5_macvanvu_dt1001_8275

n tt nghip

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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG

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ISO 9001:2008

N TT NGHIP

NGNH: IN T VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn: Thc s on Hu Chc

Sinh vin : Mc Vn V

HI PHNG - 2010

n tt nghip

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B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG

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NGHIN CU MNG IP/WDM

N TT NGHIP I HC CHNH QUY

NGNH : IN T VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn : Thc s on Hu Chc

Sinh vin : Mc Vn V

Hi Phng - 2010

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B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC DN LP HI PHNG

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NHIM V TI TT NGHIP

Sinh vin : Mc Vn V M s : 100225.

Lp : T1001 Ngnh: in t vin thng.

Tn ti : Nghin cu mng IP/WDM.

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NHIM V TI

1. Ni dung v cc yu cu cn gii quyt trong nhim v ti tt nghip (

v l lun, thc tin, cc s liu cn tnh ton v cc bn v).

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2. Cc s liu cn thit thit k, tnh ton.

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3. a im thc tp tt nghip.

Trung tm Vin thng in lc - Cng ty TNHH MTV in lc Hi Dng

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CN B HNG DN TI TT NGHIP

Ngi hng dn th nht:

H v tn : on Hu Chc.

Hc hm, hc v: Thc s.

C quan cng tc : Trng i hc Dn lp Hi Phng.

Ni dung hng dn

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Ngi hng dn th hai:

H v tn

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Hc hm, hc v

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C quan cng tc

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Ni dung hng dn

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ti tt nghip c giao ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.

Yu cu phi hon thnh xong trc ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.

nhn nhim v TTN giao nhim v TTN

Sinh vin Ngi hng dn

Hi Phng, ngy ....... thng ....... nm 2010.

HIU TRNG

GS.TS.NGT Trn Hu Ngh

PHN NHN XT TM TT CA CN B HNG DN

1. Tinh thn thi ca sinh vin trong qu trnh lm ti tt nghip: ..

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2. nh gi cht lng ca n ( so vi ni dung yu cu ra trong nhim v .T.T.N trn cc mt l lun, thc tin, tnh ton s liu...):

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3. Cho im ca cn b hng dn (ghi c s v ch) :

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Cn b hng dn

PHN NHN XT TM TT CA NGI CHM PHN BIN

1. nh gi cht lng ti tt nghip v cc mt thu thp v phn tch s liu

ban u, c s l lun chn phng n ti u, cch tnh ton cht lng thuyt

minh v bn v, gi tr l lun v thc tin ti.

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2. Cho im ca cn b phn bin. (im ghi c s v ch).

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Ngi chm phn bin

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MC LC

Mc lc ................................................................................................................. 1

BNG THUT NG VIT TT .................................................................... 11

LI M U .................................................................................................... 14

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG V

NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG WDM .......................... 16

1.1. Gii thiu chng .................................................................................... 16

1.2. Gii thiu thng tin quang ....................................................................... 17

1.2.1. nh ngha ................................................................................................ 17

1.2.2. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang ...... 17

1.3. Gii thiu K thut ghp knh theo bc sng WDM ............................ 19

1.3.1. nh ngha ................................................................................................ 19

1.3.2. S khi tng qut ............................................................................... 20

1.3.3. Phn loi h thng WDM ....................................................................... 21

1.3.4. u im v nhc im ca cng ngh WDM ................................... 22

1.3.5. Vn tn ti ca h thng WDM v hng gii quyt trong tng

lai ................................................................................................................................... 23

1.3.6. Chuyn mch quang trong h thng WDM ......................................... 23

1.3.7. Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM ........................................... 24

CHNG 2: TNG QUAN MNG IP/WDM .............................................. 31

2.1. Tng quan mng IP/WDM ............................................................................. 31

2.1.1. L do chn IP/WDM ............................................................................... 31

2.1.2. Cc th h WDM ..................................................................................... 33

2.1.3. Cc u im ca mng IP over WDM .................................................. 34

2.1.4. Cc gii php pht trin mng IP over WDM ...................................... 34

2.1.5. Cc chun ca mng IP/WDM .............................................................. 38

2.1.6. Cc m hnh lin mng IP/WDM .......................................................... 39

2.2. Tng quan cu trc mng IP/WDM .............................................................. 41

2.2.1. Kin trc tng qut mng IP/WDM ...................................................... 41

2.2.2. Cc kiu kin trc ca mng IP/WDM ................................................. 42

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CHNG 3: CC GIAO THC NH TUYN TRONG MNG

IP/WDM ............................................................................................................. 47

3.1. IP v giao thc nh tuyn.............................................................................. 47

3.1.1. IPv4 v IPv6 ............................................................................................. 47

3.1.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn IP ................................................................... 47

3.2. MPLS, GMPLS v MP S ............................................................................. 51

3.2.1. MPLS ........................................................................................................ 51

3.2.2. GMPLS v MP S ................................................................................... 52

3.3. nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh trong IP/WDM ..................................... 52

3.3.1. Gii thiu bi ton ................................................................................... 52

3.3.2. Bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng tnh S-RWA .......................... 53

3.4. nh tuyn v gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM (D-RWA) ................. 61

3.4.1. Gii thiu bi ton ................................................................................... 61

3.4.2. Bi ton nh tuyn ng trong IP/WDM ........................................... 62

3.4.3. Bi ton Gn bc sng ng trong IP/WDM .................................... 72

3.5. S gii hn bc sng (WR Wavelength Reservation) trong IP/WDM ...... 79

3.5.1. Phng php SIR ..................................................................................... 79

3.5.2. Phng php DIR .................................................................................... 80

CHNG 4: K THUT LU LNG TRONG MNG IP/WDM ........ 83

4.1. Khi nim k thut lu lng IP/WDM ....................................................... 83

4.2. M hnh ha k thut lu lng IP/WDM ................................................... 84

4.2.1. K thut lu lng chng ln ................................................................ 84

4.2.2. K thut lu lng tch hp ................................................................... 86

4.2.3. Nhn xt .................................................................................................... 87

4.3. M hnh chc nng ca k thut lu lng IP/WDM ................................ 88

4.4. Ti cu hnh trong k thut lu lng IP/WDM ......................................... 91

4.4.1. Cc iu kin ti cu hnh mng IP/WDM ....................................... 91

4.4.2. Ti cu hnh m hnh o ng i ngn nht ................................... 92

4.4.3. Ti cu hnh cho cc mng WDM chuyn mch gi ........................ 95

KT LUN ........................................................................................................ 99

TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 101

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BNG THUT NG VIT TT

APD Avalanche Photodiode Diode tch sng quang thc l

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode Kiu truyn bt ng b

APS Automatic Protection Swithching Chuyn mch bo v t ng

AWG Array Waveguide Grating Lc quang mng ng dn sng

CDM Code Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo m

CO Central Office Tng i trung tm

DWDM Dense WDM WDM mt cao

DSF Dipersion Shifted Fiber Si quang DSF

EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier B khuch i quang si Erbium

FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class Nhm chuyn tip tng ng

ISDN Itegrated Service Digital Network Mng s tch hp dch v

ITU-T Internation Telecommunication Union T chc vin thng quc t

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Nhm c trch k thut Internet

LED Light Emitting Diode Diode pht quang

LD Diode Laser Phn t pht x nh sng

LOH Line Over Head Mo u on

A

B

C

D

F

I

L

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LP Lightpath ng i nh sng

LSA Link State Advertisements Thng ip trng thi lin kt

MPLS Multi-protocol Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng

NNI Network-to-Network Interface Giao din lin mng NNI

OXC Optical Cross Connect B ni cho quang

OTN Optical Transport Network

OLT Optical Line Terminator Thit b u cui quang

ONT Optical Network Terminal B kt ni mng cp quang

OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplex B ghp knh xen/rt quang

OIF Optical Internetworking Forum Cc t chc v din n quc t

OLS Optical Label Switching Chuyn mch nhn quang

OBS Optical Burst Switching Chuyn mch nhm quang

OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Knh gim st quang

OAM&P Operrations Adminnitration

Maintenance And Provisioning Khai thc, qun l v bo dng

OSPF Open Shortest Path First Giao thc u tin con ng ngn

ONU Optical Network Unit Thit b mng quang

ODN Optical Distribution Network H thng phn phi mng quang

PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative Diode bn dn PIN

POH Path Over Head Chuyn mch gi

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy Ghp knh cn ng b s

PIM Protocol Independent Multicast Multicast c lp giao thc

PIM-DM Dense Mode Ch c lp

PIM-SM Sparse Mode Ch tha tht

POTS Plain Old Telephone Service Dch v in thoi truyn thng

O

P

N

M

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RIP Routing Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn

STM-n Synchronous Transfer Module Modul truyn ng b th n

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierachy Ghp knh ng b s

TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia thi gian

UNI User-to-Network Interface Giao din ngi s dng mng

WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng

S

T

W

U

R

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LI M U

Xu hng giao thc IP tr thnh tng hi t cho cc dch v vin thng

ngy cng tr nn r rng. Pha trn tng IP, vn ang xut hin ngy cng nhiu

cc ng dng v dch v da trn nn IP. Nhng u th ni tri ca lu lng IP

ang t ra vn l cc hot ng thc tin k thut ca h tng mng nn

c ti u ho cho IP. Mt khc, quang si, nh mt cng ngh phn tn, ang

cch mng ho ngnh cng nghip vin thng v cng nghip mng nh dung

lng mng cc ln m n cho php, qua cho php s pht trin ca mng

Internet th h sau. S dng cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM da

trn nn mng hin ti s c th cho php nng cao ng k bng thng m vn

duy tr c hin trng hot ng ca mng. N cng c chng minh l

mt gii php hiu qu v mt chi ph cho cc mng ng di.

Khi s pht trin trn ton th gii ca si quang v cc cng ngh WDM,

v d nh cc h thng iu khin v linh kin WDM tr nn chn mui, th cc

mng quang da trn WDM s khng ch c trin khai ti cc ng trc m

cn trong cc mng ni th, mng vng v mng truy nhp. Cc mng quang

WDM s khng ch cn l cc cc ng dn im im, cung cp cc dch v

truyn dn vt l na m s bin i ln mt mc mm do mi. Tch hp IP

v WDM truyn ti lu lng IP qua cc mng quang WDM sao cho hiu

qu ang tr thnh mt nhim v cp thit.

Do vy, n tt nghip ca em l Nghin cu v mng IP/WDM.

n trnh by cc vn c bn, kin trc, cc k thut nh tuyn cng nh vn

truyn ti lu lng trong mng IP/WDM. n bao gm 4 chng:

Chng 1: Tng quan v h thng thng tin quang v nguyn

l ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. Chng ny s trnh by s , cc

u nhc im v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng WDM.

Chng 2: Tng quan mng IP/WDM. Chng ny s trnh

by khi nim chung mng IP/WDM, l do chn mng IP/WDM, cc th

h, u im, cc gii php pht trin, cc chun v cc kiu kin trc ca

mng IP/WDM.

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Chng 3: Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng IP/WDM.

Chng ny tp trung tm hiu vic nh tuyn v gn bc sng trong

mng IP/WDM. Trnh by chi tit bi ton nh tuyn v gn bc sng

tnh ng, s gii hn bc song WR trong mng IP/WDM.

Chng 4: K thut lu lng trong mng IP/WDM. Chng

ny ch ra khi nim, m hnh ha k thut lu lng, ti cu hnh m hnh

o ng i ngn nht, ti cu hnh cho mng WDM chuyn mch gi.

Thng qua n em trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v mt cng

ngh mng mi mng IP/WDM. Tuy nhin, do nng lc v kin thc cn

nhiu hn ch nn n khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn

c nhng ng gp qu bu ca cc Thy C gio v ton th cc bn.

Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Thc s on Hu Chc ngi

trc tip hng dn, ch bo em c th hon thnh n tt nghip ny. Em

cng xin cm n tt c cc Thy C, gia nh v cc bn tn tnh gip

em trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng.

Em xin chn thnh cm n!

Hi Phng, ngy 10 thng 7 nm 2010

Sinh vin

Mc Vn V

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CHNG 1:

TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

V NGUYN L GHP KNH THEO BC SNG WDM

1.1. Gii thiu chng

Lng thng tin trao i trong cc h thng thng tin ngy nay tng ln

rt nhanh. Bn cnh vic gia tng v s lng th dng lu lng truyn thng

trn mng cng thay i. Dng d liu ch yu l lu lng Internet. S ngi

s dng truy cp Internet ngy cng tng v thi gian mi ln truy cp thng

ko di gp nhiu ln cuc ni chuyn in thoi. Chng ta ang hng ti mt

x hi m vic truy cp thng tin c th p ng mi lc, mi ni chng ta

cn. Mng Internet v ATM ngy nay khng dung lng p ng cho nhu

cu bng thng trong tng lai.

Lu lng

Nm

50

100

150

200

250

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Thoi

D liu

Hnh 1.1. S gia tng lu lng d liu v ting ni qua cc nm

K thut thng tin quang v s ra i ca k thut ghp knh theo bc

sng WDM c xem l v cu tinh ca chng ta trong vic gii quyt vn

trn. Bi v h thng thng tin quang c nhng kh nng vt tri nh: bng

thng khng l (gn 50 Tbps), suy gim tn hiu thp (khong 0.2dB/km), mo

tn hiu thp, i hi nng lng cung cp thp, khng b nh hng ca nhiu

in t, kh nng bo mt caoV vy thng tin quang ni chung v k thut

WDM ni ring c xem l k thut cho h thng thng tin bng rng; khng

ch c bit ph hp vi cc tuyn thng tin ng di, trung k m cn c tim

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nng to ln trong vic thc hin cc chc nng ca mng ni ht v p ng mi

loi hnh dch v hin ti v trong tng lai.

V vy vic nghin cu, xy dng v pht trin h thng thng tin si

quang l cn thit cho nhu cu pht trin thng tin trong tng lai. Trong

chng ny, chng ta s gii thiu, tm hiu tng quan h thng thng tin quang

v k thut ghp knh theo bc sng WDM.

1.2. Gii thiu thng tin quang

1.2.1. nh ngha

Khc vi thng tin hu tuyn hay v tuyn cc loi thng tin s dng

mi trng truyn dn tng ng l dy dn v khng gian nh hnh 1.2 th

thng tin quang l h thng truyn tin qua si quang nh hnh 1.3. iu c

ngha l thng tin c chuyn thnh nh sng v sau nh sng c truyn

qua si quang. Ti ni nhn, n li c bin i thnh thng tin ban u.

Metal wire

Sound

Electrical Signal

Electrical Signal

Sound

Hnh 1.2. Thng tin hu tuyn

Optical Fiber

Sound Electrical Signal Electrical Signal Sound

Electrical SignalOptical Signal

Optical SignalElectrical Signal

Hnh 1.3. Thng tin quang

1.2.2. Cu trc v cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang

M

ha

Thit b

pht quangB

lp

Thit b

thu quang

Gii

mPht Si

quangThuSi

quang

Hnh 1.4. Cu trc ca h thng thng tin quang

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Cc thnh phn ca tuyn truyn dn quang bao gm: phn pht quang,

cp si quang v phn thu quang.

Phn pht quang: c cu to t ngun pht tn hiu quang v cc

mch iu khin lin kt vi nhau. Phn t pht x nh sng c th l: Diode

Laser (LD), Diode pht quang (LED). LED dng ph hp cho h thng thng

tin quang c tc khng qu 200Mbps s dng si a mode. LED pht x t

pht, nh sng khng nh hng nn s dng LED tt trong h thng thng

tin quang th n phi c cng sut bc x cao, thi gian p ng nhanh. LD khc

phc nhc im ca LED, thng s dng LD cho truyn dn tc cao. LD

c nhiu u im hn so vi LED: ph pht x ca LD rt hp (khong t 1 n

4nm nn gim c tn sc cht liu), gc pht quang hp (5-100), hiu sut

ghp nh sng vo si cao.

Cp si quang: gm cc si dn quang v cc lp v bc xung quanh

bo v khi tc ng c hi t mi trng bn ngoi. C th chn cc loi si

sau: si quang a mode chit sut nhy bc, si quang a mode chit sut gim

dn, si quang n mode.

Phn thu quang: do b tch sng quang v cc mch khuch i, ti

to tn hiu hp thnh. Trong h thng thng tin quang, ngi ta quan tm nht

i vi cc b tch sng quang l cc diode quang PIN v diode quang kiu thc

APD c ch to t cc bn dn c bn Si, Ge, InP.

Ngoi cc thnh phn ch yu ny, tuyn thng tin quang cn c cc b

ni quang, cc mi hn, cc b chia quang v cc trm lp. Tt c to nn mt

tuyn thng tin hon chnh.

Tng t nh cp ng, cp si quang c khai thc vi iu kin lp

t khc nhau, c th c treo trn tri, chn trc tip di t hoc t di

bin,ty thuc vo cc iu kin lp t khc nhau m ch to ca cp

cng khc nhau v cc mi hn s kt ni cc di cp thnh di tng cng

ca tuyn c lp t. Tham s quan trng nht ca cp si quang tham gia

quyt nh di tuyn l suy hao si quang theo bc sng.

Ngun pht quang thit b pht c th s dng LED hoc laser bn dn.

C hai ngun pht ny u ph hp cho cc h thng thng tin quang, vi tn

hiu quang u ra c tham s bin i tng ng vi s thay i ca dng iu

bin. Bc sng lm vic ca ngun pht quang c bn ph thuc vo vt liu

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ch to, on si quang ra ca ngun pht quang phi ph hp vi si dn

quang khai thc trn tuyn.

Tn hiu nh sng c iu ch ti ngun pht quang s c lan

truyn dc theo si quang ti phn thu quang. Khi truyn trn si dn quang,

tn hiu thng b suy hao v mo do cc yu t hp th, tn x, tn sc gy nn.

B tch sng quang phn thu thc hin tip nhn nh sng v tch ly tn hiu

t hng pht ti. Tn hiu quang c bin i tr li thnh tn hiu in. Cc

photodiode PIN v photodiode thc APD u c th s dng lm cc b tch

sng quang trong cc h thng thng tin quang. c tnh quan trng nht ca

thit b thu quang l nhy thu quang.

Khi khong cch truyn dn kh di, ti mt c ly no , tn hiu quang

trong si b suy hao kh nhiu th cn thit phi c cc trm lp quang t trn

tuyn. Nhng nm gn y, cc b khuch i quang c s dng thay

th cho cc thit b trm lp quang.

1.3. Gii thiu K thut ghp knh theo bc sng WDM

1.3.1. nh ngha

Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM l cng ngh Trong mt si quang

ng thi truyn dn nhiu bc sng tn hiu quang. u pht nhiu tn hiu

quang c bc sng khc nhau c t hp li ghp knh truyn i trn

mt si quang. u thu, tn hiu t hp c phn gii ra tch knh, khi

phc li tn hiu gc ri a vo cc u cui khc nhau.

Hay ni cch khc, WDM cho php ta tng dung lng knh m khng

cn tng tc bit ca ng truyn v cng khng dng thm si dn quang.

Thc t c th hiu n gin l thay v truyn mt sng quang trn mt si

quang, by gi ta ghp nhiu sng quang c bc sng khc nhau nh vo mt

MUX multiplexing ri truyn trn mt si quang. u bn kia ta dng

DEMUX demultiplexing tch cc sng ra khc nhau.

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1.3.2. S khi tng qut

MUXDE

MUX

Tx1

Tx2

TxN

Pht tn hiuGhp tn hiu

EDFA EDFA

K tn hiu K tn hiu

Truyn tn hiu trn si quang

Rx1

Rx2

RxN

Tch tn hiu Thu tn hiu

Hnh 1.5. S chc nng h thng WDM

Pht tn hiu: Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht quang c dng l

laser. Hin ti c mt s loi ngun nh: laser iu chnh c bc sng

(Tunable Laser), Laser a bc sngYu cu i vi ngun pht Laser l phi c

rng ph hp, bc sng pht ra n nh, mc cng sut pht nh, bc sng

trung tm, rng ph, rng iu bin phi nm trong gii hn cho php.

Ghp/tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun

sng khc nhau thnh mt lung tn hiu nh sng tng hp truyn dn qua

si quang. Tch tn hiu WDM l s phn chia lung nh sng tng hp

thnh cc tn hiu nh sng ring r ti mi cng u ra b tch. Hin ti c rt

nhiu b tch ghp nh: b lc mng mng in mi, cch t Bragg si, cch t

nhiu x, linh kin quang t hp AWG, b lc Fabry-Perot V khi ta cn

xt n cc tham s nh: khong cch gia cc knh, tnh ng u ca knh,

suy hao xen, suy hao phn x Bragg, xuyn m u vo u ra.

Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang

chu s nh hng ca nhiu yu t: suy hao si quang, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi

tuyn, vn lin quan n khuch i tn hiu.

Khuch i tn hiu: h thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch

i si quang EDFA. Tuy nhin, b khuch i Raman hin nay cng c

s dng trong thc t. C ba ch khuch i: khuch i cng sut, khuch

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5_macvanvu_dt1001_8275