8 25 Lecture Ch 1 A

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PowerPoint Lecture Slides

prepared by

Janice Meeking,

Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1

The Human

Body: AnOrientation:Part A

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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy: The study of structure

Subdivisions:

Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface,and systemic anatomy)

Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)

Developmental (e.g., embryology)

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Physiology: The study of function at many

levels

Subdivisions are based on organ systems

(e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)

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Essential tools for the study of physiology:

Ability to focus at many levels (from systemic

to cellular and molecular)

Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical

currents, pressure, and movement)

Basic chemical principles

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Principle of Complementarity

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.

Function always reflects structure

What a structure can do depends on itsspecific form

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Levels of Structural Organization

Chemical: atoms and molecules (Chapter 2)

Cellular: cells and their organelles (Chapter 3)

Tissue: groups of similar cells (Chapter 4)

Organ: contains two or more types of tissues

Organ system: organs that work closely

together

Organismal: all organ systems

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Cardiovascular

system

OrganelleMoleculeAtoms

Chemical level

Atoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular levelCells are madeup of

molecules.

Tissue level

Tissues consist of similar

types of cells.

Organ level

Organs are madeup of different types

of tissues.

Organ system level

Organ systems consist of different

organs that work togetherclosely.

Organismal level

The human organism is madeup

of many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

HeartBlood

vessels

Epithelial

tissue


1 2

3

4

56

Figure 1.1

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MoleculeAtoms

Chemical level


1

Figure 1.1, step 1

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Chemical level



molecules.

Smooth muscle cell

1 2

Figure 1.1, step 2

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Chemical level



molecules.

Tissue level


types of cells.

Smooth muscle cell


1 2

3

Figure 1.1, step 3

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Cardiovascular

system


Chemical level



molecules.

Tissue level


types of cells.

Organ level


of tissues.

Organ system level



Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


HeartBlood

vessels

Epithelial

tissue


1 2

3

4

5

Figure 1.1, step 5

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Cardiovascular

system


Chemical level



molecules.

Tissue level


types of cells.

Organ level


of tissues.

Organ system level



Organismal level

The human organism is madeup

of many organ systems.

Smooth muscle cell


Connective tissue


HeartBlood

vessels

Epithelial

tissue


1 2

3

4

56

Figure 1.1, step 6

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a

NailsSkin

Hair

(a) Integumentary System

Forms theexternal body covering, and

protects deepertissues from injury.

Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses

cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)

receptors and sweat and oil glands.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b

Bones

Joint

(b) Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs,

and provides a framework the muscles

use to cause movement. Blood cells

are formed within bones. Bones store

minerals.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3c

Skeletal

muscles

(c) Muscular System

Allows manipulation of theenvironment,

locomotion, and facial expression. Main-

tains posture, and produces heat.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3d

Brain

NervesSpinal

cord

(d) Nervous System

As the fast-acting control system of

the body, it responds to internal and

external changes by activating

appropriate muscles and glands.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3e

Pineal gland

Pituitary

gland

Thyroid

gland

Thymus

Adrenal

gland

Pancreas

Testis

Ovary

(e) Endocrine System

Glands secrete hormones that regulate

processes such as growth, reproduction,

and nutrient use (metabolism) by body

cells.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f

(f) Cardiovascular System

Blood vessels transport blood,

which carries oxygen, carbon

dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.

The heart pumps blood.

Heart

Blood

vessels

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3g

Lymphatic

vessels

Red bone

marrow

Thoracic

duct

Thymus

Spleen

Lymph

nodes

(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsand returns it to blood. Disposes of debris

in the lymphatic stream. Houses white

blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in

immunity. Theimmuneresponse mounts

the attack against foreign substances

within the body.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3h

Nasal

cavity

Bronchus

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Lung

(h) Respiratory System

Keeps blood constantly supplied with

oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

The gaseous exchanges occurthrough

thewalls of the airsacs of the lungs.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3i

Liver

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Large

intestine

Stomach

Smallintestine

Rectum

Anus

(i) Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable

units that enterthe blood for

distribution to body cells. Indigestible

foodstuffs areeliminated as feces.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3j

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary

bladder

Urethra

(j) Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the

body. Regulates water, electrolyte and

acid-base balance of the blood.

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3k-l

Prostate

gland

Ductus

deferens

Penis

Testis

Scrotum

Ovary

Uterine

tube

Mammary

glands (inbreasts)

Uterus

Vagina

Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex

hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female

reproductive tract. Ovaries produceeggs and female sex hormones. Theremaining

female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.

Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System

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Organ Systems Interrelationships

All cells depend on organ systems to meet

their survival needs

Organ systems work cooperatively to perform

necessary life functions

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2

Digestive system

Takes in nutrients, breaks them

down, and eliminates unabsorbedmatter(feces)

Respiratory system

Takes in oxygen and

eliminates carbon dioxide

Food O2 CO2

Cardiovascular system

Via the blood, distributes oxygen

and nutrients to all body cells anddelivers wastes and carbon

dioxide to disposal organs

Interstitial fluid

Nutrients

Urinarysystem

Eliminatesnitrogenous

wastes andexcess ions

Nutrients and wastes passbetween blood and cells

via theinterstitial fluid

Integumentary system

Protects the body as a whole

from theexternal environment

Blood

Heart

Feces Urine

CO2O2

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Necessary LifeFunctions

1. Maintaining boundaries between internal

and external environments

Plasma membranes

Skin

2. Movement (contractility)

Of body parts (skeletal muscle)

Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)

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3. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and

respond to stimuli

Withdrawal reflex

Control of breathing rate

4. Digestion

Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs

Absorption of simple molecules into blood

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5. Metabolism: All chemical reactions that

occur in body cells

Catabolism and anabolism

6. Excretion: The removal of wastes from

metabolism and digestion

Urea, carbon dioxide, feces

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7. Reproduction

Cellular division for growth or repair

Production of offspring8. Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of

organism

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Survival Needs

1. Nutrients

Chemicals for energy and cell building

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,vitamins

2. Oxygen

Essential for energy release (ATPproduction)

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Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal

environment despite continuous outside

changes

A dynamic state of equilibrium

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Involve continuous monitoring and regulation

of many factors (variables)

Nervous and endocrine systems accomplish

the communication via nerve impulses andhormones

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Components of a Control Mechanism

1. Receptor (sensor)

Monitors the environment

Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)

2. Control center

Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

Receives input from receptor

Determines appropriate response

3. Effector

Receives output from control center

Provides the means to respond

Response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus

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Stimulusproduceschangein

variable.

Receptor

detectschange.

Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.

Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.

Responseofeffectorfeeds backto reducetheeffect ofstimulusand returns

variable tohomeostaticlevel.

Receptor Effector

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferent

pathway

Efferent

pathway

1

2

3 4

5

Figure 1.4

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variable.

BALANCE

1

Figure 1.4, step 1

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variable.

Receptor

detectschange.

Receptor

BALANCE

1

2

Figure 1.4, step 2

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variable.

Receptor

detectschange.


Receptor

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferent

pathway

1

2

3

Figure 1.4, step 3

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Stimulusproduceschangeinvari

able

.

Receptor

detectschange.



Receptor Effector

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferent

pathway

Efferent

pathway

1

2

3 4

Figure 1.4, step 4

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Stimulusproduceschangeinvari

able

.

Receptor

detectschange.



Responseofeffectorfeeds backto reducetheeffect ofstimulusand returns

variable tohomeostaticlevel.

Receptor Effector

Control

Center

BALANCE

Afferent

pathway

Efferent

pathway

1

2

3 4

5

Figure 1.4, step 5

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NegativeFeedback

The response reduces or shuts off the original

stimulus

Examples:

Regulation of body temperature (a nervous

mechanism)

Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an

endocrine mechanism)

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5

Sweat glands activated

Shiveringbegins

StimulusBody temperaturerises BALANCE

Information sentalong the afferent

pathway to controlcenter

Information sentalong the afferent

pathway to controlcenter

Afferent

pathway

Afferent

pathway

Efferent

pathway

Efferentpathway

Information sentalong theefferent

pathway toeffectors

Information sentalong theefferent

pathway to effectors

StimulusBody temperature falls

Receptors

Temperature-sensitive

cells in skin and brain

Receptors

Temperature-sensitive

cells in skin and brain

Effectors

Sweat glands

Effectors

Skeletal muscles

Control Center

(thermoregulatory

centerin brain)

Control Center

(thermoregulatory

centerin brain)

Response

Evaporation of sweat

Body temperature falls;stimulus ends

Response

Body temperaturerises;

stimulus ends

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NegativeFeedback: Regulation ofBlood

Volume by ADH

Receptors sense decreased blood volume

Control center in hypothalamus stimulates

pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone

(ADH)

ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return

more water to the blood

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PositiveFeedback

The response enhances or exaggerates the

original stimulus

May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect

Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:

Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

(Chapter 28)

Platelet plug formation and blood clotting

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Feedback cycleendswhen plug is formed.

Positive feedback

cycleis initiated.

Positive

feedback

loop

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel wall.

Plateletsadhere to site

and release

chemicals.

Releasedchemicals

attract more

platelets.

Platelet plug

forms.

1

23

4

Figure 1.6

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Positive feedback

cycleis initiated.

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel wall.

1

Figure 1.6, step 1

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Positive feedback

cycleis initiated.

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel wall.


and release

chemicals.

1

2

Figure 1.6, step 2

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Positive feedback

cycleis initiated.

Positive

feedback

loop

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel wall.


and release

chemicals.

Released

chemicals

attract more

platelets.

1

23

Figure 1.6, step 3

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Feedback cycleendswhen plug is formed.

Positive feedback

cycleis initiated.

Positive

feedback

loop

Break or tear

occurs in blood

vessel wall.


and release

chemicals.

Released

chemicals

attract more

platelets.

Platelet plug

forms.

1

23

4

Figure 1.6, step 4

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Homeostatic Imbalance

Disturbance of homeostasis

Increases risk of disease

Contributes to changes associated with aging

May allow destructive positive feedback

mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)

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8 25 Lecture Ch 1 A