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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by

Janice Meeking,

Mount Royal College

C H A P T E R

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1

The Human

Body: AnOrientation:Part B

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Anatomical Position

Standard anatomical body position:

Body erect

Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic

(genital)

Cephalic

FrontalOrbital

NasalOralMental

Thoracic

Axillary

MammarySternal

Abdominal

UmbilicalPelvic

Inguinal

(groin)

Upper limb

AcromialBrachial (arm)

AntecubitalAntebrachial

(f orearm)Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand)

Palmar PollexDigital

Lower limb

Coxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)Patellar 

Crural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)

Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

Thorax

AbdomenBack (Dorsum)

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

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Regional Terms

Two major divisions of body:

 Axial

Head, neck, and trunk  Appendicular 

Limbs

Regional terms designate specific areas

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a

Cervical

(a) Anterior/Ventral

Pubic

(genital)

Cephalic

FrontalOrbital

NasalOralMental

Thoracic

Axillary

MammarySternal

Abdominal

UmbilicalPelvic

Inguinal

(groin)

Upper limb

AcromialBrachial (arm)

AntecubitalAntebrachial

(f orearm)Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand)

Palmar Pollex

Digital

Lower limb

Coxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)Patellar Crural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)

Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux

Thorax

AbdomenBack (Dorsum)

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b

Cervical

Back (dorsal)

(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Scapular VertebralLumbar SacralGlutealPerineal (between

anus and external

genitalia)

Upper limb

Acromial

Brachial (arm)OlecranalAntebrachial

(f orearm)Manus (hand)

MetacarpalDigitalLower limb

Femoral (thigh)PoplitealSural (calf )

Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)

CalcanealPlantar 

Cephalic

OticOccipital (back

of head)

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

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Body Planes

Plane: Flat surface along which body or 

structure is cut for anatomical study

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Body Planes

Sagittal plane

Divides body vertically into right and left parts

Produces a sagittal section Midsagittal (median) plane

Lies on midline

Parasagittal plane

Not on midline

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Body Planes

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides body vertically into anterior andposterior parts

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Divides body horizontally into superior andinferior parts

Produces a cross section

Oblique section

Cuts made diagonally

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

Frontal plane

Liver 

Spleen

Pancreas

Aorta

Vertebralcolumn

Spinal cord

Subcutaneous f at layer Body wall

Rectum IntestinesLef t andright lungs

Liver HeartStomach

Spleen

Arm

(a) Frontal section

(through torso)

(b) Transverse section

(through torso,inferior view)

(c) Median section

(midsagittal)

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Anatomical Variability

Over 90% of all anatomical structures match

textbook descriptions, but:

Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out

of place

Small muscles may be missing

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Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity

Protects nervous system

Two subdivisions: Cranial cavity

Encases brain

Vertebral cavity

Encases spinal cord

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Body Cavities

Ventral cavity

Houses internal organs (viscera)

Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): Thoracic cavity

 Abdominopelvic cavity

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Cranial

cavity

(contains

brain)

Dorsal

body

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

(contains

spinalcord)

Cranialcavity

Superior 

mediastinum

Pericardial

cavity within

the mediastinum

Pleural

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

Abdomino-

pelvic

cavity

Ventral body

cavity

(thoracic and

abdominopelvic

cavities)

Abdominal cavity

(contains digestive

viscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary

bladder, reproductive

organs, and rectum)

Thoracic

cavity

(containsheart and

lungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity

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Ventral Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity subdivisions:

Two pleural cavities

Each houses a lung

Mediastinum

Contains pericardial cavity

Surrounds thoracic organs Pericardial cavity

Encloses heart

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Ventral Body Cavities

 Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:

 Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, andliver 

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductiveorgans, and rectum

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Cranial

cavity

(contains

brain)

Dorsal

body

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

(contains

spinalcord)

Cranialcavity

Superior 

mediastinum

Pericardial

cavity within

the mediastinum

Pleural

cavity

Vertebral

cavity

Abdomino-

pelvic

cavity

Ventral body

cavity

(thoracic and

abdominopelvic

cavities)

Abdominal cavity

(contains digestive

viscera)

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity(contains urinary

bladder, reproductive

organs, and rectum)

Thoracic

cavity

(containsheart and

lungs)

(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view

Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity

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Serous Membrane (Serosa)

Thin, double-layered membrane separated by

serous fluid

Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b

Outer balloon wall

(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall

(comparable to visceral serosa)

Heart

Parietal

pericardium

Pericardial

space with

serous f luidVisceral

pericardium

(b) The serosae associated with the heart.

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Abdominopelvic Regions

Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11

Right upper 

quadrant

(RUQ)

Right lower 

quadrant

(RLQ)

Lef t upper 

quadrant

(LUQ)

Lef t lower 

quadrant

(LLQ)

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12

Epigastric

region

Umbilical

region

Right

lumbar region

Left

lumbar region

Right

hypochondriacregion

Left

hypochondriacregion

Hypogastric

(pubic)region

Right iliac

(inguinal)region

Left iliac

(inguinal)region

Liver 

Gallbladder 

Ascending colon of large intestine

Small intestine

Appendix

Cecum

Diaphragm

Stomach

Descending colonof large intestine

Transverse colonof large intestine

Initial part of 

sigmoid colon

Urinary bladder 

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

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Other Body Cavities

Oral and digestive cavities

Nasal cavity

Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities

Synovial cavities