzifh OD;acgif;udk &pfywfwefqmqifum acgif;

aygif;pudk aemufwGifcsaMumif;? trsKd;orD;wkdYonf ta&mif 5-rsKd;ygaom

vJykd;xnfudk 0wfaMumif;? ,if;t0wfudk acgif;ay:xd jcKHEkdifaMumif;?

olwkdYonf tdrfteD;opfyifrsm;ay:wGif a'gif;rsm;udk arG;jrLxm;aMumif;

ponfjzifh az:jyxm;\/

ydk;acgif;aygif;eDudk tpaemufcsíaygif;jcif;? ajcwH&Snftdrfrsm;

ay:wGif aejcif;? jrefrmwkdYtav;tjrwfxm;aomtvHwGif a'gif;&kyfyg

jcif;wkdYrSm þa&S;a[mif;vlwkdY\tpOftvm tqufyifavm[k awG;xif

bG,f&m&Sd\/ rmif;vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;yif abmif;bDjym0wfí BudrfacG? 0g;ESD;

rsm;jzifh cg;udk ywfxm;Muonf[kvnf;qkd\/ ukef;jrifhom;rsm;jzpfaMumif;

xif&Sm;ayonf/

eefapmwyf wyfOD;rS yg&olrsm;

0gifhusKwkdYonf wkdufckdufa&;wGif 0goemxkHolrsm;jzpfonf/ aygh

yg;vsifjref zswfvwfonf/ jrif;pD;pOf vSHudk usifvnfpGm okH;wwfonf/

pD;&mwGif ukef;ESD;ryg/ tjyif;wkduf&ef 'kH;pD;aomtcgrsm;wGif ysHaeonf

[kxif&onf/ olwkdY\trsKd;orD;ysKdwkdYonfvnf; jrif;a&;wGif tvm;wl

pGrf;&nf&Sdolrsm;jzpf\/ eefapmrif;NrdKUESifhwyfNrdKUtoD;oD;rS ppfolBuD;rsm;

wyfxGufMuaomtcg 0gifhusKwkdYonf wyfOD;rS yg&onf/

Ä

þwGifvnf; jrif;pdkif;? jrif;ckHwkdif? jrif;cif;obif? jrif;Muefusrf;

rS pí NrdKUrnfrsm;? a&S;jrefrmwkdY\jrif;a&;uRrf;usifrI ponfwkdYESifhquf

pyfowd&rdMuayvdrfhrnf/

olrcHEkdifaom ppfonfrsm;

wzef a0gif0kduf,lwkdYtaMumif;udk MunfhMuygOD;pdkY/ olwkdYonf

vSH&Snf? um&SnfBuD;rsm;udk udkifaqmifonf/ olwkdY csDwufvmNyDqkdvQif

Ä Man Shu rsufESm 41

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

113

rnfolrS rckcHEkdif/ jrm;wkdYESifhopfom;av;('l;av;avm)ukdvnf; okH;onf/

jrm;oGm;udk tqdyfvl;xm;ojzifh jrm;csufxdol &kwfcsif;aoonf/

trsKd;orD;wkdY\t0wftxnfrSm tjyma&mifjzpfonf/ pyg;BuD;

a>roGm;rsm;? c&kcGHrsm;? ykvJppfrsm;ESifhukH;xm;aom ykwD;rsm;udk udk,fwGif

enf;trsKd;rsKd; ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh odkif;Muonf/ qGJxm;Muonf/ tdrfaxmif

r&Sdao;olonf xdyfwGif qHxkH;wxkH;om xkH;í tdrfaxmif&Sdolonf csKd

apmif;ae&mwGif wxkH;pDcGJí ESpfxkH; xkH;onf/

Ä

Avaumif;olrsm;

zlwkdYonf t&yftarmif; aumif;onf/ cGeftm;BuD;onf/ jyif;

xefíaMumufrufzG,f aumif;onf/ &J&ifhonf/ 0g;cReftypf tvGef

usifvnfonf/ awmeuftwGif; vif;EdkYudkyif xdatmifypfEkdifonf/ t

vGefvufajzmifhí vGJonfr&Sd/ olwkdYonf iSufaysm&GufwGif tpmykHípm;

onf/ cGufa,mufr&Sd/ ajrmufzuftusqkH; vlpkjzpfonf/

tHhbG,fZGJESifhowåd&SdykH

ZGJ? owådESifhopöm&SdrIwkdYwGif tHhbG,fo&J&SdvSonf/ w&kwfwkdYESifh

jzpf&aom ppfyGJwckwGif zlppfonftcsKdUudk w&kwfwdkYu rdoGm;&m trsKd;

rsKd;ESdyfpufn§Of;yef;í ppfaq;onf/ pum;wcGef;rQ r[acs/ vufaumuf

0wfrS vufudkjzwfypfí ppfar;jyefonf/ rajym/ atmf[pfjcif;yif rjyK

Mu/ÄÄ

jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY ra&mufrDu a&S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm;

rmif;apmESifhrif;apmtrnf qifwl,kd;rSm;&Sdaom a&S;a[mif;jref

rmwkdYonf at'D 7-&mpkESpfrsm;avmufwGif ,leeftaemufydkif;ESifhodEéD

ajrmufydkif;a'oodkY a&muf&SdaexkdifcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ tOD; a&TUajymif;olwkdY

Ä,if; - rsufESm 42

ÄÄ Man Shu rsufESm 39


114

jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefY ysLEkdifiHwGif;odkYyif a&mufESifhNyD;[k ,lqEkdif\/

eefapm jynfaxmifpkEkdifiH wnfaxmifvmaomtcg xkda&S;

a[mif;jrefrmvlrsKd;pkwdkYonf tjcm;wdAufjrefrmpum;ajymolwkdYESifhwuG

yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhMuonf/ wdAuf? w&kwf? eefapm(3)yGifhqkdif ya'o&mZf

ppfwkdYwGif jrif;onfausmf? ppfonfausmftjzpf yg0ifqifETJcJhMuonf/

atmifyGJrsm;udkvnf; &cJhMuonf/ ya'o&mZfeefapmEkdifiHorkdif;udk zef

wD;cJh&mwGif olwkdYyg0ifcJhMuonf/

ya'o&mZf vlrIpD;yGm;a&;

ppfonfrsm;tjyif awmif,m v,f,m pdkufysKd;vkyfudkifolrsm;

vnf; &SdcJhonf/ wl;ajrmif;rsm; azmufí v,f,mpdkufysKd;onfhtwwf

udkvnf; wwfodMuolrsm;jzpf\/ vlrsKd;pkH tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk tBuD;tuJ

(rif;)wkdYu tkyfcsKyfonf/

tajccH ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfa&;udkvnf; wwfMuolrsm; jzpfMu

\/ olwkdY\xl;jcm;aom pGrf;&nfrSm jrif;pD;usifvnfí vsifjrefpGm a&TU

ajymif;vIyf&Sm;um ppfwkdufEkdifonfh t&nftcsif;yif jzpfonf/

ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;

eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif yg0ifvifhupm; rdrdwkdYvlrsKd;pktvkduf

udk,fhrif;ESifhudk,f oD;jcm;zGJUpnf;aecJhonfh ya'o&mZfpepfwGif aecJhMu

olrsm; jzpf\/ odkYaomf eefapm\MoZmcH vlYtzGJUtpnf;jzpfonf/

eefapmwyfwGif ppfrIrxrf;vkdolwkdYonf eefapmEkdifiH\ukefxkwf

vkyfief;wkdYudk aqmif&Gufay;Mu&\/ rdrdwkdY0rf;pmtjyif rif;wkdif;aMu;

ay;&ef pkdufysKd;vkyfukdifMuonfh oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;tjyif {&m0wD

txufydkif;wGif a&Tusifjcif;? rvdcjrpftaemufzuf awmifrsm;ay:wGif

a&TwGif;wl;jcif;? aygif&Seftaemufzuf (10)pcef;tuGm ,ck jrefrmEkdifiH

ajrmufydkif;wGif e,fpyfMum;wGif qm;csufjcif;ponfh ukefxkwfvkyfief;

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

115

wkdYudk aqmif&GufMu\/

wd&pämefarG;jrLrI

a&S;jrefrmwkdY\xl;jcm;aom toufarG;rIvkyfief;w&yfrSm jrif;

rsm;udk arG;jrLavhusifhjcif;yif jzpf\/ OD;csKd&SnfEGm;wrsKd;? xGef,uf&ef

qifykrsm;? tarG;&Snf],uf}ac:EGm;wrsKd;ESifha'gif;wkdYudk arG;Mu\/

ukefoG,frI

taemufzufodkY eefapmwkdY e,fcsJUcJhojzifh taemufESifhukefoG,f

vrf;vnf; yGifhcJhonf/ wkdif;&if;om;wkdYonf tcsif;csif; vlokH;ukefypönf;

rsm;udk a&mif;0,fMuaomtcg tav;csdefowfrSwfxm;aom qm;cJrsm;

udk tojymtjzpf okH;Muonf/

uRefrsm;ESifhya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;

olwkdY\vlaerIpepfrSm ya'o&mZfpD;yGm;a&;pepfay:wGif wnf

ae&um; olwkdY\ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; trsm;pkudk ya'o&mZfwkdYtzkdY tokH;

jyKcJh&onf/ ppfEkdifí zrf;qD;&rdcJhaom okYYHyef;wkdYudk ]uRef}tjzpfxm;í

{&m0wDjrpfzsm; acG;awm iSufawmodkYydkYum a&Tusifaponf/ tvkyf

Murf;vkyfaponf/

olwkdY xkwfvkyfaom ypönf;wkdY\ 70 odkYr[kwf 80 &mEIef;udk

ya'o&mZfwkdYu ,lonf/ oD;ESHpdkufysKd;olwkdYtzkdYrSmvnf; 0rf;pmavmuf

udkomcsefí tm;vkH;udk ya'o&mZfwkdYtm; tcGeftjzpf qufo&onf/

ppfrIxrf;olwkdYom þrif;wkdif;aMu;rS vGwfMuonf/


116

oD;ESHpkdufysKd;a&;

pdkufysKd;aomoD;ESHwkdYwGif pyg;? ESHpyg;ajymif;? ajymif;icsdwf? yJ

trsKd;rsKd;? rka,m? *sKHwkdYjzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYudk eefapmEkdifiHajrjyefYa'oü

pkdufonf/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmtrsm;pkrSm ukef;jrifhom;rsm;jzpfí rdrdwkdYa'

oESifhudkufnDrnfhoD;ESHyifwkdYudkom pkdufcJhMuayrnf/

olwkdYonf eefapmta&SUydkif;vlrsm;? NrdKUawmfaevlrsm;avmuf

wkd;wufcJhjcif; r&Sdao;ay/ ajrjyefY&Sd olwkdYavmufom a&oGif;í pyg;

pdkufysKd;jcif;udkjyKMuNyD; ukef;jrifhawmifay:aeolwkdYrSmrl awmif,mpkdufysKd;

enf;udkom tm;ukd;cJhMuonf/

oD;ESHyifrsm;tjyif w&kwfqD;oD;? uGrf;oD;? tkef;? omulyif? awmif

ydef;eJ? yJvif;a>r? ausmufz&kH? usdwf? zefcg;? vufyH? av;udkif;vkyf&onfh

ydk;pmyifwrsKd;(ydk;arG;onhftyifrsKd; r[kwf)wkdYudkvnf; pdkufMuonf/ okH;

Muonf/ MuHha&? a<u? za,mif;? b,aq;ESifht0wftxnfrsm;ukdvnf;

xkwfvkyfMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY a&Tajymif;Mujcif;

olwkdY\a&SUajy;vlwkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHajrjyefYodkY a&mufESifhNyD;jzpf

EkdifaMumif; qkdcJhygNyD/ xdkaemufaomf rdrdwkdYuJhodkYyif w&kwfjynftaemuf

ajrmufpGefrS ta&SUbufaMumif; a&TUajymif;qif;vmcJhonf/

rdrdwkdYESifhtEG,fwl tjcm;wdAufjrefrmtEG,f0if wkdif;&if;om;

wkdYESifha&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYonf eefapmjynfaxmifpkwGif wyl;waygif;

wnf; aecJhMu\/

eefapmrif;wkdYonf wcgw&H a&S;a[mif;jrefrmvlpkudk zdESdyfwkduf

ckdufcJhjcif;&Sd\/ ppfa&;udk tajccHonfh ya'o&mZfpepfatmufwGif ae

&onfrSm aysmfarGUbG,f r[kwf/ xkdrSwyg; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY eefapmwkdY

ESifhtwl 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufcJhjcif;(ysLEkdifiHNrdKUawmf 832ESifhok0PÖblrdNrdKU

awmf835)ü yg0ifcJh&í a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEkdifiH\tajctaeudk odcJh&

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

117

aomtcg w&Gmajymif;rS olaumif;jzpfrnfqkdonfhoabmvnf; ayguf

vmcJhMuayrnf/

odkYjzpfívnf; ,cifu qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; wa&GUa&GUESifha&TUajymif;

a&muf&SdNyD; olYa&S;jrefrmrsm;&Sd&m jrefrmEkdifiHtv,fydkif;odkY ysLEkdifiHtysuf

wGif tajrmuftrsm; tvkH;t&if;ESifh a&TUajymif;0ifa&mufcJhMujcif; jzpf

onf/

þodkY 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg rGef? u&if? ysLwkdYtjyif w&kwf

jynftaemufajrmufzufrS taemufzufajymif;0ifvmcJhMuaom ouf?

csif; ponfwkdYESifhawGUqkHyl;aygif;cGifh&cJhMuonf/

a&muf&SdNyD;jzpfaom rGefcrmtEG,f0if rGef? yavmif? 0rsm;? ysL

rsm;? u&ifrsm;? taemufaMumif; wdAuf? jrefrmrsm;jzpfaom ouf? csif;

rsm;ESifh,ckta&SUaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY yl;aygif;rd

Muaomtcg yk*HEkdifiHopfudk wnfaxmifEkdifcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdY rl&if;a'orS eefapmodkYa&TUajymif;vmcJhykH

8-&mpkESifh9-&mpk at'DESpfrsm;twGif; eefapmzufrS jrefrmEkdifiH

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eefapmwkdYESifhtrsKd;tEG,f ,Ofaus;rIrSpí qufoG,faeonfudk az:xkwf

Ekdifonfh tjcm;taMumif;rsm; &Sdao;oavm/

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;odkY taemufzufaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom wdAuf

jrefrmbmompum; tEG,f0ifrsm;? ta&SUbufaMumif;rS 0ifvmaom

a&S;a[mif;jrefrmwkdYtygt0ifjzpfonfh wdAufjrefrmbmompum;tEG,f

0ifrsm;\rl&if;a'oESifhxkdpOfu&SdcJhaom ,Ofaus;rI? eefapmodkY a&muf

vmykHwkdYtwGuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &Sdygoavm[laom ar;cGef;ESpf&yf

udk þwGif ar;bdkYvkdvmygonf/ xdktcg þar;cGef;ESpf&yfwGif orkdif;pOf

rSefap&ef 'kwd,ar;cGef;udk yxr &Sif;vif;az:jyvkdygonf/


118

rl&if;a'o

w&kwfjynf taemufajrmufydkif; ,ckuefpke,fudk jzwfoef;í

taemufqDrS pD;qif;aom jrpf0gac: 0Smif[dkjrpfzsm;ydkif;wGif awmifbuf

rS pD;qif;vmaom ]axmif}ac: jrpfvufwufwck&Sd\/

þaxmifjrpf0Srf;wGif wl;azmfokawoejyKcJhaom orkdif;rwif

rDacwf a&S;a[mif;okawoe ynm&SifwkdYonf xkdjrpf0Srf;twGif; vGefcJh

aom ESpfaygif;av;axmifcefY(bDpD 2000)u ausmufacwfopftqifh

odkY a&mufaeNyDjzpfaom a&S;vla[mif;wkdY\&kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh,Ofaus;rI

qkdif&m ypönf;trsm;tjym;udk awGUcJhMu\/

þjrpf0gjrpf0Srf;\tv,fykdif;ESifhatmufydkif;wkdYwGif bDpD 3000

cefYu vla[mif;wkdY\&kyf<uif;rsm;ESifh,Ofaus;rIqkdif&mypönf;rsm;udk awGU

cJhMu\/ xkdynm&SifwkdY\aumufcsufcsrIrsm;udk axmufxm;í axmif

jrpf0Srf;om;wkdYrSm olwkdYta&SUbuf jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;om;wkdYESifhrwl/ oD;jcm;

,Ofaus;rIESifhtpOftvm&SdcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;tv,fydkif;

ESifhatmufydkif;ae a&S;a[mif;vlwkdYrSm w&kwfwkdY\a&S;bkd;ab;BuD;rsm;

jzpfonf/ axmifjrpf0Srf;ae vlwkdYrSm ,ck wdAufjrefrmbmompum;

tEG,f0ifwkdY\a&S;bdk;ab;BuD;rsm; jzpfcJhonf[k od&onf/

csd,efrsm;

axmifjrpf0Srf; a&S;a[mif;wdAufjrefrm ausmufacwfopf,Of

aus;rIonf jrpf0gjrpf0Srf;tv,fESifhatmufydkif;&Sd a&S;a[mif;w&kwf

ausmufacwfopf ,Ofaus;rIESifhtNydKifjzpfonf/ tqifhtwef;vnf; r

edrfhus/ txufwef;usvSaom ausmufacwfopf,Ofaus;rIjzpfonf/

þwdAufjrefrm bmompum; a&S;tEG,f0ifwkdYonf Nidrf;csrf;at;aq;

pGm vkyfudkifpm;aomuf aexkdifMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ a&S;a[mif;w&kwf

wkdYrSmrl tiftm;BuD;vQif BuD;ovkd wjcm;vlrsKd;rsm;udk wkdufckdufvkdolrsm;?

&efvkdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

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128

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129

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130

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131

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132

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133

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134

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136

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146

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148

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150

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152

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153

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154

tydkif;(6)

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155

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rsm;yifjzpfayonf/

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onf/


156

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ppma&;om;rItwwfESifhpmayysKd;axmifrI

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rsm;&SdaecJhaMumif;udk qkdcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ a&S;rGefwkdYrSm xkdacwfu txuf

wef;usaom ,Ofaus;rI&Sdaeolrsm; jzpfMuonf/

a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf þ 11-c&kdefa'owGif a&S;rGefwkYdESifhOD;pGmawGU

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wl\/

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&jcif;jzpf\/

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157

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&onf/

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1113)wGif yk*Hü txGwftxdyf a&mufcJhonf/


158

prSwfjyKMuonf/

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rsm;onf ,aeYwkdif wnfaejcif;jzpfonf/ ,Ofaus;rIysKd;axmifa&;wGif

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,kHMunfrI? tjrif0g'ysKd;axmifrI

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MunfrIqkdif&m ysKd;axmifrIjzpfonf/

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jA[®Pt,l0g'? Ak'¨0g'wdkYudk txufwef;uspGm avhvmwwf

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ay;EkdifcJhMuayonf/

AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

159

tkyfcsKyfa&; ysKd;axmifrI

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wl tawGUtMuKHrsm; &SdcJhonf/

,if;pepfrSm qkdcJhNyD;onfhtwkdif; wkdif;&if;pepfay:wGif tdE´d,

rS a&mufvmaom ya'o&mZfpepfvTrf;rkd;rIjzifh ay:aygufvmcJh&aom

pepfjzpf\/ eefapmwGif aecJhpOfuwnf;u a&S;jrefrmwkdYonf pDrHtkyf

csKyfa&;wGif uRrf;usifcJholrsm;jzpf\/ olwkdY\pepfrSm ya'o&mZfpepfyif

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160

jzpfonf/

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axmifvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/

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AdkvfrSL;b&Sif

161

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vmjcif;ESifhwlayonf/

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162

wGif tajcpkdufrdaomtcg taemufzuf&Sd y#duú&m;EkdifiHESifhyk*HwkdYonf

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tajcjyKí þ,lqcsufudk jyKvkyf&jcif; jzpfygonf/

c&D;raygufEkdifao;aom awmift&yf

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164

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168

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