‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß« ‘™“°“√¢Õß ...infofile.pcd.go.th/haz/5-ACETONE.pdf‡Õ “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß« ‘ “ “√¢Õß “√‡ ¡ ’‡©æ“–‡√

‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕß

Õ–´’‚μπACETONE

”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…

°√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡©æ“–‡√◊ËÕßÕ–´’‚μπ Acetone

æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 1 æ.». 2551

®”π«π 500 ‡≈à¡

®—¥∑”‚¥¬

°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…

°√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

ISBN 978-974-286-524-5

∑’Ëª√÷°…“„π°“√‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß

π“ß ÿ≥’ ªî¬–æ—π∏ÿåæß»å ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ ”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬

π“ß “«æ√æ‘¡≈ ‡®√‘≠ àß ºŸâÕ”π«¬°“√ à«π “√Õ—πμ√“¬

π“ß “«≈—§π“ ®ÿ≈· ß π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 7«

π“ß “«æ—∑∏π—π∑πå μ“√‘π π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ 5

π“ß “« ÿ«≈—°…≥å ‡¬“«åπÿàπ π—°«‘™“°“√ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

‡√’¬∫‡√’¬ß‚¥¬

¥√. ÿ‡∑æ ‡√◊Õß«‘‡»…

¥√. πß≈—°…≥å ‡√◊Õß«‘‡»…

π. æ. ªî¬«—≤πå “¬æ—π∏ÿå

¿≠. πƒ¡≈ ‚æ∏‘Ï»√’∑Õß

æ‘¡æå∑’Ë

‚√ßæ‘¡æå·Ààß®ÿÃ“≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬

‚∑√ 0 2215 1991-2 μàÕ 11-14, 0 2218 3557, 0 2218 3563

http://www.cuprint.chula.ac.th

ªí®®ÿ∫—π “√‡§¡’®”π«π¡“°‡¢â“¡“¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠μàÕ°“√¥”√ß™’«‘μª√–®”«—π¢Õß

¡πÿ…¬å„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ ‡™àπ „™â‡ªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫À√◊Õª√ÿß·μàßÕ“À“√ ¬“√—°…“‚√§ ‡§√◊ËÕß ”Õ“ß

„™â‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’ªÑÕß°—π°”®—¥»—μ√Ÿæ◊™·≈– —μ«å ·≈–„™â„π°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘μ∑“ß¥â“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡

“√‡§¡’™π‘¥μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬åπ”¡“„™âª√–‚¬™πå‡À≈à“π’È ‰¥â‡¢â“¡“ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡

·≈–‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬¡πÿ…¬å ∑”„Àâ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈– ÿ¢¿“æ‡ ◊ËÕ¡‚∑√¡≈ß

°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“« ®”‡ªìπμâÕß∑√“∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ “√‡§¡’π—ÈπÊ

”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬ °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… ®÷ß‰¥â√«∫√«¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ “√‡§¡’

„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ §◊Õ °“√∫àß≈—°…≥–·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ º≈‘μ¿—≥±å·≈–°“√§â“ °√√¡«‘∏’°“√º≈‘μ

°“√„™â ∑“ß‰ª Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π

‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß∑“ß™’«‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ

§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡©æ“–¥â“π º≈μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ

„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå °“√À°√¥ °“√∫”∫—¥

‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥æ‘… °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬ μ≈Õ¥®π¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–·≈–°≈‰°∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ∑—Èßπ’È

‡æ◊ËÕª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ°“√®—¥°“√ “√‡§¡’Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°μâÕß·≈–ª≈Õ¥¿—¬

°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… À«—ß‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß«à“ ‡Õ° “√‡º¬·æ√à∑“ß«‘™“°“√‡≈à¡π’È®–‡ªìπ

ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕπ—°«‘™“°“√·≈–ºŸâ π„®∑—Ë«‰ª

”π—°®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬·≈– “√Õ—πμ√“¬

°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…

∫∑∑’Ë Àπâ“

1 °“√∫àß≈—°…≥–·≈–§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘ (identification and properties) ................................ 2

2 º≈‘μ¿—≥±å·≈–°“√§â“ (production and trade) .............................................................. 5

3 °√√¡«‘∏’°“√º≈‘μ (production processes) ...................................................................... 7

4 °“√„™â (use) ................................................................................................................................ 8

5 ∑“ß‰ª Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (pathways into the environment) ............................................ 9

6 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (concentrations) ................................................................11

6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ (loss and persistence) ..................................11

6.2 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ (concentrations) .................................................................................12

6.3 °“√√—∫ “√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (human intake) ...................................................................13

7 °“√∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (environmental fate tests) ............. 15

7.1 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π√Ÿª‚¥¬™’«¿“æ

(biodegradation and biotransformation) .........................................................15

7.2 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß (photodegradation) ........................................................15

7.3 °“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (hydrolysis) ..........................................................................15

7.4 °“√√«¡μ—« (sorption) ..................................................................................................15

7.5 °“√°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ (evaporation) .................................................................................15

7.6 °“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π (oxidation) ................................................................16

7.7 °“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫∑“ß√–∫∫π‘‡«» (model ecosystem studies) ................... 16

8 °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (environmental fate) ................................................17

9 °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß∑“ß™’«‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ (chemobiokinetics) ...................................18

9.1 °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ (absorption) ..............................................................................................18

9.2 °“√·æ√à°√–®“¬ (distribution) .................................................................................18

9.3 °“√ – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬ (bioconcentration) ..............................................................18

9.4 ‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡ (metabolism) .....................................................................................18

9.5 °“√¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ (excretion) ........................................................................19

10 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ (mammalian toxicity) .....................................20

∫∑∑’Ë Àπâ“

11 °“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡©æ“–¥â“π (special toxicity studies) .................................21

11.1 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß™’«‡§¡’ (biochemical interactions) ...........................................21

11.2 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (carcinogenicity) ...........................................................21

11.3 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutagenicity) ..........................................21

11.4 °“√‡ √‘¡æ‘…/°“√μàÕμâ“πæ‘… (potentiation/antagonism) ...........................21

11.5 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ√–∫∫ª√– “∑ (neurotoxicity) ...............................................22

11.6 °“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ (primary irritation) ...................................................22

11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (embryotropic action) ...................................22

11.8 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π (immunotoxicity) ...................................................23

11.9 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘μàÕ°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (reproduction) ....................................................23

11.10 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’Ë‡°‘¥„π∑“√° (teratogenicity) ....................................................23

11.11 æƒμ‘°√√¡ (behavior) ..............................................................................................23

12 º≈μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (effects on organisms in the environment) ......... 24

12.1 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” (aquatic) .........................................................................................24

12.2 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫° (terrestrial) ...................................................................................25

13 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß ·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå

(sampling/preparation/analysis) ....................................................................................26

13.1 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (sampling) ..................................................................................26

13.2 °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (preparation/analysis) .................... 26

14 °“√À°√¥ (spills) .....................................................................................................................28

14.1 °“√À°√¥ ......................................................................................................................28

14.2 °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬À√◊Õ√–‡∫‘¥ .......................................................................................29

15 °“√∫”∫—¥‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥æ‘… (treatment of poisoning) .........................................................30

15.1 °“√ª∞¡æ¬“∫“≈ ........................................................................................................30

15.2 §”·π–π” ”À√—∫·æ∑¬å ...........................................................................................30

16 °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬ (waste management) .............................................................31

17 ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–·≈–°≈‰°∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬

(recommendations/legal mechanisms) ......................................................................32

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß ...........................................................................................................................34

¿“§ºπ«° 1 ...............................................................................................................................40

¿“§ºπ«° 2 ...............................................................................................................................45

μ“√“ß∑’Ë Àπâ“

1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“ß‡§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß acetone ........................................................... 4

2 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ acetone ®“°μà“ßª√–‡∑» √–À«à“ßªï æ.». 2546 - 2550 ......... 6

3 §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ..................................................................11

4 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“»¢Õßª√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ ......................................12

5 §à“ LD50 ¢Õß acetone „π —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ .....................................................20

6 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” ...............................................................24

7 «‘∏’‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß «‘∏’«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥

·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–Àå‰¥â¢Õß acetone .........................................27

8 °ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡ acetone „πμà“ßª√–‡∑» ...................... 33

ACETONE 1

acetone ‡ªìπ¢Õß‡À≈«„ ‰¡à¡’ ’ ¡’°≈‘Ëπ‡©æ“–μ—« √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âßà“¬ μ‘¥‰øßà“¬

º ¡°—∫πÈ”·≈–μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å ‡™àπ chloroform, ethanol ·≈– ether ‰¥â∑ÿ° —¥ à«π

ª√–‚¬™πåÀ≈—°¢Õß acetone „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πÕÿμ “À°√√¡‡§¡’ ·≈–º≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑’Ë„™â

„π∫â“π‡√◊ÕπÀ≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ ’ (paint) πÈ”¬“¢—¥‡ß“ πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ ·≈–°“«

acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬

¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» à«π„À≠à∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ acetone „π

∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ troposphere ¬—ß∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß·¥¥ ·≈–ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬

‡ªìπ·∫∫ first-order reaction ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‡∑à“°—∫ 81 «—π °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ

·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „ππÈ”º‘«¥‘π πÈ”„μâ¥‘π

·≈–¥‘π

acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππâÕ¬μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡∑—Èß‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ßª“° ªÑ“¬∫π

º‘«Àπ—ß ·≈–‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ acetone ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥√–∫∫ª√– “∑ à«π°≈“ß °“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone

‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß®–∑”„Àâ‡«’¬π»’√…– ¡÷πßß ·≈– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷° acetone

‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå ·≈–‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â¡’ª√–°“»

°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2546 ÷́ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„π

æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2535 °”Àπ¥„Àâ acetone ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈–

75 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—° ‡ªìπ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬™π‘¥∑’Ë 3 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√º≈‘μ °“√π”‡¢â“ °“√ àßÕÕ°

À√◊Õ°“√¡’‰«â„π§√Õ∫§√ÕßμâÕß‰¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ß

Õÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡ªìπÀπà«¬ß“π√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫

Õ– ’́‚μπ ACETONE

Õ– ’́‚μπ2

1.1 °“√∫àß≈—°…≥– (identification)(1) ™◊ËÕ “¡—≠ acetone

(2) CASRN (Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number)

67-64-1

(3) EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial

Chemical Substances) 200-662-2

(4) UN Class 3 (flammable liquid)

(5) UN Number UN 1090

(6) ™◊ËÕ‡§¡’ 2-propanone

(7) ™◊ËÕÕ◊Ëπ dimethylformaldehyde ketone, dimethyl

dimethylketal dimethyl ketone

ketone propane β-ketopropane

methyl ketone propanone

propan-2-one 2-propanone

pyroacetic ether

(8) Ÿμ√‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ C3H6O

(9) Ÿμ√‚§√ß √â“ß‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈

(10) πÈ”Àπ—°‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈ 58.08

C

O

CH3H3C

ACETONE 3

(11) conversion factor (∑’Ë 25°´, 1 ∫√√¬“°“»)

1 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡ = 2.374 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√

1 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ = 0.421 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡

(12) NFPA 704 code

(13) IMO code

1.2 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“ß‡§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ (chemical and physical properties)acetone ‡ªìπ¢Õß‡À≈«„ ‰¡à¡’ ’ ¡’°≈‘Ëπ‡©æ“–μ—« √–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âßà“¬ μ‘¥‰øßà“¬

º ¡°—∫πÈ”·≈–μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬Õ‘π∑√’¬å ‡™àπ benzene, chloroform, ethanol ·≈– ether

‰¥â∑ÿ° —¥ à«π §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“ß‡§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß acetone · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 1

31 0

Õ– ’́‚μπ4

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑“ß‡§¡’·≈–°“¬¿“æ¢Õß acetone

®ÿ¥À≈Õ¡‡À≈« (°´) − 94 Merck (2006)

®ÿ¥‡¥◊Õ¥ (°´) 56.5 Merck (2006)

®ÿ¥«“∫‰ø (°´) −18 Merck (2006)

Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘μ‘¥‰ø‰¥â‡Õß (°´) 465 NFPA (2002)

§«“¡∂à«ß®”‡æ“– 0.788 Merck (2006)

§«“¡¥—π‰Õ (¡‘≈≈‘‡¡μ√ª√Õ∑, ∑’Ë 25°´) 231 Alarie et al. (1995)

¥—™π’À—°‡À· ß (nD20) 1.3591 Merck (2006)

§«“¡Àπ“·πàπ‰Õ (Õ“°“» = 1)

™à«ß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπμ‘¥‰ø‰¥â (√âÕ¬≈–„πÕ“°“») 2.6 - 12.8 Lewis (2007)

Henryûs law constant 3.97 × 10− 5 Toxnet (2008)

(∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈)

n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow)

log Kow − 0.24 Hansch et al. (1995)

ACETONE 5

acetone ‰¡à¡’°“√º≈‘μ„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ ®÷ßμâÕßπ”‡¢â“®“°μà“ßª√–‡∑» °“√π”‡¢â“

acetone √–À«à“ßªï æ.». 2546 - 2550 ¡’ª√‘¡“≥¡“°°«à“ 50 ≈â“π°‘‚≈°√—¡/ªï „πªï æ.».

2546 ¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“√π”‡¢â“ 56,387,574 °‘‚≈°√—¡ ªï æ.». 2547 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ°«à“

√âÕ¬≈– 20 ‡ªìπ 68,816,831 °‘‚≈°√—¡ „πªï æ.». 2548 ª√‘¡“≥≈¥≈ß‡ªìπ 54,365,267

°‘‚≈°√—¡ ªï æ.». 2549 ·≈– 2550 °“√π”‡¢â“‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ 64,529,396 ·≈– 75,606,488

°‘‚≈°√—¡ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ „πªï æ.». 2546 ·≈– 2547 ‘ß§‚ª√å ·≈– À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡ªìπ Õß

ª√–‡∑»À≈—°∑’Ëª√–‡∑»‰∑¬π”‡¢â“ acetone ‚¥¬¡’ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡°—π¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 80

¢Õßª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡„π·μà≈–ªï ”À√—∫ªï æ.». 2548 - 2550 ª√–‡∑»‡°“À≈’„μâ ‘ß§‚ª√å

·≈– À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“‡ªìπ “¡ª√–‡∑»À≈—°∑’Ëª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥âπ”‡¢â“ acetone ‚¥¬¡’ª√‘¡“≥

π”‡¢â“√«¡°—π¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 80 ¢Õßª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“√«¡„π·μà≈–ªï ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ acetone

®“°μà“ßª√–‡∑»√–À«à“ßªï æ.». 2546 - 2550 · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2

Õ– ’́‚μπ6

ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ (°‘‚≈°√—¡)

ª√–‡∑» 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550

‡°“À≈’„μâ - - 10,877,828 16,902,633 15,338,628

®’π - - 400,392 1,000 394

≠’ËªÿÉπ 2,903,953 5,883,619 641 295 2,956,475

‰μâÀ«—π 1 2,074,692 2,866,428 - 2,159,579

¡“‡≈‡ ’́¬ - 15,795 - - 718

Ω√—Ëß‡» - - 3 - 20

‡∫≈‡¬’¬¡ - - 2,046,776 - -

‡¬Õ√¡π’ 15,437 16,530 14,272 14,527 11,113

«‘μ‡´Õ√å·≈π¥å - - - - -

À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ 11,824 8,668 9,438 9,664 5,629

À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ 15,393,175 17,753,354 10,746,114 14,987,204 19,471,327

À√—∞Õ“À√—∫Õ‘¡‘‡√μ - - 25,600 - -

‡ªπ 895,654 90 15,470 3,593 4,334

‘ß§‚ª√å 30,771,070 35,028,418 22,051,020 27,281,352 31,796,945

Õ‘μ“≈’ 2,372 3,620 2,376 1,810 3,164

Õ‘π‚¥π’‡´’¬ - - - - -

Õ—ø√‘°“„μâ 6,195,069 8,027,725 5,304,869 5,323,375 3,858162

ÕÕ ‡μ√‡≈’¬ 3,360 4,320 4,040 3,943 -

Õ—πμ‘°—«·≈– 195,659 - - - -

∫“√å∫Ÿ¥“

√«¡ 56,387,574 68,816,831 54,365,267 64,529,396 75,606,488

∑’Ë¡“: °√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ (2546 - 2550)

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 ª√‘¡“≥π”‡¢â“ acetone ®“°μà“ßª√–‡∑»√–À«à“ßªï æ.». 2546 - 2550

ACETONE 7

„π∑“ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ acetone º≈‘μ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ dehydrogenation ‚¥¬¡’ isopropyl

alcohol ‡ªìπ “√μ—Èßμâπ ¥—ß ¡°“√

isopropyl alcohol acetone hydrogen

H3C

H3CCH OH

H3C

H3CC O + H2

Õ– ’́‚μπ8

ª√–‚¬™πå¢Õß acetone ¡’¥—ßπ’È

1. „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ÷́Ëß‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåÀ≈—°¢Õß acetone

- ¥â“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡™àπ Õÿμ “À°√√¡Õ“À“√ „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ”À√—∫‰¢¡—π

(fat) ·≈–πÈ”¡—π (oil) ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ ”À√—∫°“√μ°º≈÷°‡æ◊ËÕ∑”„Àâ∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï

(precipitation agent) ”À√—∫·ªÑß (starch) ·≈–πÈ”μ“≈

Õÿμ “À°√√¡º≈‘μ¬“ „™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„π°“√ °—¥ “√μà“ßÊ ®“°æ◊™

- ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πº≈‘μ¿—≥±åμà“ßÊ ∑’Ë„™â„π∫â“π‡√◊Õπ ‡™àπ ’ (paint) πÈ”¬“¢—¥‡ß“

(varnish) πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥ °“« ·≈–À¡÷°æ‘¡æå

- ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πÀâÕßªØ‘∫—μ‘°“√

2. „™â„π°“√º≈‘μ “√‡§¡’μà“ßÊ ‡™àπ methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid ·≈–

methyl isobutyl ketone ‡ªìπμâπ

ACETONE 9

acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ¥—ßπ’È

1. ®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘ „π ¿“«–ª°μ‘ √à“ß°“¬¢Õß —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡√«¡∑—Èß¡πÿ…¬å„™â

glucose ‡ªìπ·À≈àß¢Õßæ≈—ßß“π„π°“√¥”√ß™’«‘μ „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π √à“ß°“¬¡’°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬

°√¥‰¢¡—π (fatty acid) „πμ—∫‰¥â acetyl CoA ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√ —ß‡§√“–Àå ketone bodies

´÷Ëßª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate ·≈– acetone ¥—ß· ¥ß„π ¡°“√

2 H3C C

O

SCoA

CoA CoAH2OC

O

SCoA

CH2

C O

CH3

acetyl CoA acetoacetyl CoA

C

O

SCoA

CH2

C CH3

CH2

COOH

HO

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary CoA

acetyl CoA+

OH NAD+

NADH+

H+

H+

H2O+

HC CH3

CH2

COOH

OH

C CH3

CH2

COOH

C O

CH3

CH3

D-3-hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate acetone

acetyl CoA

Õ– ’́‚μπ10

acetone ∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß≈¡À“¬„® „π ¿“«–ª°μ‘Õ«—¬«–∫“ßÕ«—¬«–

‡™àπ °≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕÀ—«„® ·≈–μàÕ¡À¡«°‰μ “¡“√∂„™â acetoacetate ‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π‰¥â

„π ¿“«–Õ¥Õ“À“√ √à“ß°“¬¢“¥ glucose ®÷ß®”‡ªìπμâÕßπ”‡Õ“ fatty acid ∑’Ë – ¡‰«â¡“„™â

°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ fatty acid ‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ®–‰¥â ketone bodies ¡“°¢÷Èπ “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫

acetone „π≈¡À“¬„®∑’Ë‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ (Stryer, 1988)

2. ®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å

2.1 °“√º≈‘μ √«¡∑—Èß°“√·∫àß∫√√®ÿ∑”„Àâ acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â °“√‡°Á∫

√—°…“ ·≈–°“√¢π àß Õ“®∑”„Àâ acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â®“°°“√√—Ë«‰À≈ À√◊ÕÕÿ∫—μ‘‡Àμÿ

2.2 °“√„™â °“√π”‡Õ“ acetone ‰ª„™â∑“ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ∫â“π‡√◊Õπ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–

®“°°“√„™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πº≈‘μ¿—≥±åμà“ßÊ ‡™àπ ’ (paint) πÈ”¬“∑”§«“¡ –Õ“¥

πÈ”¬“¢—¥‡ß“ (varnish) °“« À¡÷°æ‘¡æå μ≈Õ¥®π°“√„™â‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬„πÀâÕßªØ‘∫—μ‘°“√

2.3 °“√®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬ «‘∏’°“√®—¥°“√∑’Ë‰¡à∂Ÿ°μâÕß ‡™àπ °“√‡∑º≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’

acetone ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬≈ß„π·À≈àßπÈ”°Á®–∑”„Àâ·À≈àßπÈ”π—Èπ∂Ÿ°ªπ‡ªóôÕπ

2.4 °“√‡º“‰À¡â ‡™àπ °“√‡º“‰À¡âπÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß„π√∂¬πμå °“√‡º“‰¡â æ≈“ μ‘°

·≈–°“√ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë °“√‡º“‰À¡âπÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß„π√∂¬πμåπ—∫‡ªìπ·À≈àß∑’Ëª≈àÕ¬ acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà

‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë ”§—≠ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’°“√„™â„π√∂¬πμå ”À√—∫°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß®”π«π¡“°

Schauer ·≈–§≥– (2002) √“¬ß“πª√‘¡“≥‡©≈’Ë¬¢Õß acetone „π‰Õ‡ ’¬®“°√∂¬πμå∑’Ë

μ‘¥μ—Èß·≈–‰¡àμ‘¥μ—Èß catalytic converter ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1.19 ·≈– 42 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/√–¬–∑“ß

1 °‘‚≈‡¡μ√ μ“¡≈”¥—∫

ACETONE 11

6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ (loss and persistence)°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» ‡ªìπ°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈

(hydroxyl), Õ—≈§Õ°´‘≈ (alkoxyl) ·≈–‡æÕ√Õ°´‘≈ (peroxyl) ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–

‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ ‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬

™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π (aerobic biodegradation) ‡ªìπªØ‘°‘√‘¬“À≈—°¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬

¢Õß acetone „ππÈ”º‘«¥‘π πÈ”„μâ¥‘π ·≈–¥‘π §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 3

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß acetone „π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ («—π) §”Õ∏‘∫“¬

Õ“°“» 11.6 - 116 §”π«≥®“°ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π‚¥¬· ß

(photooxidation)

πÈ”º‘«¥‘π 1 - 7 §”π«≥®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫

„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π„ππÈ” (aqueous aerobic bio-

degradation)

πÈ”„μâ¥‘π 2 - 14 §”π«≥®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫

„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π„ππÈ”

¥‘π 1 - 7 §”π«≥®“°°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫

„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π„ππÈ”

∑’Ë¡“: Howard et al. (1991)

Õ– ’́‚μπ12

6.2 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ (concentrations)acetone ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ëæ∫°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π∫√√¬“°“»¢Õßª√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ

∑’Ëæ∫§àÕπ¢â“ßμË” ‡™àπ acetone ∑’Ëæ∫„πÕ“°“»¢Õß‡°“– Carmen ª√–‡∑»‡¡Á°´‘‚° ´÷Ëß‡°Á∫

μ—«Õ¬à“ß√–À«à“ß‡¥◊Õπ°ÿ¡¿“æ—π∏å - æƒ»®‘°“¬π 2547 ¡’§à“√–À«à“ß 6.24 - 22.8 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ acetone ∑’Ëæ∫„πÕ“°“»¢Õß‡¡◊Õß Beirut ª√–‡∑»‡≈∫“πÕπ ´÷Ëß‡°Á∫

μ—«Õ¬à“ß√–À«à“ß‡¥◊Õπ ‘ßÀ“§¡ - μÿ≈“§¡ 2547 ¡’§à“‡©≈’Ë¬‡∑à“°—∫ 12.9 ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“»¢Õßª√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 4

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“»¢Õßª√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ

ª√‘¡“≥

‡¡◊Õß/ª√–‡∑» ªï∑’Ë»÷°…“ ‰¡‚§√°√—¡/ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√

‡°“– Carmen °.æ. - æ.¬. 2547 6.24 - 22.8 Ceron et al. (2007)

ª√–‡∑»‡¡Á°´‘‚°

‡¡◊Õß Cuetzalan °.¬. 2545 3.25 Ceron et al. (2005)

‡¡◊Õß Monte Pio ¡’.§. 2546 1.88

ª√–‡∑»‡¡Á°´‘‚°

‡¡◊Õß Sao Paolo °.æ. 2540 3.32 Nguyen et al. (2001)

ª√–‡∑»∫√“´‘≈

‡¡◊Õß Beirut .§. - μ.§. 2547 12.9 Moussa et al. (2006)

ª√–‡∑»‡≈∫“πÕπ

‡¡◊Õß Beijing æ.¬. 2547 - 16.6 Pang and Mu (2006)

ª√–‡∑»®’π μ.§. 2548

‡¡◊Õß Osaka æ.§. - ∏.§. 2540 1.3 Nguyen et al. (2001)

ª√–‡∑»≠’ËªÿÉπ

ACETONE 13

6.3 °“√√—∫ “√¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å (human intake)U.S. EPA (2008a) §”π«≥§à“ oral reference dose (RfDo) ¢Õß acetone

®“°√“¬ß“π¢Õß National Toxicology Program (NTP, 1991) ¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“

´÷Ëß»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ‚¥¬ÀπŸ∂Ÿ°·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªìπÀπŸ°≈ÿà¡§«∫§ÿ¡ 1 °≈ÿà¡ ·≈–ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone

5 °≈ÿà¡ ·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ÀπŸ 20 μ—« ‡ªìπÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ 10 μ—« ·≈–ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ 10 μ—«

ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone º ¡„ππÈ”§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 2,500; 5,000; 10,000; 20,000 ·≈– 50,000

¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√ ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 13 —ª¥“Àå À√◊Õ‡∑à“°—∫‰¥â√—∫ acetone 200; 400; 900; 1,700

·≈– 3,400 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ”À√—∫ÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ ·≈–‰¥â√—∫ acetone 300;

600; 1,200; 1,600 ·≈– 3,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ”À√—∫ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬

®“°°“√μ√«®æ¬“∏‘ ¿“æ¢ÕßÕ«—¬«–μà“ßÊ ¢ÕßÀπŸ‡¡◊ËÕ ‘Èπ ÿ¥°“√∑¥≈Õß æ∫«à“ §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘

∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ ·≈– U.S. EPA (2008a) „™â ”À√—∫°”Àπ¥§à“ NOAEL ¢Õß acetone §◊Õ

§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘¢Õß‰μ√–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß (mild nephropathy) ́ ÷Ëßæ∫„πÀπŸ‡æ»ºŸâ∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ acetone

1,700 ·≈– 3,400 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ‡∑à“π—Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ §à“ NOAEL ¢Õß acetone

®÷ß¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 900 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π

U.S. EPA (2008a) „™â§à“ uncertainty factor ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,000 „π°“√§”π«≥§à“

RfDo ¢Õß acetone ´÷Ëßª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬

factor 10 ”À√—∫ °“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß (interspecies extrapolation)

factor 10 ”À√—∫ individual sensitivity ¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å

factor 10 ”À√—∫ °“√»÷°…“°÷Ëß‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß (subchronic study)

U.S. EPA (2008a) „™â§à“ modifying factor ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 ¥—ßπ—Èπ §à“ RfDo ¢Õß acetone

®÷ß‡∑à“°—∫ 900/(1,000 × 1) = 0.9 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥‡√◊ËÕß

°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß„π¿“§ºπ«° 2)

°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ¢Õßª√–™“™π®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

ª√–™“™π “¡“√∂‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¥—ßπ’È

1. Õ“°“» ‡ªìπ«‘∏’À≈—°∑’Ëª√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡μ≈Õ¥‡«≈“

‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å

ª√–™“™π°≈ÿà¡‡ ’Ë¬ß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®πÕ“®‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬ ‰¥â·°à

- §πß“π„π‚√ßß“πº≈‘μ acetone ·≈–‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡∑’Ë„™â acetone ‡ªìπ

μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬·≈–º≈‘μ “√‡§¡’Õ◊Ëπ

- ª√–™“™π∑’Ë„™âº≈‘μ¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’ acetone ‡ªìπμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬º ¡Õ¬Ÿà

- π—°«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å·≈–π—°«‘®—¬∑’ËμâÕß„™â acetone ª√‘¡“≥¡“°„πÀâÕßªØ‘∫—μ‘°“√

Õ– ’́‚μπ14

2. πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ ª√–™“™π¡’‚Õ°“ ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§πÈ”‰¥â„πª√‘¡“≥∑’ËμË”¡“°

·¡â«à“ acetone º ¡°—∫πÈ”‰¥â∑ÿ° —¥ à«π°Áμ“¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ¡’°≈‘Ëπ ∂â“πÈ”¡’ acetone

ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¡“°®–∑”„ÀâπÈ”¥◊Ë¡¡’°≈‘Ëπ·≈–ª√–™“™πªØ‘‡ ∏°“√¥◊Ë¡πÈ”‰¥â

ACETONE 15

7.1 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·≈–°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π√Ÿª‚¥¬™’«¿“æ(biodegradation and biotransformation)acetone ∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π Rathbun ·≈–§≥– (1982)

√“¬ß“πÕ—μ√“°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬ acetone ‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π‡ªìπ first-order reaction

¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‡∑à“°—∫ 2 «—π ´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „π

·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π‡∑à“°—∫ 1 - 7 «—π ∑’Ë√“¬ß“π‚¥¬ Howard ·≈–§≥– (1991) (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥

„πÀ—«¢âÕ 6.1 °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬·≈–°“√§ß ¿“æ, loss and persistence)

7.2 °“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß (photodegradation)acetone „π∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ troposphere ∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß·¥¥ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√

¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‡ªìπ·∫∫ first-order reaction ¡’§à“§ßμ—«¢ÕßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡∑à“°—∫ 1 × 10− 7 «‘π“∑’

À√◊Õ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‡∑à“°—∫ 81 «—π (Meyrahn et al., 1986)

7.3 °“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (hydrolysis)‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ‰¡à¡’À¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π∑’Ë®–·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” ¥—ßπ—Èπ acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ

„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡®÷ß‰¡à Ÿ≠ ≈“¬‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√·μ° ≈“¬¥â«¬πÈ” (Toxnet, 2008)

7.4 °“√√«¡μ—« (sorption)acetone ¡’§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (Koc) ∑’Ë§”π«≥®“°§à“ log Kow ‡∑à“°—∫ 1

· ¥ß«à“ acetone √«¡μ—«°—∫¥‘π‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ®÷ß “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπμ—«„π¥‘π‰¥â¥’¡“°

7.5 °“√°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ (evaporation)acetone ¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant ‡∑à“°—∫ 3.97 × 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å

‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’¡“°

®“°°“√§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ß§≥‘μ»“ μ√å acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π·¡àπÈ”∑’Ë¡’

Õ– ’́‚μπ16

§«“¡≈÷° 1 ‡¡μ√ πÈ”‰À≈¥â«¬§«“¡‡√Á« 1 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ ·≈–§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡‡Àπ◊Õ·¡àπÈ”‡∑à“°—∫

3 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ ¡’§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 38 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ”À√—∫·À≈àßπÈ”

∑’ËπÈ”‰À≈™â“·≈–≈¡æ—¥§àÕπ¢â“ß™â“ acetone ®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ®“°°“√

§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑–‡≈ “∫∑’Ë¡’§«“¡≈÷° 1 ‡¡μ√ πÈ”‰À≈¥â«¬§«“¡‡√Á« 0.05 ‡¡μ√/

«‘π“∑’ ·≈–§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡‡Àπ◊Õ∑–‡≈ “∫‡∑à“°—∫ 0.5 ‡¡μ√/«‘π“∑’ §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬

°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ¢Õß acetone ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 13.9 «—π (Lyman et al., 1990)

7.6 °“√‡°‘¥ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ÕÕ°´‘‡¥™—π (oxidation)acetone „πÕ“°“» ∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°´‘‰¥ å‚¥¬Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈ Meyrahn ·≈–§≥–

(1986) √“¬ß“π§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone ∑’Ë∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–

‰Œ¥√Õ°´‘≈‡∑à“°—∫ 80 «—π ́ ÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ 11.6 - 116 «—π ́ ÷Ëß√“¬ß“π‚¥¬ Howard

·≈–§≥– (1991)

7.7 °“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫∑“ß√–∫∫π‘‡«» (model ecosystem studies)acetone „ππÈ”√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â¥’¡“° ®÷ß∑”„Àâ acetone ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”

‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π·≈– – ¡„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”‰¥âπâÕ¬¡“° · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“

acetone ¡’º≈μàÕ√–∫∫π‘‡«»πâÕ¬¡“°

ACETONE 17

acetone ‡¢â“ Ÿà ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰¥â∑—Èß®“°∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈–®“°°“√°√–∑”¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘

25°´ acetone ¡’§à“§«“¡¥—π‰Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 231 ¡‘≈≈‘‡¡μ√ª√Õ∑ ¥—ßπ—Èπ acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ

„πÕ“°“» à«π„À≠àÕ¬Ÿà„π ¿“«–∑’Ë‡ªìπ‰Õ °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone „πÕ“°“» à«π„À≠à

‡ªìπ°“√∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°—∫Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–‰Œ¥√Õ° ‘́≈‚¥¬¡’· ß‡ªìπμ—«‡√àßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“ acetone „π

∫√√¬“°“»™—Èπ troposphere ¬—ß∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬· ß·¥¥ ‚¥¬ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‡ªìπ

·∫∫ first-order reaction ‡π◊ËÕß®“° acetone ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ acetone

„πÕ“°“»®÷ß∂Ÿ°™–‚¥¬§«“¡™◊Èπ Ωπ ·≈–À‘¡–≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π·≈–¥‘π

acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™â

ÕÕ°´‘‡®π acetone ¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant ‡∑à“°—∫ 3.97 × 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“» ×

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ · ¥ß«à“ acetone „π·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‡¢â“ Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»

‰¥â¥’¡“° acetone – ¡„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ ¡’§à“ bioconcentration factor

(BCF) ∑’Ë§”π«≥®“°§à“ log Kow ‡∑à“°—∫ 3 ‡∑à“π—Èπ

acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π¥‘π∑’Ë¡’§«“¡™◊ÈπμË” à«π„À≠à®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ acetone

√«¡μ—«°—∫¥‘π‰¥â‡æ’¬ß‡≈Á°πâÕ¬ °Õ√ª°—∫ acetone ≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’¡“° ®÷ß “¡“√∂‡§≈◊ËÕπμ—«

≈ß ŸàπÈ”„μâ¥‘π·≈–∂Ÿ°™–¥â«¬πÈ”‰À≈≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ”º‘«¥‘π‰¥â acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π¥‘π∫“ß à«π

∂Ÿ°¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ°´‘‡®π °“√ Ÿ≠ ≈“¬¢Õß acetone ∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„ππÈ”„μâ¥‘π

à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ·∫∫„™âÕÕ° ‘́‡®π

Õ– ’́‚μπ18

9.1 °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ (absorption)acetone ∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´÷¡®“°√–∫∫∑“ß‡¥‘πÀ“¬„®·≈–√–∫∫∑“ß‡¥‘πÕ“À“√‰¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ß¥’

Õ“ “ ¡—§√∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ acetone „π°√–· ‡≈◊Õ¥‰¥â

„π‡«≈“‡æ’¬ß 30 π“∑’À≈—ß‰¥â√—∫ “√ °“√»÷°…“„πÕ“ “ ¡—§√∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√°‘π

ª√‘¡“≥ 137 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ acetone „π°√–· ‡≈◊Õ¥

‰¥â Ÿß ÿ¥„π‡«≈“‡æ’¬ß 10 π“∑’À≈—ß‰¥â√—∫ “√ (IPCS, 1998)

9.2 °“√·æ√à°√–®“¬ (distribution)acetone ¡’°“√·æ√à°√–®“¬„π√à“ß°“¬‰¥â¥’¡“° °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ mouse ∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫

[14C] acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,190 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 1 - 24

™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 1 - 5 «—π “¡“√∂μ√«®æ∫ [14C] acetone ‰¥â„π∑ÿ°Õ«—¬«–¢Õß√à“ß°“¬

§◊Õ ‡≈◊Õ¥ À—«„® μ—∫ÕàÕπ ¡â“¡ ‰μ ¡Õß μ—∫ μàÕ¡‰∑¡— Õ—≥±– ªÕ¥ °≈â“¡‡π◊ÈÕ ·≈–

‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ‰¢¡—π (Wigaeus et al., 1982)

9.3 °“√ – ¡„π√à“ß°“¬ (bioconcentration)acetone ‡ªìπ ketone bodies ∑’Ë√à“ß°“¬ “¡“√∂ —ß‡§√“–Àå®“°°√¥‰¢¡—π·≈–

π”‰ª„™â„π°“√ —ß‡§√“–Àå glucose ‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√ gluconeogenesis ”À√—∫„™â‡ªìπ

æ≈—ßß“π ®÷ß‰¡àæ∫√“¬ß“π°“√ – ¡¢Õß acetone „π√à“ß°“¬ (IPCS, 1998)

9.4 ‡¡∑μ“‚∫≈‘´÷¡ (metabolism)acetone ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë√à“ß°“¬ “¡“√∂ —ß‡§√“–Àå·≈–π”‰ª„™â„π°“√ —ß‡§√“–Àå‡ªìπ

glucose ‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√ gluconeogenesis ‡æ◊ËÕ„™â‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π‰¥â °“√»÷°…“„πÕ“ “ ¡—§√

∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ [14C] acetone ‚¥¬°“√©’¥‡¢â“‡ âπ‡≈◊Õ¥ æ∫«à“ √âÕ¬≈– 3.1 - 11 ¢Õßª√‘¡“≥ acetone

∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫∂Ÿ°π”‰ª —ß‡§√“–Àå glucose (Reichard et al., 1979)

ACETONE 19

acetone ∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å‚¥¬‡Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 ‰¥â hydroxyacetone

(acetol) ´÷Ëß®–∂Ÿ°ÕÕ°´‘‰¥ å‡ªìπ methylglyoxal À√◊Õ∂Ÿ°√’¥‘« å‡ªìπ 1,2-propanediol ´÷Ëß

‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈∑å∑—Èß Õßπ’È√à“ß°“¬ “¡“√∂π”‰ª —ß‡§√“–Àå glucose ‰¥â

9.5 °“√¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬ (excretion)°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone „πª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬ √âÕ¬≈– 20 ¢Õßª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°

∑“ß≈¡À“¬„® √âÕ¬≈– 75 ®–∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å ¡’‡æ’¬ß∫“ß à«π®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ßªí “«–

·μà∂â“‰¥â√—∫ acetone „πª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß √âÕ¬≈– 80 ¢Õßª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫®–∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß

≈¡À“¬„® ·≈–√âÕ¬≈– 20 ®–∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å

acetone ∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬‰¥âÕ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«À≈—ß‰¥â√—∫ “√ °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ mouse

∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫ [14C] acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,190 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√

‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß æ∫«à“ §à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ¢Õß°“√¢—∫ acetone ÕÕ°®“°√à“ß°“¬‡∑à“°—∫ 2 - 3

™—Ë«‚¡ß (Wigaeus et al., 1982) ·≈–®“°°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∑“ßª“°

ª√‘¡“≥ 1.16 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« æ∫«à“ 13.5 ™—Ë«‚¡ßÀ≈—ß‰¥â√—∫ “√ √âÕ¬≈– 97.4

¢Õßª√‘¡“≥ acetone ∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫∂Ÿ°¢—∫ÕÕ°∑“ß≈¡À“¬„® (IPCS, 1998)

Õ– ’́‚μπ20

acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—ππâÕ¬¡“°μàÕ —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡∑—Èß‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ßª“°

ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß ·≈–‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ LD50 ‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ßª“°„πÀπŸ rat ¡’§à“√–À«à“ß

1,726 - 7,138 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« LD50 „πÀπŸ mouse ·≈–°√–μà“¬¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫

3,000 ·≈– 5,340 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« μ“¡≈”¥—∫ LD50 ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß

„π°√–μà“¬·≈–ÀπŸμ–‡¿“ ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 20,000 ·≈–¡“°°«à“ 7,373 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡

πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« μ“¡≈”¥—∫ §à“ LD50 ¢Õß acetone „π —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 5

LC50 ¢Õß acetone ∑’Ë 4 ·≈– 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß„πÀπŸ rat ¡’§à“ 76,000 ·≈– 50,100

¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ (Pozzani et al., 1959)

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 5 §à“ LD50 ¢Õß acetone „π —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡

LD50

ªï™’ å «‘∏’°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√ (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß†

† † πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«) †

ÀπŸ rat ∑“ßª“° 1,726 - 7,138 Kimura et al. (1971)

ÀπŸ rat ∑“ßª“° 5,806 Freeman and Hayes (1985)

ÀπŸ mouse ∑“ßª“° 3,000 IUCLID (2000)

°√–μà“¬ ∑“ßª“° 5,340 IUCLID (2000)

°√–μà“¬ ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß 20,000 IUCLID (2000)

ÀπŸμ–‡¿“ ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß > 7,373 Roudabush et al. (1965)

ÀπŸ mouse ‚¥¬°“√©’¥‡¢â“ 1,297 IUCLID (2000)

™àÕß∑âÕß

ÀπŸ rat ‚¥¬°“√©’¥‡¢â“‡ âπ‡≈◊Õ¥ 5,500 IUCLID (2000)

ACETONE 21

11.1 ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“∑“ß™’«‡§¡’ (biochemical interactions)°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley æ∫«à“ ÀπŸ∑—Èß Õß‡æ»∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫

acetone ∑“ßª“°ª√‘¡“≥ 2,500 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 90 «—π ¡’º≈

∑”„Àâ‡Õπ‰´¡å alanine aminotransferase „π‡≈◊Õ¥‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ (U.S. EPA, 1986)

acetone “¡“√∂°√–μÿâπ°“√ √â“ß‡Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 IIE1 „πμ—∫‰¥â

¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ®–∑”„Àâ acetone ∂Ÿ°‡¡∑μ“‚∫‰≈ å‰¥â‡√Á«¢÷Èπ

‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’‡Õπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 IIE1 „πμ—∫¡“°¢÷Èπ (IPCS, 1998)

11.2 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (carcinogenicity)°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬ National Toxicology Program ¢Õßª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ æ∫«à“

acetone ‰¡à°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß„πÀπŸ rat ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse ´÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬

∫πº‘«Àπ—ß (NTP, 1991) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

®—¥„Àâ acetone ‡ªìπ “√„π°≈ÿà¡ A4 (not classificable as a human carcinogen)

(ACGIH, 2006)

11.3 °“√‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå (mutagenicity)acetone ‰¡à‡ªìπ “√°àÕ‡°‘¥°“√°≈“¬æ—π∏ÿå„π°“√»÷°…“ short term test μà“ßÊ §◊Õ

- Ames test ∑’Ë„™â·∫§∑’‡√’¬ Salmonella Typhimurium “¬æ—π∏ÿå TA 98,

TA 100, TA 1535 ·≈– TA 1537 (NTP, 1991)

- °“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„™â‡´≈≈å¢Õß —μ«å‡≈’È¬ß≈Ÿ°¥â«¬π¡ ‰¥â·°à mouse lymphoma,

Chinese hamster ovary cell ·≈– human lymphocytes (IPCS, 1998)

11.4 °“√‡ √‘¡æ‘…/°“√μâ“πæ‘… (potentiation/antagonism)acetone “¡“√∂°√–μÿâπ°“√ √â“ß‡ÕÁπ‰´¡å cytochrome P-450 IIE1 „πμ—∫‰¥â

°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß æ∫«à“ °“√„Àâ acetone °àÕπ°“√„Àâ (pretreatment) μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬

Õ– ’́‚μπ22

„π°≈ÿà¡ chlorinated hydrocarbon ‡™àπ chloroform, carbon tetrachloride ·≈–

1,1,2-trichloroethane ®–∑”„Àâæ‘…μàÕμ—∫ (hepatotoxicity) ·≈–‰μ (nephrotoxicity)

¢Õßμ—«∑”≈–≈“¬‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ (IPCS, 1998)

11.5 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ√–∫∫ª√– “∑ (neurotoxicity)acetone ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥√–∫∫ª√– “∑ à«π°≈“ß °“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë

§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß®–∑”„Àâ´÷¡ ‡«’¬π»’√…– ¡÷πßß ·≈– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬°“√√—∫√Ÿâ (IPCS, 1998)

11.6 °“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß‡∫◊ÈÕßμâπ (primary irritation)°“√À“¬„®‡Õ“‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone ‡¢â“‰ª®–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ

√–∫∫∑“ß‡¥‘πÀ“¬„®

°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∫√‘‡«≥º‘«Àπ—ß®–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√∑”≈“¬™—Èπ‰¢¡—π¢Õßº‘«Àπ—ß

´÷Ëß‡ªìπ “‡Àμÿ∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º◊Ëπ·¥ß º‘«Àπ—ß·Àâß·≈–·μ° °àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥Õ“°“√ª«¥· ∫ª«¥√âÕπ‰¥â

·≈–∂â“‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∑“ßº‘«Àπ—ß‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ®–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßÕ¬à“ß√ÿπ·√ß

À√◊ÕÕ“®∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√Õ—°‡ ∫¢Õßº‘«Àπ—ß‰¥â ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone °àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß

μàÕμ“ ∑”„Àâª«¥μ“ πÈ”μ“‰À≈ ·≈–μ“·¥ß

°“√‰¥â√—∫ acetone ª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬∑“ßª“°®–‰¡à°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ√–∫∫

∑“ß‡¥‘πÕ“À“√ ·μàÀ“°‰¥â√—∫„πª√‘¡“≥¡“° ®–∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊ÕßμàÕ√–∫∫∑“ß‡¥‘π

Õ“À“√ ª«¥∑âÕß §≈◊Ëπ‰ â ·≈–Õ“‡®’¬π (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…, 2550)

11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (embryotropic action)º≈°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õß

μ—«ÕàÕπ °“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley ÷́Ëß∂Ÿ°·∫àß‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡§«∫§ÿ¡

1 °≈ÿà¡ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ acetone 3 °≈ÿà¡ ·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ 26 - 29 μ—«

ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,045; 5,200 ·≈– 26,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π 7 «—π/ —ª¥“Àå √–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 6 - 19 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕß º≈°“√

»÷°…“°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„π«—π∑’Ë 20 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕßæ∫«à“ μ—«ÕàÕπ„π°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë·¡àÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫

acetone §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 26,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«πâÕ¬°«à“μ—«ÕàÕπ„π

°≈ÿà¡§«∫§ÿ¡ ·μà‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„πÀπŸ∑ÿ°°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫

acetone πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ßæ∫«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ¥—™π’∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå §◊Õ ®”π«π

μ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ë¡’™’«‘μ/§√Õ° ®”π«πμ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ëμ“¬·≈–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈—∫/§√Õ° ·≈–Õ—μ√“ à«π¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ

‡æ»ºŸâ·≈–‡æ»‡¡’¬ (NTP, 1988)

ACETONE 23

°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ mouse “¬æ—π∏ÿå CD-1 ´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°·∫àß‡ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡ °≈ÿà¡§«∫§ÿ¡

1 °≈ÿà¡ ·≈–°≈ÿà¡‰¥â√—∫ acetone 3 °≈ÿà¡ ·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ÀπŸ‡æ»‡¡’¬ 28 - 31 μ—«

ÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 1,045; 5,200 ·≈– 15,670 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ 6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π 7 «—π/ —ª¥“Àå √–À«à“ß«—π∑’Ë 6 - 17 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕß º≈°“√

»÷°…“°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„π«—π∑’Ë 18 ¢Õß°“√μ—Èß∑âÕßæ∫«à“ μ—«ÕàÕπ„π°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë·¡àÀπŸ‰¥â√—∫

acetone §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 15,670 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ ¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«πâÕ¬°«à“μ—«ÕàÕπ„π

°≈ÿà¡§«∫§ÿ¡ ·μà‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«°—∫°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ„πÀπŸ∑ÿ°°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫

acetone πÕ°®“°π’È ¬—ßæ∫«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ¥—™π’∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå §◊Õ ®”π«π

μ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ë¡’™’«‘μ/§√Õ° ®”π«πμ—«ÕàÕπ∑’Ëμ“¬·≈–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥°≈—∫ (resorption)/§√Õ° ·≈–

—¥ à«π¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ‡æ»ºŸâ·≈–‡æ»‡¡’¬ (NTP, 1988)

11.8 §«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π (immunotoxicity)°“√»÷°…“º≈¢Õß acetone μàÕ¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π„πÀπŸ mouse “¬æ—π∏ÿå SSIN ‰¥â√—∫

acetone ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß æ∫«à“ acetone ¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°¥¿Ÿ¡‘§ÿâ¡°—π humoral immunity

§◊Õ ≈¥°“√ √â“ß “√¿Ÿ¡‘μâ“π∑“π™π‘¥ immunoglobulin M (IgM) ‚¥¬ B cell ·μà‰¡à¡’º≈

μàÕ T cell (Singh et al., 1996)

11.9 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘μàÕ°“√ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (reproduction)°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ°“√

◊∫æ—π∏ÿå (¥Ÿ√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥„πÀ—«¢âÕ 11.7 º≈μàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ, embryotropic action)

11.10 §«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’Ë‡°‘¥„π∑“√° (teratogenicity)°“√»÷°…“„πÀπŸ rat ·≈–ÀπŸ mouse · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à¡’º≈μàÕ°“√

æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ acetone ‰¡à°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„π∑“√°

11.11 æƒμ‘°√√¡ (behavior)°“√»÷°…“„π°≈ÿà¡§πß“π∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¡“°°«à“ 28,500

¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ æ∫«à“ §πß“π∫“ß§π· ¥ßÕ“°“√¡÷πßß —∫ π ·μà‰¡à¡’º≈∑”„Àâ

æƒμ‘°√√¡‡ª≈’Ë¬π‰ª (Raleigh and McGee, 1972)

Õ– ’́‚μπ24

12.1 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” (aquatic)acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—πμàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”∑’ËπâÕ¬¡“° §à“ LC50 ¢Õß acetone

∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß„πª≈“∑ÿ° ªï™’ å∑’Ë∑¥ Õ∫¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ 5,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√ §à“ LC50 ¢Õß

acetone ∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß„πª≈“ fathead minnow, ª≈“ rainbow trout ·≈–ª≈“ bleak

‡∑à“°—∫ 6,210 - 8,120; 5,540 ·≈– 11,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√ μ“¡≈”¥—∫ §à“ LC50 ¢Õß

acetone μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ” · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 6

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 6 §à“ LC50 ¢Õß acetone μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ„ππÈ”

√–¬–‡«≈“ LC50

ªï™’ å °“√∑¥≈Õß (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/ ‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

(™—Ë«‚¡ß) ≈‘μ√)

ª≈“ fathead minnow 24 9,500 Brooke et al. (1984)

(Pimephales promelas) 48 9,000

96 6,210 - 8,120

ª≈“ rainbow trout 24 6,100 Majewski et al. (1977)

(Salmo gairdneri) 96 5,540 Johnson and Finley (1980)

ª≈“ bleak 96 11,000 Linden et al. (1979)

(Alburnus alburnus)

ª≈“ japanese killifish 48 14,300 Slooff et al. (1983)

(Oryzias latipes)

ª≈“ guppy 48 9,600 Slooff et al. (1983)

(Poecilia reticulata)

ACETONE 25

12.2 ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫° (terrestrial)¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—π¢Õß acetone μàÕ ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∫π∫°¡’®”°—¥¡“° §à“ LC50 ¢Õß

acetone „πÕ“À“√∑’Ë„™â‡≈’È¬ßπ° Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) ·≈–π°‰°àøÑ“

ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) ¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ 40,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡

Õ“À“√ · ¥ß«à“ acetone ¡’æ‘…‡©’¬∫æ≈—πμË”μàÕ —μ«åªï° (Hill and Camardese, 1986)

Õ– ’́‚μπ26

13.1 °“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (sampling)Õ“°“» ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»‚¥¬„™âÀ≈Õ¥‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»∑’Ë∑”®“°·°â«¿“¬„π

∫√√®ÿ¥â«¬ Carbosieve S-III (‡ªìπ resin —ß‡§√“–Àå ‚§√ß √â“ß‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫§“√å∫Õπ

À√◊Õ carbon based adsorbent resin) ‡ªìπ«— ¥ÿ¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßÕ“°“»¥â«¬Õ—μ√“

0.05 ≈‘μ√/π“∑’ ∂â“‰¡à “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–Àå‰¥â∑—π∑’ „Àâ‡°Á∫√—°…“À≈Õ¥‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß„πμŸâ‡¬Áπ∑’Ë

Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ 5°´ ·≈–§«√«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“¬„π 14 «—π ´÷Ëß®–¡’ acetone §ß‡À≈◊Õª√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈–

94.1 ¢Õßª√‘¡“≥∑’Ëæ∫„π«—π∑’Ë‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß (OSHA, 2008)

πÈ” ‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”„Àâ‡μÁ¡¢«¥·°â« ’™“‚¥¬‰¡à¡’øÕßÕ“°“» ·≈–ªî¥ª“°¢«¥„Àâ π‘∑

¥â“π„π¢ÕßΩ“¢«¥μâÕß‡ªìπ polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ‡°Á∫√—°…“μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”∑’ËÕÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘

4°´ μ√«®«‘‡§√“–Àå∑—π∑’ ∂â“‰¡à “¡“√∂«‘‡§√“–Àå‰¥â∑—π∑’„Àâ‡μ‘¡ 6 N HCl ®”π«π 4 À¬¥

μàÕμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ” 40 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘μ√ ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π°“√¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‚¥¬™’«¿“æ ∂â“„πμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”¡’

§≈Õ√’πÕ‘ √– (residual chlorine) ªπ‡ªóôÕπÕ¬Ÿà„Àâ‡μ‘¡°√¥·Õ §Õ√å∫‘° (ascorbic acid)

25 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ À√◊Õ‚´‡¥’¬¡‰∏‚Õ´—≈‡øμ (sodium thiosulfate) 3 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ À√◊Õ‚´‡¥’¬¡

´—≈‰øμå (sodium sulfite) 3 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡μàÕμ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ” 40 ¡‘≈≈‘≈‘μ√ ‡°Á∫√—°…“μ—«Õ¬à“ßπÈ”‰«â∑’Ë

4°´ ·≈–§«√«‘‡§√“–Àå¿“¬„π 7 «—π (Standard Methods, 2004)

13.2 °“√‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß·≈–°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå (preparation/analysis)«‘∏’‡μ√’¬¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß «‘∏’«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“ª√‘¡“≥ ·≈–§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âππâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë«‘‡§√“–Àå‰¥â

¢Õß acetone · ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 7

ACETONE 27

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¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–‡¡◊ËÕ‡°‘¥°“√À°√¥À√◊ÕÕ—§§’¿—¬¢Õß acetone (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘…

2550; °√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2544)

14.1 °“√À°√¥(1) „Àâ°—Èπ·¬°∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√¥¢Õß acetone Õ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 50 ‡¡μ√ (150 øÿμ)

‚¥¬√Õ∫∑—π∑’ °—π∫ÿ§§≈∑’Ë‰¡à‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕßÕÕ°®“°®ÿ¥‡°‘¥‡Àμÿ „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà‡Àπ◊Õ≈¡

- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√¥¡“° „ÀâÕæ¬æºŸâ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„μâ≈¡ÕÕ°‰ªÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 300 ‡¡μ√

(2) °”®—¥·À≈àß°”‡π‘¥‰ø∑ÿ°™π‘¥ Àâ“¡ Ÿ∫∫ÿÀ√’Ë ®ÿ¥æ≈ÿ‰ø À√◊Õ°“√∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥

ª√–°“¬‰ø ‡ª≈«‰ø„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë‡°‘¥‡Àμÿ

(3) Õÿª°√≥å∑ÿ°™π‘¥∑’Ë„™â„π°“√∂à“¬‡∑À√◊Õ¢π¬â“¬ acetone μâÕßμàÕ “¬¥‘π

(4) Àâ“¡ —¡º— À√◊Õ‡¥‘π¬Ë”∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’ acetone À°√—Ë«‰À≈

(5) ªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„Àâ acetone ‰À≈≈ß Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ” ∑àÕ√–∫“¬πÈ” ™—Èπ„μâ¥‘π À√◊Õ

∫√‘‡«≥∑’ËÕ—∫Õ“°“»

(6) °“√„™â‚ø¡©’¥¥—°®—∫‰Õ√–‡À¬ Õ“®™à«¬≈¥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone ‰¥â

- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’°“√À°√—Ë«‰À≈ª√‘¡“≥¡“° °“√„™âπÈ”©’¥‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬Õ“®™à«¬≈¥‰Õ

√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone ‰¥â ·μàÕ“®ªÑÕß°—π°“√≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰ø¢Õß acetone „π∑’Ë

Õ—∫Õ“°“»‰¡à‰¥â

(7) ¥Ÿ¥´—∫ acetone ∑’ËÀ°√—Ë«‰À≈¥â«¬¥‘π ∑√“¬ À√◊Õ«— ¥ÿÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ë‰¡àμ‘¥‰ø ·≈â«‡°Á∫

„π¿“™π–‡æ◊ËÕπ”‰ª°”®—¥ ‚¥¬„™âÕÿª°√≥å∑’Ë –Õ“¥·≈–‰¡à°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ª√–°“¬‰ø

‡°Á∫√«∫√«¡ acetone ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫

- °√≥’∑’Ë¡’ acetone À°√—Ë«‰À≈ª√‘¡“≥¡“° „Àâ √â“ß∑”π∫°—Èπ acetone ∑’Ë

À°√—Ë«‰À≈‡æ◊ËÕ√Õ°“√°”®—¥

ACETONE 29

14.2 °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬À√◊Õ√–‡∫‘¥(1) acetone ‡ªìπ “√∑’Ë‰«‰ø Ÿß ≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰øßà“¬‡¡◊ËÕ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√âÕπ ª√–°“¬‰ø

À√◊Õ‡ª≈«‰ø ‡¡◊ËÕ acetone º ¡°—∫Õ“°“»Õ“®‡°‘¥ à«πº ¡∑’Ë√–‡∫‘¥‰¥â(2) ‰Õ√–‡À¬¢Õß acetone Õ“®‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë‰ª¬—ß·À≈àß∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√μ‘¥‰ø·≈–

≈ÿ°μ‘¥‰ø¬âÕπ°≈—∫‰ª¬—ßμâπ°”‡π‘¥°“√√—Ë«‰À≈‰¥â(3) ‡¡◊ËÕ acetone ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡√âÕπ ŸßÀ√◊Õ‡¡◊ËÕ‰ø‰À¡â®– ≈“¬μ—«„Àâ§«—π∑’Ë¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï

°—¥°√àÕπ ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√√–§“¬‡§◊Õß À√◊Õ‡ªìπæ‘…- „π°“√¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß„Àâ «¡™ÿ¥ªÑÕß°—π‰Õ√–‡À¬∑’Ëªî¥¡‘¥™‘¥∑—Èßμ—« æ√âÕ¡‡§√◊ËÕß™à«¬

À“¬„®™π‘¥¡’∂—ßÕ“°“»„πμ—« (self contained breathing apparatus,SCBA)

(4) °“√‡°‘¥Õ—§§’¿—¬°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘ß‰À¡â¢π“¥‡≈Á°- „™âºß‡§¡’·Àâß §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å πÈ”©’¥‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬ À¡Õ° À√◊Õ‚ø¡

¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß™π‘¥ alcohol-resistance foam°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘ß‰À¡â¢π“¥„À≠à- „Àâ©’¥πÈ”‡ªìπ≈”ΩÕ¬ À¡Õ° À√◊Õ‚ø¡¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß™π‘¥ alcohol-resistance

foam Àâ“¡©’¥πÈ”‡ªìπ≈”μ√ß‰ª¬—ß∑’Ë‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘ß- ∂â“‰¡à‡ ’Ë¬ßÕ—πμ√“¬ „Àâ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊ÕÀ’∫ÀàÕ∑’Ë‰¡à‡ ’¬À“¬

ÕÕ°®“°∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘ß‰À¡â°√≥’‡°‘¥‡æ≈‘ß‰À¡â¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊Õ„°≈â°—∫¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÀ√◊Õ√∂¢π àß- „ÀâÕæ¬æºŸâ§πÀà“ßÕÕ°‰ªÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 1,000 ‡¡μ√‚¥¬√Õ∫∑—π∑’- Àâ“¡Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥À—«À√◊Õ∑â“¬¢Õß∑àÕÀ√◊Õ¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡æ√“–¿“™π–∫√√®ÿÕ“®

√–‡∫‘¥- „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà‰°≈®“°¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°‰ø≈ÿ°∑à«¡- „Àâ¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß®“°√–¬–‰°≈∑’Ë ÿ¥ À√◊Õ„™âÀ—«©’¥πÈ”™π‘¥∑’Ë‰¡àμâÕß„™â§π∂◊Õ À√◊Õ

„™â·∑àπ©’¥πÈ”·∑π ·μàÀ“°‰¡à¡’„Àâ∂Õπ°”≈—ßÕÕ°®“°æ◊Èπ∑’Ë·≈–ª≈àÕ¬„Àâ≈ÿ°‰À¡â®π‰ø¥—∫‰ª‡Õß

- Àâ“¡©’¥πÈ”‰ª∑’Ë√Õ¬√—Ë«À√◊ÕÕÿª°√≥å√–∫“¬‰Õπ‘√¿—¬‚¥¬μ√ß ‡æ√“–Õ“®∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥πÈ”·¢Áß¢÷Èπ‰¥â

- ∂â“Õÿª°√≥å√–∫“¬§«“¡¥—ππ‘√¿—¬¢Õß¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß¥—ßÀ√◊Õ¿“™π–∫√√®ÿ‡ª≈’Ë¬π ’ „Àâ∂Õπ°”≈—ß‡®â“Àπâ“∑’ËÕÕ°®“°∫√‘‡«≥π—Èπ∑—π∑’‡æ√“–Õ“®‡°‘¥√–‡∫‘¥‰¥â

(5) πÈ”®“°°“√¥—∫‡æ≈‘ß¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï°—¥°√àÕπÕ“®‡ªìπæ‘…·≈–°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥ªí≠À“πÈ”‡ ’¬‰¥â

Õ– ’́‚μπ30

15.1 °“√ª∞¡æ¬“∫“≈°√≥’‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∫√‘‡«≥º‘«Àπ—ß „Àâ∂Õ¥‡ ◊ÈÕºâ“∑’Ë‡ªóôÕπÕÕ°∑—π∑’ ≈â“ßº‘«Àπ—ß

∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë‡ªóôÕπ¥â«¬πÈ” –Õ“¥·≈– ∫Ÿà °√≥’‰¥â√—∫ acetone ∫√‘‡«≥μ“À√◊Õº‘«Àπ—ß„Àâ≈â“ß¥â«¬

πÈ” –Õ“¥‚¥¬‡ªî¥πÈ”„Àâ ‰À≈ºà“πÕ¬à“ßπâÕ¬ 20 π“∑’ ∂â“ºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫¡’Õ“°“√πÈ”μ“‰À≈¡“°

μ“∫«¡ √–§“¬‡§◊Õß À√◊Õ ª«¥μ“ „Àâ√’∫π” àß·æ∑¬å

°√≥’‰¥â√—∫ acetone ‚¥¬°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ À√◊Õ‚¥¬°“√°‘π „Àâπ”ºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫ÕÕ°®“°

∫√‘‡«≥∑’Ë¡’ acetone À°√¥„Àâ ‰¥â√—∫Õ“°“»∫√‘ ÿ∑∏‘Ï √—°…“√à“ß°“¬¢ÕßºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫„ÀâÕ∫Õÿàπ

„ÀâÕÕ° ‘́‡®π∂â“ºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫À“¬„®≈”∫“° ·≈–√’∫π” àß·æ∑¬å (°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… 2550;

°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2544)

15.2 §”·π–π” ”À√—∫·æ∑¬åacetone ‡ªìπ¢Õß‡À≈«√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√√—°…“æ¬“∫“≈®÷ßμâÕß

√–«—ß‡√◊ËÕß√–∫∫∑“ß‡¥‘πÀ“¬„® ‰¡à§«√∑”„ÀâºŸâ∫“¥‡®Á∫Õ“‡®’¬π °“√≈â“ß∑âÕßμâÕß„ à∑àÕ™à«¬

À“¬„®°àÕπ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π‰¡à„Àâ ‰Õ¢Õß acetone °≈—∫‰ª√–§“¬μàÕ‡¬◊ËÕ∫ÿ√–∫∫∑“ß‡¥‘πÀ“¬„®Õ’°

(«‘π—¬, 2541)

ACETONE 31

«‘∏’®—¥°“√°“°¢Õß‡ ’¬ acetone ∑’Ë‡À¡“– ¡∑’Ë International Register of

Potentially Toxic Chemicals ·π–π” §◊Õ °“√‡º“·∫∫ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å (incineration) ‚¥¬°“√

‡ª√¬å acetone „π‡μ“‡º“ °“√‡º“‰À¡â®–ßà“¬¢÷Èπ∂â“º ¡ acetone °—∫μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬∑’Ë

μ‘¥‰øßà“¬ (IRPTC, 1985)

Õ– ’́‚μπ32

17.1 ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬1. °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬

ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.». 2546

´÷ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„πæ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬ æ.».2535 °”Àπ¥„Àâ acetone ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡

‡¢â¡¢âπ¡“°°«à“√âÕ¬≈– 75 ‚¥¬πÈ”Àπ—° ‡ªìπ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬™π‘¥∑’Ë 3 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√º≈‘μ

°“√π”‡¢â“ °“√ àßÕÕ° À√◊Õ°“√¡’‰«â„π§√Õ∫§√ÕßμâÕß‰¥â√—∫„∫Õπÿ≠“μ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“π

Õÿμ “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡ªìπÀπà«¬ß“π√—∫º‘¥™Õ∫ (°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2546)

2. °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬

ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥¢Õß‡À≈«μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë‡ªìππÈ”¡—π

‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“πÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß æ.». 2474 °”Àπ¥„Àâ

acetone ‡ªìπ¢Õß‡À≈«∑’Ë‡ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß (°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬, 2504)

3. °√–∑√«ß·√ßß“π

ª√–°“»°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“π ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥·≈–ª√–‡¿∑

¢Õß “√‡§¡’Õ—πμ√“¬ ´÷ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„πª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ ‡√◊ËÕß §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬

„π°“√∑”ß“π‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ “√‡§¡’Õ—πμ√“¬ ≈ß«—π∑’Ë 22 ‘ßÀ“§¡ 2534 °”Àπ¥„Àâ acetone

‡ªìπ “√‡§¡’Õ—πμ√“¬ (°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“π, 2535)

4. °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡

ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 14 (æ.». 2538)

‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™◊ËÕ ª√–‡¿∑ ™π‘¥ À√◊Õ¢π“¥∫√√®ÿ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ À√◊Õº≈‘μ¿—≥±å‡ªìπ “√√–‡À¬

´÷ËßÕÕ°μ“¡§«“¡„πæ√–√“™°”Àπ¥ªÑÕß°—π°“√„™â “√√–‡À¬ æ.». 2533 °”Àπ¥„Àâ

acetone ‡ªìπ “√√–‡À¬ (°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡, 2539)

ACETONE 33

17.2 μà“ßª√–‡∑»°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡ acetone „πμà“ßª√–‡∑»· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 8

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 8 °ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–∑’Ë„™â§«∫§ÿ¡ acetone „πμà“ßª√–‡∑»

ª√–‡∑»°ÆÀ¡“¬/†

¡“μ√∞“π «—π∑’Ë‡√‘Ë¡∫—ß§—∫„™â† ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–† † †

·§π“¥“ °ÆÀ¡“¬ 13 ¡’π“§¡ 2529

À√“™Õ“≥“®—°√ °ÆÀ¡“¬ 1 ¡°√“§¡ 2535

À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“ ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π– ªï æ.». 2532

Õ“√å‡®πμ‘π“ °ÆÀ¡“¬ 29 æƒ…¿“§¡ 2534

∑’Ë¡“: IRPTC (1993)

¡“μ√∞“π§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’Ë¬μ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“15 π“∑’ „¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 2,375¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,000 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡)

¡“μ√∞“π§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’Ë¬μ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“10 π“∑’„¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 3,560¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,500 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡)

¡“μ√∞“π§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’Ë¬μ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 10 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“15 π“∑’ „¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 2,380¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,000 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡)

¡“μ√∞“π§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡©≈’Ë¬μ≈Õ¥√–¬–‡«≈“∑”ß“πª°μ‘ 8 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/«—π ‡∑à“°—∫ 1,780¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (750 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ∑—Èßπ’È®–¡’ª√‘¡“≥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥„π™à«ß‡«≈“15 π“∑’ „¥Ê ¢Õß°“√∑”ß“π‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 2,375¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√ (1,000 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡) ‚¥¬®–¡’™à«ß‡«≈“¥—ß°≈à“«‰¥â ‰¡à‡°‘π 4 §√—Èß/«—π·≈–μâÕß¡’√–¬–Àà“ß¢Õß™à«ß‡«≈“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ Ÿß ÿ¥‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 60 π“∑’

Õ– ’́‚μπ34

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ßreferences†

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°√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… (2550) §Ÿà¡◊Õ√–ß—∫Õÿ∫—μ‘¿—¬ “√‡§¡’ 2004 Emergency Response

Guidebook °√¡§«∫§ÿ¡¡≈æ‘… °√–∑√«ß∑√—æ¬“°√∏√√¡™“μ‘·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

°√ÿß‡∑æœ 374 Àπâ“

°√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡ (2544) §Ÿà¡◊Õ°“√√–ß—∫Õÿ∫—μ‘¿—¬®“° “√‡§¡’ °√¡‚√ßß“πÕÿμ “À°√√¡

°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ °√ÿß‡∑æœ 244 Àπâ“

°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“π (2535) ª√–°“»°√¡ «— ¥‘°“√·≈–§ÿâ¡§√Õß·√ßß“π

‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥·≈–ª√–‡¿∑¢Õß “√‡§¡’ √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡ 109 μÕπ∑’Ë 113

«—π∑’Ë 9 °—π¬“¬π 2535

°√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ (2546 - 2550) ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ∂‘μ‘°“√§â“√–À«à“ßª√–‡∑»¢Õß‰∑¬ Foreign Trade

Statistics of Thailand Imports. °√¡»ÿ≈°“°√ °√–∑√«ß°“√§≈—ß

°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ (2504) ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™π‘¥¢Õß‡À≈«μà“ßÊ

∑’Ë‡ªìππÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ßμ“¡æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—μ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡°Á∫√—°…“πÈ”¡—π‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß æ.».

2474 √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡ 78 μÕπ∑’Ë 4 «—π∑’Ë 17 ¡°√“§¡ 2504

°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ °√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ (2539) ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢

°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 14 æ.». 2538 ‡√◊ËÕß °”Àπ¥™◊ËÕ ª√–‡¿∑ ™π‘¥ À√◊Õ

¢π“¥∫√√®ÿ¢Õß “√‡§¡’À√◊Õº≈‘μ¿—≥±å‡ªìπ “√√–‡À¬ √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡ 113

μÕπ∑’Ë 8 ß «—π∑’Ë 25 ¡°√“§¡ 2539

°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ (2546) ª√–°“»°√–∑√«ßÕÿμ “À°√√¡ ‡√◊ËÕß ∫—≠™’√“¬™◊ËÕ«—μ∂ÿÕ—πμ√“¬

æ.». 2546 √“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ©∫—∫∑—Ë«‰ª ‡≈à¡ 120 μÕπæ‘‡»… 113 ß «—π∑’Ë 30

°—π¬“¬π 2546

«‘π—¬ «π“πÿ°Ÿ≈ (2541) æ‘…®“° “√μ—«∑”≈–≈“¬ „π: À≈—°°“√«‘π‘®©—¬·≈–√—°…“¿“«–‡ªìπæ‘…/

“√æ‘… ¡‘ß ‡°à“‡®√‘≠ ·≈–§≥– »Ÿπ¬åæ‘…«‘∑¬“ §≥–·æ∑¬»“ μ√å‚√ßæ¬“∫“≈

√“¡“∏‘∫¥’

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ACETONE 35

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Õ– ’́‚μπ36

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ACETONE 37

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Õ– ’́‚μπ38

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ACETONE 39

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Õ– ’́‚μπ40

¿“§ºπ«° 1Õ∏‘∫“¬§”»—æ∑å

†

§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ (half-life, t 12) √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë “√‡§¡’ ≈“¬μ—«·∫∫ first-order ‰ª§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß¢Õß

ª√‘¡“≥‡√‘Ë¡μâπ °“√ ≈“¬μ—«·∫∫ first-order À¡“¬∂÷ß °“√ ≈“¬μ—«¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë

¡’Õ—μ√“‡√Á«¢Õß°“√ ≈“¬μ—«‡ªìπªØ‘¿“§μ√ß°—∫ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà

− dAdt

α A

‚¥¬ A ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’ A ∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà

®“°§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å¥—ß°≈à“« “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π‡ªìπ ¡°“√‰¥â¥—ßπ’È

dAdt

= − kA

‚¥¬ k ‡ªìπ§à“§ßμ—«¢Õß°“√ ≈“¬μ—«¢Õß “√‡§¡’„πªØ‘°‘√‘¬“

®“° ¡°“√¢â“ßμâπ ‡√“ “¡“√∂§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß A ∑’Ë‡«≈“ t ‰¥â¥—ßπ’È

At = A0e− kt

‚¥¬ At ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’ A ∑’Ë‡«≈“ t

A0 ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’ A ‡¡◊ËÕ‡√‘Ë¡μâπ

t ‡ªìπ√–¬–‡«≈“¢Õß°“√ ≈“¬μ—«

®“° ¡°“√∑’Ë„™â§”π«≥ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√ A ∑’Ë‡«≈“ t ¢â“ßμâπ “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π ¡°“√‡æ◊ËÕ

„™â§”π«≥§à“§√÷Ëß™’«‘μ‰¥â ¥—ßπ’È

‡¡◊ËÕ At = 12A0

12A0 = A0e

− kt

12 = e− kt

ln 12 = − kt

t 12

= (0.693)/k

ACETONE 41

—¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (soil adsorption coefficient) °“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π

“¡“√∂· ¥ß‚¥¬§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√°√–®“¬μ—«·∫àß à«π¢Õß “√‡§¡’√–À«à“ß¥‘π

·≈–πÈ” (partition coefficient, Kd)

Kd = CC

s

w

‚¥¬ Cs ‡ªìπ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¥‘π (‰¡‚§√°√—¡¢Õß “√∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫/°√—¡

¢Õß¥‘π)

Cw ‡ªìπ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ” (‰¡‚§√°√—¡¢Õß “√∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ”/°√—¡

¢ÕßπÈ” À√◊Õ‰¡‚§√°√—¡¢Õß “√∑’Ë

≈–≈“¬πÈ”/≈‘μ√)

°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫‚¥¬ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ

(organic carbon) ¿“¬„π¥‘π ¥‘πμà“ß™π‘¥°—π¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡“°

‚¥¬‡©æ“– à«πª√–°Õ∫∑’Ë‡ªìπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ ¥‘π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å

¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ Ÿß “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫‡Õ“ “√‡§¡’∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ‰«â ‰¥â¡“° ·≈–¥‘π∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥

“√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫ÕππâÕ¬°Á¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’‰«â ‰¥âπâÕ¬ ®÷ß∑”„Àâ§à“ partition

coefficient ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π™π‘¥μà“ß°—π¡’§à“∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—πÕ¬à“ß¡“° ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√

· ¥ß§à“°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‡§¡’„π¥‘π®÷ßπ”‡Õ“‡ªÕ√å‡´Áπμå “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ

¡“§”π«≥¥â«¬‰¥â‡ªìπ§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (adsorption coefficient, Koc)

¥—ß ¡°“√

Koc = Koc

d × 100%

‚¥¬ % oc ‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈–¢Õß “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ„π¥‘π

Bioconcentration factor (BCF) ‡ªìπ¥—™π’∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß°“√ – ¡ “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ

„ππÈ” °“√ – ¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ‡ªìπ°“√°√–®“¬μ—«·∫àß à«π (partition)

√–À«à“ß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ·≈–πÈ”∑’Ë ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μπ—ÈπÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà à«π„À≠à “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ – ¡

„π à«π∑’Ë‡ªìπ‰¢¡—π ·≈–∫“ß à«π√«¡μ—«°—∫™’«‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈¿“¬„π‡´≈≈å ‡™àπ ‚ª√μ’π

®÷ß∑”„Àâ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¿“¬„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μπ—Èπ Ÿß°«à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ„ππÈ”¡“°

BCF §”π«≥‰¥â®“° ¡°“√

Õ– ’́‚μπ42

BCF =

Henryûs law constant §à“§ßμ—«¢Õß°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”

Henryûs law °≈à“««à“ ∑’Ë ¡¥ÿ≈§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”‡ªìπªØ‘¿“§μ√ß°—∫

§«“¡¥—π¬àÕ¬ (partial pressure) ¢Õß “√‡§¡’π—Èπ„πÕ“°“» (headspace) ÷́Ëß‡¢’¬π

‡ªìπ ¡°“√‰¥â¥—ßπ’È

P = H × X

‚¥¬ P ‡ªìπ§«“¡¥—π¬àÕ¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“»

H ‡ªìπ Henryûs law constant ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈

X ‡ªìπ§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ” ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ ‚¡≈/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√

Henryûs law constant Õ“®À¡“¬∂÷ß —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√°√–®“¬μ—« (partition coefficient)

¢Õß “√‡§¡’√–À«à“ßÕ“°“»·≈–πÈ” ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ß “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π ¡°“√· ¥ß Henryûs law

constant ‡ªìπ

H = VPS

‚¥¬ H ‡ªìπ Henryûs law constant ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈

VP ‡ªìπ§«“¡¥—π‰Õ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ ∫√√¬“°“»

S ‡ªìπ§à“°“√≈–≈“¬πÈ”¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ ‚¡≈/≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√

“√‡§¡’∑’Ë≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”‰¥â¥’·≈–¡’§à“§«“¡¥—π‰ÕμË” ¡’·π«‚πâ¡®–√–‡À¬°≈“¬

‡ªìπ‰Õ®“°πÈ”‰¥âπâÕ¬ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant πâÕ¬°«à“

À√◊Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 10− 7 ∫√√¬“°“» × ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ ∂◊Õ«à“‰¡à¡’°“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ

‰Õ®“°πÈ” “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant πâÕ¬°«à“ 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“» ×

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ °“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ®“°·À≈àßπÈ”‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥âπâÕ¬·≈–∂◊Õ«à“‰¡à¡’

π—¬ ”§—≠ ”À√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’§à“ Henryûs law constant ¡“°°«à“ 10− 5 ∫√√¬“°“»

× ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/‚¡≈ °“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ®“°πÈ”‡°‘¥¢÷ÈπÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠ ·≈–„π

‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√√–‡À¬°≈“¬‡ªìπ‰Õ‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬ “√‡§¡’®“°·À≈àßπÈ”∑’Ë ”§—≠

«‘∏’Àπ÷Ëß

§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ∑’ËÕ“»—¬„ππÈ”

§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”

ACETONE 43

LC50 (median lethal concentration) ¡’§«“¡À¡“¬ 2 ·∫∫ §◊Õ

(1) À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„πÕ“°“» ÷́Ëß§“¥«à“®–∑”„Àâ —μ«å∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë

Ÿ¥¥¡„π√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë√–∫ÿ‰«âμ“¬‰ª‡ªìπ®”π«π§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß (50%) ¢Õß®”π«π‡√‘Ë¡μâπ

LC50 ‡ªìπ§à“∑’Ë§”π«≥‰¥â®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“ °“√∑¥≈Õß∑”‚¥¬·∫àß —μ«å∑¥≈Õß

ÕÕ°‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡®”π«π —μ«å„π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡‡∑à“Ê °—π °≈ÿà¡≈– 10 μ—«À√◊Õ¡“°°«à“

„Àâ —μ«å∑¥≈Õß‰¥â√—∫ “√°≈ÿà¡≈–Àπ÷Ëß§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë‡¢â“

Ÿà√à“ß°“¬¢Õß —μ«å∑¥≈Õß¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“¢Õß°“√ Ÿ¥¥¡ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√√“¬ß“π§à“

LC50 ®÷ßμâÕß√–∫ÿ√–¬–‡«≈“¢Õß°“√∑¥≈Õß¥â«¬ ‡™àπ LC50 ∑’Ë 4 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ¢Õß

tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate „πÀπŸ rat ‡∑à“°—∫ 44,660 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/

≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√

(2) À¡“¬∂÷ß §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”´÷Ëß§“¥«à“®–∑”„Àâ —μ«åπÈ”μ“¬‡ªìπ

®”π«π§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß (50%) ¢Õß®”π«π‡√‘Ë¡μâπ LC50 ‡ªìπ§à“∑’Ë§”π«≥‰¥â®“°º≈°“√

»÷°…“ °“√∑¥≈Õß∑”‚¥¬·∫àß —μ«å∑¥≈ÕßÕÕ°‡ªìπ°≈ÿà¡ ®”π«π —μ«å„π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡

‡∑à“Ê °—π °≈ÿà¡≈– 10 μ—«À√◊Õ¡“°°«à“ ‡≈’È¬ß —μ«å∑¥≈Õß„ππÈ”∑’Ë¡’ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë°”≈—ß

»÷°…“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ≈–Àπ÷Ëß°≈ÿà¡ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬¢Õß

—μ«åπÈ”¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“°“√Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„ππÈ”∑’Ë¡’ “√‡§¡’≈–≈“¬Õ¬Ÿà ¥—ßπ—Èπ°“√

√“¬ß“π§à“ LC50 ®÷ßμâÕß√–∫ÿ√–¬–‡«≈“°“√∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë·πàπÕπ¥â«¬ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡—°

„™â‡«≈“°“√∑¥≈Õß‡∑à“°—∫ 24, 48, 72 À√◊Õ 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ‡™àπ LC50 ∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

¢Õß acrylonitrile „πª≈“ fathead minnow (Pimphales promelas) ‡∑à“°—∫

18,100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√

Kamrin (1997) ‰¥â‡ πÕ°“√®—¥√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π —μ«åπÈ”‚¥¬„™â§à“

LC50 ∑’Ë 96 ™—Ë«‚¡ß‰«â 5 √–¥—∫ ¥—ßπ’È

√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘… LC50 (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√)

æ‘…√â“¬·√ß¡“° < 0.1

æ‘…¡“° 0.1 - 1

æ‘…ª“π°≈“ß 1 - 10

æ‘…πâÕ¬ 10 - 100

‰¡à‡ªìπæ‘… > 100

∑’Ë¡“: Kamrin.M.A. (1997) Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity and

Environmental Impact. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, USA.

Õ– ’́‚μπ44

LD50 (median lethal dose) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥ (dose) ¢Õß “√‡§¡’´÷Ëß§“¥«à“®–∑”„Àâ

—μ«å∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ “√π—Èπ‡æ’¬ß§√—Èß‡¥’¬«μ“¬‰ª‡ªìπ®”π«π§√÷ËßÀπ÷Ëß (50%) ¢Õß

®”π«π‡√‘Ë¡μâπ LD50 ‡ªìπ§à“∑’Ë§”π«≥‰¥â®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“´÷Ëß„Àâ —μ«å∑¥≈Õß®”π«π

À≈“¬°≈ÿà¡‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ëª√‘¡“≥μà“ßÊ °—π √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë‡ΩÑ“ —ß‡°μ°“√μ“¬¢Õß —μ«å

ª√–¡“≥ 2-3 «—π ·μà®–‰¡à‡°‘π 2 —ª¥“Àå ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ “¡“√∂‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡

‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π —μ«åμà“ß™π‘¥´÷Ëß¡’πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«·μ°μà“ß°—π‰¥â ®÷ß√“¬ß“π§à“ LD50

‡ªìππÈ”Àπ—°¢Õß “√‡§¡’/πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«¢Õß —μ«å∑¥≈Õß ‡™àπ LD50 ‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ßª“°

(oral) ¢Õß chloroform „πÀπŸ rat “¬æ—π∏ÿå Sprague-Dawley ‡æ»ºŸâ ·≈–‡æ»‡¡’¬

¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 908 ·≈– 1,117 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« μ“¡≈”¥—∫

Õß§å°“√Õπ“¡—¬‚≈° ‰¥â·∫àß “√‡§¡’‡ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡ ‚¥¬„™â§à“ LD50 „πÀπŸ rat

¥—ßπ’È

†

† † † † † †∑’Ë¡“: WHO (2004) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and

Guidelines to Classification. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.

* Àπà«¬¢Õß LD50 §◊Õ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«

√–¥—∫§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…LD50 ‚¥¬°“√„Àâ∑“ßª“°* LD50 ‚¥¬°“√ªÑ“¬∫πº‘«Àπ—ß*

¢Õß·¢Áß ¢Õß‡À≈« ¢Õß·¢Áß ¢Õß‡À≈«

Ia æ‘…√â“¬·√ß¡“° ≤ 5 ≤ 20 ≤ 10 ≤ 40

(extremely hazardous)

Ib æ‘…√â“¬·√ß 5 - 50 20 - 200 10 - 100 40 - 400

(highly hazardous)

II æ‘…ª“π°≈“ß 50 - 500 200 - 2,000 100 - 1,000 400 - 4,000

(moderately hazardous)

III æ‘…πâÕ¬ ≥ 500 ≥ 2,000 ≥ 1,000 ≥ 4,000

(slightly hazardous)

ACETONE 45

n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) ‡ªìπ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï∑’Ë„™â· ¥ß§«“¡‰¡à™Õ∫

πÈ” (hydrophobicity) ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ Kow ‡ªìπ§à“§ßμ—«‡©æ“–¢Õß “√‡§¡’·μà≈–™π‘¥

°“√∑¥≈ÕßÀ“§à“ Kow ∑”‚¥¬«—¥§«“¡‡¢â¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”·≈– n-octanol ∑’Ë∫√√®ÿ

„π flask ÷́Ëß‡¢¬à“®π∂÷ß®ÿ¥ ¡¥ÿ≈ (equilibrium) Kow §”π«≥‰¥â®“° ¡°“√

Kow =§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π n-octanol

§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ”

Kow ‰¡à„™àÕ—μ√“ à«π√–À«à“ß°“√≈–≈“¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π n-octanol ·≈–°“√

≈–≈“¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’„ππÈ” ‡π◊ËÕß®“° n-octanol “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬„ππÈ”‰¥â‡≈Á°πâÕ¬

(5.5 × 10− 3 ‚¡≈/≈‘μ√) ·≈–πÈ”°Á “¡“√∂≈–≈“¬„π n-octanol ‰¥â‡≈Á°πâÕ¬‡™àπ°—π

(2.3 ‚¡≈/≈‘μ√) ®“°°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ Kow ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¡’§à“μ—Èß·μà 0.001 ®π∂÷ß

100,000,000 ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ßπ‘¬¡√“¬ß“π§à“ Kow „π√Ÿª¢Õß log Kow “√‡§¡’∑’Ë‰¡à™Õ∫

πÈ”¡“°®–¡’§à“ Kow Ÿß

Kow ‡ªìπæ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å ”§—≠∑’Ë„™â∑”π“¬æƒμ‘°√√¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

°≈à“«§◊Õ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë‰¡à™Õ∫πÈ”¡“°¡’§à“ Kow Ÿß¬àÕ¡ – ¡„π ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ‰¥â¥’ ‡æ√“–°“√

– ¡¥—ß°≈à“« à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ°“√ – ¡„π‰¢¡—π¢Õß ‘Ëß¡’™’«‘μ ·≈– “√‡§¡’π—Èπ°Á∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫

„π¥‘π‰¥â¥’‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°„π∑“ßªØ‘∫—μ‘°“√∑¥≈ÕßÀ“§à“ Kow ßà“¬°«à“°“√∑¥≈Õß

À“§à“ bioconcentration factor (BCF) ·≈–§à“ —¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘Ï°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫„π¥‘π (Koc)

¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ß¡’°“√»÷°…“À“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß§à“ Kow ·≈– BCF; Kow ·≈– Koc

¢Õß “√‡§¡’°≈ÿà¡μà“ßÊ ´÷Ëß· ¥ß‚¥¬ regression equation ‡™àπ

(1) §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß Kow ·≈– BCF

log BCF = 0.761 log Kow − 0.23

¡°“√π’È„™â§”π«≥À“§à“ log BCF ”À√—∫ “√‡§¡’ polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs), “√¶à“»—μ√Ÿæ◊™·≈– —μ«å, chlorinated aliphatic, chlorinated aromatics

·≈– nitroaromatics ‚¥¬„™â§à“ log Kow „πª≈“ fathead minnow, bluegill, rainbow

trout ·≈– mosquito fish

(2) §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß Kow ·≈– Koc

log Koc = 0.989 log Kow − 0.346

¡°“√π’È„™â§”π«≥À“§à“ log Koc ”À√—∫ aldrin ·≈– “√‡§¡’ polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons (PAHs) ∑—Èßπ’È§à“ Koc ¢Õß¥‘π§«√¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫Õ‘π∑√’¬å¢Õß∏“μÿ§“√å∫Õπ

√–À«à“ß 0.66 - 2.38%

Õ– ’́‚μπ46

¿“§ºπ«° 2°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß

†

„π°“√®—¥°“√§ÿ≥¿“æ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡®–μâÕß¡’°“√·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫§«“¡

ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ ¡Õ ‡™àπ πÈ”ª√–ª“¡’ “√ª√–°Õ∫ nitrate

ªπ‡ªóôÕπ∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 0.1 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡ (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√) ¡’§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬μàÕ°“√∫√‘‚¿§À√◊Õ‰¡à

πÈ”ª√–ª“¡’ “√Õ—πμ√“¬ªπ‡ªóôÕπ 5 “√ ·μàÀπà«¬ß“π∑’Ëº≈‘μπÈ”ª√–ª“¡’ß∫ª√–¡“≥„π

°“√°”®—¥‰¥â‡æ’¬ß 2 “√ Àπà«¬ß“π¥—ß°≈à“«¡’À≈—°°“√‡≈◊Õ°«à“®–°”®—¥ “√„¥°àÕπÕ¬à“ß‰√

∑’Ë¥‘π 2 ·ª≈ß¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√ÀπŸ∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ‡∑à“°—π ∑”‰¡∑’Ë¥‘π·ª≈ßÀπ÷Ëß®÷ßμâÕß

¡’°“√øóôπøŸ (clean up) ·μà∑”‰¡∑’Ë¥‘πÕ’°·ª≈ß‰¡àμâÕß¡’°“√øóôπøŸ ·≈–°“√°”Àπ¥§à“

¡“μ√∞“π¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡’À≈—°°“√·≈–¢—ÈπμÕπÕ¬à“ß‰√

ªí≠À“‡À≈à“π’È≈â«π·μà¡’æ◊Èπ∞“π‡¥’¬«°—π §◊Õ §«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õß

ª√–™“™π ‚¥¬°“√π”‡Õ“§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“πæ‘…«‘∑¬“¡“√«¡‡¢â“°—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π ∂‘μ‘∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥

»“ μ√å„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“‡æ◊ËÕ·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“μà“ßÊ ∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“·≈â«¢â“ßμâπ »“ μ√å¥—ß°≈à“«π’È ‰¥â¢¬“¬

Õß§å§«“¡√Ÿâ‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπμ“¡≈”¥—∫·≈–¡’°“√ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™âÕ¬à“ß°«â“ß¢«“ß »“ μ√å∑’Ë°≈à“«π’È

§◊Õ ç°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ßé (risk assessment) ªí®®ÿ∫—π‰¥â¡’°“√π”‡Õ“À≈—°°“√

°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’‰ª„™â∑“ß¥â“π®ÿ≈™’««‘∑¬“ (microbiological

risk assessment) πÕ°®“°π’È¬—ß‰¥â¡’°“√π”§«“¡√Ÿâ ‰ª„™â ”À√—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‡ªìπ°“√

ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ßμàÕ√–∫∫π‘‡«» (ecological risk assessment) ·≈–„™â ”À√—∫°“√

ª»ÿ —μ«å´÷Ëß à«π„À≠à‡πâπ°“√‡°‘¥‚√§μàÕΩŸßª»ÿ —μ«å (herd health risk assessment)

„π°“√»÷°…“·≈–π”§«“¡√Ÿâ‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß‰ª„™âπ—Èπ μâÕß∑√“∫«à“°“√

ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß¡’≈—°…≥–∑’Ë ”§—≠ 2 ª√–°“√ §◊Õ ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ state of the art

À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ¡’°“√‡Õ“π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“ß¬‘Ëß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¥â“πæ‘…«‘∑¬“

∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß‰ª„™â§”π«≥§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ”À√—∫¡πÿ…¬å ´÷ËßμâÕß¡’

°“√„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ß§≥‘μ»“ μ√å (mathematical model) ·≈– ¡¡ÿμ‘∞“πμà“ßÊ „π°“√

§”π«≥ À√◊Õ·¡â®–„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π¡πÿ…¬å°ÁμâÕß¡’°“√π”¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈π—Èπ‰ª§”π«≥

‚¥¬„™â·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ß§≥‘μ»“ μ√å ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¥â§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”‰ª„™â ‰¥â°—∫

ª√–™“™π∑—Ë«‰ª‰¥â πÕ°®“°π’È°“√§”π«≥§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¬—ß¢÷Èπ°—∫·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ß

ACETONE 47

§≥‘μ»“ μ√å∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â ∂÷ß·¡â®–„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡¥’¬«°—π ·μà·∫∫®”≈Õß∑“ß

§≥‘μ»“ μ√å∑’Ë„™âμà“ß°—π §à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬∑’Ë§”π«≥‰¥â°Á·μ°μà“ß°—π¥â«¬ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π

§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß¬—ß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑’Ë ”§—≠Õ’°ª√–°“√ §◊Õ ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ dynamic À¡“¬§«“¡«à“

§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬ ”À√—∫¡πÿ…¬å∑’Ë§”π«≥‰¥âπ—Èπ‰¡à„™à§à“§ß∑’Ë ·μà “¡“√∂‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‰¥â

∂â“¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß¥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å∑’Ë‰¥â®“°»÷°…“„À¡àÀ√◊Õ¡’«‘∏’°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„À¡à

°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß‡ªìπ¢—ÈπμÕπ·√°¢Õß°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk analysis)

´÷Ëßª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 3 ¢—ÈπμÕπ §◊Õ °“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß °“√®—¥°“√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk

management) ·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk communication) ‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡‡¢â“„®„π

¢—ÈπμÕπ¢Õß°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß¢Õ¬°μ—«Õ¬à“ß ¥—ßπ’È °√≥’‡°‘¥¡’°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õßμ–°—Ë«

„π·À≈àßπÈ”∏√√¡™“μ‘„πÀ¡Ÿà∫â“π·ÀàßÀπ÷Ëß∑’Ë§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ 5 æ’æ’‡ÕÁ¡ (5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/≈‘μ√) ´÷Ëß

‡ªìπ∑’Ë π„®·≈–°—ß«≈„®¢Õßª√–™“™π¥â«¬§”∂“¡«à“ §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¥—ß°≈à“«®–‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬

μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õßª√–™“™πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à·≈–®–¡’«‘∏’®—¥°“√Õ¬à“ß‰√ ¢—ÈπμÕπ·√°ºŸâ∫√‘À“√®–

„ÀâºŸâª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk assessor) ‡ªìπºŸâª√–‡¡‘π«à“§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õßμ–°—Ë«„π·À≈àß

πÈ”π—Èπ‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õßª√–™“™π∑’Ë„™âπÈ”®“°·À≈àßπÈ”π—ÈπÀ√◊Õ‰¡à‚¥¬„™â

À≈—°°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ´÷ËßμâÕß¡’°“√»÷°…“°“√„™âπÈ”¢Õßª√–™“™π„πæ◊Èπ∑’ËÕ¬à“ß≈–‡Õ’¬¥

„π°√≥’∑’Ëº≈°“√»÷°…“ √ÿª«à“ ¡’§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß„π°“√„™âπÈ” ”À√—∫°“√Õÿª‚¿§∫√‘‚¿§ ¢—ÈπμÕπ

μàÕ‰ªºŸâ∫√‘À“√®”‡ªìπμâÕß¥”‡π‘π°“√®—¥°“√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ‡™àπ øóôπøŸ·À≈àßπÈ”¥—ß°≈à“« À√◊Õ

À“·À≈àßπÈ”·Ààß„À¡à„Àâª√–™“™π„™â ·≈–¢—ÈπμÕπ ÿ¥∑â“¬®÷ß‡ªìπ°“√ ◊ËÕ “√°—∫ª√–™“™π∂÷ß

§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß∑’ËÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√„™âπÈ”®“°·À≈àßπÈ”π—Èπ ·≈–«‘∏’°“√®—¥°“√·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“¢Õß

ºŸâ∫√‘À“√„Àâª√–™“™π∑√“∫

2.1 Àπà«¬ß“π¥â“π°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß(1) U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) ‡ªìπ

Àπà«¬ß“πÀ≈—°∑’Ë»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß „π¢—ÈπμÕπ dose-response assessment

π—Èπ U.S. EPA √“¬ß“π§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¢Õß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß¥â«¬§à“ reference dose (RfD)

·≈– reference concentration (RfC) U.S. EPA ‰¥â§”π«≥§à“ RfD/RfC ¢Õß “√‡§¡’

¡“°°«à“ 500 “√æ√âÕ¡∑—Èß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥°“√§”π«≥ “¡“√∂ ◊∫§âπ‰¥â®“° website

www.epa.gov/iris

(2) ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)

‡ªìπÕ’°Àπà«¬ß“πÀπ÷Ëß¢Õß°√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢ ª√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“∑’Ë»÷°…“‡√◊ËÕß°“√

ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß¢Õß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß‡∑à“π—Èπ ”À√—∫¢—ÈπμÕπ dose-response assessment

Õ– ’́‚μπ48

π—Èπ ATSDR √“¬ß“π§à“§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬¥â«¬§à“ Minimal Risk Level (MRL) ÷́ËßÀ≈—°°“√

§”π«≥‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§à“ reference dose ¢Õß U.S. EPA ¢âÕ·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß∞“π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈

¢Õß ATSDR ·≈–¢Õß U.S. EPA §◊Õ ATSDR ®—¥∑” MRL ¢Õß “√‡§¡’‡ªìπ 3 √–¥—∫ §◊Õ

√–¥—∫‡©’¬∫æ≈—π (acute) √–¥—∫ª“π°≈“ß (intermediate) ·≈– √–¥—∫‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß (chronic)

‚¥¬§à“ chronic MRL π—Èπ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ RfD ¢Õß U.S. EPA „π°√≥’∑’Ë¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√»÷°…“

¥â“πæ‘…«‘∑¬“¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡’√–¬–‡«≈“°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬°«à“ chronic π—Èπ ATSDR ‰¥â®—¥∑”

§à“ MRL ”À√—∫ acute ·≈– intermediate ¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫√–¬–‡«≈“°“√»÷°…“ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª∂â“

°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬°«à“ 2 ‡¥◊Õπ ®–‰¥â§à“ acute MRL ∂â“√–¬–‡«≈“°“√»÷°…“ 2 ‡¥◊Õπ - 1 ªï

®–‰¥â§à“ intermediate MRL ∑”„Àâ°“√π”§à“ MRL ‰ª„™â ‰¥â°«â“ß¢«“ß°«à“§à“ RfD ¢Õß

U.S. EPA ´÷Ëß„™â‡©æ“–º≈∑’Ë‡°‘¥®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π (chronic effects) ‡∑à“π—Èπ

2.2 ¢—ÈπμÕπ¢Õß°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk assessment) À¡“¬∂÷ß °√–∫«π°“√ª√–‡¡‘π‚Õ°“

∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥º≈‡ ’¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’ º≈¢Õß°“√ª√–‡¡‘π

§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ßπ’È‡ªìπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ”§—≠∑’ËºŸâ∫√‘À“√§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk manager) „™âª√–°Õ∫°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®

°àÕπ¥”‡π‘π°“√μà“ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ (πÈ” Õ“°“» ¥‘π

·≈–Õ“À“√) „ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’Ëª≈Õ¥¿—¬ °“√√«∫√«¡·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å

μ≈Õ¥®π°“√ √ÿªº≈°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß °√–∑”‚¥¬ºŸâ«‘‡§√“–Àå§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk assessor)

°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ßª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ 4 ¢—ÈπμÕπ §◊Õ

(1) Hazard Identification ‡ªìπ°“√√«∫√«¡·≈–«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ ‡æ◊ËÕ √ÿª«à“°“√

‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë°”≈—ß π„®Õ¬Ÿàπ—Èπ¡’º≈‡ ’¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡’ “√‡§¡’

‡æ’¬ß‰¡à°’Ë “√‡∑à“π—Èπ∑’Ë¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…„π¡πÿ…¬åÕ¬à“ß·πà™—¥ ¥—ßπ—Èπ hazard identification

¢Õß “√‡§¡’®÷ß√«¡∂÷ßº≈°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß¥â«¬

°“√ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß®–À¬ÿ¥‡æ’¬ß·§à¢—ÈπμÕπ hazard identification ‡∑à“π—Èπ

∂â“‰¡àæ∫«à“°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë°”≈—ß»÷°…“Õ¬Ÿàπ’È∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈‡ ’¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å

(2) Dose-Response Evaluation ‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßª√‘¡“≥¢Õß

“√∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¢Õß§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…∑—Èß‡™‘ß§ÿ≥¿“æ (qualitative) ·≈–‡™‘ßª√‘¡“≥

(quantitative) ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ à«π„À≠à‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß ·≈–Õ“®¡’∫“ß à«π

∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π¡πÿ…¬å °“√§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’®–∑”‰¥âπ—Èπ

μâÕß∑√“∫§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å‡™‘ßª√‘¡“≥√–À«à“ß§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë ‰¥â√—∫

(dose-response relationship) ¥â«¬ „π¢—ÈπμÕππ’È·∫àß “√‡§¡’‡ªìπ 2 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ

ACETONE 49

(2.1) “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß (non-carcinogen) √«¡∂÷ß “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë ‰¡à¡’º≈

μàÕ¬’π (non-genetic carcinogen) ·≈–§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…Õ¬à“ßÕ◊Ëπ∑’Ë‰¡à „™à°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß

(non-carcinogenic effects) ¢Õß “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß ·π«§«“¡§‘¥‡°’Ë¬«°—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß §◊Õ

“√‡§¡’°≈ÿà¡π’È· ¥ß threshold ÷́ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂√—∫‡¢â“ Ÿà

√à“ß°“¬‰¥â∑ÿ°«—π‚¥¬‰¡à∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„¥Ê

(2.2) “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë¡’º≈μàÕ¬’π (genetic carcinogen) ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß

®–„™â·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’Ë«à“ “√°≈ÿà¡π’È ‰¡à¡’ threshold ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ‰¡à«à“®–‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ

¡–‡√Áßª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬‡æ’¬ß„¥°Áμ“¡ ·¡â‡æ’¬ß 1 ‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈°Á¡’‚Õ°“ (probability) ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥

¡–‡√Áß‰¥â

(3) Exposure Assessment ‡ªìπ°“√ª√–‡¡‘πª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬åÀπ÷Ëß§πÀ√◊Õ

ª√–™“°√Àπ÷Ëß°≈ÿà¡‰¥â√—∫®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ¢—ÈπμÕππ’Èπ—∫«à“¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠Õ¬à“ß¡“°¢Õß°“√

ª√–‡¡‘π§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ∑—Èßπ’È‡æ√“–§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’®–‰¡à‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ∂â“‰¡à‰¥â√—∫ “√π—Èπ

·≈–§«“¡√ÿπ·√ß¢Õß§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢÷Èπ°—∫ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ∂â“°“√ª√–‡¡‘π

ª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫º‘¥æ≈“¥®“°§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß °“√§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß°Á®–¡’§«“¡§≈“¥‡§≈◊ËÕπ

(uncertainty) Ÿß

(4) Risk Characterization ‡ªìπ°“√√«∫√«¡‡Õ“¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·≈–º≈°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢Õß

“¡¢—ÈπμÕπ∑’Ë‰¥â°≈à“«¡“·≈â«¢â“ßμâπ¡“„™â§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ßÀ√◊Õ‚Õ°“ ∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥º≈‡ ’¬„π

¡πÿ…¬å®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’

Risk AssessmentData

Collection & Evaluation

ExposureAssessment

ToxicityAssessment

RiskCharacterization

Õ– ’́‚μπ50

2.3 Dose-response Assessment ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß„π¢—ÈπμÕπ dose-response assessment ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áßπ’È ®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â

§à“μà“ßÊ ∑“ßæ‘…«‘∑¬“ ‰¥â·°àNOEL (no-observed-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

´÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈â«‰¡à∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß„¥ÊμàÕ√à“ß°“¬NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’

∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ́ ÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈â«‰¡à∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…À√◊Õº≈‡ ’¬ (adverse effects) „¥ÊμàÕ√à“ß°“¬

§«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß NOEL ·≈– NOAEL Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë endpoint ∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“ ‡™àπ “√‡§¡’ “√Àπ÷Ëß¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘„π°“√√—°…“‚√§§«“¡¥—π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß‚¥¬°“√¢¬“¬À≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥¥—ßπ—Èπ §ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘π’È ‰¡àπ—∫«à“‡ªìπ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’ “√π’È ·μà‡¡◊ËÕ„Àâ “√π’È„πª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ®÷ß∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥º≈¢â“ß‡§’¬ß (adverse effect) À√◊Õ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢÷Èπ ‡™àπ º≈μàÕμ—∫´÷Ëß· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°√–¥—∫‡Õπ‰´¡å ALT (alanine transaminase) À√◊Õ SGPT (serumglutamate pyruvate transaminase) „π‡≈◊Õ¥∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ ª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë‰¡à∑”„ÀâÀ≈Õ¥‡≈◊Õ¥¢¬“¬μ—« §◊Õ §à“ NOEL ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥∑’Ë ‰¡à∑”„Àâ§à“ ALT„π‡≈◊Õ¥ Ÿß¢÷Èπ §◊Õ §à“ NOAEL „π∑“ßªØ‘∫—μ‘‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–∑”°“√»÷°…“ endpoint ‰¥â∑ÿ°™π‘¥‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ ‰¥â§à“ NOEL à«π„À≠à®–»÷°…“‡©æ“– endpoint ”§—≠Ê ‡™àπ πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß º≈μàÕμ—∫ ÷́ËßÕ“®»÷°…“∂÷ß°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¢Õß liver enzymes μà“ßÊ „π‡≈◊Õ¥ ·≈–°“√°àÕ„Àâ‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß ‡ªìπμâπ endpoint ‡À≈à“π’È· ¥ß∂÷ß§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‡§¡’ ¥—ßπ—Èπ§à“∑’Ë‰¥â°Á§◊Õ§à“ NOAEL π—Ëπ‡Õß „π∑“ßæ‘…«‘∑¬“§à“ NOAEL ®÷ß‡ªìπ§à“∑’Ë¡’°“√π”‰ª„™âª√–‚¬™πå‰¥â¡“°°«à“§à“ NOEL

LOEL (lowest-observed-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’ËπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥ ´÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈â«∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¢Õß√à“ß°“¬Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¢÷Èπ

LOAEL (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’ËπâÕ¬∑’Ë ÿ¥ ́ ÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π·≈â«∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…À√◊Õº≈‡ ’¬μàÕ√à“ß°“¬ (adverseeffect) Õ¬à“ß„¥Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷Ëß¢÷Èπ ÷́Ëß¡—°‡ªìπ§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘∑’Ë°≈—∫§◊π‰¥â (reversible change) ‡™àπfatty liver, πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß

§«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß LOEL ·≈– LOAEL “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬‰¥â‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫§«“¡·μ°μà“ß√–À«à“ß NOEL ·≈– NOAEL

°“√∑¥≈ÕßÀ“§à“ NOEL, NOAEL, LOEL, ·≈– LOAEL ∑”‰¥â‚¥¬»÷°…“§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘À√◊Õ°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß·μà≈–μ—«„π·μà≈– dose„Àâ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡∑à“∑’Ë®–∑”‰¥â μ—«Õ¬à“ß°“√∑¥≈Õß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.1

ACETONE 51

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.1 °“√∑¥≈Õß„πÀπŸ´÷Ëß‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ëº ¡„πÕ“À“√‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 2 ªï

¢âÕ —ß‡°μ §à“∑—Èß ’Ë¥—ß°≈à“«‡ªìπ§à“®√‘ß∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√°“√∑¥≈Õß‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à„™à‰¥â®“°

°“√§”π«≥∑“ß ∂‘μ‘ ‡™àπ §à“ LD50 À√◊Õ LC50

dose* °“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß∑“ßæ¬“∏‘«‘∑¬“·≈–™’«‡§¡’ §à“∑’Ë‰¥â

0.1 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπμ“¡ª°μ‘ NOEL

μ√«®‰¡àæ∫°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¢ÕßÕ«—¬«–„¥Ê

0.5 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 4%

πÈ”Àπ—°μ—∫/πÈ”Àπ—°μ—« ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ 6%

μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet „π hepatocyte ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡≈Á°πâÕ¬

μ√«®‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„πÕ«—¬«–Õ◊ËπÊ

1.0 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 7% NOAEL


μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet „π hepatocyte ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ‡≈Á°πâÕ¬

μ√«®‰¡àæ∫§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„πÕ«—¬«–Õ◊ËπÊ

2.0 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 12%** LOAEL


μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet ®”π«π¡“°„π hepatocyte

5.0 πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«≈¥≈ß 16%**


μ√«®æ∫ fat droplet ®”π«π¡“°„π hepatocyte

* ®”π«πÀπŸ∑’Ë„™â 250 μ—«/°≈ÿà¡ ·≈– dose ∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π** ·μ°μà“ß®“°°≈ÿà¡§«∫§ÿ¡ (control group) Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠

Õ– ’́‚μπ52

‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√„™â§à“ NOAEL ‡ªìπ°“√„™â§à“∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß‡æ’¬ß§à“‡¥’¬« ‰¡à‰¥â„™â

dose-response relationship ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ °“√‡≈◊Õ° dose „π°“√∑¥≈Õß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠

Õ¬à“ß¬‘ËßμàÕ§à“ NOAEL °“√∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë¡’°“√„™â®”π«π dose ∑’Ëμà“ß°—π¡“° Õ“®¡’º≈∑”„Àâ§à“

NOAEL ¡’§à“¡“°À√◊ÕπâÕ¬°«à“§«“¡‡ªìπ®√‘ß‰¥â ‡™àπ °“√∑¥≈Õß„πÀπŸ ¡’°“√‡≈◊Õ° dose

√«¡ 5 dose ¥—ß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 NOAEL ∑’Ë‰¥â¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1.0 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡

πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ·μà∂â“‡≈◊Õ°‡æ’¬ß 4 dose §◊Õ 0.1, 0.5, 2.0 ·≈– 5.0 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡

πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ §à“ NOAEL ∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß §◊Õ 0.5 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡

πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π ´÷Ëß¡’§à“πâÕ¬°«à“∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“‚¥¬„™â 5 dose ¥—ßπ—Èπ ‡æ◊ËÕ·°â ‰¢ªí≠À“

¥—ß°≈à“«·≈–¡’°“√„™â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®√‘ß∑ÿ°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß ®÷ß¡’°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π¡“„™â§à“

benchmark dose (BMD) ·∑π§à“ NOAEL °“√§”π«≥§à“ benchmark dose π—ÈπμâÕß

§”π«≥®“° model ∑’Ë‡À¡“– ¡°—∫ data ∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥‡æ’¬ß model ‡¥’¬«

benchmark dose ‡ªìπª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥ response „π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß 5% À√◊Õ 10%

μ“¡∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â ‚¥¬„™â§à“ lower limit ¢Õß benchmark dose (BMDL) „π°“√§”π«≥§à“

RfD

Reference dose (RfD) À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å “¡“√∂√—∫‡¢â“ Ÿà

√à“ß°“¬‰¥â∑ÿ°«—π‚¥¬‰¡à∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥§«“¡º‘¥ª°μ‘„¥Ê μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬ RfD ‡ªìπ§”∑’Ëπ”¡“

„™â·∑π ADI (acceptable daily intake) ´÷Ëß·μà‡¥‘¡„™â‡©æ“–°—∫ food additives ∑’Ë¡’°“√

‡μ‘¡≈ß„πÕ“À“√‚¥¬§«“¡®ß„® μàÕ¡“¡’°“√π”‡Õ“À≈—°°“√¢Õß ADI ¡“„™â°—∫ “√‡§¡’∑’Ë

ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„πÕ“À“√ πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ Õ“°“» ·≈–¥‘π §”π«≥ RfD ‰¥â®“° ¡°“√ (2.1)

RfD = NOAEL À√◊Õ BMDL5/10/(UF × MF) ................................... (2.1)

UF (uncertainty factor) ‡ªìπ§à“∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â‡æ◊ËÕ·°â ‰¢§«“¡‰¡à·πàπÕπ (uncertainty)

∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°°“√π”‡Õ“ NOAEL „π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß¡“§”π«≥§à“ RfD ”À√—∫¡πÿ…¬å

UF ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ factor ¬àÕ¬ ‰¥â·°à

- factor 10H ‡ªìπ factor ∑’Ë„™â ”À√—∫·°â ‰¢ uncertainty ∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π

ª√–™“°√ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¡πÿ…¬å·μà≈–§π¡’§«“¡‰« (sensitivity) μàÕ “√‡§¡’

‰¡à‡∑à“°—π factor π’È„™â‡æ◊ËÕª°ªÑÕß¡πÿ…¬å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡‰«μàÕ “√‡§¡’¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

·≈–‡ªìπ factor æ◊Èπ∞“π∑’ËμâÕß„™â„π°“√§”π«≥§à“ RfD ∑ÿ°§√—Èß

- factor 10A ‡¡◊ËÕ‰¡à¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π¡πÿ…¬åÀ√◊Õ¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‰¡à‡æ’¬ßæÕ ®÷ß®”‡ªìπ

μâÕß„™â§à“ NOAEL ∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß (chronic study)

„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß °“√π”‡Õ“§à“ extrapolate ∑’Ë‰¥â®“° —μ«å∑¥≈Õß¡“„™â„π

ACETONE 53

¡πÿ…¬å μâÕß¡’°“√·°â ‰¢‚¥¬„Àâæ‘®“√≥“«à“¡πÿ…¬å¡’§«“¡‰«μàÕ “√‡§¡’

¡“°°«à“ —μ«å∑¥≈Õß ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª®–æ‘®“√≥“„Àâ¡πÿ…¬å¡’§«“¡‰«‡ªìπ 10 ‡∑à“

À√◊Õ 1 log scale ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√§”π«≥§à“ RfD ®÷ßÀ“√§à“ NOAEL ¥â«¬ 10

”À√—∫ factor π’È

- factor 10S ∂â“§à“ NOAEL ∑’Ë‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“„π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß∑’Ë¡’√–¬–‡«≈“

πâÕ¬°«à“°“√»÷°…“§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß ‡™àπ πâÕ¬°«à“ 2 ªï„πÀπŸ rat §à“

NOAEL ∑’Ë ‰¥â®“°°“√»÷°…“πâÕ¬°«à“ 2 ªï®–¡’§à“¡“°°«à“§à“ NOAEL

∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“‡ªìπ‡«≈“ 2 ªï ®÷ßμâÕß·°â ‰¢‚¥¬°“√À“√¥â«¬ factor 10

- factor 10L „π°√≥’∑’Ë‰¡à¡’·¡â·μà§à“ NOAEL ·≈–®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â§à“ LOAEL

·∑π ‡π◊ËÕß®“° LOAEL ¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ NOAEL ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßμâÕß·°â ‰¢§à“

LOAEL ‚¥¬°“√À“√¥â«¬ factor 10

- factor 10D (deficiency of information) ”À√—∫°√≥’∑’Ë‰¡à¡’¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈

æ‘…«‘∑¬“μàÕ√–∫∫ ◊∫æ—π∏ÿå·≈–°“√æ—≤π“¢Õßμ—«ÕàÕπ (reproductive and

developmental toxicity)

factor ∑—Èß 5 ∑’Ë°≈à“«¡“π’È ·μà≈– factor ¬—ßª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ çfactor ¬àÕ¬¿“¬„πé

Õ’° 2 factor §Ÿ≥°—π¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 10 ¥—ßπ—Èπ ·μà≈– çfactor ¬àÕ¬¿“¬„πé

¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ (10)1/2 ‚¥¬¡’§à“ª√–¡“≥‡∑à“°—∫ 3 ·≈–„Àâº≈§Ÿ≥¢Õß 3 Õßμ—«

¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 10

MF (modifying factor) ‡ªìπ factor ∑’Ë· ¥ß∂÷ß§«“¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å·≈–§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ

¢Õß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ëπ”¡“„™â ‡™àπ ®”π«π —μ«å∑¥≈Õß„π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡∑’Ë„™â„π°“√À“§à“ NOAEL

√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥¢Õß°“√∑¥≈Õß¡’¡“°πâÕ¬·§à‰Àπ ‡™àπ °“√μ√«®∑“ßæ¬“∏‘«‘∑¬“ (pathology)

∑”‰¥â≈–‡Õ’¬¥·≈–∂Ÿ°μâÕß‡æ’¬ß„¥ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡À≈à“π’È‡ªìπ°“√· ¥ß§«“¡πà“‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ¢Õßº≈°“√

∑¥≈Õß MF ¡’§à“Õ¬Ÿà√–À«à“ß > 0 ·≈– 10 default value ¢Õß MF ¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫ 1

2.4 Dose-Response Assessment ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áßdose-response assessment ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß¡’§«“¡¬ÿàß¬“°°«à“ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß

∑—Èßπ’È‡æ√“– dose-response ¢Õß “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß‰¡à¡’ threshold ·μà°“√»÷°…“°“√‡°‘¥

¡–‡√Áß∑”‰¥â‡©æ“–∑’Ë dose ŸßÊ °“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose μË”Ê π—Èπ∑”°“√»÷°…“§àÕπ¢â“ß

¬“°¡“°‡æ√“–®”‡ªìπμâÕß„™â —μ«å∑¥≈Õß®”π«π¡À“»“≈‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡ÀÁπº≈°“√∑¥≈Õß ¥—ßπ—Èπ

®÷ßμâÕßÕ“»—¬·∫∫®”≈Õß (model) „π°“√ extrapolate °“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“° dose Ÿß¡“¬—ß

dose μË”Ê „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ model μà“ßÊ „Àâ‡≈◊Õ°„™â ‡™àπ

Õ– ’́‚μπ54

ë Weibull model

ë Logit model

ë One-hit model

ë Multi-hit model

ë Multistage model

„π∑’Ëπ’È®–Õ∏‘∫“¬‡©æ“– one-hit model ·≈– multistage model ÷́Ëß‡ªìπ model

∑’Ë U.S. EPA „™â§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß

2.4.1 One-hit model

¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π¢Õß one-hit model §◊Õ ‡¡◊ËÕÕß§åª√–°Õ∫¿“¬„π‡´≈≈åª°μ‘¿“¬„π√à“ß°“¬

∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß¥â«¬ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß‡æ’¬ß§√—Èß‡¥’¬«À√◊Õ‡√’¬°«à“∂Ÿ° hit ‡æ’¬ß§√—Èß‡¥’¬« ‡´≈≈åπ—Èπ

®–¡’°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ß‰ª®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ¡–‡√Áß´÷Ëß®–„™â‡«≈“π“π‡∑à“„¥°Á‰¥â ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥

¡–‡√Áß “¡“√∂§”π«≥‰¥â‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√

P(d) = 1 − exp [− (qo + q1d)] ........................................... (2.2)

‚¥¬ P(d) ‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose = d

q0 ·≈– q1 ‡ªìπ§à“§ß∑’Ë

®“° mathematical expansion

exp[x] = 12

2

+ + + +xx x

n

n

!......

!.............................................. (2.3)

”À√—∫ x ∑’Ë¡’§à“πâÕ¬ ¡°“√ (2.3) “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π‰¥â‡ªìπ

exp[x] = 1 + x .............................................................................. (2.4)

°“√ª√–¡“≥§à“ exp[x] ¥â«¬ 1 + x π’È ¡’§«“¡∂Ÿ°μâÕß‡©æ“–‡¡◊ËÕ x ¡’§à“πâÕ¬Ê ‡∑à“π—Èπ

¥—ß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.2

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ACETONE 55

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.2 °“√ª√–¡“≥§à“ exp[x] ¥â«¬ 1 + x

®“° ¡°“√ (2.2) ·≈– (2.4) ®–‰¥â

P(d) = 1 − [ 1 + {− (q0 + q1d)}]

P(d) = q0 + q1d .............................................................................................................. (2.5)

∑’Ë d = 0, À¡“¬∂÷ß ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß¢÷Èπ‡Õß (spontaneous)

P(o) = q0 ................................................................................................................................................................................ (2.6)

®“° ¡°“√ (2.5) ·≈– (2.6) ®–‰¥â

P(d) = P(o) + q1d

∂â“„Àâ additional risk, A(d) = P(d) − P(o)

A(d) = q1d ......................................................................................................................... (2.7)

A(d) ‡ªìπ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose = d ‡æ’¬ß

Õ¬à“ß‡¥’¬«¡’§à“‡∑à“°—∫‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë dose = d

´÷Ëß‰¥â®“°°“√∑¥≈Õß≈∫¥â«¬‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡Õß (dose = 0)

¡°“√ (2.7) ‡ªìπ ¡°“√∑’Ë„™â ”À√—∫°“√§”π«≥ risk ‚¥¬ one-hit model

2.4.2 Multistage model

¡¡ÿμ‘∞“π¢Õß multistage §◊Õ ‡´≈≈åª°μ‘μâÕß¡’°“√‡ª≈’Ë¬π¡“°°«à“Àπ÷Ëß¢—ÈπμÕπ

(stage) ®÷ß®–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ¡–‡√Áß‰¥â °“√∑’Ë‡´≈≈å‡ª≈’Ë¬π®“° stage Àπ÷Ëß‰ªÕ’° stage Àπ÷Ëß‰¥âπ—Èπ

x§à“®√‘ß §à“ª√–¡“≥ (1+x) x 100

exp[x] 1 + x exp[x]

1 2.71828 2 73.57 %

0.1 1.10517 1.1 99.53 %

0.01 1.01005 1.01 99.995 %

0.001 1.0010005 1.001 99.99995 %

0.0001 1.000100005 1.0001 99.9999995 %

Õ– ’́‚μπ56

‡´≈≈åμâÕß∂Ÿ° hit ¡“°°«à“Àπ÷Ëß§√—Èß ‡π◊ËÕß®“° model π’ÈÕ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß‰¥â„°≈â‡§’¬ß

°—∫°≈‰°°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß‰¥â¥’°«à“ one-hit model ¥—ßπ—Èπ U.S. EPA ®÷ß‰¥â‡ª≈’Ë¬π°“√

§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß®“° one-hit model ¡“‡ªìπ multistage model

·≈–¬—ß§ß„™â¡“®π∂÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π ‚Õ°“ ¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß “¡“√∂§”π«≥‰¥â‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√

P(d) = 1 − exp [− (q0 + q1d + q2d2 + ......qnd

n)] ............................................. (2.8)

∑’Ë dose μË”¡“°Ê ∑”„Àâ·μà≈–§à“¢Õß d2, ....., dn = 0 ¥—ßπ—Èπ ¡°“√ (2.8) “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π

‰¥â‡ªìπ

P(d) = 1 − exp [− (q0 + q1d)] .................................................................................. (2.9)

‡√“ “¡“√∂§”π«≥§à“ additional risk ‰¥â‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—∫ one-hit model

A(d) = q1d

∂÷ß·¡â ¡°“√‡√‘Ë¡μâπ¢Õß multistage model ‡ªìπ polynomial equation ·μà∑’Ë

dose μË”¡“°Ê multistage model „Àâ ¡°“√‡ âπμ√ß ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ß‡√’¬° model π’È«à“

linearized multistage model (LMS model)

¡°“√ ”À√—∫°“√§”π«≥ additional risk ¢Õß one-hit model ·≈– linearized

multistage model ‡À¡◊Õπ°—π §◊Õ A(d) = q1d

”À√—∫°“√∑¥≈Õß‡¥’¬«°—π §à“ q1 ´÷Ëß§”π«≥‚¥¬ model ∑—Èß ÕßÕ“®‰¡à‡∑à“°—π

‡æ√“–°“√§”π«≥À“§à“ q1 π—Èπ §”π«≥®“° ¡°“√‡√‘Ë¡μâπ¢Õß·μà≈– model §◊Õ ”À√—∫

one-hit model §”π«≥‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√ (2.2) ·≈– ”À√—∫ linearized multistage model

§”π«≥‚¥¬„™â ¡°“√ (2.8) ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ß‡¢’¬π ¡°“√°“√§”π«≥ additional risk ¢Õß

linearized multistage model ‡ªìπ

A(d) = q1* × d ............................................................................................................... (2.10)

q1* Õà“π«à“ q-one-star

¡°“√ (2.10) “¡“√∂‡¢’¬π„À¡à‰¥â‡ªìπ

Risk = CPS × CDI ..................................................................................................... (2.11)

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ACETONE 57

°√“ø∑’Ë √â“ß¢÷Èπ√–À«à“ß§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk) ·≈– ª√‘¡“≥ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫„π

·μà≈–«—π (CDI) ‡ªìπ‡ âπμ√ß ¡’§à“§«“¡™—π‡∑à“°—∫ CPS À√◊Õ carcinogenic potency

slope ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π)− 1 ¥—ß· ¥ß„π√Ÿª∑’Ë 2.1

CPS „™â· ¥ß∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß “√‡§¡’∑’Ë∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß„π¡πÿ…¬å ∂â“ “√„¥¡’§à“

CPS ¡“° À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ “√π—Èπ¡’»—°¬¿“æ∑’Ë®–∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß‰¥â Ÿß À√◊Õ∑”„Àâ‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß

‰¥â„πª√‘¡“≥μË”Ê carcinogenic potency slope π’ÈÕ“®‡√’¬°«à“ cancer slope factor

(CSF)

§à“ RfDo, RfDi, CPSo ·≈– CPSi ¢Õß “√‡§¡’ª√–¡“≥ 550 “√ “¡“√∂

◊∫§âπ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‰¥â®“° internet ∑’Ë http://www.epa.gov/iris.

√Ÿª∑’Ë 2.1 §«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ß§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk) ·≈–ª√‘¡“≥ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß

∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫„π·μà≈–«—π (CDI)

2.5 Exposure Assessment‡ªìπ¢—ÈπμÕπ°“√ª√–‡¡‘π°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’®“°∑ÿ°«‘∏’∑“ß (route) «‘∏’À≈—°∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬å

‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡’ 3 ∑“ß §◊Õ °“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑“ßª“° ®“°°“√À“¬„®

·≈–¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ºà“πº‘«Àπ—ß

°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√‡§¡’∑“ßª“°‡ªìπ°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√∑’Ëªπ‡ªóôÕπ„πÕ“À“√·≈–πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ ·≈–

¬—ß‰¥â√—∫®“°°“√∫√‘‚¿§¥‘π´÷Ëß‡√“‰¥â√—∫‚¥¬‰¡àμ—Èß„® ‡™àπ °“√‡™Á¥ª“°¥â«¬¡◊Õ∑’Ë‡ªóôÕπ¥‘π

°“√∫√‘‚¿§º—°º≈‰¡â∑’Ë‡ªóôÕπ¥‘π

Risk

Slope = CPS

CDI

(¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π)

Õ– ’́‚μπ58

„π°“√ª√–‡¡‘π¢—ÈπμÕππ’È®”‡ªìπμâÕß∑√“∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’„πÕ“À“√ πÈ”¥◊Ë¡

Õ“°“» ·≈–¥‘π∑’Ë‡°’Ë¬«¢âÕß°—∫ª√–™“™π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡ ®÷ßμâÕß¡’°“√‡°Á∫μ—«Õ¬à“ß ”À√—∫°“√

μ√«®«‘‡§√“–ÀåÕ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ‡æ◊ËÕ∑√“∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑’ËÕ“®‡ª≈’Ë¬π·ª≈ßμ“¡√–¬–‡«≈“

CDI (chronic daily intake À√◊Õ lifetime average daily dose; LADD) §◊Õ

§à“‡©≈’Ë¬¢Õßª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫„π·μà≈–«—π ¡’Àπà«¬‡ªìπ ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π

CDI = total dose/(body weight × ATn) ......................................................... (2.12)

total dose = concentration × daily intake × EFr × EDtot × % Abs ............ (2.13)

daily intake À¡“¬∂÷ß ª√‘¡“≥Õ“°“» πÈ”¥◊Ë¡ ¥‘π À√◊ÕÕ“À“√∑’Ë¡πÿ…¬åª°μ‘∫√‘‚¿§

„π·μà≈–«—π ¥—ß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.3

% Abs À¡“¬∂÷ß √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ “√‡§¡’‡¢â“ Ÿà√à“ß°“¬ ‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª∂â“‰¡à¡’

¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡¢Õß “√‡§¡’„¥ „Àâ„™â 100% ‡ªìπ default value „π°“√§”π«≥

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.3 §”¬àÕ æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å ·≈–§à“¢Õß·μà≈–æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å∑’Ë„™â ”À√—∫°“√§”π«≥

„π¢—ÈπμÕπ risk characterization

§”¬àÕ æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å §à“∑’Ë„™â

CPSo §à“§«“¡™—π¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß‚¥¬°“√°‘π * (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π)− 1

CPSi §à“§«“¡™—π¢Õß°“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß‚¥¬°“√À“¬„® * (¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π)− 1

RfDo reference dose ‚¥¬°“√°‘π * ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—πRfDi reference dose ‚¥¬∑“ßÀ“¬„® * ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡/«—πBWa πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«ºŸâ„À≠à 70 °‘‚≈°√—¡BWc πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«‡¥Á°Õ“¬ÿ 1-6 ªï 15 °‘‚≈°√—¡ATc ‡«≈“‡©≈’Ë¬ ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß 25,550 «—πATn ‡«≈“‡©≈’Ë¬ ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß 365* EDIRAa ª√‘¡“μ√Õ“°“»∑’ËºŸâ„À≠àÀ“¬„® 20 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/«—πIRAc ª√‘¡“μ√Õ“°“»∑’Ë‡¥Á°À“¬„® 12 ≈Ÿ°∫“»°å‡¡μ√/«—πIRWa ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’ËºŸâ„À≠à¥◊Ë¡ 2 ≈‘μ√/«—πIRWc ª√‘¡“≥πÈ”∑’Ë‡¥Á°¥◊Ë¡ 1 ≈‘μ√/«—πIRSa ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∑’ËºŸâ„À≠à°‘π 100 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/«—πIRSc ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∑’Ë‡¥Á°°‘π 200 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/«—π

ACETONE 59

§”¬àÕ æ“√“¡‘‡μÕ√å §à“∑’Ë„™â

EFr ®”π«π«—π∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫ “√ 350 «—π/ªï

EDtot √–¬–‡«≈“∑’ËºŸâ„À≠à‰¥â√—∫ “√ 30 ªï

EDc √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë‡¥Á°Õ“¬ÿ 1-6 ªï‰¥â√—∫ “√ 6 ªï

SAa æ◊Èπ∑’Ëº‘«Àπ—ß¢ÕßºŸâ„À≠à∑’Ë —¡º— “√

- ºŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ 5,700 μ“√“ß‡´πμ‘‡¡μ√/«—π

- §πß“π 3,300 μ“√“ß‡´πμ‘‡¡μ√/«—π

SAc æ◊Èπ∑’Ëº‘«Àπ—ß¢Õß‡¥Á°∑’Ë —¡º— “√ 3,300 μ“√“ß‡´πμ‘‡¡μ√/«—π

AFa ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∫πº‘«Àπ—ßºŸâ„À≠à

- ºŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ 0.07 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/μ“√“ß‡´πμ‘‡¡μ√

- §πß“π 0.2 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/μ“√“ß‡´πμ‘‡¡μ√

AFc ª√‘¡“≥¥‘π∫πº‘«Àπ—ß‡¥Á° 0.2 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/μ“√“ß‡´πμ‘‡¡μ√

Abs °“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡∑“ßº‘«Àπ—ß

- “√°÷Ëß√–‡À¬‰¥â 0.1

- “√√–‡À¬ -

- “√Õπ‘π∑√’¬å -

EFr §«“¡∂’Ë¢Õß°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√ 350 «—π/ªï

- ºŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬

EFo §«“¡∂’Ë¢Õß°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√

- §π∑”ß“π 250 «—π/ªï

EDr √–¬–‡«≈“∑’ËºŸâÕ¬ŸàÕ“»—¬ (ºŸâ„À≠à) ‰¥â√—∫ “√ 30 ªï

EDc √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë‡¥Á°‰¥â√—∫ “√ 6 ªï

EDo √–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë§πß“π‰¥â√—∫ “√ 25 ªï

* §à“‡©æ“–¢Õß “√‡§¡’·μà≈–μ—«

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.3 (μàÕ)

Õ– ’́‚μπ60

2.6 Risk characterization ¢Õß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áßrisk characterization ¢Õß “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß ∑”‰¥â‚¥¬°“√§”π«≥À“ hazard quotient

(HQ)

HQ = CDI/RfD ...................................................................................... (2.14)

μ—«Õ¬à“ß ®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2.1

UF = 10H × 10A = 100

‡π◊ËÕß®“°„™âÀπŸ„π·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡¡“° (250 μ—«/°≈ÿà¡) risk manager „™â§à“ MF = 0.8

RfD = 0.5/(100 × 0.8)

= 0.00625 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π

¡¡ÿμ‘ “√‡§¡’π’Èªπ‡ªóôÕπ„ππÈ”ª√–ª“ ·≈–ª√–™“™π‰¥â√—∫„πª√‘¡“≥ 0.001 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡/

°‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°μ—«/«—π

HQ = 0.001/0.00625

= 0.16

HQ ¡’§à“πâÕ¬°«à“ 1 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ °“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’μ—«π’È„ππÈ”ª√–ª“¬—ß

Õ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫∑’Ëª≈Õ¥¿—¬μàÕ°“√∫√‘‚¿§

°“√§”π«≥§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß ”À√—∫ “√‰¡à°àÕ¡–‡√Áß‚¥¬„™â HQ π—Èπ ‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß°“√

‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ª√‘¡“≥∑’Ë‰¥â√—∫°—∫ RfD ‡∑à“π—Èπ ‰¡à„™à§à“∑’Ë· ¥ß§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß∑’Ë·∑â®√‘ß¥—ß‡™àπ

risk characterization ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß ·μà risk manager °Á “¡“√∂„™â§à“ HQ „π

°“√μ—¥ ‘π„®‰¥â °≈à“«§◊Õ ∂â“ HQ ¡’§à“πâÕ¬°«à“À√◊Õ‡∑à“°—∫ 1 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ∂“π°“√≥å

°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’¬—ß‰¡à√ÿπ·√ß®πÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õßª√–™“™π

·μà∂â“ HQ ¡’§à“¡“°°«à“ 1 À¡“¬§«“¡«à“ ∂“π°“√≥å°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ¢Õß “√‡§¡’§àÕπ¢â“ß

√ÿπ·√ß®πÕ“®‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕ ÿ¢¿“æÕπ“¡—¬¢Õßª√–™“™π‰¥â μâÕß¡’°“√·°â ‰¢À√◊Õ¥”‡π‘π

°“√‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°“√ªπ‡ªóôÕπ

ACETONE 61

2.7 Risk Characterization ”À√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß®“° ¡°“√ (2.11) Risk = CPS × CDI

“¡“√∂§”π«≥§à“§«“¡‡ ’Ë¬ß (risk) ®“°°“√‰¥â√—∫ “√°àÕ¡–‡√Áß®“°ª√‘¡“≥ “√∑’Ë

‰¥â√—∫∑ÿ°«—π (CDI)

∂â“ risk ∑’Ë§”π«≥‰¥â‡°‘π°«à“§à“∑’Ë°”Àπ¥‰«â ´÷Ëß‚¥¬ª°μ‘Àπà«¬ß“πμà“ßÊ ®–°”Àπ¥

risk ‰«â∑’Ë 10− 6 ºŸâ∫√‘À“√μâÕß¥”‡π‘π°“√·°â ‰¢

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