LIBERALIZACIJA MEUNARODNE TRGOVINE I REGIONALNE EKONOMSKE ORGANIZACIJE

Prof.dr.sc. Ljubo Juri Ekonomski fakultet Zagreb*

LIBERALIZACIJA MEUNARODNE RAZMJENEGlobalnu liberalizaciju meunarodne razmjene potie Svjetska trgovinska organizacija (WTO)

Regionalna liberalizacija meunarodne razmjene odvija se kroz ekonomske integracije*

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LIBERALIZACIJA MEUNARODNE RAZMJENEUnilateralno smanjenje carinaBilateralno smanjenje carinaMultilateralni carinski sporazumi

*Preferencijalni trgovaki sporazumiPreferential Trading AgreementSvaki sporazum izmeu dvije ili vie zemalja koji omoguuje povlateni pristup na trita potpisnica sporazuma u odnosu na tree zemlje. najee kroz nie carine, ukidanje kvota i kontingenata i sl.

*Status najpovlatenije zemljeMost-Favoured Nation PrincipeCarinska stopa primijenjena na uvoz robe iz zemlje koja ima status najpovlatenije ne moe biti vee, nego samo manja, od carinske stope koja se primjenjuje na uvoz iz drugih zemalja.

*Nacionalni tretman (National Treatment)Princip tretiranja stranog proizvoda, usluge ili intelektualnog vlasnitva, kad ue na trite neke zemlje, na isti nain kao i istovjetnih domaih proizvoda. (lanak 3. GATT, lanak 17. GATS, i lanak 3. TRIPS).

WTO LIBERALIZACIJA - POTICANJE MEUNARODNE TRGOVINE

*Meunarodna organizacija koja donosi pravila o trgovini meu zemljama

Funkcije:

- Provodi WTO trgovake sporazume- Forum za trgovake pregovore- Rjeava trgovake sporove meu zemljama- Nadzire nacionalne trgovinske politike - Daje tehniku pomo i treninge- Surauje s drugim meunarodnim organizacijama

*World Trade Organization Nasljednica GATT-a

Osnovana u okviru Urugvajske runde pregovora

Poela s radom: 1. sijenja 1995

Ima 153 lanice

Odluke donosi konsensusom

Zaposlenika, oko 600

Sjedite u Geneva

*MinistarskakonferencijaWTO OrganizationOpi savjet Savjet zatrgovinurobamaSavjet zaTRIPSSAVJET ZA TRGOVINUUSLUGAMAOdbori Odbori Odbori Radne grupeRadne grupeRadne grupe Rjeavanje sporovaTrgovinskepolitikeTNC

*WTO MINISTARSKE KONFERENCIJE Singapore (1996)Geneva (1998)Seattle (1999)Doha, Qatar (2001)Cancun, Mexico (2003)Hong Kong, China (2005)Geneve (2009)Geneve (2012)

Pregovori u sklopu GATT-a/WTO-a

RundaBroj zemaljaNajvaniji rezultatienevska runda (1947)23Koncesija na 43 tarifnih linijaAnnecy runda (1949)29Umjereno smanjenje tarifaTourquay runda (1950-51)328700 tarifnih koncesijaenevska runda(1955-56)33Umjereno smanjenje carinaDillon runda (1960-61)39Usvojeno 4400 tarifnih koncesija Kennedy runda (1963-67)74Prosjeno smanjenje carina 35% za razvijene, Sporazum o anti-dumping mjeramaTokijska runda (1973-79)99Prosjeno smanjenje carina za jednu treinu do razine od 4.7% za razvijene zemljeUrugvajska runda (1986-94)103 (1986)Prosjeno smanjenje carina za jednu treinu za razvijene zemlje117 (1993)Poljoprivreda i tekstilna industrija ukljuene u GATT125 (1995)Osnutak WTO-a (Marakesh 1994), GATS, TRIPs, TRIMsDoha runda (2001); Cancun (2003)Nadlenost WTO-a dodatno proirena tzv. Singapurskim podrujima ulaganja i zatite okolia

*GATT/WTO PRINCIPI Bez diskriminacije - nacionalni tretman - status najpovlatenije zemlje svim lanicama.

Zatita domae proizvodnje samo carinama

Kontinuirano smanjenje carina

Transparentnost

*NATIONAL TREATMANNe smije biti diskriminacije izmeu uvoznih i domaih proizvoda.

Princip treba biti ugraen u domae zakonodavstvoGATT Article III

*STATUS NAJPOVLATENIJE ZEMLJE (princip nediskriminacije)Carinske stope i uvozni propisi moraju se primjenjivati bez diskriminacije meu zemljama.

Sve lanice WTO imaju uvjete za meusobnu najpovlateniju trgovinu

GATT Article 1

*Izuzea:

GATT Art. XX (Opa izuzea)

GATT Art. XXI (Izuzea zbog sigurnosti)

GATT Art. XXIV:5 (Regionalne ekonomske integracije)

Enabling Clause (1979 Decision)

Marrakesh Agreement Art. IX:3 (Waiver)GATT PRINCIPI : IZUZEA

*Posebni i razliiti tretmani(Special and Differential Treatment)Razvijene zemlje moraju davati povlateniji status manje razvijenim zemljama nego ostalim lanicama WTO

Primjer: dua razdoblja za primjenu Sporazuma

GATT Article XXXVIEnabling Clause

Cilj: dati mogunost zemljama u razvoju i najmanje razvijenim zemljama da mogu koristiti povoljnosti multilateralnih trgovinskih sporazuma, a ne potpuno ih iskljuiti

*Koalicijske grupe u WTO pregovorimaAfrican Group

ACP Group

LDC Group

Core Group

Colorado GroupO svim temama Progovori samo o trgovini

*

GATT PRINCIPI

Princip nediskriminacije. Ako jednoj lanici sporazuma date status najpovlatenije zemlje, onda se taj status automatski prenosi na sve ostale potpisnice Sporazuma. (lanak 1. GATTa, lanak 2. GATS, lanak 4. TRIPS)

Princip zatite samo carinama. Izbjegavati koliinska ogranienja, kvote, kontingente

- Princip kontinuiranog smanjenja carina

*World War IKennedy Round (1967)Tokyo Round (1979)Uruguay Round (1986)World War IIGatt (1947)Trade Agreements Act (1934)Smoot-Hawley Tarrif Act (1930)AMERIKE CARINSKE STOPE

403020101940195019601970198019901995Prosjene carine (%)0Smanjenje carina u razdoblju od 1940. do 1995.

Carinske stope prije i poslije Urugvajske runde

List1

Carinske stope u razvijenim zemljama za uvoz industrijskih proizvoda iz zemalja u razvojuUtjecaj smanjivanja carina kroz Tokijsku rundu pregovora na zaposlenost pojedinih sektora u SADStruktura carinskog optereenja uvoza prije i poslije Urugvajske runde za industrijske proizvode

SirovinePoluproizvodiGotovi proizvodi

Prije Urugvajske runde2.15.49.1Promjena broja zaposlenih zbogPromjenaCarinske stopeUdio u ukupnom uvozu

Poslije Urugvajske runde0.82.86.2SektorIzvozUvozNeto efektu %*Prije URPoslije UR

Izvor:***(1994), The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral TradeUredski strojevi9,572-2,3547,2272.25Razvijene zemlje

Negotiation, Market Access for Goods and Services, str.11Elektro strojevi11,793-3,3938,4001.96Ukupno100100

Avionski dijelovi10,158-5,0775,0810.94Slobodan uvoz2044

Elektrini strojevi3,552-1,6091,9430.430,1-5,0%4131

Papirni proizvodi2,566-1,0861,4800.315,1-10,0%2415

Kemijski proizvodi2,762-1,8998630.28preko 10,1%1510

Metaloprera. strojevi2,920-2,3695510.16Zemlje u razvoju

Razni metalni proizvodi2,151-2,664-513-0.10Ukupno100100

Primarno eljezo i elici3,514-4,585-1,071-0.120%3942

Gum. i plast. proizvodi1,781-2,932-1,151-0.170,1-5,0%65

Drveni proizvodi1,378-2,973-1,595-0.275,1-10,0%810

Odjea698-8,737-8,039-0.56preko 10,1%4743

*Neto promjena zaposlenosti u odnosu na ukupni broj zaposlenih u sektoruTranzicijske zemlje

Izvor:***(1980) Trade and Employment Effects of Tariff Reductions Agreed to inUkupno100100

MTN, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Tables c.2.and c.3.0%1316

0,1-5,0%2738

5,1-10,0%2735

preko 10,1%3311

Izvor:***(1994), The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral

Smanjenje carina industrijskih proizvoda u Urugvajskoj rundiTrade Negotiation: Market Access for Goods and Services, GATT, Geneve, str.11.

Prosjena carinska stopa (u%)postotak smanjenja

Zemljaprije URposlije UR

Razvijene zemlje6.33.938

Europska unija5.73.637

Japan3.91.756

SAD4.6334

Zemlje u razvoju15.312.320

Izvor: Schot, J.J. (1994), The Uruguay Round: An Assessment, Institute for

International Economics, Washington, D.C. Table 7.

List2

List3

Smanjenje carina industrijskih proizvoda u Urugvajskoj rundi

List1

Carinske stope u razvijenim zemljama za uvoz industrijskih proizvoda iz zemalja u razvojuUtjecaj smanjivanja carina kroz Tokijsku rundu pregovora na zaposlenost pojedinih sektora u SADStruktura carinskog optereenja uvoza prije i poslije Urugvajske runde za industrijske proizvode

SirovinePoluproizvodiGotovi proizvodi

Prije Urugvajske runde2.15.49.1Promjena broja zaposlenih zbogPromjenaCarinske stopeUdio u ukupnom uvozu

Poslije Urugvajske runde0.82.86.2SektorIzvozUvozNeto efektu %*Prije URPoslije UR

Izvor:***(1994), The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral TradeUredski strojevi9,572-2,3547,2272.25Razvijene zemlje

Negotiation, Market Access for Goods and Services, str.11Elektro strojevi11,793-3,3938,4001.96Ukupno100100

Avionski dijelovi10,158-5,0775,0810.94Slobodan uvoz2044

Elektrini strojevi3,552-1,6091,9430.430,1-5,0%4131

Papirni proizvodi2,566-1,0861,4800.315,1-10,0%2415

Kemijski proizvodi2,762-1,8998630.28preko 10,1%1510

Metaloprera. strojevi2,920-2,3695510.16Zemlje u razvoju

Razni metalni proizvodi2,151-2,664-513-0.10Ukupno100100

Primarno eljezo i elici3,514-4,585-1,071-0.120%3942

Gum. i plast. proizvodi1,781-2,932-1,151-0.170,1-5,0%65

Drveni proizvodi1,378-2,973-1,595-0.275,1-10,0%810

Odjea698-8,737-8,039-0.56preko 10,1%4743

*Neto promjena zaposlenosti u odnosu na ukupni broj zaposlenih u sektoruTranzicijske zemlje

Izvor:***(1980) Trade and Employment Effects of Tariff Reductions Agreed to inUkupno100100

MTN, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Tables c.2.and c.3.0%1316

0,1-5,0%2738

5,1-10,0%2735

preko 10,1%3311

Izvor:***(1994), The Results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral

Smanjenje carina industrijskih proizvoda u Urugvajskoj rundiTrade Negotiation: Market Access for Goods and Services, GATT, Geneve, str.11.

ZemljaProsjena carinska stopa (u%)postotak smanjenja

prije URposlije UR

Razvijene zemlje6.33.938

Europska unija5.73.637

Japan3.91.756

SAD4.6334

Zemlje u razvoju15.312.320

Izvor: Schot, J.J. (1994), The Uruguay Round: An Assessment, Institute for

International Economics, Washington, D.C. Table 7.

List2

List3

*GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGATS- General Agreement on Trade in ServicesTRIPS Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property RightsWorld Trade Organisation

*GATTOpi sporazum o carinama i trgovini poljoprivredazdravstvena regulativa za prehrambene proizvodetekstil i odjeastandardi proizvodamjere investiranjaantidampinke mjeremetode vrednovanja carinapravila u porijeklupregled prije isporukedozvola uvozasubvencijezatitne carine

*GATSGeneral Agreement on Trade in Serviceskretanje osobazrani transportfinancijske uslugetelekomunikacijepomorski transport

*TRIPS Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights

patentiautorska pravazatitni znacizemljopisni znaciindustrijski dizajnneotkrivene informacije i poslovne tajne

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During this presentation I will provide a brief background of Trade facil at the WTO.Provide an overview of the mandate for negotiation and the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration. The GATT articles that provide the legal framework for the negotiation, an overview of the proposals, discuss the development issues and how the negotiations are expected to progress.

**Consensus- a notion is agreed unless 1 Member is opposed. *Ministerial conference is responsible for decision making and meets every 2 years-

The last meeting was Cancun in September 2003 next Hong Kong Dec 2005

during the 2 years between meetings the General Council performs the day to day functions of the Conference- the council is made up of all WTO Member Countries.It meets as a dispute settlement body and is responsible for carrying out reviews of the trade policies of individual countries on the basis of reports prepared by the WTO Secretariat.

Under the General council there is a council for Each area- trade in goods, services and TRIPS- under the council there are committees and working parties (we will look at the council for goods in a second)

Committees on left Trade and Environment- Trade and Development - Regional Trade Arrangements Work Party on Accession - oversee negotiations for accession and open to all interested member countriesThere is a new committee to observe developments of regional groups like the Arab Free trade group- some 100 groups worldwide.

TNC special committee that is established during negotiations. TF will be a special committee under the TNC. Will report to them and possibly to the GC

*List of Ministerial conferences since the WTO was established.

The July Package resulted from a meeting of the General Council. During this meeting Members agreed that trade facilitation would become a topic of negotiation in the DDA. The results are called the July package- TF mandate is in Annex D.

Document symbol is WT/L/579*Quantitative quotas eliminated and use of tariffs only

through negotiations with other WTO members- countries make concessions to bind their tariffs which means that they commit to maximum tariffs that they will assess on all products. Some countries like the US have a different rate for each product. Other countries will just set one duty rate for all products or groups of products.

These commitments are recorded in a schedule for each country. The schedules change constantly as countries continue to negotiate.

They can assess duties lower than the bound tariff rate but not higher.

Most favored nation means that all WTO members receive the lowest negotiated rate*Article 3- GATT

Imports and locally produced goods must be treated the same in the domestic market

Once goods have cleared customs, imported goods must be treated no less favorably than the equivalent domestically-produced goodsalso applies to services and intellectual propertyArt III4: (National Treatment principle)The products of the territory of any Member imported into the territory of any other Member shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded to like products of national origin in respect of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use.

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Article 1 GATT

Members are bound to grant to the products of other Members treatment not less favorable than that accorded to the products of any other country

Each member treats all other members equally as MFN partners. If a country improves the benefits that it gives to one trading partner it has to give the same best treatment to all other WTO members- they all remain most-favored.

A country can not give lower rates to non-WTO countries than it does to WTO members.

Exceptionscountries in a legitimate free trade union may receive more preferential terms than MFN countries- must cover substantially all trade

safeguards- can raise barriers against products from specific countries if they are trading unfairly.can apply higher duties to non-WTO members*Article XX GATT of 1994 :consists of a principal sentence, the chapeau, or preambular paragraph, which introduces ten general exceptions to GATT rules in paragraphs (a) to (j). Members will not be prevented from adopting measures that are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life.These individual paragraphs represent specific values (often enshrined in national policy objectives), the protection of which some governments find so important that they wish to retain a substantial degree of sovereignty in imposed such measures where they consider it necessary to do so. However, WTO Members could easily use such measures for protectionist ends and impose barriers to the trade of other WTO Members trade.Many dispute settlement cases were brought forth as a result of Article XX.(shrimp/turtle case)Article XXI GATT of 1994:The purpose of the security exception is for WTO Members to be able to take security measures (or measures in the interest of national security), which would otherwise be prohibited under GATT. However, the exception can only be invoked in the following circumstances: against the disclosure of information, which a WTO Member considers contrary to its security interests, or where a WTO Member determines that it is necessary for the protection of its essential security interest, including those related to the (i) the trade in fissionable, i.e. nuclear material or (ii) the trade in arms and ammunition for the purpose of supplying the military or in relation to (iii) measures taken in time of war or other emergency in international relations. Additionally, a WTO Member may invoke the security exception in pursuance of an obligation under the UN Charter, e.g. the taking of economic or other sanctions as a result of a UN Security Council Resolution.Article XXIV GATT of 1994: A derogation from MFN. Allows a specific group of countries to form FTAs or CUs giving preferences to eachother and not to all WTO members; provided a min. level of integration is achieved. Enabling Clause:Allows developing countrie s to enter into reciprocal regional or global arrangements with other developing country members, establishing tariff and non-tariff preferences in their mutual goods trade. Allows developed countries to provide non-reciprocal preferential market access to developing countries (ex.GSP)Marrakesh Agreement: Art.IX.3&4It is also possible in exceptional circumstances for WTO Members to seek a waiver, in order to allow them to derogate from any provisions contained in the GATT 1994, or other WTO Agreement.Overtakes Art.XXV:5 of GATT 47A good example is the ACP-EC Partnership waiver that was granted at the Doha *The WTO agreements contain special provisions which give developing countries special rights and allow developed countries to treat developing countries more favorably that other members-exception to MFNspecial and differential treatment provisions

originally GATT Part IV on Trade and Development through the enabling clause

now specific provisions in the AgreementsEnabling clause- allows more favorable treatment to developing countriesWork in UNCTAD and OECD on preferences- try to keep GATT popular-adopted by concensus by GC? As compromise- not formal waiver (need 2/3 majority)

use UN classification of LDCArt. II 1(a):Each Member shall accord to the commerce of the other Member treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement

*Most of work done outside of committees.

Bi-lat, coalitions, groups

If no or inadequate representation in Geneva this is also way to participate.*