Arm ynfuGef rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&aumfrwD.tmabmf · Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf trSwf (35) 'DZifbm/ 2012 ckESpf? pmwnf;tzGJ@trSm ææææ 1 95 ESpfajrmuf

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trSwf (35)

'DZifbm/ 2012 ckESpf?

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1

pmwnf;tzGJhtrSm

trSwf (35) 2012 ckESpf 'DZifbm

wkdi f;oljynfom;rsm; Ek d ;E k d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmhwk di f;oljynfom;rsm; Ek d ;E k d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmhwk di f;oljynfom;rsm; Ek d ;E k d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmhwk di f;oljynfom;rsm; Ek d ;E k d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmhwk di f;oljynfom;rsm; Ek d ;E k d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmh

tdkbm;rm;&J@ jrefrmjynfc&D;pOfukd ‘orkdif;0ifc&D;’vkd@ rD'D,mawGu trSwftom;jyK=uw,f?aumif;usdK;ukd aqmifvmwmvm;/ ‘qkd;jypf’tarGxm;&pfcJhzkd@vm; awG;ylae&yg+yD?

ay:xGufvmwJh ‘'Dc&D;pOf’[m tar&duef&J@ aoe*FAsL[m tajymif;tvJeJ@ ywfoufygw,f? ol@jynfwGif;t&yf&yf taetxm;u yHHkysufyef;ysuf ,kd,Gif;aecsdef/ xGufayguf&Smae&csdef - urBmh'kwd, pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;t}uD;qHk; w±kwfu bufpHktiftm;}uD;xGm;vmcsdef -

w±kwfukd xdef;csKyfzkd@ udpP[m ol@twGuft&if;cH r[mwm0efjzpfw,f? tm&Sypdzdwfa'o[molwkd@ESpfEkdifiH&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;awGeJ@ qufpyfywfoufaewm tm;vHk;tod?

'ga=umifhvnf; tm;+ydKif&ma'o jzpfvmw,f? wqufwnf;w±kwfukd vnfrsdKn‡pfEkdifr,fh ae&mawG[mta&;ygvmcJhw,f? ta&S@tm&SEkdifiHawGeJ@ tmqD,HEkdifiHawG wefzkd;wufvmcJhw,f?

tar&duef vkyfaeusyHkpHtwkdif; w±kwftxkdifusaewJh tmqD,HEkdifiHawGxJ 0ifaESmufygawmhw,f?e,fajrykdifqkdifr_ jy\em ykd}uD;xGm;vmw,f?

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csKyfvkduf&if tar&duef&J@ w±kwf0kdif;ywfa&; pDrHudef; tar&duefoabmus ±kyfvHk;ay:vmyg+yD?Armjynf[m aoe*FAsL[m - yx0DEkdifiHa&;&J@ ta&;ygr_a=umifh b,folrS vufvGwfrcHEkdifwJhEkdifiH

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vufvGwfrcHEkdifb0 usa&mufaeygw,f? jrif&wmuawmh ‘cGwkwf’‘cGwkwf’‘cGwkwf’‘cGwkwf’‘cGwkwf’ay:vpDusifhoHk;zkd@ jyifaewmyg? u|JESpfaumifcwf=ur,fh taetxm;rSm vdktyfwJh trsdK;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&; ckdifckdifrmrmvkyfwm rawG@&/ tay:,H&Syfajym+yD; tiftm;pk toD;oD;ukd csnfwkyfxm;wmyJ awG@&w,f? 'Davmuf}uD;rm;wJh jy\em}uD;ukd b,fvkdausmfjzwf=urvJ/ &ifav;p&m aumif;ygw,f?

'ga=umifh “tkyfpk d;olawGukd owday;csifwmuawmh taerwwf&itkyfpk d;olawGukd owday;csifwmuawmh taerwwf&itkyfpk d;olawGukd owday;csifwmuawmh taerwwf&itkyfpk d;olawGukd owday;csifwmuawmh taerwwf&itkyfpk d;olawGukd owday;csifwmuawmh taerwwf&if ‘&Sifusyf-aousyf’‘&Sifusyf-aousyf’‘&Sifusyf-aousyf’‘&Sifusyf-aousyf’‘&Sifusyf-aousyf’jzpfukef =uvdrf hr,f? uk d,fus d K;awG aESmufvm&if wk di f; jynfaysmufoGm;vdrf hr,f”?jzpfukef =uvdrf hr,f? uk d,fus d K;awG aESmufvm&if wk di f; jynfaysmufoGm;vdrf hr,f”?jzpfukef =uvdrf hr,f? uk d,fus d K;awG aESmufvm&if wk di f; jynfaysmufoGm;vdrf hr,f”?jzpfukef =uvdrf hr,f? uk d,fus d K;awG aESmufvm&if wk di f; jynfaysmufoGm;vdrf hr,f”?jzpfukef =uvdrf hr,f? uk d,fus d K;awG aESmufvm&if wk di f; jynfaysmufoGm;vdrf hr,f”?

wqufwnf; jynfolawGukd yef=um;csifwmuawmh-“trsd K;om;jynfolrsm; Ek d ;Ek d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmh”“trsd K;om;jynfolrsm; Ek d ;Ek d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmh”“trsd K;om;jynfolrsm; Ek d ;Ek d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmh”“trsd K;om;jynfolrsm; Ek d ;Ek d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmh”“trsd K;om;jynfolrsm; Ek d ;Ek d ; =um;=um; &S d =uukefavmh” qk dwmygyJ?

pmwnf;tzGJ@

(21/ 12/ 2012)

2

95 ESpfajrmuf95 ESpfajrmuf95 ESpfajrmuf95 ESpfajrmuf95 ESpfajrmuf

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ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD

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(Edk0ifbm 7 &uf/ 2012 ckESpf)(Edk0ifbm 7 &uf/ 2012 ckESpf)(Edk0ifbm 7 &uf/ 2012 ckESpf)(Edk0ifbm 7 &uf/ 2012 ckESpf)(Edk0ifbm 7 &uf/ 2012 ckESpf)

atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;

TEdk0ifbm 7 &ufonf acwfopfurBmhordkif;wGif tvkyform;/ v,form;/

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ay:aygufcJhonf?

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vlwef;pm;onf vlr_axmufyHha&;pepf (social welfare system) azmfxkwfI tumtuG,f

,lcJh=uonf?

qdkAD,uf,leD,HòyduGJoGm;+yD;aemuf 20 &mpktukefydkif;ESifh 21 &mpktpydkif;wGif e,fcsJ@

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yxrurBmppfwvif;rSm csdKcsif;csdwfr#cGyf - cwfaecsdefwGif ±k±Sm;jynfolrsm;u tcGifhaumif; ,lum

[email protected] atmifyGJ&atmif qifE$JcJh=uonfqdkaomtcsufudk owd&rdonf?

atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;u ay;cJhonfh/ oifjycJhonfh tcsufrsm;teuf rnfolr#

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atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;tpOftvmESifhpdwf"mwf t"Gef@&Snfygap?

45

3

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OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&. tajymif;tvJESif hywfouf+yD;OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&. tajymif;tvJESif hywfouf+yD;OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&. tajymif;tvJESif hywfouf+yD;OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&. tajymif;tvJESif hywfouf+yD;OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&. tajymif;tvJESif hywfouf+yD;Auy . wifjycsufAuy . wifjycsufAuy . wifjycsufAuy . wifjycsufAuy . wifjycsuf(2 - 10 -2012)(2 - 10 -2012)(2 - 10 -2012)(2 - 10 -2012)(2 - 10 -2012)

(1) OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&u tajymif;tvJ vkyfaeonf? 'gudk rdrdwdk@todtrSwfðyyg.? tajymif;tvJu

atmifjrifoifhoavmufvnf; atmifjrifaeygonf? 'gudkvnf; owdðyrdyg.?

odk@aomf -

rdrdwdk@pOf;pm;wmu tajymif;tvJ&J@ &nfrSef;csufu bmvJqdkwmudk t"duxm;onf?

olwdk@&nfrSef;csufu

• ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ udk jynfwGif;jynfyu twdkuftcHrsm; vufcHapzdk@/ vlrsdK;pk

vufeufudkiftiftm;rsm; (‘+idrf;’ tzGJ@awGa&m/ qufwdkufaeolrsm;yg) vufcHvmapzdk@

jynfy ‘vGwfajrmufa'o’ a&mufaeonfh twdkuftcHrsm;tm;vHk; vufcHvmzdk@

jzpfonf?

'D&nf&G,fcsuf txdkuftavsmuf atmifjrifaeonf? Todk@ atmifjrif&onfhta=umif;rSm

(u) jynfyta=umif;tcsuftaejzifh tar&duefeJ@taemuftkyfpku Armjynfqdkif&m ay:vpD

ajymif;vJjcif; (w±kwfudk ajymp&mrvdk? olu e0w§etz eJ@ yvJeHyoifh+yD; jzpfonf?)

(c) jynfwGif;ta=umif;tcsufu 'DcsKyf (NLD) u EdkifiHa&;oabmxm; wqpfcsdK;ajymif;vJvmjcif;

jzpfonf? (tus,frcsJ@awmhyg? wckyJ ajymrnf? ‘rw&m;wJhtrdef@tm%mrSefor# zDqef=u’ aºu;a=umfoH

uae ‘w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;’ odk@ ajymif;vJay;vdkufonf? w&m;Oya'qdkwmrSm ‘2008 tajccHOya'’

tygt0if acwftqufqufu tpdk;&rsm; csrSwfxm;onfh ‘w&m;Oya'rsm;’ tm;vHk; tusKH;0ifonf?

(2) wcsdK@u ‘qifaumif}uD;’ (tajymif;tvJ) awG@aerS ‘qifajc&m’ &SmraeeJ@[k ajym=uonf? ‘qifajc&m’

&Sm&vdrfhrnf? ‘qifajc&m’ awG@rS 'Dqif}uD;u b,fuvmwmvJ - b,fqDudk OD;wnfaeovJqdkwm odrnf?

qif,Ofvm;/ qif±dkif;vm; qdkwmyg cGJjcm;Ekdifrnf?

ypPKyefu b,ftem*wfudk OD;wnfaeovJqdkwmudk odzdk@u twdwfu b,fvdkjzpfcJhovJqdkwmudk

odrSjzpfrnf?

‘ajc&mcH’ =unfhvdkufawmh -

§ 1962 rwfv tm%modrf;yGJ awG@onf?

§ ‘1974 tajccHOya'’ awG@onf?

§ a'gufwmarmifarmifu ‘1974 tajccHOya'’ atmufudk

taysmhqGJenf;eJ@ qGJoGif;wm awG@onf? ol ratmifjrifcJhyg?

bma=umifhvJ -

§ 1988 (1350 jynfh) vlxktHkºur_ &Sdaeonf?

4

§ a'gufwmarmifarmif oabm±dk;eJ@ tajymif;tvJ vkyfcsifaewm

ygvdk@ xGufajymrnfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif r&Sd? ajym0Hholr&Sd? ajymol

ajrmif;xJ wcgwnf;a&mufoGm;rnf?

§ a'gufwmarmifarmif&J@ ‘taysmhqGJ’ u OD;odef;pdefxuf aysmhajymif;

ygonf? olurS ‘74 tajccHOya'’ udk wydkif;wp ðzwfay;wm

&Sdonf? bmawGjyifcsif ðzwfcsifovJ aphpyfaqG;aEG;rnf[k ajymonf?

wuo (Auo) taqmuftOD;awmif jyefaqmuf=updk@vdk@

ajymonf? 'gu (Auo) udk w&m;0if jyefay;wm jzpfonf?

OD;odef;pdef taysmhqGJu ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ udk vHk;vHk;rxdyg;?

oljyifay;wmu orRwvkyfydkifcGifheJ@ ‘av;pm; vdkufemygrnf’

qdkwmyJ jzpfonf? tajccHOya'&J@ usrf;opPm qdkcsufrSmygwJh

‘xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf+yD; EdkifiHawmf. Oya'rsm;udkvnf;

vdkufemygrnf’ qdkwmudk jyifray;cJh? (jyifay; EdkifwJh tcGifhtm%m

vnf; ol@rSm r&Sd?) 'DcsKyfacgif;aqmif a':pk uvnf; olwdk@ ‘vpf[m’

oGm;onf[k qdkonf? od&or#u 'gudk jrifol&Sdonf? a':pkeJ@,SOf+yD;

rajymcsif rajym0Hhvdk@ jzpfonf? wu,fu jyifvdkv#ifvnf; tcef;

(12) yg yk'fraygif; (5) cktwdkif; vkyf&rnf? 'DvdkvkyfEdkifzdk@u

cufa=umif; olwdk@od=uygonf? ñuHvdk@ ajym&OD;rnf? OD;odef;pdefeJ@

OD;a&$ref;wdk@ cHk±Hk;qHk;jzwfcsufudpPeJ@ uawmufuqjzpfawmh

OD;odef;pdefu ‘cHk±Hk;qHk;jzwfcsuf’ jyifcsif&if ‘tajccHOya'udk

jyifwJhvkyfenf; vkyfyg’ qdk+yD; OD;a&$ref;udk acsmuf (acsmuf)

wGef;onf? OD;a&$ref;u vufrcH? olvnf; odonf? 'gudk jyifzdk@

vkyfv#if ppftm%mydkifrsm;eJ@ jy\emwufrnfqdkwm odonf?

xl;qef;wmu tajccHOya' jyifzdk@qdk+yD; v$wfwmfxJ acgif;iHk@0if

oGm;wJh 'DcsKyfu OD;odef;pdefcif;ay;wJhvrf; rvdkufbJ =um;ujzefajzol

vkyfonf? tJ'Duawmufuqjzpfr_+yD;awmh a':pkvnf; v$wfawmfu

cef@wJh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;aumfrwDOuUX jzpfoGm;onf? aumfrwD

xJrSm ppfAdkvftrwfygzkd@ udpPrSmawmh OD;a&$ref;vnf; rwwfEdkif? tJ'D

aumfrwDu ‘aA'ga&cwfwJhtvkyf’ yJ vkyf&awmhrnf? ppfAdkvf

rygv#if ajredrfh&mvSHpdkufwJhtvkyfyJ t&yfom;w&m;ol}uD;awG udkyJ

udkif&rvdk jzpfawmhrnf? (v,f,m opfawm) ajrawG rw&m;

odrf;wmu t"dutm;jzifh ppfwyf jzpfonf?

H kc H k± H k ;qH k;jzwfcsufcH k± H k ;qH k;jzwfcsufcH k± H k ;qH k;jzwfcsufcH k± H k ;qH k;jzwfcsufcH k± H k ;qH k;jzwfcsufudpPe J @udpPe J @udpPe J @udpPe J @udpPe J @

uawmufuquawmufuquawmufuquawmufuquawmufuqjzpfawmhjzp fawmhjzp fawmhjzp fawmhjzp fawmh

O D;ode f;p de fuOD;ode f;p de fuOD;ode f;p de fuOD;ode f;p de fuOD;ode f;p de fu‘cHk±H k;qHk;jzwfcsuf’‘cH k±H k;qHk;jzwfcsuf’‘cH k±H k;qHk;jzwfcsuf’‘cH k±H k;qHk;jzwfcsuf’‘cH k±H k;qHk;jzwfcsuf’

jyi fcsi f&i fjyi fc si f&i fjyi fc si f&i fjyi fc si f&i fjyi fc si f&i f‘tajcc HOya'‘tajcc HOya'‘tajcc HOya'‘tajcc HOya'‘tajcc HOya'

jyifwJ henf;jyifwJ henf;jyifwJ henf;jyifwJ henf;jyifwJ henf;vkyfyg’ qd k +yD;vkyfyg’ qd k +yD;vkyfyg’ qd k +yD;vkyfyg’ qd k +yD;vkyfyg’ qd k +yD;

5

_ynfolhtm%m_ynfolhtm%m_ynfolhtm%m_ynfolhtm%m_ynfolhtm%m


6

(3) OD;odef;pdef&J@ ‘taysmhqGJ’ u tajccHtm;jzifh atmifjrifygonf? olwdk@zdwfac:or# tm;vHk;avmufu

jynfawmfjyef+yD; (2015) a&G;aumufyGJudk ar#mf=uonf? ‘Auy’ uawmh ‘2015’ rSm ay:vmrnfh ‘tmqD,H

vGwfvyfwJh ukefoG,fa&;a'o (AFTA)’ wdk@ tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef; (AEC) wdk@a=umifh

ArmjynfolawG cH&rnfhokc'kuQudkyJ awG;onf? rdrdwdk@&J@ 'DtawG;tjrifudk aemiftvsOf;oifhrS a&;ygrnf?

tck OD;odef;pdef/ 'DcsKyfeJ@ tar&dueftaemuftkyfpkwdk@&J@ ay:vpDtajymif;tvJwckudk wifjyygrnf?

OD;odef;pdef/ OD;a&$ref;wdk@&J@ tajymif;tvJxuf tc&muswmu EdkifiHawmfppfwyf (wyfrawmf)

Adkvfrif;atmifvd_ifwdk@udk tajymif;tvJvkyfzdk@qdkwm tar&duefodonf? aemufawmh 'DcsKyfacgif;aqmifpkvnf;

odonf?

xdk@a=umifh tar&duefu e0w§etz acwfwckvHk;rSm tquftoG,fvHk;0jywfoGm;wJh

‘wyfrawmfcsif; qufqHa&;’ udk jyefxlaxmifzdk@u ponf?

• puFmylu ‘&Sef*&Dvm’ qdkwJh umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;awG&J@ tpnf;ta0;rSm ppfwyfcsif;

xdawG@qufqHa&; vkyfcsifa=umif; tar&duefu tcsufjyonf?

• Armppfwyfbufuvnf; ‘tcsdefwefv#if ppfwef;vsm;jyefrSmyg’ vdk@ ESyfa=umif;jyefay;

onf? 'gudk wqifhwufvmwmyJvdk@ tar&duefuwGuf+yD; auseyfonf? tar&duef

ppfausmif;awG/ oifwef;awGrSm Armjynfu vli,fppfAdkvfawG vmwufapzdk@ urf;vSrf;

onf? 'Durf;vSrf;r_u aemifrSmtqifajyp&m &Sdw,fvdk@ xifygonf?

• tar&duefbuf wGufudef;u 'Dvli,fppfAdkvfawG ppfwyf&J@xdyfydkif;a&mufvmwJhtcsdefrSm

olwdk@jzpfapcsifwJh ‘'Drdkua&pD’ taumiftxnfay:rnf[k wGufonf? ESpf 20 - 30

apmifh&vnf; apmifhEdkifonf?

• Armjynfppfbufuvnf; ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ u ESpf 20 - 30 wnf+rJaezdk@ aocsm

oavmufjzpfvdk@ tar&duefeJ@ &if=um;aphcsifonf? (rqv &J@ 1974 tajccHOya'u

14 ESpfyJ wnf+rJcJhwm jzpfonf?)

• tar&duefeJ@&if=um;apha&;u t"dujzpfvdk@ vuf&SdArmjynfppftm%mydkifrsm;u

oabmus=uonf?

xHk;pHtwdkif; 'DcsKyfacgif;aqmifpkuyg ppftm%mydkifrsm;ESifh xdawG@qufqHcsifw,f[k qdkvmonf?

odk@aomf rvG,fvSyg? tar&duefvdk ol@rSm wefcdk;=oZm r&Sdyg? ppfwyfxdyfydkif;eJ@ xdawG@qufqHr_ rajymeJ@

ppfAdkvftrwfawGeJ@ wpm;yGJwnf;xdkif+yD; xrif;vufqHkpm;zdk@awmif rvG,fwmawG@&onf?

twdkcsKyfygawmhrnf? tar&duefu xdawG@qufqHzdk@ vG,fonf? 'DcsKyftzdk@ rvG,fyg?

• tar&duefu a&&SnfapmifhEdkifonf? udpPr&Sd? ESpf 20 - 30 qdkwm olwdk@twGuf

jy\emr&Sd?

• jy\em&Sdwmu 'DcsKyf? acwfòyifygwDcsif;jzpfvdk@ av;pm;axmufxm;wJhtaeeJ@

tus,fra&;awmhyg?

• jynfoluvnf; rapmifhEdkifyg?

(4) ed*Hk;taeeJ@ wifjyygrnf?


7

ppftm%m&SifpepfrSm tm%modrf;wJhumv/ tm%mtajccs+yD; tajcuswJhumv/ tm%mxdef;wJh

umvqdk+yD; (3) ydkif; &Sdw,fvdk@ Auy u owfrSwfygonf? tusOf;csKyf+yD; wifjyygrnf?

(u) (1962 rS 1974) xd tm%modrf;wJhumv jzpfonf? tm%m+rJatmif tm%ma[mif; (zqyv

(2) jcrf;pvHk;) udk zdESdyfonf? ‘Oya'wGif;rmhufpf0g'Dqdkol twdkuftcHrsm;’ udk qGJaqmifodrf;oGif;Edkifonf? zqyv

(2) jcrf;u xdef;odrf;umv vGwfvmawmhvnf; (Adkvfae0if;&J@ (33) OD; t}uHay;tzGJ@ taysmhqGJumvrSm)

&yfwnfcsuf rajymif;=u? 'DawmhrS ‘tajccHOya'’ udk a&;qGJonf?

(c) (1974 rS 1988 xd) umv? tm%mtajccs+yD; tajcuswJhumv jzpfonf? qdk&S,fvpf0g'

acwfpm;csdefrdk@ ‘jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef qdk&S,fvpf’ wHcGefv$ifhonf?

(*) (1988 rS 2008 xd) rSmawmh ‘tm%mxdef;’ wJhumv jyefa&mufonf? e0w§etz ppftm%m&Sif

pepf ajAmifvkyfonf? ‘tajccHOya'’ udk a&;qGJonf?

(2008 rS tcktxd) jrefrmhenf;jrefrmh[ef ‘pnf;urf;jynfh0wJh 'Drdkua&pDtajccHOya'’ udk wnfwHhatmif

vkyfwJhumv (tajcusatmif vkyfwJhumv) jzpfonf?

ppftm%m&Sifpepf&J@ oHo&mpuf0dkif;u odrf; - tajccs/ tajcus - xdef; umv (3) ck &Sdonf[k

t=urf;tm;jzifh owfrSwfEdkifonf? 'DoHo&mpuf0dkif;u tckwywfjyefvSnfhaeonf?

(5) rdrdwdk@tjrifudk wifjyygrnf?

• tm%mtajccswJhumvudk tckjzwfoef;aeonf?

• OD;odef;pdefwdk@&J@ taysmhqGJ atmifjrifaeonf? ‘2015’ a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfjzpfv#if tm%mtajcus

awmhrnf?

• wu,fvdk@ ‘1988 tHkºur_rsdK;’ aemifrSm jzpfvmv#if tm%mxdef;wJhtvkyf olwdk@jyefvkyf=u

vdrfhrnf? (e0w§etz) vdk tzGJ@rsdK; jyefvkyfvdrhfrnf?

(6) rdrdwdk@&J@ udk,fhudk,fudk,fa0zefa&;? Auy u -

• emvefxcsdef jzpfonf? [dkwkef;uvdk rvkyfEdkifao;? vkyfEdkifzdk@ tcsdefwck apmifh&rnf? apmifh&rnfh

tcsdef b,favmufqdkwmudk rcef@rSef;wwfao;yg? ([dkwkef;u cef@rSef;EdkifcJhonf? 1300 jynfh&J@

a&$&wkESpf 1350 (1988) rSm tcsdefus+yDvdk@ rSefrSefuefuef cef@rSef;EdkifcJhonf?)

rdrdwdk@,Hk=unfcsuf -

• zdESdyfol&Sdv#if wGef;uefol&Sdrnf?

• wefjyefawmfvSefa&;&Sdv#if awmfvSefa&;&Sdrnf?

• EdkifiHwumhtajctae txl;ojzifh jynfwGif;tajctaeu awmfvSefa&;tajctae &ifhrSnfh

rrSnfhudk jyXmef;vdrfhrnf?

• awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;r&SdbJ awmfvSefa&;w&yf rjzpfEdkif? rSefuefwJh aoe*FAsL[meJ@

enf;y&d,m,fvrf;pOf r&SdbJ atmifyGJr&Edkif? rawmfwq awmfvSefa&;atmifjrifwm avmurSm

r&Sd?

• rdrdwdk@u &ifhrSnfhwJh tcsdefxd apmifhrnf? rSefuefwJh awmfvSefa&;oabmw&m;udk udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;

&SmazGrnf? aemuf jynfolodk@ wifjyrnf?


8

• ‘a,m,drf;vdkuf bom;,drf;vdkuf’ rvkyfEdkif? vdktyfvmv#if ‘*k%foa&&SdwJh txD;usefjzpfr_’

udk vufcH&ef toifhjzpfonf?

• b,favmuf=um=um apmifhEdkifygonf?

ñuHóuufwkef; ajymcsifwm -

• udk,feJ@rqdkifayr,fh ‘a&G;aumufyGJOya'’ udk zwf=unfhonf? u|efawmfwdk@udk óuwif+yD;y,fxm;wm

awG@onf? aus;Zl;wifygonf?

• udk,fu vufrcHayr,fh vufcHolrsm;udkawmh trSefyJ av;pm;ygonf? axmufxm;ygonf? olwdk@

tajctaet& vkyfwmyJvdk@ vufcHxm;ygonf?

Auy u -

• rmhufpf0g'udk vrf;!ïefoabmw&m;tjzpf xm;onf?

• awmfvSefwJh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk pGJ+rJpGm,Hk=unfonf?

• ArmjynfudkcspfwJh jynfcspf0g'Djzpfonf?

• vufrcHEdkifwmudk vufcHcsif[efraqmifyg?

ajym&OD;rnf?

• Auy &J@ arG;ouU&mZfudk tcktjiif;yGm;wm rawG@&? arG;&mZmwdudkawmh trsdK;rsdK;ajym=uonf?

Oya'y ajratmufygwDudk arG;zGm;&wmjzpfvdk@ ae&mawmfawmfrsm;rsm; ajymif;&onf? udkA[def;

tdrfrSmvdk@ ajymwmvnf; rrSm;? &efukefòr@xJrSmvdk@ ajymwmvnf; rrSm;yg?

• wck wifjycsifwmu Auy &J@ arG;&mZmwdt&if;tjrpfu wuo§Auo jzpfonf? 'ga=umifhyJ

wuo§Auo taqmuftOD;udk oHa,mZOf&Sd wG,fwmonf? 'ga=umifhyJ ‘Armjynf’ (A)

qdkwmudk pGJ+rJaewm jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfjzpfvnf; ta&;r}uD;yg? 'gayrJh ‘Auo’ &Sdor#awmh

‘Auy’ &J@ (A) udk rjyifEdkifyg?

• tckawmh ‘Auy’ uG,fvGefaoqHk;wJhouU&mZf tjiif;yGm;ae=ujyefonf? OD;Ek/ udkausmf+idrf;wdk@u

wrsdK;ajymvdrfhrnf? Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfatmifa&$/ Adkvfarmifarmifwdk@u wrsdK;ajymvdrhfrnf?

Adkvfapmarmif/ Adkvfoef;a&$/ Adkvfcif!Gef@wdk@u wrsdK;ajymvdrfhrnf? ajymcsifwmajym=uygap? rdrdwdk@

0ifrajymyg? ajymp&mrvdkvdk@yg? ajymrd&ifvnf; ‘zkwfouf0if+yD;’ ajymwmvdk@ pGyfpGJ=uvdrhfOD;rnf?

• wygwnf; ajymvdkufrnf? Auy udk qJa&;wJhpmawG zwf&ygonf? tusdK;ta=umif;ygwJhpmudkawmh

a0zefwmvdk@ oabmxm;vdkufonf? qJa&;pmoufoufqdk&if zwfyJzwfonf? vufeufcs

opPmazmufawG a&;wmvnf; zwfonf? wm0eft& t}udrf}udrfvufeufcs=u&wmyJvdk@

oabmxm;um ab;rJhay;onf? (ordkif;rSefudk ±dk;±dk;om;om; odvdkolrsm;u odcsifvdk@ ar;vm&if

‘twGif;pmtjzpf’ jyefa&;ygrnf? xkwfjyefzdk@ r[kwfyg?)

• ppfeJ@awmfvSefa&;acwfrrDvdkufolrsm;u tJ'Dacwfu usefrdusef&m aocgeD;awGudk (trsm;pku

aoukef+yD) vGwfvyfa&;acwfusrS vljzpfvmolawGu (ynmwef;ukefatmif oifcJh&olawGu)

pGJcsuftrsdK;rsdK;wifaewmudk zwf&=um;&awmh em=uOfygonf? tenf;qHk;awmh vGwfvyfa&;twGuf

pGef@v$wftepfemcHcJholrsm;tjzpf todtrSwf ðyapcsifygonf?


9

rdrdwdk@vnf; wef;ukefatmif oifcsifygonf? rdbrsm;uvnf; oifapcsifonf?

vGwfvyfa&;&zdk@/ wdkufzdk@/ aozdk@vrf;udk a&G;+yD;vdkufcJholrsm;vdk@awmh todtrSwfðyapcsifonf?

‘ynmwef;ukefatmif roifcJh&olawG’ ‘aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; ,Ofaus;r_r&SdolawG’

‘olEdkifudk,fEdkif rvkyfwwfolawG’ pwJh pwJh a&;wmajymwm zwf&=um;&wdkif; toJqwfqwf

emygonf?

'g[m tvwfwef;pm;ADZ&SdolwOD;&J@ cHpm;csufyg? q&mrif;ok0%f&J@uAsmxJu

tvkyform;/ v,form;om;orD; usqHk;tHhqJqJ ajymuf=um;&Jabmfuawmh ol@rSmwrf;rSm

‘tm;emcJha=umif;’ ajymcJhonfrSm vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ0ifolrsm;udkajymwm jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;

twGuf toufawGpaw;cJhwJh axmifaomif;aom tmZmenfrsm;uawmh aus;Zl;&Sifudk aus;pGyfol

rsm;vdk@ oabmxm;=uvdrhfrnf? rdrdwdk@uawmh rajym&ufvdk@ rajymyg? &ifemw,fqdkwmeJ@yJ

&yfxm;vdkufygonf? pdkwJhvuf rajcmufapcsifwm jzpfonf?

wifjycsifwmu Auy &J@ arG;&mZmwdwifjycsifwmu Auy &J@ arG;&mZmwdwifjycsifwmu Auy &J@ arG;&mZmwdwifjycsifwmu Auy &J@ arG;&mZmwdwifjycsifwmu Auy &J@ arG;&mZmwd

t&if;tjrpfut&if;tjrpfut&if;tjrpfut&if;tjrpfut&if;tjrpfu

wuo§Auo jzpfonf?wuo§Auo jzpfonf?wuo§Auo jzpfonf?wuo§Auo jzpfonf?wuo§Auo jzpfonf?

'ga=umif hy J'ga=umif hy J'ga=umif hy J'ga=umif hy J'ga=umif hy J

wuo§Auo taqmuftOD;ud kwuo§Auo taqmuftOD;ud kwuo§Auo taqmuftOD;ud kwuo§Auo taqmuftOD;ud kwuo§Auo taqmuftOD;ud k

oHa,mZOf&S d wG,fwmonf?oHa,mZOf&S d wG,fwmonf?oHa,mZOf&S d wG,fwmonf?oHa,mZOf&S d wG,fwmonf?oHa,mZOf&S d wG,fwmonf?

NLD a&S@a&; - Auy tawG;a&S@a&; - Auy tawG;a&S@a&; - Auy tawG;a&S@a&; - Auy tawG;a&S@a&; - Auy tawG;(29- 9 - 2012)(29- 9 - 2012)(29- 9 - 2012)(29- 9 - 2012)(29- 9 - 2012)

(1) Taqmif;yg;udk trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf ('DcsKyf) em,u OD;wifOD;u ‘a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk

t+rJtm;udk;aevdk@rjzpf’ [k ajymwmudk zwf&vdk@ a&;vdk@&+yDqdk+yD; a&;jcif;jzpfonf?

(2) a':pkwa,muf v$wfawmfajy;wufvdkuf/ tdrfjyef+yD; wnavmuftdyf/ aumhrª;udkxGuf vkyfae&wm/ 'D=um;xJ

EdkifiHjcm;xGufwmawG awG@+yD; 'D (67) ESpft&G,feJ@ b,favmuf=um=umvkyfEdkifrSmvJvdk@ pOf;pm;rdonf? ol

ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;xJ 0ifvmawmhawmif touf (40) ausmfae+yD? ol@tazvdk vli,fajcwufb0eJ@ vkyf&wm

r[kwf?

'gxufta&;}uD;wmu

§ ygwDOuUXvkyfaeolu ygwDvkyfief;rvkyfEdkifjzpfv#if ygwDpnf;vHk;a&; ysufjym;wwfonf?

=um;ae&wJh owif;awGu raumif;yg? 1962 tm%modrf;yGJ +yD;pu owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ

wGif Adkvfatmif}uD;u ‘OD;Eku udk,fhygwDudkyif rxdef;odrf;Edkifawmhvdk@ olwdk@ppftkyfpku

wdkif;jynfudk 0ifxdef;zdk@ tm%modrf;&wm’ [k ajymcJhonf? ('DcsKyf acgif;aqmifrsm;

owdðy=uzdk@yg?)

§ ppfwyftmabmf*sme,frSmawmh a':pkudk 'DcsKyfacgif;aqmifrvkyfbJ (statesman) yJ

vkyfzdk@ ajAmifa&;ae+yD?

(3) ñuHóuufvdk@a&;cGifhðyyg?

§ a'gufwmarmifarmiforRwvkyfwkef;u ygwDpHk a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;rnfqdk+yD; a&G;aumufyGJ

aumfr&SifzGJ@ay;oGm;onf? xdktcgu rdrdwdk@jiif;y,fcJhonf? bma=umifhvJ ‘1974 tajccHOya'’

atmufudk qGJoGif;aevdk@ jzpfonf? olzsufay;wmu tJ'DtajccHOya'xJu yk'frwckeJ@ ywfouf

wmawGudkyJ zsufay;wm jzpfonf? wjcm;yk'frawGudk rzsufodrf;?

§ e0w u ‘1990’ a&G;aumufyGJvkyfay;awmh ‘a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif’ u a'gufwmarmifarmif

zGJ@ay;wJh aumfr&SifygyJ? ('gayrJh) ‘1974 tajccHOya'’ zsufodrf;+yD; jzpfonf? 'ga=umifh ‘Auy’

u ‘a&G;aumufyGJ oydwfrarSmufeJ@ - 'DcsKyfudk yHkatm+yD; rJay;=u’ vdk@ aqmf=ocJhonf?

(4) ‘2015 a&G;aumufyGJ’ udk ‘2008 tajccHOya'’ t& vkyfrSmjzpfovdk a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifuvnf;

tckvuf&Sdaumfr&Sifu vkyfrSmjzpfonf? 'ga=umifh ‘Auy’ u 'Da&G;aumufyGJudk oydwfarSmufzdk@ aqmf=ornf?

§ +yD;cJhwJhtawG@tñuHt&qdkv#if rdrdwdk@tenf;pk jzpfEdkifonf? udpPr&Sd? (Auy &J@ }uHqcsuf ‘'Drdk

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11

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13

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14

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16

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pkefumarsmum jzpfygawmhr,f? tckawmh ydkodom/ ydkjrefqef/ ydkepfemrSmaygh?


20

21

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tif'dkeD;&Sm;vrf;pOftif'dkeD;&Sm;vrf;pOftif'dkeD;&Sm;vrf;pOftif'dkeD;&Sm;vrf;pOftif'dkeD;&Sm;vrf;pOf

ppftkyfpktpdk;& 'Duae@av#mufvSrf;vmwJhvrf;udk awmfawmfrsm;rsm; a0zefpdwfjzmol okawoDawGu tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSmql[mwdk cif;oGm;wJhvrf;eJ@ cdkif;Ed_if;ajymqdkoHk;oyfjy=uwmudk zwf=u&r,f xifygw,f?

,kefeJ@vdyfyHkjyifrSm ,kefu tdyfaewkef; vdyfu rDvmayr,fh onfZmwfvrf;rSmjzifh Armvdyfu tdyfaecJhwmqdkawmh tckrS wa&;Edk;aomf t}uHay:/ ay:onfht}uH wodef;wef/ ,kef}udrf;x}udrf;wmrdk@ enf;enf;awmh cG (*G)usaew,f? rsm;rsm;r[kwf/ tESpfig;q,fyJ aemufususefaecJhwmyg? wu,fawmhvnf; wGef;Ed_;v_yfEd_;cHae&wmrdk@a&S@quf+yD; ZdrfeJ@rSdef;csifwdkif; rSdef;rjzpfawmhvdk@omyg?

rSwfrd=uygvdrfhOD;r,f? [dk;a&S;a&S;wkef;u rav;,m;qdkwJh yo#L;acgif;jzwfawG &Sdw,fqdkwJh rmvm,ku|ef;qG,fu wdkif;jynf[m 1963 ckESpfrSm puFmylu|ef;eJ@uGJ+yD; rav;&Sm;EdkifiH&,fvdk@ jzpfvmawmh Armjynfudkawmhbmar;ar; &Sm;wmrdk@ bm;rm; (Burma) uae “bmar;&Sm;” vdk@ ajymif;&r,fvdk@ jyufvHk;wckay:cJhzl;ygw,f? t&ifuawmh tif'dkeD;&Sm;wdk@/ ±k&Sm;wdk@yJ &SdcJhwm r[kwfvm;? ckawmh ql[mwdk&J@ tcif;tusif;opf (New Order - Or-

der Baru) AsL[mudk twk,lpHxm; vHk;yef;oGm;zdk@ Armppftkyfpku wrsdK;wzHk}uHqzefwD;vmyHk &ygw,f?

tif'd keD;&Sm;eJ@Arm ordkif;a=umif;udk Ed _if;,SOfoHk;oyf=unfh=u&atmif? ql[mwdk&J@ ‘qifoGm;vrf;jzpftif'd keD;&Sm;eJ@Arm ordkif;a=umif;udk Ed _if;,SOfoHk;oyf=unfh=u&atmif? ql[mwdk&J@ ‘qifoGm;vrf;jzpftif'd keD;&Sm;eJ@Arm ordkif;a=umif;udk Ed _if;,SOfoHk;oyf=unfh=u&atmif? ql[mwdk&J@ ‘qifoGm;vrf;jzpftif'd keD;&Sm;eJ@Arm ordkif;a=umif;udk Ed _if;,SOfoHk;oyf=unfh=u&atmif? ql[mwdk&J@ ‘qifoGm;vrf;jzpftif'd keD;&Sm;eJ@Arm ordkif;a=umif;udk Ed _if;,SOfoHk;oyf=unfh=u&atmif? ql[mwdk&J@ ‘qifoGm;vrf;jzpf'Drd kua&pD’ Zmwfa=umif;tusOf;udkvnf; waphwapmif; =unfh=u&atmif?'Drd kua&pD’ Zmwfa=umif;tusOf;udkvnf; waphwapmif; =unfh=u&atmif?'Drd kua&pD’ Zmwfa=umif;tusOf;udkvnf; waphwapmif; =unfh=u&atmif?'Drd kua&pD’ Zmwfa=umif;tusOf;udkvnf; waphwapmif; =unfh=u&atmif?'Drd kua&pD’ Zmwfa=umif;tusOf;udkvnf; waphwapmif; =unfh=u&atmif?

wlwmawG &Sdovdk rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wmawGvnf; renf;ygbl;?

1? bDtdkifatudk *syefu 'kwd,urBmppf'kwd,urBmppf'kwd,urBmppf'kwd,urBmppf'kwd,urBmppftwGif; arG;xkwfay;cJhovdkyJ tif'dkeD;&Sm;wyf (PETA) udkvnf; olyJxlaxmifay;cJhygw,f? t*Fvdyfjyef0ifvmawmh Armwyfudk vspfvsL±_vdk@ r&ovdk 'yfcsfawG jyef0ifvmwJhtcgrSmvnf;tif'dkeD;&Sm;wyfu xD;xD;rm;rm; &Sdae+yDudk;? qlumEdku [wWmeJ@twl EdkifiHa&;orm;awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif/ql[mwdkuawmh 'yfcsfudkvdkeDwyf (KNIL) uae awmfvSefa&;buf ul;vmolyg?

2? ppfat;umvppfat;umvppfat;umvppfat;umvppfat;umv qlumEdk acgif;aqmifwJh tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm vuf0Jqdk&S,fvpfpum; ajymayr,fh 1954 ck befa'gif;rSmbufrvdkufEdkifiHtkyfpkzGJ@=uawmh Armjynfvnf; OD;Ek zqyv tzGJ@&J@ yJhudkifr_atmufrSm ueOD;uwnf;uonftkyfpkaxmifwJhtxJ yg0ifcJhygw,f?

jynfwGif;rSm usifhoHk;wJhvrf;pOfudkawmh qlumEdku “yJhudkif'Drdkua&pD” (Guided Democracy) vdk@ac:ygw,f? usifhpOfig;&yf (Pancasila) - xm0&bk&m; (rdk[mruf&,f/ a,±_c&pfawmf&,f r[kwf) vlom;csif;pmemr_/'Drd kua&pD/ trsdK;om;a&;eJ@ vlr_a&;w&m;r#wr_udk tajccHw,f? tpPvmrfbmomudk a&S@wef;rwifbJvuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ yl;aygif;w,f?


22

cHkc

OD;Ekuawmh ,Of,Ofuav;jynfawmfomwJh?

uGe f jrLep fqef @usi fa&;vkyf+yD; Ak'<bmom EdkifiHawmfbmomjyXmef;r,f vkyfygw,f? ygwDpH k'Drdkua&pDcsif; wlaomfvnf; tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm qlumEdk orRwtm%mjyif;ygw,f? OD;Ekvdk ,dkifeJ@eJ@ r[kwfyg?

3? 1962 ArmjynfrSm ppfwyfuppfwyfuppfwyfuppfwyfuppfwyfutm%modrf;tm%modrf;tm%modrf;tm%modrf;tm%modrf; ygw,f? 1965 rSmql[mwdk tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm tm%modrf;ygw,f?

Armjynfr Sm pp fwyfutm%modrf;wm aoG;xGufoH,kdrjzpfzl;vdk@ urBmhrD'D,mu qdk=uayr,fh orRw p0fa&$odkuf&J@om;i,fp0frDrDodkuf ypfowfcHcJh&ygw,f?

tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSmawmh uGefjrLepfeJ@ vuf0Jorm;vdk@ pGyfpGJcH&olawG 5odef;uae 1 oef;xd towfcHcJh=u&w,f? tcgay; aordef@pm&if;yg ay;wJh rif;q&mykÀm;u pDtdkifatyg?ql[mwdk[m vufrSm aoG;pGef;±Hkwifru wudk,fvHk;aoG;òzifòzif pGef;cJhol

yg?1˜21˜21˜21˜21˜2

twlqHk; bmvJvdk@ pOf;twlqHk; bmvJvdk@ pOf;twlqHk; bmvJvdk@ pOf;twlqHk; bmvJvdk@ pOf;twlqHk; bmvJvdk@ pOf;pm;r,fqd k&i f tay:vGi ftyDpm;r,fqd k&i f tay:vGi ftyDpm;r,fqd k&i f tay:vGi ftyDpm;r,fqd k&i f tay:vGi ftyDpm;r,fqd k&i f tay:vGi ftyDjyifqH k; vuQ%m[m pd kufvd kufjyifqH k; vuQ%m[m pd kufvd kufjyifqH k; vuQ%m[m pd kufvd kufjyifqH k; vuQ%m[m pd kufvd kufjyifqH k; vuQ%m[m pd kufvd kufrwfwwf jywfjywfowfowf uGefrwfwwf jywfjywfowfowf uGefrwfwwf jywfjywfowfowf uGefrwfwwf jywfjywfowfowf uGefrwfwwf jywfjywfowfowf uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief; vkyfcJ hjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief; vkyfcJ hjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief; vkyfcJ hjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief; vkyfcJ hjrLepfqef@usifa&;vkyfief; vkyfcJ hwmyJ jzpfygw,f/wmyJ jzpfygw,f/wmyJ jzpfygw,f/wmyJ jzpfygw,f/wmyJ jzpfygw,f/

4? ArmjynfrSm ppfwyftm%m&Sifpepf yDjyifpGmajymifajymifxifxif}uD;tkyfpdk;EdkifcJhayr,fh tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSmawmhppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwfppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwfppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwfppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwfppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwfudkpcJhygw,f?

ae0if; rqv acwf 26 ESpf/

e0w - etz 22 ESpf pkpkaygif; &mpkESpfw0ufusdK;vkeD;eD;=umrS ArmjynfrSmppfwyf}uD;pdk;wJh 'Drdkua&pDacwf -olwdk@tac: “pnf;urf;&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pD” (Disciplined Democracy)acwfudkpzdk@ óu;pm;vmwm jzpfygw,f?

5? udk,fusdK;&Sm wudk,faumif;tm%mudk ZGwftwif;qkyfudkifxm;+yD; ppfwyfxdyfoD;rdom;pkeJ@ oif;wdk@&J@ykvif;wlbl;qdk@awG pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;wmvnf; wlayr,fh æ

ql[mwkdtkyfpk[m yg;pyfql[mwkdtkyfpk[m yg;pyfql[mwkdtkyfpk[m yg;pyfql[mwkdtkyfpk[m yg;pyfql[mwkdtkyfpk[m yg;pyfayguf}uD; 0rf;acgif;us,foavmuayguf}uD; 0rf;acgif;us,foavmuayguf}uD; 0rf;acgif;us,foavmuayguf}uD; 0rf;acgif;us,foavmuayguf}uD; 0rf;acgif;us,foavmuff ff frkef@uav;enf;enf;awmh a0pm;rkef@uav;enf;enf;awmh a0pm;rkef@uav;enf;enf;awmh a0pm;rkef@uav;enf;enf;awmh a0pm;rkef@uav;enf;enf;awmh a0pm;ao;w,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f?ao;w,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f?ao;w,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f?ao;w,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f?ao;w,fvdk@ qdk&ygr,f?

Arm pp ftm%m&Si fArm pp ftm%m&Si fArm pp ftm%m&Si fArm pp ftm%m&Si fArm pp ftm%m&Si ftkyfpkuawmh vHk;0roxma&;cstkyfpkuawmh vHk;0roxma&;cstkyfpkuawmh vHk;0roxma&;cstkyfpkuawmh vHk;0roxma&;cstkyfpkuawmh vHk;0roxma&;csroxm? olwd k @csnf; rs K d =uwmroxm? olwd k @csnf; rs K d =uwmroxm? olwd k @csnf; rs K d =uwmroxm? olwd k @csnf; rs K d =uwmroxm? olwd k @csnf; rs K d =uwmtpif;od trsm;od r[kwfygvm;?tpif;od trsm;od r[kwfygvm;?tpif;od trsm;od r[kwfygvm;?tpif;od trsm;od r[kwfygvm;?tpif;od trsm;od r[kwfygvm;?

aemufqHk; tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSmawmif 1997 ta&S@tm&S b¾ma&;uyf qdkufvm+yD; ±lyD,maiGaps;xdk;ustjynfjynfqdkif&m aiGa=u;&efyHkaiGtzGJ@ (IMF) udk csOf;uyf&vdk@ olu zdtm;ay;vmwJ htcgrawmh ql[mwd krdom;pkeJ@ w±kwfolaX;pD;yGm;bufawG&J@ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_/ rormc|wfacsmfr_awGa=umifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; ratmifjrifbJ qkwf,kwfysufpD;wJhudef;qdkuf&w,f? a&rsm;&myJ rdk;&Gmaew,fvdk@ vlxku jrifvm+yD; wcJeufqlylqENjy=uvdk@ ql[mwdk eef;oufaºucJh&ygw,f? 1966 uae 1998txd pkpkaygif; 32 ESpf ql[mwdk

orRw&mxl;u rqif;cJhbl;?3

6? Armppftkyfpku qdk&S,fvpftwkta,mif rqv ygwDaxmif+yD; 26

ESpfvHk;vHk; wygwDppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@emrnfcH qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudkawmifpOfa&r& &rf;oef;vkyfvdkufwmwjynfvHk; wrsdK;vHk; vlrsdK;pkaum Armyg vHk;0O\Hk jynfe,fjynfr vSnf;aeavSatmif; jrif;aZmif;rusef jzLumjymumusatmif qif;&JwGif;euf vlrsdK;pHk vl!Gef@wHk; urBmhvlyHktvnfrSmt&SufwuGJtusdK;enf; jzpf&wJh rzGHòz;qHk;EdkifiHrsm; (LDC-Least Devel-

oped Countries) pm&if;0ifwJh b0xd wGif;qHk;uscJh&w,f?

tky fp d k ;olvlwef;pm;uawmh tm%mapmif;xuf pD;yGm;wufatmifvHrvSJ yef;yefvsufygyJ?

vufeufcsrsm; rsufESmvdktm;& a&;om;ðypkay;wJh acwfpm;qJtawG;tac:w&yfeJ@ bmoma&;a0g[m&awG a&morar$+yD; “tnrn” oabmw&m;rsufvSnfhjyw,f?vufawG@rSmawmh “tlrrawmifhvdk@oDvrapmifh” EdkifwJhb0 trsm;pkjynfolawG wav#mufvHk;jzwfoef;vm=u&w,f?

ql[mwdkuawmh tar&duefvlyDyD wygwDppftm%m&Sifpepfud k rxlaxmifbJ t&if;&SifygvDrefvrf;udk av#mufoGm;&mrSmppfwyfu t&yfom;0efxrf;tzGJ@csKyf(*dkvfum Golkar) udk zGJ@pnf;ay;+yD;tm%m+rJzdk@ tpGrf;ukefóu;yrf;ygw,f?,ae@Armjynf }uH@zGH@ygwD&J@ a&S@aqmifvrf;jyvdk@ qdk=uygpdk@? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfrSm ppfa&;tjyif EdkifiHa&;ygwm0ef}uD;ESpf&yf ('GdudpP dwi fungsi)udk xrf;aqmif&r,fqdkwJh vrf;pOfudk

vnf; csrSwfygw,f?4 4 4 4 4 (Armppftkyfpk

rD;armif;xdk;jyaecJhwJh pHerlemwckyg?)1973 rSmawmh twdkuf


23

tcHygwDawG wðrH}uD;jzpfaevdk@ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&; vlowfyGJawGwkef;u a&S@wef;u tm;wufoa&m yg0ifcJhwJh rlqvifygwDawGu wpk/ c&pf,mefeJ @ tjcm;ygwDawGu wpk/twdkuftcH ESpfygwDyJ owfrSwf+yD;vufoifhcHw,f? jynfxJa&;XmeatmufrSm xm;vdk@/ orRw&J@tm%meJ@ EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk tcsdefra&G;ydwfyifEdkifcGifh&SdwJhtjyif 1975 Oya'eJ@aus;vufa'orSm a&G;aumufyG JumvuvGJ&if pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm;cGifhr&Sdvdk@wm;jrpfcJhw,f? EdkifiHa&;ygwDpm&if;raygufwJh *dkvfumtzGJ@0if tpdk;&t&m&SdawGuawmh ae&mwum&Sdaewmrdk@ pnf;±Hk;v_yf&Sm; vkyfcsifwdkif;tcsdefra&G; vkyfcGifh&cJhw,f? rlqvifacgif;aqmifu tefwk,SOfòyifrvmEdkifatmifvnf; qlumEdk&J@usifhpOfig;&yfudkawmh pGef@rypfbJ jyefvnf

toufoGif; pGJudkifcJhw,f?55555

tpueOD;uwnf;u Oya'ðyv$wfawmftrwf 500 rSm ppfwyfutrwf 38 ae&m ,lxm;+yD;wJhtjyif1971 a&G;aumufyGJup+yD; *dkvfumcsnf; Edkifvmvdkufwm 1998 usawmhr=umcifyJ qif;ay;&awmhr,fh ql[mwdkwa,muf[m 7 }udrfajrmuf orRw

jzpfaeyg+yD?33333

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vdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f? ckrS EdkifiHa&;wHcg;zGifhay;r_ rvkyfrjzpfawmhvdk@ vkyfvmwmyg? ESpfqifhjzpfae+yD; tESpf 20ausmf=umrS 'kwd,tqifh pzdk@yg?ql[mwdk wqifhyJ 32 ESpf vkyfcJhwJh

vkyfief;yg?66666

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8? ql[mwdkacwfOD; tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSmpD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifajymif;vJr_ (eco-

nomic liberalisation) awGwu,faZmufcsvkyfygw,f? qlumEdkjynfolydkifvkyfcJhwmawG jyeftyf/ EdkifiHjcm;t&if;tESD; zdwfac:/ aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief; pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;eJ@ wifcJhwJhtaºu;awGudk av#mhzdk@qyfzdk@ urBmhb%feJ@ IMF uruxðywJh “tif'dkeD;&Sm;twGuf tpdk;&rsm;tzGJ@” (IGG

Inter-Governmental Group

on Indonesia taemufEdkifiHawGtjyif *syefvnf;yg0if) rS aºu;opfay;zdk@yg vkyfcJh=uw,f?

u,fvDzdk;eD;,m; bmuavwuUodkvfxGuf tif'dkeD;&Sm;ynm&Sifwpkudk t}uHay;0ef}uD;cef@ toHk;cs+yD;‘bmuavrmzD;,m;’ (Berkeley

Mafia) vdk@ emrnfxGufvmw,f?olwdk@ aps;uGufoef@oef@orm; wuUEdku&uftkyfpk (technocrats) u wzuf/wdkif;&if;om; (pribumi) OD;pm;ay;0HomEkpD;yGm;a&;bufom;rsm;u

wzuf 1969 - 1993 ig;ESpfpDrHudef;(Repelita) ig;c k a&;qG Jc J hy g

w,f?7˜8˜97˜8˜97˜8˜97˜8˜97˜8˜9 ArmjynfrSm pvHk;a&p/

EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_Oya' twnfðyjzpfwm od=uwJhtwdkif;ygyJ?

1973 urBmha&eHaps; 4 qwufoGm;wJhtcg tdkyuf (OPEC)tzGJ@0if tif'dkeD;&Sm; pdkifaumfvdk@ ðcHay:a&muf w[kefxdk; pD;yGm;wuf zGH@òz;+yD; acwfolaX;jzpfvmcsdefaygh? a&eHu&wJh 0ifaiG[m 1968 - 1985 rSm4000 &mE_ef; wufygw,f? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;yEMufcs taqmufttHk/ usef;rma&;/ ynma&; pojzifhwdk;wufzGH@òz;atmif vkyfEdkifcJhw,f?pufr_vkyfief;}uD;awG xlaxmifvmcJhw,f? 1983 rSm EdkifiHydkifpufr_vkyfief;222 xd &Sdvm+yD; yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;xuf tm;}uD;vmjyefw,f? oGif;ukefawGav#mh/ tpm;xdk;wJh vkyfief;rsm;udktm;ay;/ Ed kifiHjcm;om;ydkifqdkifcGif hyrm%udk uef@owfvmjyef+yD; EdkifiHom;a0pktzdk@udk w±kwfaum wdkif;&if;om;yg wdk;jr‡ifhapw,f? txGufwdk;pyg;rsdK;opfawGvnf; wcsdefwnf; ay:vmwmrdk@ jynfwGif;pm;oHk;zdk@ aumufESH

zlvHkr_tusdK;udkyg cHpm;vm&w,f?7˜97˜97˜97˜97˜9

EdkifiHyd kifa&eHur`%D ygwrDem (Pertamina) &J@ 'g±dkufwmAdkvfcsKyfa[mif; qlwdk0dk (Sutowo) aiG,m;av;eJ@ oHr%dpuf±Hk}uD; axmifvdkufwJh tcgrawmh a':vm 10 bDvsHaºu;wif+yD; a'0gvDcH&/ EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr,fh aiG&Sifrsm; t,Hkt=unfrJhjzpfoGm;ygw,f? AsL±dku&uft&if;&SifAsL±dku&uft&if;&SifAsL±dku&uft&if;&SifAsL±dku&uft&if;&SifAsL±dku&uft&if;&Sifpepfpepfpepfpepfpepf jy,k*fvdk@ okawoDwOD;u aumuf

csuf csygw,f?77777

aiGeJ@tm%m pkvsm;&pfywf


24

wJh obm0/ a&$avSaiGavSqdkuf+yD;wefcdk;tm%m ydkvdk@}uD;xGm;vmwJhumv qdkygpdk@? wdkif;&if;om;t&if;&Sif}uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&Sdao;awmh t&ifEdkifiHydkifvkyfief;}uD;awGu tm%mydkift&m&Sd}uD;awG&,f/ w±kwfolaX;(cukong ArmjynfrSmawmh avmyef;)awG&,f/ olwdk@yJ zufpyf+yD;awmh&,fwefcdk;xGm; wGifus,fwJhacwfyg? 1986rSm ypPnf;tr,f 1500 twGufoGif;ukefvdkifpif vdktyfygw,f?vufoifh&m pm;awmfac:yGJawmf}uD;w+cdrf h+cdrf hcif;wJh umvyg? 1990onfbufrSmawmh yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfwacwfqef;vm+yD; EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;udk ausmfwufoGm;yg+yD?ql[mwdkeJ@ w±kwfolaX; vsHqdkavsmif;(Liem Sioe Liong) pD;yGm;zufa&mif;&if;}uD;awGqdkwm trsm;od/ql[mwdk&J@ om;orD; 6 a,muf&J@pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_awGvnf;wjynfvHk;od? orD;}uD;wGwfwGwf(Tutut) u vrf;eJ@aqmufvkyfa&;uefx±dkufawG vuf0g;}uD;tkyf/ 1990

ckESpfrsm;rSm olwdk@taz tm%mus+yD;umvrSmawmif om;awmfarmifbrfbef (Bambang) u wDAGDukr%D/awmfrD (Tommy) u ava=umif;ukr%D udk,fpDeJ@ atmifvHrvSJ yef;yef

vsufygyJ?7˜8˜97˜8˜97˜8˜97˜8˜97˜8˜9

ql[mwdk&J@ pD;yGm;a&;vrf;pOf[m wu,fawmh wzufu ðyjyifajymif;vJr_awG vkyfovdk aemufwzufu avS}uD;ay:avSi,fwif ol@rdom;pkaqGrsdK;eJ@ ykvif;wlbl;qdk@ c±dkeD/ ppfwyf/wtkyfpktwGufudk ydkvdk@tm±Hkpdkufóu;yrf;cJhwJh qifoGm;vrf;jzpfqdkwJh vrf;

pOfygyJ?1010101010 onfae&mrSmawmh Armppf

tkyfpkuvnf; om&ifomr,f vHk;vHk;rnHhygbl;? onfc&D;wGif+yD;om;rdk@vm;?vrf;jyajryHkrvdk/ acgif;xJrSm arG;uwnf;u idk@b uGefygav; tqifoifhyg+yD;om; vlpm;awGyg?

9? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyf&J@toHk;p&dwfudkOya't& EdkifiHawmftpdk;& bwf*sufu tukeftuscH&r,fqd kayr,fh

tpueOD;uyif tjynfhr[kwf/ 25 -30 &mE_ef;avmufyJ&+yD; wyfrawmfwyfrawmfwyfrawmfwyfrawmfwyfrawmfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk udk,fwdkifvkyfy d kufqH&Smjznf hvmcJ hwJ hae&mrSmw&m;0ifwmaum r0ifwmyg tm%mvufeuftm;udk;eJ@ vkyfcJ hwmyg?ajAmifvk,ufwmwifru wdkif;&if;om;ukefonfrsm;eJ@ EdkifiHjcm;ukr%DawG/ a&eHeJ@owWKwGif;/ opfawmvkyfief;awG ukefwifum;awGudk txl;ojzifh olykefoluefxvdk@ r+idrfroufqlylaewJ h e,frsm;rSm vH k ðc Ha&;*dwfa=u; pwmawG/ t&ufeJ@rl;,pfaq;0g; arSmifcdkul;wmawG/ w&m;r0ifopfckwfvSJwmawG wav#mufvHk;vkyfvmcJhw,f? ukr%D}uD;awGtwGufajrodrf;,modrf;+yD; &GmESifwJh vkyfief;awGaum tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyftwGufaiGwGif;}uD;awG qdkygpdk@?

“vmawmh trf 16 aoewfxrf;/ jyefawmh aiG 16 oef;xkyfxrf;”qdkwJhpum; ay:cJhw,f? ql[mwdkus+yD;10 ESpfeD;yg; t=um ar 2007 rSm a&wyfu rw&m;odrf;xm;cJhwJhajrudpPuef@uGufqENjyol &Gmom;awGudk aoewfeJ@ypfvdk@ 4 OD;ao+yD; 8 OD; '%f&m

&cJhw,f?11˜1411˜1411˜1411˜1411˜14

'Dtufpftdkif/ bDtD;'DpDwdk@vdkvkyfief;}uD;awGudkvnf; =unf;/ a&/aveJ@&Jygrusef vHkðcHa&;wyftm;vHk;ut}uD;tus,f vkyfvmcJhwm ckxdygyJ?tif'dkeD;&Sm; trsdK;om;wyfrawmf(Tentara Nasional Indonesia -

TNI) &J@ OD;ydkifvdk azmifa';&Sif;tzGJ@(Yayasan) awG/ or0g,rtzGJ@awGvkyfaewJh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;yrm%[m2007 ck ESpfcsKyfpm&if;Z,m;t&a':vm oef; 350/ tjrwf 28³5 oef;xGufw,fvdk@ azmfjyygw,f?

ql[mwdkql[mwdkql[mwdkql[mwdkql[mwdk


25

EdkifiHawmftpdk;& bwf*sufrSmawmh wyfrawmfp&dwf (wydkif;wpaom pm&if;ayguf) 2007 rSm a':vm3³2 oef;/ 2009 rSm 3³6 oef;vdk@ azmfjy

ygw,f?12˜1312˜1312˜1312˜1312˜13 aqmufvkyfa&;/ [dkw,f/

b%fvkyfief;/ tmrcHvkyfief;awGtm;vHk;rSm0if+yD; t&if 1998 rwdkifrDtif'dkeD;&Sm; orRwEdkifiHwyfrawmf(Angkatan Bersenjata

Republik Indonesia - ABRI)acwf wav#mufvHk;uae qufwdkufonfbufacwfxd vkyfcJhwmyg? 1998ql[mwdk eef;uswJhtcsdefrSm wyf&J@pD;yGm; pkpkaygif; a':vmoef; 8000xdatmif wefzdk;&Sdw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f?*smumwmòr@v,f pD;yGm;a&;&yfuGufaqmufvkyfa&;pDrHudef;udku a':vm

oef; 3250 wefygw,f?1212121212

pufwifbm 24 ygvDrefrSmjyXmef;+yD; orRw r,f*g0gwD (qlumEdkorD; Megawati Sukarnoputri)aemufqHk;vufrSwfxdk;cJhwJh Oya't&ppfwyftaeeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm;udk atmufwdkbmm 2009 aemufqHk;xm;+yD; &yfwef;u &yfzdk@/ EdkifiHawmfvuftyfzdk@ jzpfaomfvnf; ol@tcsdefwdkifwJh tcgrSmawmh orRopf AdkvfcsKyfa[mif; ,l'dk,dkEdk (Yudhoyono) uj y e f v n f z G J @ p n f ; a & ; o mvd ktyfw,fvd k @ trde f @tm%m

xkwfjyef+yD; jyifyg w,f?1414141414

10? tky fc s Ky fa&; AsL± d kua&p Dtky fc s Ky fa&; AsL± d kua&p Dtky fc s Ky fa&; AsL± d kua&p Dtky fc s Ky fa&; AsL± d kua&p Dtky fc s Ky fa&; AsL± d kua&p D,EW&m;,EW&m;,EW&m;,EW&m;,EW&m;xJrSm tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfueOD;uwnf;u ,leDazmif;0wfeJ@0if xm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;XmewckvHk;eJ@ uufbdeuftqifhomru atmufajce,ftESH@t&yfom;eJ@ wGJzuftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf

(kekaryaan) udk usifhoHk;vmcJhw,f?1980 rSm 0ef}uD;tqifh 50 &mcdkifE_ef;/twGif;0efcsKyf 75 &mE_ef;/ !ïefrª;csKyf80 &mE_ef;/ twGif;0ef 84 &mE_ef;eJ@wdkif;tqifhe,fydkif0ef 75 &mE_ef;udkwyfu ,lxm;ygw,f?

aemufawmh ql[mwdk[mol@tm%mwnf+rJzdk@ wyfxJu =oZmwufvm+yD; tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udkz,f&Sm; t&yfbufu ppft&m&SdawGudk av#mh/ ynmwwfrlqvif tpnf;t±Hk; (Indonesian Association

of Islamic Intellectuals - ICMI)zGJ@zdk@ tm;ay;ae&may;/ wuQEdku&ufawGudk ae&may; enf;y&d,m,fpHk oHk;cJhygw,f? 1988 usawmh ppfwyfu0ef}uD; 4 OD;om usefygawmhw,f?1993 rSm wyfu v$wfawmftrwftkyfpku ql[mwdk cef@csifwJh aemiforRw jzpfvmr,fh wuQEdku&uf[mbDbD (Habibie) tpm; AdkvfcsKyfqlx&pPEdk (Sutrisno) udk 'korRw&mxl;cef@zdk@ wGef;tm;ay;wmudk vufcHcJh&w,f? onfumvrSmyJ OD;pD;csKyfuae umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpf wefcdk;xGm;vmwJh c&pf,mefbmom0ifAdkvfcsKyfrdk0g'geD (Moerdani) eJ@ ol@

vlrsm;udk z,f&Sm;EdkifcJhw,f? jzpfcsifawmh rdk0g'geDu ql[mwdkom;orD;rsm;pD;yGm;a&;aomif;usef;r_udk a0zefrdw,f? ql[mwdkus+yD; onfbufacwfrSmawmh tpdk;&0ef}uD;Xmersm;eJ@ e,ftkyfcsKyfa&;&mxl; tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm,leDazmif;c|wf+yD;rS/ ,SOfòyifa&G; aumufwifajr‡mufcH&rSom vkyfcGifh&yg

w,f?1515151515

11? tif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;yHktif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;yHktif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;yHktif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;yHktif'dkeD;&Sm;ppfwyfzGJ@pnf;yHk[mu|ef;aygif;axmifcsDyg0ifwJh EdkifiH}uD;rSmwyfe,f}uD;rsm; (territorial com-

mands) rSm tajccHwyf&if; wyfrrsm; xm;+yD;/ AsL[mt&efppfqifa&;(Army Strategic Reserve

Command - Kostrad) eJ@ txl;ppfqifa&; (Army Special Forces

Command - Kopassus) wyfrsm;eJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;w,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;bufrSmvnf; &ifcsif;quftr$mvdk wGJxm;wmrdk@ e,fpm;y,fpm;wyfawG jzpfae+yD; olwdk@ajcolwdk@vuf qdk=uygpdk@? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; (BAIS) eJ@ orRwudkwdkuf±dkufowif;ydk@&wJh t&yfaxmufvSrf;a&; (BAKIN) yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ud k ta&;xm;w,f? ql[mwdk

ql[mwdk[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJzdk @ql[mwdk[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJzdk @ql[mwdk[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJzdk @ql[mwdk[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJzdk @ql[mwdk[m ol@tm%mwnf+rJzdk @

wyfxJu =oZmwufvm+yD;wyfxJu =oZmwufvm+yD;wyfxJu =oZmwufvm+yD;wyfxJu =oZmwufvm+yD;wyfxJu =oZmwufvm+yD;

tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;tefwkvmEdkifolrsm;udk z,f&Sm;

t&yfbufut&yfbufut&yfbufut&yfbufut&yfbufu

ppft&m&SdawGudkav#mhppft&m&SdawGudkav#mhppft&m&SdawGudkav#mhppft&m&SdawGudkav#mhppft&m&SdawGudkav#mh


26

ruscif aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;rSm yl;wGJ,lepf (Bakorstanas) wck &SdcJhzl;ygw,f? wefcdk;txGm;qHk; axmufvSrf;a&; wyfrª;[m 1993 rSm tz,f&Sm;cHvdkuf&wJh AdkvfcsKyfrdk0g'geDygyJ? 1998ck =o*kwfrSm AdkvfcsKyf,l'dk,dkEdk OD;aqmifa&;qGJwJh pHerlopf (New Para-

digm) t& jynfwGif;vHkðcHa&;uaejynfy&efumuG,fa&;udk OD;pm;ay;r,fqdkwmudk ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf0D&Hwdk(Wiranto) u a=unmygw,f?2000 ckESpfrSm wyf&J@wm0efESpf&yf vrf;pOf (dwi fungsi) udk pGef@y,fcJhayr,fhe,fyd kifwyf}uD;awG (territorial

command system) &J@ obm0u

awmh ajymif;vJrvmcJhygbl;? 0g[pf(Wahid) tpdk;&vufxuf 2001 rSmawmh t&yfaxmufvSr f ;a&;ud k(BAKIN) uae (BIN) trnfajymif;/ygvDrefrS ppfa=umcGifh jyXmef;ygw,f?aemuf r,f*g0gwDtpdk;&u t&yfaxmufvSrf;a&; !ïefcsKyfa[mif;t+idrf;pm; AdkvfcsKyf [if'±dky&D,dkEdk(Hendropriyono) udk axmufvSrf;a&; 0ef}uD;&mxl;jr‡if h cef @tyfyg

w,f?1515151515

12? EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&;EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&; eJ@ vlrsdK;pk vlrsdK;pk vlrsdK;pk vlrsdK;pk vlrsdK;pkvlenf;p kr sm;ta&;/ tpPvmrfvlenf;p kr sm;ta&;/ tpPvmrfvlenf;p kr sm;ta&;/ tpPvmrfvlenf;p kr sm;ta&;/ tpPvmrfvlenf;p kr sm;ta&;/ tpPvmrft=urf;zufr _ta&;t=urf;zufr _ta&;t=urf;zufr _ta&;t=urf;zufr _ta&;t=urf;zufr _ta&;rsm;[m 20

&mpkESpfukefydkif;rSmawmh cGJjcm;r&wJhudpPawG jzpfvmygw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm;tzdk@ t}uD;tus,frsufESmtysuf&qHk; udpP[m ta&S@wDarmu|ef;(East Timor) ta&;ygyJ? 1975 ESpftukef ay:wl*DudkvdkeDtpdk;&u wDarmu|ef;udk vufv$wfwJhtcsdef tif'dkeD;&Sm;u olydkifw,f a=unm+yD; tar&duefoabmwlnDr _e J @ z&ufwDvif(Fretilin) wdkif;&if;vuf0Jolykef rtkyfpD;rdatmif ppfwyfeJ@ wufodrf;cJhw,f?1991 Edk0ifbmv qENjyvlxkudk ppfwyfu aoewfeJ@ypf vlpkcGJ&mrSm aowJh vli,fwOD;&J@ tokbcsvmwJh vlxkudk 'DvDòr@ (Dili) ok\efrSm ppfwyfut=urf;zuf ypfcwfjyefawmh wurBmvHk;u vuf!‡dK;xdk; ±_wfcscH&+yD; taemufEdkifiH tpdk;&rsm;u tultnD&yf '%fcwfr,f vkyfvm=uw,f? 1992 rSmFretilin acgif;aqmif o#memem*lparm ("Xanana"Gusmo) udk zrf;rd+yD; axmifcsygw,f? 1993 rSm tar&duef&J@ a0zefr_/ ukefoG,fa&;zdtm;ay;r_tjyif vl@tcGifhta&;azmufzsufr_ apmifh=unfhcH&wJh EdkifiHpm&if;0ifcJhygw,f? 1995 rSm uufovpfbkef;awmf}uD; b,fvdk (Belo) eJ@'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif &mrdk@pf a[mfwm (Ramos-Horta) udk Edkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhcH&ygw,f? aemufqHk;rawmh ukvor*~u 1999 rSm0ifa&mufxdef;csKyfcJh&+yD; ar 2002 rSmorRw o#memem*lparm a&S@aqmif+yD;vGwfvyfa&;atmifyef; qGwfvSrf;EdkifcJh

ygw,f?33333

wu,fawmh ay:wl*DtxGufrSm wDarmu|ef;wjcrf;udkarmifydkifpD;+yD; udkvdkeDvrf;av#mufcJhjcif;yg? pufwifbm 1963 rav;&Sm;

o#memem*lparmo#memem*lparmo#memem*lparmo#memem*lparmo#memem*lparm


27

Ed ki fiH ay:aygufvmwkef;uvnf;qm&m0yf (Sarawak) eJ@ qmbm;(Sabah) udk vdkcsifawmh =o*kwf1966 xd tjiif;yGm; ppfjzpfvdkuf=u&ao;w,f? tD&D,efa*s,m (Irian

Jaya) vdk@ ac:wJh abmfeD,dku|ef;taemufjcrf;udk e,fomvefu 1962usrS vufv$wfygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrJrsm; 1960 aemufydkif; ykefuefxºu+yD; ygyl0ge,l;*DeD (Papua New

Guinea) eJ@ aygif;csifwJhudpP/ 2002ESpfqef;rSmawmh 0g[pftpd k;&uygyl0gtrnf w&m;0ifwGifap+yD; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; ay;cJhygw,f?

1969 - 92 umvrSm vlOD;a&cGJjzef@a&;pDrHudef;qdk+yD; twGif;ydkif;u|ef;awGu rdom;pkwoef;cGJudktjyifu|ef;rsm;udkydk@+yD; tajccscdkif;ygw,f? 'Day:vpDa=umifh aemuf0ifvmwJh rlqvifawGeJ@ Xmaersm; c&pf,meftrsm;pkaewJh rmvlulu|ef;pk

(Moluccas) rSm tcsif;rsm;&efrD;yGm;/umvDrefwef (Kalimantan) uwdkif;&if;om; 'g;;,uf (Dayak) awGeJ@vnf; tvm;wl twGif;rD;awG avmifòrufvmw,f? *smAm;u|ef; (Java)om; vlrsm;pk}uD;pdk;wJh EdkifiHrSm qlrm=wm (Sumatra) u|ef;wzufxdyfu±d k;&mrlqvifbmom0if tmacs(Aceh) vlrsdK;pku 1950 avmufupvdk@ ykefuefygw,f? 1959 rSm txl;a'otjzpf owfrSwfay;cJhayr,fhql[mwdktus 1999 rSm (GAM-

Gerakan Merdekal Aceh

Movement) jyefxwJh ykefuefr_[m2005 qlemrDa&ab;}uD; wpfESpfvnfrS ppfajy+idrf;a&; aphpyfxajrmufvdk@udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; txl;a'o jzpfcJh

ygw,f?3˜15˜163˜15˜163˜15˜163˜15˜163˜15˜16

e,l;a,muf pufwifbm2001 wm0g}uD;ESpfvHk; rD;avmifwdkufoGif; òzcGif;r_}uD;t+yD; aemufwywfrSm

orRw r,f*g0gwD[m rlqvifEdkifiHt}uD;tuJrsm;xJu yxrqHk; tar&duefudk oGm;a&muftm;ay;cJhol jzpfayr,fh taemufEdkifiHu {nfhonfawGtrsm;}uD;tygt0if vl 202 OD;aowJh2002 bmvDAHk;}uD;udk rwm;cJhEdkifyg?*srm; tpPvmrfrD,m (Jemaah

Islamiyah) r lqvift,loD;acgif;aqmif tblbmumbm&SD,m(Abubakar Bashir) udk zrf;qD;

axmifcscJhygw,f?33333

'kuQtay;qHk; rlqvifppfaoG;ºu vyfpum*sD['f (Laskar

Jihad) tzGJ@[m 1999 rmvlulu|ef;pk c&pf,mef-rlqvif ta&;tcif;rSm 0ifvm+yD; aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmwJhtcgrSm ppfwyfurEdkif/ vufydkuf=unfhaewm/ wzufudkyif;wm/ vufeufay;wmawG jzpfygw,f? 2000 - 2001 rSmawmh


28

qlvma0pD (Sulawesi) tvnfydkif;u c&pf,meftrsm;pk y d kp d ku|ef;(Poso) rSm quf+yD; &efrD;[kef;[kef;awmufjyefygw,f? *smumwmaumbmvDrSmyg AHk;awG wESpf+yD;wESpf

qufaygufygw,f?1515151515

13? tif*sDtdktif*sDtdktif*sDtdktif*sDtdktif*sDtdk (NGO tpdk;&jyifytzGJ@tpnf;) EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGa&S@vmr,fh 3 - 4 ESpftwGif; ArmjynfrSm tifrwef ta&;ygvmr,fvdk@wGuf&rSm jzpfw,f? tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSm1989 ck urBmhb%faiGa=u; tultnDeJ@ wnfwJh Kedung Ombo a&a&a&a&a&umwmpDrHudef;umwmpDrHudef;umwmpDrHudef;umwmpDrHudef;umwmpDrHudef;twGuf aus;&Gmrsm;udk tm%meJ@ a&$@&mrSm vlxkuef@uGufqEQjyr_rsm; }uD;xGm;us,fjyef@vm&muwqifh ajr,mudpP/obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufokOf;r_ udpPrsm;yg qufpyf+yD; 1970 avmufuwnf;u &yfwef@oGm;cJhwJh ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;yg jyefvnf

Edk;ºuvmw,f?17 17 17 17 17 tvm;wl Arm

jynfrSmvnf; t&ifjrpfqHkeJ@ ,ae@vufyefawmif;awmifudpP vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ a&S@udkvnf; a&$obm0"mwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;ta&;awG ay:aygufvmEdkifygw,f?

1980 arvxJ tif'dkeD;&Sm;r Sm t+i dr f ;pm;A d kvfc s Ky f 'gqd kE d k(Dharsono)/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ynm&Sifrsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm; yg0if+yD; EdkifiHa&;vGwfvyfcGifhrsm; wdk;jr‡ifh&&Sda&; awmif;qdkwJh “awmif;cHv$mig;q,f” (Petition of Fifty)ta&;udpP ay:w,f? 1984 rSm'DtzGJ@u orRwql[mwdkudk usifhpOfig;&yf toHk;cs+yD; wygwDpepfxlaxmifaew,fvdk@ pGyfpGJygw,f? 1985 vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm; Oya'tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmwifjcif;/ tm%mydkifrsm;u yHkrSefpdppfjcif; jyXmef;csdefrSmawmh 1984pufwifbmv Tanjung Priok *sm

umwmAvDta&;tcif; qlylr_/ AHk;aygufr_rsm; 1985 xJxd *smumwmpD;yGm;a&;&yfuGuf/ tpdk;& a&'D,dk±Hk;csKyf/bdk±dkAka'<mykxdk;}uD;eJ@ eef;awmfwaqmiftygt0if ae&mtESH@jzpfxm;+yD; onfht&if tpdk;&eJ@ wzufwvrf;jzpfcJhwJhAdkvfcsKyfa[mif;'gqdkEdkeJ@ wjcm;vl 10OD;udk w&m;pGJaxmif'%f pD&ifcsufcsyg

w,f?17˜1817˜1817˜1817˜1817˜18

1989 yGif hvif;r_ES D;aESmr_yGif hvif;r_ES D;aESmr_yGif hvif;r_ES D;aESmr_yGif hvif;r_ES D;aESmr_yGif hvif;r_ES D;aESmr_(keterbukaan) qdkwmudk vkyfvmjyefawmh 1990 'gqdkEdk jyefvGwfvmayr,fh axmiftESpf 20 csxm;wJh uGefjrLepf 9 OD;udk 1986 rSm/ aemuf 2 OD;udk 1988 rSm ao'%fpD&if uGyfrsufvdkufw,f?

t,loD; rlqvifawGom!‡mr,f/ vuf0Jqdk tvJwG,fr,fvdk@

"m;}udrf;}udrf;jyvdkufw,f?1818181818

1991 rSmawmh ynmwwfrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ wuUodkvfq&mrsm; yg0ifwJh 'Drdkua&pDpifjrifh


29

(Democracy Forum) ay:vmEdkifcJh+yD; aemiforRwjzpfvmr,fh rsufrjrifrlqvifacgif;aqmif tAŠ'l&mref0g[pf (Abdurrahman Wahid) u

OuUX jzpfygw,f?1818181818

14? 1997 ta&S@tm&Sb¾ma&;ta&S@tm&Sb¾ma&;ta&S@tm&Sb¾ma&;ta&S@tm&Sb¾ma&;ta&S@tm&Sb¾ma&;uyfuyfuyfuyfuyfqdkuf+yD; ±lyD,maiGaps; xdk;usvmwm[m ql[mwdkacwf jynfzHk;um;}uD; usvmwJhtcsdefyg? IMF qdkwJhurBmhxdyfoD; cspfwD;ykÀm;}uD;udktoem;cH&jyef+yDayg h? pD;yGm;a&;awGysuf/ ukefaps;e_ef;awGwuf usyfwnf;r_'%fcH&wJhtcg “vmbfay;vmbf,lr_/ aygif;pm;r_/ vufoifh&mpm;awmfac:r_ qef@usifa&;” (cor-

ruption, collusion, nepotism/

KKN - korupsi, kolusi,

nepotisme) vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ ay:aygufvm+yD; 1998 ar rSm jzpfvmwJhtif'dkeD;&Sm; w±kwfawGudktjypfzdk@uef@uGufqENjy ±kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfr_rsm;rSm vl 1200 ao&w,f?vltkyfeJ@ w±kwftrsdK;orD;awGudk0dkif;0ef;rk'drf;usifh=uwm cH=u&w,f?qlylr_rsm;udk ppfwyfu wrifzefwD;w,fvdk@vnf; wcsdK@u ,Hk=unf=uw,f? ar 12 &uf }wdqwUdwuUodkvf(Trisakti University) rSm wyfuypfvdk@ ausmif;om; 4 a,muf ao&wmuae vlxktHkºuaygufuGJr_ pw,fvdk@ qdkygw,f? ql[mwdk tD*spfEdkifiHa&mufaecdkuf ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf0D&Hwdku 'korRw [mbDbD (Habibie)udk orRw wifygawmhw,f? ql[mwdkom;ruf AdkvfcsKyfy&mbdk0dk (Prabowo)eJ@ ol@vlrsm;udk qlylr_rsm; ypfcwfr_rsm;udpP v$Jcs+yD; &mxl;ðzwfw,f?ql[mwdkus+yD; 6 v twGif; Edk0ifbm

rSmawmh [mbDbDtpdk;&udk qEQjywJhausmif;om;xkudk 0D&Hwdkwyfu ypfcwfvlpkcGJjyefvdk@ 15 OD;ao/ 500 cef@'%f&m&ygw,f? aemuf 10 v aeawmhwcg wyfuypfvdk@ 4 OD; xyfao

ygw,f?20˜21˜2220˜21˜2220˜21˜2220˜21˜2220˜21˜22

15? ðy jyi fa jymi f ;vJa&;acwfðy jyi fa jymi f ;vJa&;acwfðy jyi fa jymi f ;vJa&;acwfðy jyi fa jymi f ;vJa&;acwfðy jyi fa jymi f ;vJa&;acwf(Reformasi) rSm ta&S@wDarm udk,fyd ki ftkyfcsKyfcGif hudpPeJ @ 1999 a&G;aumufyGJrSm [mbDbD ðywfus+yD; 0g[pforRw jzpfvmawmh 0D&HwdkeJ@ol@vlawG&mxl;cscH&wJh tvSnfhyg? AdkvfcsKyfql'gwdk (Sudarto) udk AdkvfcsKyf0d&[(Wiraha) eJ@ tpm;xdk;r,fvkyfawmhAdkvfcsKyf 46 OD; EkwfxGufr,fvdk@ +cdrf;ajcmufvmwmeJ@ tav#mhay;cJ h&w,f? *sLvdkif 2001 rSm tvGJoHk;pm;r_eJ@ 0g[pf qif;ay;&wJhudpPrSm azazmf0g&Dv ygvDrefrSm ol@udk a0zef±_wfcswJhrJcGJpOfu ppfwyfudk,fpm;vS,ftrwf38 OD;eJ@ &Jwyfuyg 0g[pfqef@usifrJay;cJhw,f? r,f*g0gwD orRwjzpfvmw,f? AdkvfcsKyfa[mif; ,l'dk,dkEdkudkta&;ygwJh vHkðcHa&;eJ@EdkifiHa&;0ef}uD;

cef@ygw,f? 2004 a&G;aumufyGJrSmawmh r,f*g0gwD ±H_;edrfh+yD; ,l'dk,dkEdk

orRw jzpfvmygw,f?1515151515

16? tif'dkjrefrmqufqHa&;tif'dkjrefrmqufqHa&;tif'dkjrefrmqufqHa&;tif'dkjrefrmqufqHa&;tif'dkjrefrmqufqHa&; tpOfyJaumif;cJhygw,f? Armjynfudk wavSwnf;pD; wc&D;wnf;oGm; nDi,fyrmoabmxm;yHk &w,fvdk@ tif'dkeD;&Sm;owif;pmq&mwOD;u a&;ygw,f?wzufu olwdk@vdk 'Drdkua&pDvrf;vdkufzdk@ wdkufwGef;/ wzufu wjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u jypfwif'%fcwfr,f &G,fvm&if umqD;ay;avh &Sdygw,f?1997 tmqD,H (ASEAN) tzGJ@0ifcGifh axmufcHay;cJhw,f? OD;odef;pdef&J@yxrqHk;EdkifiHjcm;c&D;[mvnf; arv2011 *sumwm tmqD,HxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;rSm orRw ,l'dk,dkEdk/ EdkifiHjcm;a&;0e f }uD; emwmvD*g0g(Natalegawa) wdkeJ@ rdwfqufcJh/2014 OuUÏae&mtwGuf axmufcHay;zd k @ odr;foGif;qGJaqmifEd kifcJ hwJh

c&D;yg?23˜24˜2523˜24˜2523˜24˜2523˜24˜2523˜24˜25

17? b,fvkda&S@quf=urvJ?b,fvkda&S@quf=urvJ?b,fvkda&S@quf=urvJ?b,fvkda&S@quf=urvJ?b,fvkda&S@quf=urvJ? Armjynfolvlxktzdk@ ppftkyfpk&J@ vufeuf

Arm_ynfudk wavSwnf;pD;wc&D;wnf;oGm; nDi,fyrm

oabmxm;yHk &w,fvdkh tif'dkeD;&Sm;owif;pmq&mwOD;u a&;ygw,ff


30

udkiftEdkifusifh EdkifiHa&;ESdyfuGyfr_/ jynfwGif;ppfeJ@pD;yGm;a&; zdESdyfaomif;usef;r_'%fudk &mpkESpfw0ufusdK;atmif cHpm;jzwfoef;vm=u&+yD jzpf w,f? EdkifiHa&;wHcg;zGifhr_wckom wacwfqef;vmw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifygw,f?

tckvdk qifvmwJh EdkifiHa&; usm;uGufu aemufxyf ql[mwdkvdk rsm; tESpf 30 avmuf quf+yD;pdk;pH&OD;rvm;qdkwJh wGufudef;av;eJ@yg? ql[m wdk a&S@uewfvrf;!ïefcJhovdk ygvDref 'Drdkua&pD rsufESmzHk;av;pGyf+yD; pnf;pdrfrysuf vlxkukyfay:u rqif;bJ vlxk twGufawmh qifyg;pyfESrf;yuf oavmuf (trickle down) apwem AvyGeJ@a0r#ay;urf;r,fh pDrHudef;}uD;yg?

ArmjynfavS}uD;ay: }uH@zGH@ ppftkyfpk avSi,fwif/ yJhpifuv_yf/ vufeufEdkifiH}uD;rsm;/ IMF urBmhaps;uGufvd_if;awGu ykwfwJh=um;/ tcef;quf Zmwfvrf;&Snf}uD;udk u=uOD;r,fh oabmyg? olwdk@xJu vdkif;aysmh vdkif;rm uGJjym;r_r&Sd&SdvmatmifcGJ+yD; tjrwfxkwfEdkifzdk@ vdkygvdrfhr,f? 1917 ±k&Sm;rSm abmf&SDApf awmfvSefa&;}uD; atmifyGJcHcJhwm 95ESpfvnfcJhyg+yD? Zmbk&ifppfwyfu vlxkbufygvmvdk@ acwfajymif;zdk@ wu,fta&;omcJhw,fqdkwm ordkif;oifcef;pmwck jzpfygw,f? odk@ayr,fh tif'dkeD;&Sm;rSmvdk ppfwyf}uD;pdk; ordkif;a=um&Snfvsm; ayrsm;aer,fhudpPudk rwdkwdkatmif±_H@ypf&r,fh vlxk wdkufyGJrsm; wnDw!Gwfwnf; wqufwnf;wpyfwnf; qifE$JoGm;Edkif=uzdk@ vHk;yef;=uygpdk@? AdkvfcsKyfopf/AdkvfcsKyfa[mif;/ AdkvfcsKyfavmif;rsm; rsufESm=unfhae&wJh qifoGm;vrf;jzpf 'Drdkua&pDudky,f wu,fh'Drdkua&pDatmifyef;udk qGwfvSrf;=uygpdk@?

ta&;awmfyH katmif&rnf?ta&;awmfyH katmif&rnf?ta&;awmfyH katmif&rnf?ta&;awmfyH katmif&rnf?ta&;awmfyH katmif&rnf?

pm!ïef;?

1.Former US Ambassador Marshall Green dead at 82 - a key participant in Indonesian

massacre

http://www.wsws.org/articles/1998/jun1998/gren-j26.shtml

2. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/09/01/new-findings-1965-

indonesiantragedy.html

3. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Indonesia.aspx

4. US Library of Congress: http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/22.htm

5. http://countrystudies.us/indonesia/87.htm

6. Amitav Acharya - Democratising Southeast Asia: Economic Crisis and Political

Change(August 1998)

http://wwwarc.murdoch.edu.au/publications/wp/wp87.pdf



9. http://202.244.105.132/English/Publish/Download/Papers/pdf/04.pdf

1 0 . ht t p : / / w w w. s l ate . co m /a r t i c l es / n e ws _ a n d _ p o l i t i c s /ex p l a i n e r /20 0 4/0 3 /

how_did_suharto_steal

_35_billion.html

11. When Gun Point Joins The Trade (Kontras 2004):

http://www.kontras.org/buku/Executive_Summary.pdf

12. Indonesian Military Controls Business Empire

http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9811a/copyright/indonesianarmybiz.html

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○


31

13. http://www.hrw.org/news/2010/01/08/indonesia-military-business-reforms-

totallyinadequate

14. Unkept Promise: Failure to End Military Business Activity in Indonesia (Human Rights

Watch Jan 2010)

http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/indonesia0110webwcover.pdf

15. The Military and Democracy in Indonesia - Challenges, Politics, and Power (RAND

report2002)

http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2002/MR1599.pdf

16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4561922.stm



19. Assessing 12-year Military Reform in Indonesia

http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP227.pdf

20. http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20040716.friend.indonesiareview.html

21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/indonesia/special_report/244390.stm

22. http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/2000/0303/cover1.html

23. http://www.fairobserver.com/article/indonesia-myanmar-relations-promoting-

democracysouth-east-asia

24. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/sby-burma-head-call-for-stronger-relations/

439401

25. http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/indonesia-hints-support-myanmar-asean-chair

tckvdk qifvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tckvdk qifvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tckvdk qifvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tckvdk qifvmwJh EdkifiHa&;tckvdk qifvmwJh EdkifiHa&;

usm;uGufu aemufxyfusm;uGufu aemufxyfusm;uGufu aemufxyfusm;uGufu aemufxyfusm;uGufu aemufxyf

ql[mwdkvdkrsm; tESpf 30 avmufql[mwdkvdkrsm; tESpf 30 avmufql[mwdkvdkrsm; tESpf 30 avmufql[mwdkvdkrsm; tESpf 30 avmufql[mwdkvdkrsm; tESpf 30 avmuf

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wGufudef;av;eJ@yg?wGufudef;av;eJ@yg?wGufudef;av;eJ@yg?wGufudef;av;eJ@yg?wGufudef;av;eJ@yg?

32

tdkbm;rm; tar&dueforRwtjzpf jyefta±G;cH&+yD;vdk@ &ufydkif;twGif;rSmyJ Armjynfudkvmr,fhowif; xGufvmygw,f?tckawmh twnfðyvdk@vnf; &oGm;yg+yD?

tpDtpOfudk orRwtjzpf jyefta±G;cHt+yD;rSm qHk;jzwfwmr[kwfbl;vdk@ ,lq&ygw,f? onfhrwdkifrDuwnf;upOf;pm;pDpOfxm;+yD;om;jzpfzdk@ rsm;ygw,f?

aocsmwmuawmh orRwtdkbm;rm;[m tdrfjzLawmfrSmquf+yD; ±Hk;xdkifcGifh&w,fqdkwmeJ@wòyifeuf ol@t&ifoufwrf;wkef;u r+yD;qHk;ao;wJhpDrHudef;jzpfwJh w±kwf0dkif;ywfa&;vkyfief;udk t&ifqHk;OD;pm;ay;tjzpf vkyfw,fqdkwmmygyJ?

tdkbm;rm;tzdk@ ol@&J@+yD;cJhwJhoufwrf;twGif;rSm trSwf,lp&m&,fvdk@ bifvm'ifudk olrsm;EdkifiHxJ wyfeJ@0if+yD;owfjzwfcJhwmeJ@ aps;aygifusdK;&wJh Armjynfudk ol@ywfvrf;twGif; qGJoGif;EdkifcJhwmyJ ±Sdygw,f? wjcm;awmh ol@EdkifiH&J@pD;yGm;a&;usqif;wm/ tvkyfvufrJhE_ef; wdk;rsm;oxuf wdk;rsm;aewmwdk@udk rwm;qD;EdkifcJhygbl;?

'Dordkif;tauG@rSm tar&duef&J@"e=oZm/ EdkifiHa&;=oZmawG usqif;aewmudk wm;zdk@[m tar&dueftkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;&J@ t"duta&;}uD;wm0efvdk jzpfaewmyg? qdkAD,uf,leD,H ay:vmawmh taemufEdkifiHawGu (tckusL;bm;eJ@ ajrmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiHawGtay: vkyfovdk) pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@wm/ t&if;tESD;rwifydk@bJaewmawG vkyfcJhygw,f? 'DawmhpD;yGm;a&;t& qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk olwdk@wcsdK@e,fy,fawGrSm tEdkifusifhEdkifcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh w±kwfudk olwdk@tJ'Dvdkvkyfvdk@r&bl;? ESpfEdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;u e,fy,ftajrmuftjrm;rSm cGJr&/ ðzwfr& jzpfaeyg+yD? w±kwfudkom pD;yGm;a&;t& xdxda&mufa&muf ta&;,lw,fqdkwmrsdK; vkyfvdkuf&if ol@jynfwGif;rSmwif u|rf;xdk;arSmufckefawG jzpfukefEdkifygw,f?'ga=umifh w±kwfudk tm;enf;atmifvkyfzdk@qdk&if wjcm;enf;awG pOf;pm;&ygw,f? tJ'DtxJrSm wenf;u w±kwfywf0ef;usifrSm jy\emawG azmfwmyg? w±kwfuvnf; ol@tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGeJ@ qufqHa&;aumif;atmif qufqHxm;wmqdkawmh urBmhtv,frSmtxD;usefjzpfae+yD; vGefcJhwJhESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u tar&duefudk av#mufjyefoHay;vkyfaewJh Armjynfu tpdk;&udkyJ qGJxkwfEdkifcJhygw,f?

tJ'DtwGuftck tdkbm;rm;u qkcswmvnf;jzpf/ ol@udk,fol wHqdyfay;wmvnf;tjzpfeJ@ ArmEdkifiHudkordkif;0ifc&D;xGufcJhygw,f?

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olwdk@ajymwmawGudk 'DvdkyJ aemufqufwGJ qufay;vdkufcsifygw,f? tar&duef[m olrsm;EdkifiHawGuvl@tcGifhta&;qdkwmudk ol@EdkifiH/ olwdk@txufv$mawG&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;&J@ vufatmufcHyJ oabmxm;ygw,f? aemuf+yD;qif;&Jom;awG&J@ tusdK;pD;yGm;qdkwmuawmh ol@EdkifiHtwGif;rSmawmifrS u|Jul;a&ygavmuf oabmxm;wmyg?

Armjynf jynfolawGudkusrS arwWmawmfxm;r,fxifvdk@uawmh t&if AD,uferf/ tck tD&wf - tmz*efuvlawGu &,fygvdrfhr,f?

tdkbm;rm;&Jhtdkbm;rm;&Jhtdkbm;rm;&Jhtdkbm;rm;&Jhtdkbm;rm;&Jh

Arm_ynfysm;&nfqrf;c&D;Arm_ynfysm;&nfqrf;c&D;Arm_ynfysm;&nfqrf;c&D;Arm_ynfysm;&nfqrf;c&D;Arm_ynfysm;&nfqrf;c&D;

33

‘u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;’‘u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;’‘u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;’‘u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;’‘u|Ekfyfwdk@ESifh OD;ausmf+idrf;’

pmtkyfeJ@ywfouf+yD;pmtkyfeJ@ywfouf+yD;pmtkyfeJ@ywfouf+yD;pmtkyfeJ@ywfouf+yD;pmtkyfeJ@ywfouf+yD;

rSwfcsufwdkrsm;rSwfcsufwdkrsm;rSwfcsufwdkrsm;rSwfcsufwdkrsm;rSwfcsufwdkrsm;

(1) ema&;udpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; a&;=uwmjzpfvdk@ aumif;uGufawGyJ a&;=u&rSmyg? 'gu jy\emr&Sdyg?jy\em&Sdwmu OD;ausmf+idrf;eJ@ twdkuftcHjzpfcJholawG/ ol@tm%meJ@zdESdyfwmudk cHcJh&olawGxdcdkufatmifa&;wmawG jzpfygw,f?

uG,fvGefoGm;+yDjzpfwJh yk*~dKvfrsm;ta=umif;jzpfvdk@ 'Dxufydk+yD; ra&;csifawmhyg?

(2) OD;ausmf+idrf; uG,fvGefwJh&ufpGJu trsdK;rsdK;jzpfaewm awG@&w,f? 29 - 6 - 86 vdk@ a&;=uwmurSefygvdrfhr,f? (trSma&;oluawmh 1987 vdk@ a&;xm;ygw,f?)

(3) ocif0wif wa,mufyJ OD;ausmf+idrf;udk a0zefwJh tuJjzwfwJhoabm a&;w,f? OD;EkuawmhvGefvGefusL;usL;a&;w,f? ‘um;pifwif+yD; tonf;udk tpdrf;vdkuf0g;pm;cH&ol’ vdk@ a&;w,f? OD;ausmf+idrf;udkAdkvfae0if;uyJ axmifoGif;w,f? qdk&S,fvpf ppfAdkvfvlrdkufudk udk,fxdvufa&muf!‡Of;qJcdkif;w,f? tJ'Denf;eJ@rmefpG,fcsdK;cJhwmyJ? OD;Ek odrSmyg? OD;Ek ra&;&Jvdk@yJ jzpfvdrfhr,f?

(4) OD;ausmf+idrf;udk,fwdkifa&;xm;wJh ‘rSmwrf;’ udkyg quf+yD;xkwfa0oifhw,f? OD;Ek&J@ ‘wmawpaeom;’/AdkvfausmfaZm&J@ ‘udk,fwdkifa&;twKywWd’ wdk@vnf; xGufae+yDqdkawmh ,SOf+yD;zwf=u&&if ordkif;udka0zefydkif;jcm;Edkif=uygvdrfhr,f?

(5) udk,hfvludk tr$ef;wifvGef;awmh tjcm;yk*~dKvfawGudk xdyg;apmfum;ovdkjzpfaewmu pdwfraumif;p&myJ?‘Auy’ uawmh wHk@jyefrSm r[kwfyg? wckyJ (1985) ydk@puwfv_yf&Sm;r_vkyfwkef;u udkausmf+idrf; pmjyefw,fqdkwmr[kwfygbl;? olu olrsm;awGvdk E_wfeJ@awmif rSwfcsufray;ygbl;? ol@vlawG=um;rSmyJ “'DwcgocifAodef;wifajymwm ighoabmxm;eJ@wlw,f” qdk+yD;ajymw,fvdk@ jyef=um;&wmyJ &Sdygw,f?

Utopian as we are,

How they must feel that we are mad!

To want the happiness of men

So what are we meddling with?

It’s worth better to sing in a round

And to drink from full cup;

Let us not disturb the world,

Let’s keep each one as he is.

Their logic exasperates me.

They reply: “That’s the law!

I did as my father did;

My son will do as me.”

It’s routine that bases.

Faith says its prayer bead.



The owl fears light

Enlighten it is inhuman.

The wheel likes its rut,

Let us not do metalling of the path

The more the work is high up and fecund

And the bitterer is the hissing.



Our parole blunts itself

On the granite mass.

If we tempt some jolt

They strike us, they banish us.

Prove that the earth is round

And they seize us by the collar.



After all, sluggish crowds,

I’m strongly wrong in being willful.

Your ideal, greenbottle flies,

Is not the one of my nose.

The pool’s stagnant water,

The scurry people takes pleasure being in.



Thus, my good ones, no more row,

Suffer, bear your cross.

The wife of Sganarelle11111

Wants to be thrashed sometimes.

Go on, sheep, so let them shear you!

Make you being milked, dairy cow.



Let us not disturb the worldLet us not disturb the worldLet us not disturb the worldLet us not disturb the worldLet us not disturb the world

34

EdkifiHwumuAsm

,l*sif;ay:wD,J ,l*sif;ay:wD,J ,l*sif;ay:wD,J ,l*sif;ay:wD,J ,l*sif;ay:wD,J (Eugène Edine Pottier)

usKyfwdk@[mpdwful;,Ofavawmh±l;w,fvdk@olwdk@uxif=ur,f?

vlawGaysmf±$if=uzdk@jzifhusKyfwdk@bmawGvkyfae=uwmvJ/

oDcsif;twlqdk=u+yD;t&ufwcGuftjynfhaomufvdkufwmuydkaumif;w,f/

avmu}uD;udkraESmifh,SufbJae&atmifygtm;vHk;udkt±Sdtwdkif;yJ±Sdygap?

olwdk@&J@avm*spfuusKyfudka'gyGapw,f?olwdk@ajymwmu-“'g[mOya'oyJ?

ightazvkyfwJhtwdkif;igvkyfw,figom;vnf; ighvdkvdkufvkyfvdrfhr,f”?

'gvkyf±dk;vkyfpOfy?olwdk@,Hk=unfaewmu

olwdk@&J@ykwD;udkajymw,favmu}uD;udkraESmifh,SufbJae&atmifyg

tm;vHk;udkt±Sdtwdkif;yJ±Sdygap?

ZD;uGufutvif;a&mifudka=umufw,fvif;atmifvkyfvdkuf&if vlpdwfr±Sdbl;?

vSnf;bD;uvSnf;vrf;a=umif;udkoabmusw,fvrf;udkuwW&mrcif;bJae&atmifwJh?

vkyfp&muydkcuf ydktusdK;±Sdavnnf;nLoHawGuydk cg;oD;p&maumif;avavmu}uD;udkraESmifh,SufbJJae&atmifygtm;vHk;udkt±Sdtwdkif;yJ±Sdygap/

ysif;&dav;wGJ@wJhvltkyfawGqENapmwmu|efawmhftrSm;yg,ifrrJ±dkif;awG[m cifAsm;&J@pHxm;p&mjzpfr,fusKyfESmacgif;twGufawmh r[kwfbl;As?a&uefxJuaoaewJha&okwfokwfysmysmvlawGutJ'Da&xJpdrf&wmudk=unfEl;=uw,f?avmu}uD;udkraESmifh,SufbJJae&atmifygtm;vHk;udkt±Sdtwdkif;yJ±Sdygap?

'DvdkyJ a&mif;&if;wdk@a&/ pum;rrsm;=ueJ@awmhpdwfrausvnfwmudkacguf+yD;atmifhomcH=uawmh

p*gem&Jvf····· &J@rdef;r[m

wcgwavt±dkufcHcsifw,f?odk;awG- oifwdk@tarG;awGudk&dwfyapawmhEGm;awG- oifwdk@Edk@awGudkn‡pfyapawmhavmu}uD;udkraESmifh,SufyJae&atmifygtm;vHk;udkt±Sdtwdkif;yJ±Sdygap? ?

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

· · · · · p*gem&Jvf - jyifopfjyZmwfq&m}uD;rdk;vsJ&J@jyZmwfxJu t"duZmwfaumifwOD;yg?

avmujuD;udktaESmifht,Sufray;bJ ae&atmif

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

wurBmvHk;u uGefjrLepfawG tav;tjrwfxm;wJhoDcsif; - tifwmae±Sife,fudk Ed kifiHwumoDcsif;&J@pmom;rsm;udk a&;om;ol ,l*sif;ay:wD,J (Eugène Edine Pottier) udk 1816ckESpfrSmarG;zGm;cJh+yD; ol[m 1887 ckESpfrSmuG,fvGefoGm;cJhygw,f? xif±Sm;wJh tvkyform;EdkifiHa&;orm; ay:wD,J[m 1871 ckESpf yJ&pfbHktzGJ@rSm acgif;aqmifwOF;

35

EdkifiHwumuAsm


36

jzpfcJh+yD; bHktzGJ@tacsr_ef;cH&+yD;aemufrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ta&;awmfy H ktwGuf wjcm;o¿mefawGeJ @ qufvufwd kufy G J0ifcJhygw,f?

ol[m qif;&JwJhtvkyform;wa,mufjzpf+yD; ajymifajrmufwJh uAsmawG pmawGudk a&;cJhygw,f? 'DtxJu tckazmfjywJh uAsm[mtJ'Dtcsdeftcgu vlwcsdK@udk oa&mfxm;wmyg? ,l*sif;ay:wD,Jujyifopfvdka&;+yD; t*Fvdyfvdkbmomjyefxm;wmudk Armvdkjyefwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtifwmae±Sife,foDcsif;udk qdkAD,uf,leD,Hu 1944 ckESpftxd olwdk@&J@EdkifiHawmfoDcsif;tjzpf owfrSwfcJhygw,f?

wygwnf;rSm ,l*sif;ay:wD,JuG,fvGef+yD;aemuf (25)ESpfajrmuf tcgor,rSm &JabmfvDeifa&;cJhwJh ol@ta=umif;aqmif;yg;wdkav;udk azmfjyvdkufygw,f?

,l*sif;ay:wD,J,l*sif;ay:wD,J,l*sif;ay:wD,J,l*sif;ay:wD,J,l*sif;ay:wD,J

(uG,fvGef jcif; 25 ESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwf)(uG,fvGef jcif; 25 ESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwf)(uG,fvGef jcif; 25 ESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwf)(uG,fvGef jcif; 25 ESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwf)(uG,fvGef jcif; 25 ESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwf)

ADtdkifvDeif (1913)

+yD;cJhonhfhESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif “xavmh-tiwfab;usa&mufolwdk@wawG-”tpcsDaom ausmf=um;vSonhfypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; oDcsif;}uD;udka&;ol jyifopftvkyform;uAsmq&m ,l*sif;ay:wD,J uG,fvGefjcif; 25 ESpf jynhfcJhonff?

ToDcsif;tm; Oa&mywdkufwckvHk;u bmomrsm;tjyif wjcm;wdkufbmomawGESifhyg bmomjyefqdkcJhonf?vlwef;pm;tod±Sdaom tvkyform;wOD;tzdk@ rdrdZmwdajru uGmvSrf;onhf rnfonhfae&mudkyJa&mufa&muf/ rnfonhfuH=urRmrsdK;ESifhñuH&ñuH&/ rnfr#yif olpdrf;w&HqHvdk cHpm;ae&onfjzpfap tifwmae±Sife,f oDcsif;. oHòyiftydk'frSwqifh&JabmfawG/ rdwfaqGawG ±SmawG@Edkifonf?

EdkifiHwumrS tvkyform;rsm;onf [email protected]±S@r SoGm;ESihfaom wdkufyGJol&Jaumif;/ ypPnf;rJhuAsmq&m.oDcsif;udkwurBmvHk;u tvkyform;rsm;. oDcsif;}uD;tjzpf cH,lcJh=uonf?

EdkifiHtm;vHk;±Sd tvkyform;rsm;u ,l*sif;ay:wD,Judk trSwfw&*k%fjyKaeonhf ,cktcgwGif ol.ZeD;ESifhorD;wdk@onf olwoufvHk;aecJhouJhodk@yif csdK@wJqif;&JpGm aeae=u&onf? ay:wD;,Judk 1916 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 4 &ufae@wGifyJ&pfYf arG;zGm;cJhonf? olonf 14 ESpft±G,fwGif ol.yxrqHk;oDcsif;udk a&;zGJ@cJhonf? oDcsif;.trnfrSm vGwfvyfr_t"Gef@±Snfygap [lIjzpfonf? 1848 ckESpfwGif olonf "e±Sifvlwef;pm;tm; wdkufcdkufaom tvkyform;rsm;. r[mwdkufyGJ}uD;(yJ&pf bHktzGJ@ - bmomjyefol) . uwkwfusif;rsm;xJwGif wyfom;wOD; jzpfaeonf?


37

,l*sif;ay:wD,JrSm qif;&JwJhrdom;pku aygufzGm;vmoljzpf+yD; b0wav#mufvHk;vnf; qif;&Jom;/ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;jzpfcJ honf? ypPnf;xkyfyd k;ol/ aemufyd kif;wGiftxnfpuf±Hktvkyform;tjzpf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKcJhonf?

1840ckESpfrSpI olonfjyifopfEd kifiH. ta&;ygaom ta&;tcif;wdkif;wGif tvkyform;rsm;udk aoG;pnf;&efESif h jyifopf"e±Siftpd k;&ud k jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefwdkufcdkuf&ef vH_@aqmfonfh wufºuaomaw;oDcsif;rsm;pyfqdkcg yg0ifcJhonf?

yJ&pfbHktzGJ@ (1871) umvwGif ay:wD,JrSm bHktzGJ@0iftjzpf a±G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? ay;rJ3600 teuf olu 3352 rJ &onf? olonfordkif;wGif yxrqHk;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.tpdk;&jzpfonfh [email protected]_yf±Sm;r_tm;vHk;wGif yg0ifcJhonf?

yJ&pfbHktzGJ@ usqHk;aomtcg ,l*sif;ay:wD,JrSmt*Fvefodk@ xGufajy;&onf? ,if;aemufwGif tar&duefEdkifiHodk@ xGufoGm;&onf? ol.emrnfausmf tifwmae±Sife,f oDcsif;udk 1871 ckESpfZGefvwGif a&;onf[kqdkEdkifonf?arv. aoG;pGef;aom±H_;edrf hr_}uD; +yD;onhfaemuf wvt=umwGif jzpfonf?

bHktzGJ@}uD;rSm usqHk;oGm;onf? odk@aomf ay:wD,J. tifwmae±Sife,foDcsif;u [email protected],ltqrsm;udkurBmtESH@jzef@ay;vdkuf+yD; ,cktcg ,cifuxufyif touf0ifaeayonf?

1876 ckESpfwGif we,fjcm;wGif a&mufaeaomay:wD,Ju tar&duefEdkifiHrStvkyform;rsm;u jyifopfEdkifiHrS tvkyform;rsm;odk@ [laomuAsmudk a&;cJhonf? TuAsmxJwGif olu t&if;±Sifpepfxrf;ydk;atmuf±Sd tvkyform;rsm;.b0/ [email protected];&JrGJawr_/ olwdk@wawG cg;usdK;rwwf tvkyfvkyf&yHk/ acgif;yHkjzwfcH&yHkESifh [email protected]@aom atmifyGJtay: cdkifrmaom,Hk=unfcsufwdk@udk azmfjyxm;onf?

bHktzGJ@}uD;ysufpD;+yD;aemuf 9 ESpf=umaomtcgwGif ay:wD,JjyifopfEdkifiHodk@a&mufvm+yD; ‘tvkyform;’ygwDxJ csufcsif;0ifvdkufonf? ol.yxruAsmpkudk 1884ckESpfwGif pmtkyftjzpfxkwfa0cJh+yD; awmfvSefa&;oDcsif;rsm;[k trnfay;xm;aom 'kwd,tkyfudk 1887 ckESpfwGifxkwfa0cJhonf?

Ttvkyform;uAsmq&m. oDcsif;tajrmuftjrm;udk oluG,fvGef+yD;aemufwGif xkwfa0cJhonf?

1887 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv8&ufae@wGif yJ&pftvkyform;rsm;u ay:wD,J.tavmif;tm; ao'%fay;cH&aombHktzGJ@0ifrsm;tm; ðr‡yfESHonhf yJvm±SJpf (Père Lachaise)

ocsõKif;odk@ o,faqmifjr‡KyfESHcJhonf? vrf;wGif ykvdyfrsm;uvdkufygydk@aqmifolawGvufxJrS atmifvHeDudk vk,l&eftwGuf =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;vkyfaqmifcJhao;onf? ol.tokbwGif {&mrvlxk}uD; yg0ifcJ honf? vrf;wzufwcsufrSaeI olwdk@u“ay:wD,J t"Gef@±Snfygap”[lIaºu;a=umfcJh=uonf?

ay:wD,JrSm qif;qif;&J&Jyif uG,fvGefcJhonf?odk@aomf olcsefxm;cJhonfwdk@rSm vlwa,mufzefwD;onfhtEkynmxufyif wm±SnfwnfwHhusef&pfonf? olonfaw;oDcsif;jzif h 0g'jzef@olrsm;xJwGif t}uD;jrwfqHk;olwa,muf jzpfonf? yxrqHk;oDcsif;udk ola&;om;pyfqdkcsdefwGif qdk±S,fvpftvkyform;OD;a&rSm tvGefqHk; q,f*%ef;r#om ±Sdrnf? ,cktcg ,l*sif;ay:wD,J. ordkif;0ifoDcsif;udk oef;ESifhcsDaom ypPnf;rJhrsm;u odae=uay+yD?

tm%m&SifpepfudpPaqG;aEG;jcif; (1)tm%m&SifpepfudpPaqG;aEG;jcif; (1)tm%m&SifpepfudpPaqG;aEG;jcif; (1)tm%m&SifpepfudpPaqG;aEG;jcif; (1)tm%m&SifpepfudpPaqG;aEG;jcif; (1)

(8 - 10 - 2012)(8 - 10 - 2012)(8 - 10 - 2012)(8 - 10 - 2012)(8 - 10 - 2012)

jynfol@tm%m pmwnf;tzGJ@trSm

• 'DudpP[m tawG;tac:e,fy,fu ta&;}uD;wJhudpP jzpfw,f?

• ygwD0ifrsm; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yg0ifaqG;aEG;zdk@ “pifjrifh” xdk;ay;wmyJ?

• &Jabmfwdk@0if+yD; aqG;aEG;=uapcsifw,f?

• pmwnf;tzGJ@u pdppfwnf;jzwf+yD; wifjyay;r,f? tcsuftvufrygwJh/ usdK;a=umif;jycsuf

rcdkifrmwJh pmrsm;udkom wnf;jzwfrSm jzpfygw,f? (bma=umifh ‘wnf;’ w,f/ ‘jzwf’ w,f/

y,fw,fqdkwmudk pmwrf;&Sifodk@ &Sif;jyrSm jzpfw,f?)

• txl;owdðyzdk@u rdrdóuufESpfouf&m ‘emrnf0Suf’ udk oHk;yg? ('DudpPtwGuf wcgoHk;

‘emrnf0Suf’ jzpfzdk@ vdkw,f?)

• ygwD (A[dk) u b,ft,ltqudkrqdk tav;teuf pOf;pm;ygr,f? (ygwDpnf;rsOf; yk'fr (4)

udk twdtusvdkufem usifhoHk;rSm jzpfygw,f?)

‘ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tm%m&Sifpepf’ awG;ac:r_&J@ tpu rmhufpf/ tdef*,fyJ? rmhufpfu tdef*,feJ@!‡dEd_if;+yD;a&;wJh ‘*dkom

vkyfief;pOftm; a0zefjcif;’ pmtkyfrSm 'Dta=umif; wcgyJa&;w,f?

'Dvdka&;zdk@ ta=umif;&Sdw,f? uGefjrLepfawGtwGif;rSm tawG;tac:±_yfaxG;aewJh ‘udpP’ &Sdvdk@yJ?

tJ'D ‘udpP’ u (1838) ckESpfu t*Fvdyftvkyform;awGu ‘jynfol@yËdnmOfpmwrf;’ a&;+yD; awmif;qdkcsuf

(4) csuf wifw,f? tJ'D (4) csufu

(1) a,mufsm;wdkif; rJay;cGifh&zdk@?

(2) v#dK@0SufrJay;pepf usifhoHk;zdk@

(3) trwfawGudk aiGa=u;axmufyHhzdk@/ a&G;aumufyGJ0ifòyifr,fholawGudk b,fvdkt&nftcsif;&Sd&r,f/

ydkifqdkifr_ b,fvdk&Sd&r,fpwJh uef@owfcsufawG rxm;zdk@?

(4) wESpfywfvHk;avmuf v$wfawmfusif;yzdk@

qdkwmawGygyJ? &Sif;ygw,f? ypPnf;rJhawG trwfjzpfcsifwmyg? trwfjzpf&ifvnf; vkyfc&csifw,f? r&&if

‘emrnf}uD; xrif;iwf’ jzpfr,f? 'gawGudk xnfhwGuf+yD; awmif;qdkwmyJ? ya'o&mZfajr&Sif/ "e&SifawGom }uD;pdk;aewJh

v$wfawmfrSm ypPnf;rJhu ae&m&csifwmyJ? (1832) u (1842) xd t"du±k%f;qefwJh v_yf&Sm;r_awG jzpfw,f?

aemufvnf; ‘v$wfawmf’ odk@ toem;cHpmqefqef pmawGydk@wJh v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfw,f? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcJhbl;? wckyJ

atmifjrifovdkvdk&Sdwmu ESpfpOfyHkrSefv$wfawmf usif;ywmyJ? 'gudk ‘csm;wpf Chartist v_yf&Sm;r_’ vdk@ ac:wGifw,f?

rmhufpfwdk@acwfa&mufawmh ‘csm;wpfawmif;qdkcsufawG’ tm;vHk;avmufeD;yg;&w,f? bma=umifh&ovJ

qdkawmh "e&SifawGu jynfwGif;rSmyJ zdaxmif;aoG;pkyftjrwfxkwfaep&m rvdkawmhvdk@yJ? urBmywf+yD; udkvdkeDawG

38

xm;Edkif+yD? tJ'Du aoG;pkyfEdkif+yD? ‘plyg

tjrwf’ awG &ae+yD? tJ'DtjrwfxJ

u t±dk;t&if;udk XmaejynfwGif;

tvkyform;udk pGef @ }uJEd ki fw,f?

vmbfxdk; ac|;odyfEdkifw,f? jynfwGif;

rSm w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;+yD; wnf+idrfcsif

ae+yD? "e&SifeJ@tvkyform; wufnD

vufnDyl;aygif;+yD; urBmywfum aoG;

pkyfcsifae+yD? 'ga=umifh av#mhay;wm

yJ?

tJ'Dawmh uGefjrLepfwcsdK@eJ@

qdk&S,fvpfawGu ‘vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ’

rvdkawmhbl;? ‘awmfvSefa&; rvdk

awmhbl;’? vdkcsifwmawGudk 'Drdkua&pD

abmifxJ (v$wfawmfxJ) uae &atmif

vkyfEdkif+yD? wpwp&atmif vkyfvdk@&+yD

qdk+yD; rmhufpf0g'&J@ tESpfom& vlwef;

pm;wdkufyGJeJ@ vlwef;pm;awmfvSefa&;

udk ypfy,f=uw,f?

'ga=umifh rmhufpfeJ@tdef*,f

u jywfjywfom;om; a0zefvm&wm

yJ? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;wdkufyGJeJ@ awmf

vSefa&; vdktyf+rJ vdktyfw,f? awmfvSefa&;atmifjrif+yD;&ifvnf; ajr&Sif"e&SifawGtay: ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sif usifhoHk;

&r,fvdk@ jywfjywfom;om; wifjywmyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u *smr%Dqdk&S,f'Drdku&ufawGu ygvDrefvrf;vdkuf+yD; wcsdK@u trwf

jzpfae=u+yD?

tdef*,fuawmh "e&Sifya'o&mZfajr&SifawG&J@ EdkifiHawmftm%mudkzsufodrf;+yD; emvefrxlatmif vkyf&r,f?

ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmif&r,f? tpydkif;rSm enf;enf;rS rwGef@qkwfzdk@ ‘tm%mopf’ tajcusvmrS

wjznf;jznf;csif; ajzav#mhay;zdk@qdkwJh oabmrsdK;a&;wm zwf&zl;w,f? aqmif;yg;wckrSm awG@wmyg?

wcgu rmhufpfu &if;ESD;wJh&JabmfwOD;udk ypfypfcgcg a0zefpm a&;zl;w,f? jzpfyHku

‘yJ&pfbHktzGJ@’ usqHk;awmh Oa&myuGefjrLepfawG tar&dum;udk ajy;=u&w,f? [dka&mufawmh udk,fvkyf

Edkifoavmuf ajrawGudk tvum;&=uw,f? &rSmaygh? tJ'DajrawGu tar&duefajr&Sif "e&SifawGydkifwJhajr r[kwfbl;?

Xmaewdkif;&if;om;awGuvnf; yk*~vduypPnf; ydkifqdkifwJhpepf ra&mufao;bJ ‘a&S;a[mif;bHkpepf’ tqifhrSmyJ

&Sdao;wm? tar&dum;uvnf; tus,f}uD;? wdkuf}uD;wwdkufpmru us,fw,f? Oa&myrSmvdk r[kwfbl;?

39


tJ'DajrawG&vdkufwJh rmhufpf&J@a&mif;&if;u ‘'DrSmawmh

avmuedAŠmefyJ? u|efawmfwdk@ ar#mfrSef;cJ hwJhwmawG &+yD?

awmfvSefa&; vkyfp&mrvdkawmhbl;? 'gighajr/ 'gightdrf/ 'gighypPnf;vdk@

aºu;a=umfEdkif+yD’ vdk@ a&;vmw,f? rmhufpf jyefa&;wmu ‘'gigh

aemufacs;yHk’ vdk@vnf; xyfjznfhygOD;vdk@ ceJ@w,f? yk*~vduypPnf;

ydkifqdkifr_pepf &Sdaeor# rif;wdk@ &wmawGu wae@us&if t&if;

tESD;}uD;rm;ol vuf0g;}uD;tkyfawGvufxJ a&mufukefrSmyJvdk@

a&;w,f?

csKyfvdkuf&if

• "e&Siftm%m&Sifpepfa[mif;udk awmfvSefa&;eJ@ tjrpfyg

rusefatmif ±dkufcsdK;zdk@/ ol@udk ròzEdkifbJ pepfopf rxlaxmifEdkifbl;?

• pepfa[mif;udk ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfeJ@rS tjrpfygrusef

atmif vkyfEdkifr,fvdk@ oGefoifwmyJ?

rmhufpftdef*,fwdk@u b,fudpPudkyJjzpfjzpf vufawG@uae

tpcsD+yD; oabmw&m;xkwf,lw,f? vufawG@ r&Sd&if &rf;oef;+yD; oabmw&m;rxkwfbl;?

oabmw&m;xkwf+yD;&ifawmif vufawG@vkyf=unfhzdk@/ w&m;aor,lzdk@ tvkyfvrf;!ïeftjzpfyJ oabmxm;zdk@

txyfxyfrSmw,f?

'ga=umifh ypPnf;rJhtm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ywfouf+yD; xyfa&;wm rawG@&bl;? olwdk@woufrSm vufawG@vnf;

ñuHroGm;&bl;? t&if;&Sifpepfu ydkydk}uD;xGm;cdkifrmaewm awG@oGm;w,f? udkvdkeDodrf;vdkufwJh e,fcsJ@pepf atmifjrif

aecsdefyJ?

rmhufpfu (1883) rSm uG,fvGefw,f? tdef*,fu (1895) rSm uG,fvGefw,f? vDeifu (1870) rSm arG;w,f?

rmhufpfudk rDw,f? 'gayrJh (13) ESpfom; vli,fb0yJ? armfpDwkef;u (1893) arG;qdkawmh tdef*,fudk rDw,f? (2) ESpfom;yJ?

olwdk@ (2) a,mufuyJ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepfudk vufawG@vkyfcGifh&=uwmyg? olwdk@a&;om;csufawGudk

quf+yD;avhvm&ygr,f?

"e&Siftm%m&Sifpepfa[mif;udk"e&Siftm%m&Sifpepfa[mif;udk"e&Siftm%m&Sifpepfa[mif;udk"e&Siftm%m&Sifpepfa[mif;udk"e&Siftm%m&Sifpepfa[mif;udkawmfvSefa&;eJhawmfvSefa&;eJhawmfvSefa&;eJhawmfvSefa&;eJhawmfvSefa&;eJh

t_rpfygrusefatmif @dkufcsdK;zdk h/t_rpfygrusefatmif @dkufcsdK;zdk h/t_rpfygrusefatmif @dkufcsdK;zdk h/t_rpfygrusefatmif @dkufcsdK;zdk h/t_rpfygrusefatmif @dkufcsdK;zdk h/olhudk r_zdKEdkifbJ pepfopfolhudk r_zdKEdkifbJ pepfopfolhudk r_zdKEdkifbJ pepfopfolhudk r_zdKEdkifbJ pepfopfolhudk r_zdKEdkifbJ pepfopf

rxlaxmifEdkifbl;rxlaxmifEdkifbl;rxlaxmifEdkifbl;rxlaxmifEdkifbl;rxlaxmifEdkifbl;


40

tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (2)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (2)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (2)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (2)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (2)

(14 - 10 - 2012)(14 - 10 - 2012)(14 - 10 - 2012)(14 - 10 - 2012)(14 - 10 - 2012)

vDeifu tm%m&SifpepfeJ@ywfouf+yD; ‘EdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;’

pmtkyfudk óu+yD;a&;cJhovdk armfpDwkef;uvnf; ‘jynfol@'Drdkua&pD

tm%m&Sifpepf’ udk óu+yD;a&;cJhw,f?

olwdk@ tm%m&awmhvnf; tJ'DpmtkyfawGrSm a&;cJhwJhtwdkif;

usifhoHk;cJh=uw,f?

'gayrJh olwdk@ (óu+yD;) rjrifEdkif/ rodEdkifwJh jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_

awGeJ@ ñuH&w,f?

vDeifñuH&wmawGu -

• e,fcsJ@EdkifiH}uD;awG&J@ &efvkyfr_yJ? ±k&Sm;rSmqdk&if ‘e,fcsJ@orm;awGu 0dkif;wdkufwm’ cH&w,f?

jynfwGif;ppf zefwD;vdk@ ‘jynfwGif;ppf’ wdkuf&w,f?

• vDeifxuf0g&ifhwJh ‘rmhufpf0g'D’ }uD;awGu vDeifvkyfwm[m qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&; r[kwfbl;/

±kwfw&uf tpdk;&w&yfudk ðzwfcswmoufoufyJvdk@ owfrSwfwm cH&w,f?

• (aoewfypf) cH&w,f? aoonftxd emvefrxlbl;?

• 1918 rS 1921 txd jynfwGif;ppfwdkufvdk@ ‘ppfuGefjrLepfpepf’ udk usifhoHk;cJh&w,f? 'ga=umifh

&efol ydkrsm;ukefw,f?

• pD;yGm;a&;z±dkz&Jjzpfwmudk ðyjyifzdk@ ‘pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDopf’ (NEP) csrSwfcJhw,f? tJ'Day:vpDu

EdkifiHjcm; t&if;tESD;awGudk wHcg;zGifhzdwfac:wmyJ? (wdef@a&Smufzif&J@ wHcg;zGifhay:vpDrsdK;yg?) 'gayrJh

olvkyfcGifh &roGm;bl;? 1924 rSm uG,fvGefw,f? (pwmvifu NEP rvkyfbl;? tus,fra&;awmhyg?

tcka&;r,fhudpPeJ@ rywfoufvdk@yJ?)

armfpDwkef; ñuH&wmawGu -

• vDeif&J@tawG@tñuHeJ@oifcef;pmawG &xm;vdk@wa=umif;/ urBmhacwfcsif; rwlawmhvdk@wa=umif;

olu vDeif&J@ tcuftcJrsdK; rñuH&bl;?

• a&&SnfjynfwGif;ppfwdkuf+yD; Edkifvdkufwmqdkawmh jynfwGif;ppfudk e,fcsJ@orm;awG rzefwD;Edkifbl;?

(KMT u ±H_;+yD; xdkif0rfa&mufoGm;+yD?)

• yifv,fjyifu ydwfqdk@zdk@uvnf; vHkatmifrydwfEdkifbl;? =um;aeEdkifiHawGuae xGufEdkif0ifEdkifw,f?

‘a[mifaumif’ uvnf; xGufEdkifw,f?

• pwmvif uG,fvGef+yD;awmh qdkAD,ufuGefjrLepfeJ@ &efbufjzpfvmw,f? ('DtjzpfrsdK; b,fvdkrS

óurwGufEdkifbl;?)

41


42

• armfpDwkef;&J@acgif;aqmifr_udk twGif;ydkif;uae òzcszdk@ (armfpudku) t}udrf}udrf}uHpnfwmawGvnf;

&Sdw,f? ('gudkvnf; tus,frcsJ@awmhbl;? oD;jcm;avhvm=u&r,fhudpP)

• qdkAD,uf ‘uGefjrLepf’ udk OD;wnf&efol owfrSwfvm&w,f? tar&duefeJ@ &if=um;aphwm

vkyfw,f? 'g[m }uD;rm;wJh tcsdK;tauG@ - tvSnfhtajymif;yJ? (&JabmfawG od+yD;jzpfvdk@ tus,f

ra&;awmhbl;?)

§ vDeifjzpfjzpf/ armfpDwkef;jzpfjzpf olwdk@u ‘ypPnf;rJh

vlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf’ vrf;a=umif;u aoGzDoGm;wm

rvkyfbl;? tajctaeajymif;vdk@ enf;y&d,m,feJ@ajcvSrf;yJ

ajymif;zdk@vdk&if ajymif;w,f? 'gudk twk,l&r,f? rmhufpf0g'udk

yuwdtajctaeeJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif ðyjyifwm vkyf&

rSmyJ? 'gayrJh vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJeJ@ ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepfudk rpGef@&bl;?

§ 21 &mpkxJrSm EdkifiHwumhuGefjrLepfawGu pnf;a0;yGJawG/

aqG;aEG;yGJawG/ !‡dE_dif;yGJawG t}udrf}udrfvkyfw,f? u|efawmfwdk@

wufEdkif&ifwufw,f? o0%fv$m a&;oifha&;w,f? u|efawmfwdk@

rkcsvkyfwmu tJ'Dpnf;a0;yGJ/ aqG;aEG;yGJ/ !‡dEd_if;yGJawGu pmapmif

pmwrf;awGudk tao;pdwfavhvmw,f? ‘21 &mpk rmhufpf0g'’

udk 0dkif;0ef;xkqpf=uzdk@ &nf&G,fwmyJ? ‘uGefjrLepf a=unmpmwrf;’

&J@ awmfvSefa&;tESpfom&udk vDeif/ armfpDwkef;wdk@ umuG,f

xdef;odrf;ovdk/ ‘ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tm%m&Sifpepf’ &yfwnfr_udk qufcHwdk;csJ@ovdk vkyfzkd@qdkwJh&nf&G,fcsufeJ@

avhvmwmyJ?

§ ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;wm[m qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfzdk@yJ? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;

&wm jzpfw,f? tm%m (a[mif;) udk z,f&Sm;+yD; tm%m (opf) wnfaxmifwJh vlwef;pm;awmfvSefa&;

wdkif;[m tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk;=u&wmcsnf;yJ? tar&dum;rSma&m/ Oa&myrSma&m/ jyifopf/ ±k&Sm;rSmyg

jynfwGif;ppf jzpfcJhwmyJ? jynfwGif;ppfqdkwm t=urf;wrf;qHk; tm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;wmyg? qef@usifbufudk

ESdyfuGyfcJhwmcsnf;yJ? tar&dum;rSmqdk&if tpdk;&vkyfol[m WASP (wdkuf±dkufbmomjyef&if eus,f - eusD

aumif) qdkwJha0g[m&awmif ay:cJhw,f? (W) jzL&r,f? (AS) t*FvdkqufpGefrsdK;EG,f (t*FvdyfrsdK;EG,f)

jzpf&r,f? (P) c&pf,mef (y±dkpwufpwifh*dk%f;om;) jzpf&r,fvdk@ ajym&wJhtxdyJ? aemufrS wjznf;jznf;

'DyHkpHuG,faysmufoGm;wmyg? tckqdk vlrJorRwawmif &Sdae+yD?

tm%mtajcusoGm;&if tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;r_ ydk+yD;avsmhenf;oGm;=uwmcsnf;yg?

w±kwfjynfrSmu jynfwGif;ppf rjzpfbl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh a&&SnfjynfwGif;ppf jzpf+yD;+yD? (ypPnf;rJhygwD)

uGefjrLepf tm%m&vdk@yJ? ppfEdkifvdk@yJ? w±kwfjynfrrSm jynfwGif;ppf rjzpfayr,fh ywf0ef;usifrSm ppfyGJawG jzpfw,f?

xdkif0rfu tcktxd tar&dueftm;udk;eJ@ &efvkyfaeqJyg? ‘jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepf’ u aysmhnHhnHh

vkyfrd&if cH&rSmaygh?


43

tajctaeeJ@tnD xdef;!‡dðyjyifwmawmh vkyf&rSmyg? 'gayrJh tajccHrleJ@&yfwnfcsufudk txdyg;rcH&ygbl;?

ppftm%m&Sifpepf qef@usifae&vdk@ ‘tm%m&SifpepfrSefor# qef@usif=u’ vdk@ Auy b,fawmhrS rvkyfEdkifygbl;?

tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (3)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (3)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (3)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (3)tm%m&SifpepfudpP aqG;aEG;jcif; (3)

EdkifiHawmf,EW&m;rSm ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±Hk;wdk@[m t"du,EW&m;

rsm; jzpfw,f?

EdkifiHawmftm%mudk &&Sdol[m 'D,EW&m;udk oHk;w,f?

tpdk;&wcku tJ'D,EW&m;udk b,fae&mrSm oHk;ovJ/ b,fol@tay:

oHk;ovJ/ b,fvdk usifhoHk;ovJqdkwmawGudk=unfh&if tJ'Dtpdk;&u

b,fvlwef;pm;/ b,fvl@tv$mudk udk,fpm;ðyovJqdkwm bGm;bGm;

ay:wmyJ? b,fvdkrS zHk;uG,fxm;vdk@ r&bl;? pum;,Of pum;vS

awGeJ@ zHk;vnf; r&bl;?

uGefjrLepfawGu 'DvdkudpPrsdK;rSm bGif;bGif;ajymavh&Sdw,f?

bGif;bGif;ajymwJhpum;u em;0ifrcsdKbl;? 'gayrJh 'ufueJxdw,f?

rSwfrdvG,fw,f?

Oyrm ‘ypPnf;rJhtm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;r,f’

‘EdkifiHa&;tm%m[m aoewfajymif;0u xGufw,f’

'Dpum;awGu tus,f&Sif;jyrS oabmaygufEdkifrSm jzpfw,f? tm%m&Sifpepfu ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;udk udk,fpm;

ðyr,f? tJ'Dvlwef;pm;&J@ &efolvlwef;pm;tay:rSm tm%musifhoHk;r,fvdk@ ajymwmyJ? tajccHvlwef;pm;/ r[mrdwf

vlwef;pm;/ =um;xm;&r,fhvlwef;pm;awG twGufawmh 'Drdkua&pD&&SdaprSmyJ? udk,fhudk &efvkyfoltay: tm%musifhoHk;

r,fqdkwJh t"dym,fjzpfw,f?

aoewfajymif;uxGufwJh tm%m[mvnf; EdkifiHa&;tm%mjzpfw,f? tJ'Dtm%mu &efoltay:rSmyJ

oHk;wJhtm%m jzpfw,f?

&SdrSef;udk rod&wJh ‘tpdk;&? 'gu pum;,Ofpum;vS oHk;wmyJ? &Sdaewmudk zHk;uG,fcsifvdk@vm;/ &Sdaewmudk rodusdK;u|ef

ðycsifvdk@vm;? OyuQmðyxm;csifvdk@vm;? wckckjzpfvdrfhr,f xifw,f? wcsdK@uawmh a=umifolawmfajymenf; ajymwmyJ

jzpfr,f?

vlawG[m pm;0wfaea&;omru vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&;pwJh wm0efrsm;t& ae@wdkif;v_yf&Sm;

ae&wmyg? tm%mydkiftrsdK;rsdK;eJ@ xdawG@qufqHae&wmyg? ‘tm%mydkif’ wOD;OD;eJ@awmh awG@=u&rSmyJ? a&Smifvdk@

rvGwfygbl;? vrf;jzwful;wm rSm;&ifawmif ta&;,lcH&/ '%fwyfcH&wmyJ?


44

uGefjrLepfajymwJh ‘tm%mydkif’ u xdyfydkif;u tm%mydkif/ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±Hk;awGudk trdef@ay;!ïef=um;

Edkifol “EdkifiHawmftpdk;&” yg?

tJ'Dtpdk;&u ppfwyfudk b,fvdkoHk;ovJ/ &Jwyfudk b,fae&mrSm oHk;ovJ/ w&m;±Hk;udk b,fvdkvkyfudkifovJ

qdkwm =unfhvkduf&if &Sif;aewmyg? tJ'Dtm%m ,EW&m;awGudk trdef@ray;Edkif&if tJ'Dtpdk;& ðywfrSmyJ? rm;udk@pf b,fvdk

ðywfoGm;ovJ/ ql[mwdk b,fvdktm%mvufvGwf jzpfoGm;ovJqdkwm=unfh&if &Sif;ygw,f? Adkvfae0if;udk =unfh?

aoewfudk trdef@ay;Edkifvdk@ tm%modrf;Edkifw,f? aoewfudk oHk;Edkifvdk@ tm%mudk xdef;Edkifw,f? aoewfudk

!ïef=um;Edkifvdk@ b,fudkrS rajy;&bl;? tdrfawmfrSm tchhHom;aeEdkifw,f? aoewfudk odyf+yD;trdef@ray;EdkifawmhrSyJ tdrfcsKyf

uswmyJ? 'gayrJh tm%m&Sdolu ouf!‡mcH&wmyJ? tJ'Dvdk ouf!‡mcH&wm oleJ@ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;a':pkyJ &Sdw,f?

• ‘zqyv tpdk;&’ b,folawGtay: tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;cJhovJ?

• ‘rqv tpdk;&’ b,folawGtay: tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;cJhovJ?

• ‘e0w tpdk;&’ b,folawGtay: tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;cJhovJ?

• ‘etz tpdk;&’ b,folawGtay: tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;aeovJ?

tJ'gawGudk tao;pdwfcGJjcrf;pdwfjzm avhvm=unfhyg? olwdk@udk,fpm;ðywJh tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;/ vl@tv$m bmvJ

qdkwm bGm;bGm;}uD;ay:ygvdrfhr,f?

ydk+yD;&Sif;atmif e0w§etz tpdk;&eJ@ OD;odef;pdeftpdk;& tm%m&SifpepfusifhoHk;yHkudkyJ tusOf;csKyf wifjyygr,f?

e0w§etz tpdk;&u -

• 2008 tajccHOya'&J@ ‘rl’ awG/ ‘abmif’ awG/ ‘enf;Oya'’ awG wpHkvHk; csrSwf&w,f? 'ga=umifh

olu 'DcsKyf (NLD) tay: tm%m&Sifpepf

usifhoHk;cJhw,f r!‡mygbl;? &[ef;oHCm

awmif r!‡mbl;? ausmif;om;awmh ajym

raeeJ@?

• b,fol@ukdumuG,fovJ/ tusdK;ðy

ovJ? ppftm%m&Sifpepf&J@yifr a'gufwdkif

jzpfwJh OD;ydkif (UMEH) udk tvkyftau|;

ðyw,f? awmifolv,form;awG&J@ ajr,m

udk trsm;qHk;odrf;wm olwdk@yJ? (c±dkeD arG;wm

vnf; olwdk@? 'DudpPu us,fjyef@vdk@ oD;jcm;

a&;&rSmyg? wckyJ ajymcsifw,f? rqv

tpdk;&wkef;u ‘c±dkeD’ rarG;bl;qdkwm r[kwfygbl;? ‘ol@enf;ol@[ef’ eJ@yJ arG;cJhygw,f?)

rajymr+yD;vdk@ ajymygr,f?

• urBmay:rSm EdkifiHawmftpdk;&qdkwm &Sdaeor# vlwef;pm;wckck&J@ ‘tm%m&Sifpepf’ wrsdK;rsdK;udk usifhoHk;ae

wmcsnf;yJ?

• tm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;wmrSm urBmwckvHk;udk jc,fvS,fEdkifwJhtpdk;&u urBmywf+yD; tm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;

w,f? a'owckckudk jc,fvS,fEdkifolu a'oEW&mtm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;wmyJ?

u

uGefjrLepfajymwJh tm%mydkifuuGefjrLepfajymwJh tm%mydkifuuGefjrLepfajymwJh tm%mydkifuuGefjrLepfajymwJh tm%mydkifuuGefjrLepfajymwJh tm%mydkifu

xdyfydkif;u tm%mydkif/ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/xdyfydkif;u tm%mydkif/ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/xdyfydkif;u tm%mydkif/ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/xdyfydkif;u tm%mydkif/ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/xdyfydkif;u tm%mydkif/ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/

w&m;±Hk;awGudk trdef@ay;!$ef=um;Edkifolw&m;±Hk;awGudk trdef@ay;!$ef=um;Edkifolw&m;±Hk;awGudk trdef@ay;!$ef=um;Edkifolw&m;±Hk;awGudk trdef@ay;!$ef=um;Edkifolw&m;±Hk;awGudk trdef@ay;!$ef=um;Edkifol

Ed kifiHawmftpdk;&ygEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ygEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ygEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ygEdkifiHawmftpdk;&yg


45

• 'Drdkua&pDrdk@ ‘tm%m&Sifpepf’ rusifhoHk;bl;vdk@ ajymwm[m rSm;ygw,f? tar&dum;rSmjzpfjzpf/ Oa&myrSm

jzpfjzpf/ tm&S/ tmz&durSmyJjzpfjzpf EdkifiHawmftm%m&xm;olu tm%m&Sifpepfudk wenf;enf;eJ@ usifhoHk;

ae=uwmcsnf;yg?

aemufwckajymzdk@ vdkwmu zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fwmudk umv&Snf=um cHae&olawGu olwdk@ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcHae&wm[m

avmu"rRwmyJvdk@ pGJrSwfoGm;wwfwmvnf; &Sdygw,f? &mpkESpfawG/ axmifpkESpfawGeJ@csD+yD; cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;cH&wJh

trsdK;orD;awGxJu renf;vSwJh trsdK;orD;wcsdK@[m 'guawmh obm0w&m;t& jzpfwmyJ/ avmu"rRwmyJvdk@ ajym=u/

a&;=uwmawGawmif &Sdygw,f? wcsdK@usawmhvnf; cGJjcm;qufqHcHae&wmudkawmif rodawmhbJ w±kwfajcao;rvdk

wdk@u tjzpfrcH&bl;/ ukvm;vdkvnf; ZmwfcGJjcm;ESdrfhcswm rcH&bl;? vljzLawGvdkvnf; udk,fhi,femrnfaysmuf+yD; vif

a,mufsm;&J@ emrnfajymif;wm rcH&bl;qdkwmavmufeJ@ a&mifh&Jwif;wdrfaewwfwmyJ? urBmywf+yD; aoG;pkyf&vkd@

{&mrtjrwf&wJhtxJu tenf;tusOf; vmbfxdk;cH&vdk@ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;pdwf"mwfaysmufuG,foGm;wmvnf;

&SdwwfwmyJvdk@ajym+yD; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

OD;pGmajymcsifwm æ 'Dpmwrf;[m yk*~vdutjrif jzpfw,f? aqG;aEG;zdk@ tpðyxm;wmom jzpfw,f?

(1) vDeif&J@ 'Dusrf;&if;udk awmfvSefa&;vnf; rvkyfzl;ao;cif EdkifiHa&;tm%mvnf; rxlaxmifzl;ao;cifu

p+yD;avhvmcJhygw,f? txl;ojzifh awmfvSefa&;tydkif;udk ydk+yD; pdwf0ifpm;cJhw,f? em;vnfovdkvdkawmh &Sdw,f?

'gayrJh eufeuf±d_if;±d_if;r[kwf?

tcef; (1) u -

• tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;eJ@ &efbufyËdyuQ rajy+idrf;Edkifr_u ‘EdkifiHawmf’ ay:vmwmqdkwmudkawmh oabmayguf

w,f? tJ'Dwkef;u tkyfpkd;olu t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm; jzpfaevdk@yJ? jynfwGif;rSm ol@t"dua'gufwdkifawGuvnf;

vufa0cHeJ@ ya'o&mZfajr&Sif}uD;awGqdkawmh oabmaygufzdk@ rcufbl;? jynfolvlxkudk &Sif;vif;wifjy&ifvnf;

‘b0ay;todt&’ oabmaygufvG,fw,f?

(2) 'gayrJh

• 48 vGwfvyfa&;&awmh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJwdkuf&awmh ygwDwGif;rSmudkyJ tawG;tac: (2) ck ay:w,f?

jynfolvlxkwGif;vnf; Za0Z0g jzpfw,f?

• zqyv tpdk;&u (u&if/ ucsif/ a*:&cg;wyfawG) udk toHk;ðy+yD; ‘uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;’ vkyfawmh tJ'DwyfawG

&J@ tukefvk/ tukefrD;±d_@/ a,musfm;rSefor# tukefowfay:vpDa=umifh jynfolvlxku ‘b0ay;todt&’

vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;buf (A/S) wdrf;!ïwfw,f/ jynfol@&Jabmfawmcdk/ RBA u awmfvSefa&;buf

a&muf/ KNDO u ykefuefawmh awmfvSefa&;'Da& jrifhwufvmw,f? 'ga=umifh ygwDwGif;u A/S qef@usifa&;

orm;awGyg A/S udk vufcHvm=uw,f? olwdk@uawmif ydk+yD;wufºuoa,mifa,mifygyJ?

EdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udk

xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (1)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (1)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (1)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (1)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (1)

46

• 'gayrJh ygwD&J@vrf;pOfrSm ‘2 ESpftwGif; ppfEdkifa&;’ ppfa&;vrf;pOf trSm;a=umifh wyfawGòyawmh ‘A/S

qef@usifa&;orm;’ awGu A/S udk ar;cGef; p+yD;xkwfvm=uw,f? ‘ppfwrf;’ awGa&;+yD; jzef@=uw,f?

olwdk@&J@ t"duusdK;a=umif;jycsufu-

§ zqyv tpdk;&[m trsdK;om;"e&Siftpdk;& jzpfw,f? aygif;vnf;aygif; wdkufvnf;wdkuf&r,fh vlwef;

pm;yJ/ tm%m&pyJ &Sdao;w,f?

§ olwdk@ trsdK;om;"e&SifawG&J@ trsdK;om;pufr_vkyfief; xlaxmifcGifhay;&r,f? 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;

qHk;cef;wdkifvkyfcGifh olwdk@udk ay;&r,f?

§ Armjynf pufr_EdkifiHawmfjzpfrSyJ ygwDu ‘qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;’ udk vkyfoifhw,f æ wJh?

olwdk@udk zqyv tpdk;&&J@ vufawG@vkyfaqmifcsufawGudk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjyprf;ygvdk@ ajymawmh olwdk@u

zqyv qdk&S,fvpfawG&J@ “aºu;a=umfoHawG” udkyJ ajymEdkifw,f?

tckdiftrm (vufawG@) udk ajymygqdkawmhvnf; [oFmwOD;jrwdk@/ qrm;'l;0g;}uD;wdk@&J@ trsdK;om;pufr_

vkyfief; pdwful;awGyJ ajymEdkifw,f? OD;jreJ@qrm;}uD;u ay:vpD csrSwfEdkifol r[kwfbl;? ay:vpDcsEdkifolu

OD;ausmf+idrf;/ OD;Ekwdk@yJ? olwdk@uvnf; aºu;a=umfoHxkwf+yD; vufawG@vkyfwmu tar&duef/ *syef/ t*Fvdyfwdk@&J@

vufa0cHvkyf+yD; pufr_vkyfief;wcsdK@ vkyfaewmyJ? e,fcsJ@orm;awGuvnf; pufr_vkyfief; r[kwfwJh vkyfief;awG

rSmyJ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH=uw,f? vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;vdk/ v#yfppfrD;pufvdk/ [dkw,fvkyfief;vdk[mawGrSmyJ &if;ESD;

jr‡KyfESH=uw,f? zufpyfawGvkyfawmh ydkqdk;oGm;w,f? pufr_EdkifiH}uD;awGu ukefacsmudk atmwdkuf+yD;oGif;wmudk

wqifhjzef@jzL;wJh vufa0cHtvkyfyJ jzpfaew,f?

rqv ppftm%m&Sifacwfusawmh *syef/ *smr%D&J@ vufa0cH ydk+yD;yDovmw,f? e0w§etz ppf

tm%m&Sifacwfusawmh w±kwfvufa0cH jzpfvmwmyJ?

tck OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&u tar&duef/ *syef/ Oa&myor*~ (EU) jyef0ifvmzdk@vkyfawmhvnf; olwdk@ bmudkyJ

pdwf0ifpm;=uovJqdkwmudk jyae+yD? ArmjynfrSm trsdK;om;pufr_ xGef;um;zdk@ r&Sdygbl;? pufr_EdkifiHxlaxmifa&;

[m Avmaºu;a=umfoHyJ jzpfrSmyg?

1955 usawmh (55 vrf;pOf) qdkwm ygwDu csrSwfw,f? [dkwkef;u A/S qef@usifa&;orm;awG tm;vHk;

(wu,fhudk tm;vHk;) A/S udk pHkuef+yD; vufeufcs=uw,f? 1958 tdrfapmifhppftpdk;&acwfusawmh ygwDu

tedrfhusqHk;tcsdef jzpfoGm;+yD? A/S udk

w&Gwfwdkuf vdkufaewJholawGvnf;

wðzwfðzwf vufeufcs=uw,f? ‘55

vrf;pOf’ wckwnf;a=umifhvdk@awmh

ajymr&ygbl;? trSm;awG'%fudk pkyHk

cH&wmyJ?

• 1989 - 90 aemufydkif;? ygwDu A/S

ygwDu UG ygwD jzpfoGm;+yD? "e&Sif

vpfb&,f0g' acwfpm;ae+yD? EdkifiH

awmf&J@ vlwef;pm;vuQ%mukd

‘uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;’‘uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;’‘uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;’‘uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;’‘uGefjrLepfacsr_ef;a&;’vkyfawmh tJ'DwyfawG &J@vkyfawmh tJ'DwyfawG &J@vkyfawmh tJ'DwyfawG &J@vkyfawmh tJ'DwyfawG &J@vkyfawmh tJ'DwyfawG &J@tukefvk/ tukefrD;±d_@/tukefvk/ tukefrD;±d_@/tukefvk/ tukefrD;±d_@/tukefvk/ tukefrD;±d_@/tukefvk/ tukefrD;±d_@/

a,musfm;rSefor#a,musfm;rSefor#a,musfm;rSefor#a,musfm;rSefor#a,musfm;rSefor#tukefowfay:vpDa=umifhtukefowfay:vpDa=umifhtukefowfay:vpDa=umifhtukefowfay:vpDa=umifhtukefowfay:vpDa=umifh


47

azsmufzsufypf+yD; vifuGef;&J@ ‘*ufwD;bmh*frdef@cGef;’

(Gettysburg) xJu ‘jynfolawG&J@tpdk;&/ jynfolawG

twGuf jynfolu wifajr‡mufwJhtpdk;&’ qdkwmudk

tr$rf;wifvm=uw,f?

vlwef;pm;awG uGJuGJjym;jym; &SdaewJhvl@tzGJ@

tpnf;rSm jynfolawG&J@tpdk;&qdkwm r&SdEdkifygbl;?

tkyfpd k;olvlwef;pm;u ajAmifxGufjywJh

e0w§etz vdk tpdk;&rsdK; jzpfcsifjzpf/ ajAmifrxGufbJ

aemufuG,frSm ykef;uG,faewJh OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&rsdK;

jzpfrSmyJ?

1958 rSm ppfAsL±dku&ufvuf0g;}uD;tkyf "e&Sif

vlwef;pm;tpdk;&&J@o±kyf ryDoayr,fh 1962 up+yD;

tcktxd ppfAsL±dku&ufvuf0g;}uD;tkyf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;&J@

vuQ%mu yDyDjyifjyif jzpfvmwmyJ? 'grSr[kwf ajAmif

xGuf&yfovm;/ aemufuG,fu aeovm; qdkwmu

jynfwGif;jynfytajctaet& vkyf=uwmyg?

• rsufarSmufavmurSm

§ vlwef;pm; odk@r[kwf vl@tv$mwckck&J@ EdkifiHawmfyJ &Sdw,f? ajAmifaomfvnf;aumif;

ykef;uG,f+yD;aomfvnf;aumif; olwdk@&J@ tm%m&Sifpepfudk usifhoHk;=uwmcsnf; jzpfw,f?

§ vlwef;pm;aygif;pHk&J@ jynfol@tpdk;&qdkwm r&SdEdkifbl;?

'DudpPeJ@ywfouf+yD; rdrd&J@&&Sdcsufudk qufvufwifjyygr,f? xyfajymyg&ap? jiif;cHkzdk@ r[kwf?

aqG;aEG;zdk@yg?

awmif;,l&if tkyfpdk;olu o'<goavmuf &rSmyg? ol@qDutm%mudk awmif;,lvdk@&r,fxif&ifawmh

±dk;tvGef;&m usygvdrfhr,f?

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48

(1) 'Dpmtkyfudk vDeifa&;wkef;u awmfvSefa&;vufawG@ avhvmp&mu jyifopf"e&Sif'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;eJ@

yJ&pfbHktzGJ@ awmfvSefa&; (2) ckyJ &Sdw,f?

tck rdrdwdk@avhvmzdk@ awmfvSefa&;vufawG@awG odyfrsm;w,f? ±k&Sm;atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;

up+yD; w±kwf/ AD,uferf/ usL;bm; pojzifh awmfvSefa&;tawG@tñuHawG odyfrsm;ygw,f? jynfol@tm%m

xlaxmif=uwJh tawG@tñuHawGeJ@ oifcef;pmwGvnf; rsm;w,f?

twk,lp&mawGeJ@ a&Smif=uOfp&mawG &Sdygw,f? qufvuf+yD; jzpfay:qJ jzpfpOftwGif;rSm&Sdvdk@ t+rJ

qufvuf avhvmae&rSmyg?

rdrdwdk@u ArmjynfawmfvSefa&; qifE$Jaewmyg? Armjynf&J@ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wdkufzsuf+yD;

Armjynf jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepf xlaxmif&rSmyg? EdkifiHjcm;u yHkpHudk yHkwlul;csvdk@ r&ygbl;? wjcm;

wdkif;jynfawGu tajctaeeJ@ Armjynf&J@ tajctaeu c|wfpGyfrwlEdkifygbl;? wloa,mifa,mif &Sdaumif;

EdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udkEdkifiHawmfESifhawmfvSefa&;udk

xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (2)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (2)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (2)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (2)xyfrHavhvm&mrS &&Sdcsuf (2)

49


50

&Sdygvdrfhr,f? vHk;0O\Hk wlwmawmh r&SdEdkifygbl;? (Oyrm)

tif'dkeD;&Sm;u ql[mwdkppftm%m&SifpepfeJ@ ae0if;

ppftm%m&Sifpepf rwlygbl;? pwifay:vmyHkeJ@ usifhoHk;yHkcsif;

vHk;vHk;uGJjym;ygw,f?

rdrdwdk@ qifE$JwJh awmfvSefa&;eJ@ w±kwf/ AD,uf

erf/ usL;bm;pwJh awmfvSefa&;awGvnf; rwlygbl;?

wlra,mif &Sdaumif;&Sdr,f? 'gayrJh c|wfpGyf rwlygbl;?

rdrdwdk@ygwDtaeeJ@ yHkwlul;csrdvdk@ ESmacgif;usnfayG@ awG@cJh

&aygif; rsm;yg+yD?

Oyrm w±kwf,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&;udk yHkwlul;cswJh ygwDwGif;awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOf (ygwDwGif;

Aef;pum; (jargon) ‘ðzwf - xkwf - owf’) vkyfcJhvdk@ u|rf;jyefatmif rSm;cJhw,f? ‘udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;a&;

tajccH’ qHk;±_H;cJh&w,f? aemufusawmh trSm;udkjyifzdk@ t}udrf}udrfóu;pm;cJhw,f? ratmifjrifbl;? aemufqHk;

t±H_;eJ@ ñuHcJh&wmyJ? 'Doifcef;pmudk b,fawmhrS rarhzdk@ vdkygw,f?

udk,fhtm;udk,fudk; tajccH&Sdwkef;uqdk&if ‘Auy’ [m tcuftcJaygif;rsm;pGmudk ausmfjzwfEdkif

cJhw,f? &efol&J@ zdESdyfr_/ acsr_ef;r_awGudk }uH@}uH@cdkif &ifqdkifEdkifcJhw,f? b,favmufyJ tiftm;enf;ygap?

vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tvH vJroGm;cJhbl;? 'gayrJh udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;tajccH qHk;±H_;oGm;awmh tiftm;}uD;

rm;ayr,fh ‘Auy’ &J@ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;tvH vJusoGm;cJhw,f? 'g[m t}uD;qHk;oifcef;pmyg?

'ga=umifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfwdkufzsufa&;yJ vkyfvkyf/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk wpwpðyjyifa&;vrf;pOf (tck

vpfb&,f0g'Drsm; vkyfaewJhvrf;pOf) yJvkyfvkyf wjcm;EdkifiHjcm; wdkif;jynfawG&J@ tawG@tñuHudk yHkwlul;rcsrdzdk@

vdkygw,f? Armjynf&J@ tajctaeeJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxG&SdwJh vrf;pOfudk udk,fhbmom wDxGif=u&rSmyg?

(2) vDeif&J@pmtkyf avhvm&&SdwJh t"dutusqHk;tcsufu tm%ma[mif;u xlaxmifxm;wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;

,EW&m; (ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±Hk;) udk jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepfu qufvuftoHk;rcseJ@ qdkwmygyJ?

jynfol@'Drdkua&pdtm%m&Sifpepfu rdrd&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;topf (ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±Hk;topf)

xlaxmif&rSmyg? tJ'Dvdk rvkyfEdkif&if tqdk;ausmhoHo&m wywfjyefvnfrSmyJ?

OD;Ek&J@ ‘yxp tpdk;&’ ñuH&wJh tjzpfqdk;rsdK; jyef+yD;ñuH&rSm aocsmygw,f?

vDeiftaeeJ@ 'DvdktjzpfrsdK; (qdkAD,uftm%m xlaxmif+yD;prSm) ñuHcJh&w,f? ppfwyf (a[mif;)

&Jwyf (a[mif;) w&m;±Hk; (a[mif;) awGu qdkAD,uftm%mudk tmcHwm ñuH&ygw,f? jynfwGif;ppf jzpf&w,f?

tJ'DtcgusawmhrS wyfrawmftopf/ &Jwyftopf/ w&m;±Hk;topfudk xlaxmifcJhwmyg?

armfpDwkef;uawmh 'DvdkrñuHygbl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmh olu a&&SnfjynfwGif;ppftwGif;rSm

autrfwD (KMT) &J@ ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±Hk;awGudk acsr_ef;zsufqD;cJh+yD; jzpfvdk@yg? 'gawmifrS tjrpfusefae+yD;

xdkif0rfudk xGufajy;wJh (KMT) u tar&dueftm;udk;eJ@ &ef&Smaewkef;yg?

'ga=umifh ArmjynfrSm ppftm%m&Sifpepfu xlaxmifxm;wJh ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±Hk;awGudk

aumufumiifum toHk;csr,f/ wpwpðyjyif,lr,fqdkwJh pdwful;,Ofr_rsdK; r&Sdoifhygbl;? ol@udk udk,fu

rjyifEdkifbJ olu udk,fhudk wGef;vSefwmyJ ñuH&vdrfhr,f?

tm%ma[mif;u xlaxmifxm;wJh

tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;

(ppfwyf/ &Jwyf/ w&m;±Hk;) udk


51

(3) vDeif/ armfpDwkef;wdk@ jzwfoef;cJh&wJhacwfu e,fcsJ@orm;awGtcsif;csif; urBmppf wdkuf=uwJhacwfyg?

rsufarSmufacwfeJ@ rwlygbl;? rsufarSmufacwfu e,fcsJ@tcsif;csif; ppfcif;wJhacwf r[kwfygbl;? tar&duef

plygyg0gwckyJ &Sdw,f? urBmppf}uD; rjzpfwmvnf; (67) ESpf &Sdyg+yD? a'oEW&ppfuav;awGyJ tuef@towfeJ@

jzpfcJhygw,f? jzpfaeygvdrfhOD;r,f? urBm}uD;wckvHk; +idrf;csrf;wJhacwf}uD; a&muf+yDvdk@ ,lqvdk@rjzpfygbl;?

rdrdwdk@taeeJ@ ta&;ñuH&if toifhjzpfaezdk@ vdkygw,f? Armjynf&J@ tajccHtrsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk

xdyg;rcHzdk@/ Armjynf&J@ydkifeufe,fajrudk enf;enf;rS txdyg;rcHzdk@ vdkygw,f?

(4) vDeifu qdk&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf a&;xm;wmyg? u|efawmfwdk@u 'Drdkua&pDawmfvSefa&;tqifh

vkyf&rSmyg? armfpDwkef;&J@ ‘jynfol@'Drdkua&pDtm%m&Sifpepf’ u ydk+yD;vufawG@usygw,f? avhvm&wmeJ@

em;vnfoabmaygufzdk@ vG,fulygw,f?

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