60610135-Fibres.ppt

7/18/2019 60610135-Fibres.ppt

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Fibres Classifcation andproperties

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Introduction

• A unit o matter which is capable obeing spun into a yarn or made into aabric by bonding ( Non woven)

• It is a smallest textile componentwhich is microscopic hair liesubstance that may be man made ornatural!

• "hey have length at least hundredtimes to that o their diameter orwidth

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Classifcation

• Classifcation o fbers can be done by#

• "ype (Natural and manuactured)

• $ength (%hort staple& long staple&continuous flament)

• %i'e (ltra fne& fne& regular& course)

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eneral classifcation

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Classifcation based on type

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Classifcation based onlength

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Natural fbers

• Any hair lie raw material directlyobtainable rom an animal& vegetable ormineral source that can be convertible

ater spinning into yarns and then intoabric!

• nder them there are various categories#

–

*lant – Animal

– +inerals

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+anmade fbres

• +ade rom chemical

compounds

produced in

manuacturing

acilities& original

orm not recogni'ed

as fber!

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Cotton

• Cotton is a natural vegetable

fbre produced in the cotton

plant in many countries othe world

• Cotton is widely used "extile

Fiber in "extile Industry& due

to it,s versatile uses!

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*roperties o cotton

• It is sot

• It .breathes/

• It absorbs body moisture

• It is comortable

• It is strong and durable

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*roperties o cotton

• It has good colour retention

• It is easy to print on

• It wrinles easily

• It is easy to care or& easy to wash

• It is a natural resource that is ully

renewable

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*hysical properties oCotton

• $ength o cotton fber

– $ength o cotton fbre varies rom 01mm to

23 mm depending upon the type o cotton!

• Fineness o cotton#

– $onger the fbre& fner the fbre in case o

cotton fbre! It is expressed in term o

decitex and it varies rom 0!0 to3!4 decitex

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• Cross5section#

– Cross5section o cotton fbre is somewhat ribbon lie

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$inen• Linen Fiber is a natural fber which

is made rom Flax! 6n the other

hand& linen fber is called as

7egetable fbre!

• Fibre extracted rom the stems o the

8ax plant

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$inen

• Characteristics of Linen Fiber:

– Clothes that made by linen is

comortable to use

– $inen fber is stronger than cotton

–

9and washable : dry cleanable

– Crisp eeling

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$inen

– "ailors ;ell

– Absorbent

– <yes : *rints well

– No %tatic : *illing problems

–

ood Abrasion =esistant

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*roperties o linen

• Strength:

– "wo to three times stronger than cotton

• Elasticity:

– $inen is the least elastic natural abric!

• Resilience:

– $inen is >uite sti? and wrinles easily

• Absorbency: – fber absorbs moisture and dries more

>uicly

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*roperties o linen

• Heat Conductivity:

– 9eat conductivity o linen is fve times as

high as that o wool and 0@ times as that o

sil

• Crisp

– "he linen abric has a crisp eel with a

distinctive outloo and eel

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*roperties o linen

• Good Abrasion Resistant

– it also has good abrasion resistance

• No static electricity

– Another property o linen is that it does

not accumulate static electricity

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$inen

• +icroscopic view o linen crosssectional and longitudinal

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ute

• ute is one o the cheapest natural

fbres and is second only to cotton!

ute fbres are composed primarily o

the cellulose and lignin

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ute

• *roperties#

– ltimate ute $ength# 0!2 to B mm!

– ltimate <iameter o ute# !02 to !3

mm!

– ute Color# ute fber can be ;hite& Dellow&

Erown or rey!

– %trength o ute# 4!2 to 2 <en!

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ute

– %pecifc ravity# 0!BG

– +oisture =egain o ute# 04!H2 (%tandard)!

–

Jlasticity# Ereaing Jxtension 0!G andJlastic =ecovery very low!

– =esiliency# Ead!

– <imensional %tability o ute# ood on

average!

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ute

• Cross sectional and longitudinalstructure o Kute

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%il

• %il is a natural fber and an animal

fber too

• "he lie cycle o %il worm is as L

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%il

• Characteristics:

– %ot or Crisp Feeling

– $uxurious

– <rapes *roperty is ood

– %il Fiber Is 7ery +uch "hin

– <yeing *roperty is good on %il

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%il

– *rints ;ell

– 9and ;ashing : <ry Cleaning Is *ossible

– %il Creates %tatic Charges

– %il has no pilling problem

–

Abrasion =esistance Is ood

– $ight Fastness Is *oor

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Cross sectional andlongitudinal view

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%il

*hysical properties

• "enacity#

– "he sil flament is strong

• 9ygroscopic nature

– Eecause sil has a very crystalline polymersystem& it is less absorbent than wool!

• "hermal properties – %il is more sensitive to heat than wool!

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%il

Chemical properties#

• J?ect o acids

– %il is degraded more readily by acids than is

wool!• J?ect o alalis

– Alaline solutions cause the sil flament toswell!

• J?ect o sunlight and weather

– "he resistance o sil to the environment is notas good as that o wool

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;ool

• ;ool is a protein fber and it isproduced by the animals nown assheep! It is uni>ue fre with scales on

its surace! ;ool& is a multi5cellularfber and very expensive in price!

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;ool

• ;ool,s uni>ue cellular structure gives

it a number o desirable properties

• Absorbency#

– ;ool has the potential to soa up 4

o its weight in moisture without ever

seeming overly moist or damp

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;ool•

Flame5=esistance# – fber largely 8ame5retardant! ;ool does not

combust

• =esilience# 2 when wet& 4 when dry

• Insulator

• 6dor absorbent

• <urable

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;ool

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7iscose =ayon

• Rayon is a anufactured

regenerated cellulosic !ber"

• It has a serrated round shape with

smooth surace!

• It loses 452 o its strength when

it is wet!

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=ayon

•=ayon is produced rom naturally occurring

polymers and thereore it is not a synthetic

fber& but a manuactured regenerated

cellulosic fber!

• "he fber is sold as artifcial sil

• "here are two principal varieties o rayon

namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon

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=ayon

• +oisture Absorption#

– +oisture Content 504

• "ensile %trength

– It is 0!253!B gpd in the dry state and !H5

0!3 gpd in the wet state

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•

Jlasticity – less than 354

•

Jlongation at Erea – 0254 elongation at brea

•

<ensity – 0!24 gcc

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=ayon

Chemical properties#

• Action o %olvents

– "extile solvents can be used on 7iscose

rayon without any deteriorating e?ect

• J?ect o Iron

– weaens viscose rayon yarns

• Action o +icroorganisms – a?ect the colour& strength& dyeing

properties and lustre

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=ayon

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*olyester• "he most common polyester or fber

purposes is poly (ethylene terephthalate)& or

simply *J"!

• *J" is made by reacting ethylene glycol with

either terephthalic acid or its methyl ester in

the presence o an antimony catalyst

• "hen by melt spinning fbres are extracted

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*6$DJ%"J=

• Characteristics#

– %trong

– =esistant to stretching and shrining

– =esistant to most chemicals

–Muic drying

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*olyester

– Crisp and resilient when wet or dry

– ;rinle resistant

– +ildew resistant

– Abrasion resistant

–

=etains heat5set pleats and crease

– Jasily washed

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*olyester

• <enier# !2 L 02

• "enacity # dry 4!2 5 H! # wet 4!2 5 H!

• Jlongation at brea # dry 02 5 B2 #

wet 02 B2

• +oisture =egain# !B

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*olyester

• %pecifc ravity# 0!41 5 0!B0

• Jlastic =ecovery 3 O@G # 2 O 12

• +elting point # 31 5 3H degree C

• J?ect o %unlight # turns yellow&

• Can be dyed only by <isperse dyes

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*olyester

• =esistance to ;eathering# good

• =ot =esistance# high

• Alali =esistance# damaged by C6N

alali

• Acid =esistance# excellent

• 6rganic Chemical =esistance# good

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Nylon

• Nylon was the frst truly synthetic fber to

be commerciali'ed

•

It is a polyamide fber

• "he two most common are nylon 11

(polyhexamethylene adiamide) and nylon 1

(*olycaprolactam& a cyclic nylon

intermediate)

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Nylon

• *roperties o Nylon 11

– "enacity5elongation at brea ranges

rom G!Ggd50G to B!4 gd5B2!

– Its tensile strength is higher than that o

wool& sil& rayon& or cotton!

– 0 elastic under G o extension

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Nylon

– %pecifc gravity o 0!0B

– +elting point o 314oC

– Jxtremely chemically stable

– No mildew or bacterial e?ects

–

B 5 B!2 o moisture regain

– <egraded by light as natural fbers

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Nylon

– *ermanent set by heat and steam

– Abrasion resistant

–

$ustrous5 Nylon fbers have the luster o sil

– Jasy to wash

– Can be pre colored or dyed in wide range o

colorsP dyes are applied to the molten mass

o nylon or to the yarn or fnished abric!

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Nylon

– =esilient

– Filament yarn provides smooth& sot&

long lasting abrics

– %pun yarn lend abrics light weight and

warmth

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Nylon

• "he fbre has a smooth rod lieshape with a smooth surace

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Acrylic

•

Acrylic is another man5made fbre where

development in ermany paralleled that in

the %A!

• H2 o acrylic fbres are used in apparel&

3 in home urnishing and 2 in

industrial end5uses

• Also called as artifcial wool

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Acrylic•

Feels lie wool& with high bul!• 7ery good heat retention and astness to

light!

• 7ery good shape retention& durability& easy

care and >uic dry >ualities

• low water absorption& light and weather

resistance!

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60610135-Fibres.ppt