Amita Tiwari Computer Ppt

8/3/2019 Amita Tiwari Computer Ppt

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ZEROETH GENERATION

Man used his fingers, ropes, beads,

bones, pebbles and other objects for

counting.

Abacus, Pascaline, Difference &

Anylitical engines

Electricity was not yet invented


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The first generation of computers, characterized byvacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the creation of -

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) atabulating machine which won the contest for the

fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census.


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VACUUM TUBES electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.


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DISADVANTAGES:

yThey generate more heat

causing many problems intemperature regulation andclimate control.

yTubes were subject to frequentburn-out.


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SECOND GENERATION,

1959 1964: The Transistor

The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, whichcharacterized the second generation of computers.

TRANSISTOR was a three-legged component whichshrunk the size of the first generation computers.Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by avacuum tube

More reliable, had greater computational speed, requiredno warm-up time and consumed far less electricity.


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THIRD GENERATION,1965 1970: The Integrated Circuit

Third generation computers arose in 1965 with theinvention of smaller electronic circuits calledintegrated circuits (ICS)

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS are square siliconchips containing circuitry that can perform thefunctions of hundreds of transistors.


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ADVANTAGES:

yRELIABILITY Unlike vacuum tubes,silicon will not break down easily. It isvery seldom that you will have toreplace it.

yLOW COST Silicon chips arerelatively cheap because of their small

size and availability in the market. Italso consumes less electricity.


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` Marked by the use of microprocessor

` MICROPROCESSOR is a silicon chip that

contains the CPU part of the computer where all

processing takes place.4004 chip was the first microprocessor introduced

by Intel Corporation.


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Games Playing: programming computers toplay games such as chess and checkers

Expert Systems: programming computers tomake decisions in real-life situations (forexample, some expert systems help doctorsdiagnose diseases based on symptoms)

Robotics: programming computers to see andhear and react to other sensory stimuli

Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence byattempting to reproduce the types of physical connectionsthat occur in animal brainsToday, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, whichare proving successful in an umber of disciplines such as voice

recognition and natural-language processing.


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TODAYS COMPUTER

is classified as fourth generationcomputers.

faster, more powerful, tremendous datastorage and processing capacity

new brands and models would come outthe market almost every other month.

many clones or imitations of the IBM

have become even more powerful and alot cheaper.


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computers became more affordable

computers can now be found in homes, schools,

offices etc. there has been a tremendous improvement in

software technology

different software applications to choose from:word processing, spreadsheets, databasemanagement, games and entertainment.

computer subjects are now being offered not justto college students but even to high school and

elementary. computers are now used as an aid in teaching

math, science etc.


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Amita Tiwari Computer Ppt