ASAS SAINTIFIK KEGIATAN MANUSIA Norlena Salamuddin, PhD Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

ASAS SAINTIFIK KEGIATAN MANUSIAASAS SAINTIFIK KEGIATAN MANUSIA

Norlena Salamuddin, PhDUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Sains SukanSains Sukan

PengenalanPengenalan

Sains Pergerakan ManusiaSains Pergerakan Manusia

Kepelbagaian bidangKepelbagaian bidang

Kepelbagaian AplikasiKepelbagaian Aplikasi

Asas Saintifik Pergerakan ManusiaAsas Saintifik Pergerakan Manusia

Kemunculan Satu Disiplin Ilmu Kemunculan Satu Disiplin Ilmu SaintifikSaintifik

Disiplin ilmu saintifik mempunyai fokus Disiplin ilmu saintifik mempunyai fokus utamautama

Pencantuman beberapa disiplin Pencantuman beberapa disiplin membentuk satu disiplin barumembentuk satu disiplin baru

Ditambah dengan kemajuan dalam Ditambah dengan kemajuan dalam penyelidikanpenyelidikan

Minat yang sama sering menjadi pencetus Minat yang sama sering menjadi pencetus


Sains Senam dan Ilmu BerkaitanSains Senam dan Ilmu Berkaitan

Ilmu utama yang pelbagai termasuklah:Ilmu utama yang pelbagai termasuklah: FizikFizik KimiaKimia Anatomy/FisiologiAnatomy/Fisiologi PerubatanPerubatan

Satu disiplin akademikSatu disiplin akademik Suatu pengetahuan formal yang ditemui, Suatu pengetahuan formal yang ditemui,

dibangunkan dan disebarkan melalui dibangunkan dan disebarkan melalui penyelidikanpenyelidikan

Ciri-ciri disiplin akademikCiri-ciri disiplin akademik Satu bidang pengetahuanSatu bidang pengetahuan Mempunyai kerangka konseptualMempunyai kerangka konseptual Prosedur akademik dan kaedah Prosedur akademik dan kaedah

penyelidikan yang tepatpenyelidikan yang tepat Ada proses penemuan dan hasil akhirnyaAda proses penemuan dan hasil akhirnya


Skop Sains Sukan – tiga bidang Skop Sains Sukan – tiga bidang utamautama

PsikologiPsikologi: merangkumi aspek : merangkumi aspek perlakuan dalam perlakuan dalam bersukan termasuklah bersukan termasuklah aspek pembelajaranaspek pembelajaran

FisiologiFisiologi: bagaimana sistem : bagaimana sistem fisiologi fisiologi bertindakbalas dan bertindakbalas dan penyesuaian terhadap latihanpenyesuaian terhadap latihan

BiomekanikBiomekanik: bagaimana prinsip-: bagaimana prinsip-prinsip fizik dan prinsip fizik dan mekanikal mendasari mekanikal mendasari pergerakan manusiapergerakan manusia

Apakah Sains Sukan?Apakah Sains Sukan?

SAINS SENAMSAINS SENAM

PAEDIATRIC FACTORSPAEDIATRIC FACTORS

GERIATRIC GERIATRIC FACTORSFACTORS

ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS

SAINS SUKANSAINS SUKAN

ADULT FITNESS/ ADULT FITNESS/ MEDICAL MEDICAL ASPECTSASPECTS

MEKANISMAMEKANISMA

NUTRITIONNUTRITION

PERFORMANCPERFORMANCEE

Biology:Biology: interdisciplinary study of life interdisciplinary study of life

EXERCISE SCIENCE:EXERCISE SCIENCE: GENERAL TERM - GENERAL TERM -

•study ofstudy of biological biological responses and adaptations to responses and adaptations to exercise and training exercise and training

•depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineeringelectrical, and computer engineering

• includes various specialitiesincludes various specialities

SPORT SCIENCE:SPORT SCIENCE:

• enhancement of sport performance enhancement of sport performance and sport equipment through the and sport equipment through the application of scientific methods and application of scientific methods and principlesprinciples

EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:

- uses exercise or training to understand biology

SPORT SCIENTISTS:SPORT SCIENTISTS:

- uses biology to understand sport

• function to bridge the gap between science and sport

To be a better sport scientist(s):To be a better sport scientist(s):1. . be a very good scientist

2. be interested in the sport(s) and the development of elite performance

3. knowledge of sport(s) – personal interest

4. knowledge of training practices and outcomes

5. be willing to train like they do ? – better understand the sport

6. regular discussions with athletes and coaches

7. understand the politics

8. provoke thought -challenge8. provoke thought -challenge

Become part of the sport.

Bidang Sains SukanBidang Sains Sukan Fisiologi SenamFisiologi Senam

The study of the causes and consequences The study of the causes and consequences of bodily functioning and changes occurring of bodily functioning and changes occurring due to physical activitydue to physical activity

Based on an understanding of the anatomic Based on an understanding of the anatomic and physiological bases of human movementand physiological bases of human movement

Investigates the biochemical reactions that Investigates the biochemical reactions that supply muscles with energysupply muscles with energy

Examines changes in the cardiovascular Examines changes in the cardiovascular system and other physiological parameterssystem and other physiological parameters

Bidang Sains SukanBidang Sains Sukan

Perubatan SukanPerubatan Sukan The study and application of the prevention, The study and application of the prevention,

treatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuriestreatment, and rehabilitation of sports injuries Design and help implement conditioning Design and help implement conditioning

programsprograms Assess injuries and needs for immediate first Assess injuries and needs for immediate first

aidaid Provide preventive taping and treatment Provide preventive taping and treatment

modalitiesmodalities Work with physicians to help athletes regain Work with physicians to help athletes regain

their abilities to performtheir abilities to perform

Bidang Sains SukanBidang Sains Sukan Pembelajaran motorPembelajaran motor

The study of the internal processes associated The study of the internal processes associated with movement or repetitive actions that result in with movement or repetitive actions that result in changes in response or performancechanges in response or performance

Important to the learning of motor skills are:Important to the learning of motor skills are: Relationship of movements to prior knowledge and skillsRelationship of movements to prior knowledge and skills Transfer of learningTransfer of learning Involvement of cognitive processesInvolvement of cognitive processes Types of practice sessionsTypes of practice sessions FeedbackFeedback

Building on the neuro-muscular pathways Building on the neuro-muscular pathways learned through motor control, motor learning, learned through motor control, motor learning, knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal practice methodspractice methods


Perkembangan motorPerkembangan motor The maturation and changes in motor behavior The maturation and changes in motor behavior

throughout life and the factors that affect themthroughout life and the factors that affect them Performance of motor skills is influenced by Performance of motor skills is influenced by

genetic, environmental, and developmental genetic, environmental, and developmental factorsfactors

Throughout life, individuals progress from Throughout life, individuals progress from unskilled movements to the learning of unskilled movements to the learning of complex motor patternscomplex motor patterns

Perceptual-motor skills are especially Perceptual-motor skills are especially important to the learning of sport skillsimportant to the learning of sport skills

Bidang Sains SukanBidang Sains Sukan Biomekanik SukanBiomekanik Sukan

The study of the effects of anatomical and physiological The study of the effects of anatomical and physiological effects of natural laws and internal and external forces effects of natural laws and internal and external forces acting on the human body during movementacting on the human body during movement

Factors that influence human movement include:Factors that influence human movement include: Force of muscular contractionsForce of muscular contractions Flexion, extension, pronation and supination of musclesFlexion, extension, pronation and supination of muscles Composition of muscle fibersComposition of muscle fibers Equilibrium, center of gravity, and base of supportEquilibrium, center of gravity, and base of support Transfer of momentumTransfer of momentum Force absorptionForce absorption LeverageLeverage

Biomechanical analyses examine acceleration, energy, Biomechanical analyses examine acceleration, energy, mass, power, torque, and velocitymass, power, torque, and velocity


Sejarah SukanSejarah Sukan The descriptive and analytical examination of The descriptive and analytical examination of

significant people, events, organizations, and significant people, events, organizations, and trends that shaped the pasttrends that shaped the past

Descriptive history explainsDescriptive history explains EventsEvents Individual contributionsIndividual contributions Pivotal happeningsPivotal happenings

Analytical history explainsAnalytical history explains The significance of historical occurrencesThe significance of historical occurrences Interpretations within the societal contextInterpretations within the societal context


Pengurusan SukanPengurusan Sukan The study of the theoretical and applied The study of the theoretical and applied

aspects of leading, planning, organizing, aspects of leading, planning, organizing, staffing, funding, and conducting staffing, funding, and conducting sporting eventssporting events

Includes management functions planning, Includes management functions planning, organizing, directing and evaluatingorganizing, directing and evaluating

Involves business components of Involves business components of marketing, accounting, economics, marketing, accounting, economics, finance and law finance and law


Falsafah SukanFalsafah Sukan The study of the beliefs and values of The study of the beliefs and values of

humans as displayed within sport and humans as displayed within sport and an analysis of their meaning and an analysis of their meaning and significancesignificance

Examines the beautiful and ugly and the Examines the beautiful and ugly and the good and bad in sportgood and bad in sport

Seeks an understanding of how and why Seeks an understanding of how and why people play and engage in sportpeople play and engage in sport


Psikologi SukanPsikologi Sukan The study of human behavior in sport, The study of human behavior in sport,

including an understanding of the mental including an understanding of the mental processes that interact with motor skill processes that interact with motor skill performanceperformance

Includes the study of the theories of Includes the study of the theories of learning, importance of reinforcement, and learning, importance of reinforcement, and linkages of perceptual and motor factorslinkages of perceptual and motor factors

Involves a understanding of achievement Involves a understanding of achievement motivation, arousal, attribution, and motivation, arousal, attribution, and personality developmentpersonality development


Sosiology SukanSosiology Sukan The study of sport as a social phenomenon The study of sport as a social phenomenon

and an examination of the social structures,and an examination of the social structures, Seeking to understand why people play and Seeking to understand why people play and

how their involvement with sports how their involvement with sports influences theminfluences them

Examines concepts such as social mobility, Examines concepts such as social mobility, class and gender stratification, racial and class and gender stratification, racial and ethnic discrimination, team dynamics, and ethnic discrimination, team dynamics, and social consciousness and valuessocial consciousness and values


TeknologiTeknologi Incorporates the use of computer software as a Incorporates the use of computer software as a

tool to achieve physical education, exercise tool to achieve physical education, exercise science and sport goalsscience and sport goals

Exercise and sport scientists use technology Exercise and sport scientists use technology hardware and software to help in the analysis of hardware and software to help in the analysis of human movement, to measure the effectiveness human movement, to measure the effectiveness of exercise programs on bodily functions, and of exercise programs on bodily functions, and for data collection and analysisfor data collection and analysis

The internet provides access to articles The internet provides access to articles published in professional journals and via search published in professional journals and via search enginesengines


Pengajian Ilmu KemanusiaanPengajian Ilmu Kemanusiaan Help focus on the aesthetic aspects of Help focus on the aesthetic aspects of

movement, such as through art, literature, and movement, such as through art, literature, and musicmusic

Art includes various forms of dance and Art includes various forms of dance and sculptures of athletes and human movementsculptures of athletes and human movement

Literature can include sports biographies as Literature can include sports biographies as well as analytical critiques about sport and well as analytical critiques about sport and physical activityphysical activity

Music can accompany human movement to Music can accompany human movement to enrich the experienceenrich the experience

SPORTS SCIENCESPORTS SCIENCE:BASIC FUNCTIONSBASIC FUNCTIONS

1. EDUCATION1. EDUCATION

2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK

3. RESEARCH3. RESEARCH

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

1. coach (coaching the coach)/students

2. athlete

3. other sports scientists – mentor junior scientists

SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACKSPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK

• INTEGRATED APPROACH

• PICK THE BEST TESTS - BUT!!!

- relatively simple test - good reliability

- insure fast and reliable feedback for coaches and athletes

- make sure results are comprehensible and usable

ONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICEONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICE

RESEARCHRESEARCH

•a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation in order to discover facts or principles in order to discover facts or principles

•to investigate carefullyto investigate carefully

•SEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITYSEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITY

•CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS RARELY PUSHED AHEADRARELY PUSHED AHEAD

RESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCERESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCE

1. Practical

2. How can it be applied – not always apparent to the coach/athlete

3. Performance oriented

- coach - sport scientists interaction

- results should be reported ASAP

- - often carried out within the sports testing often carried out within the sports testing programmeprogramme

A NECESSITYA NECESSITY: INTEGRATED : INTEGRATED

PROGRAMME PLANNINGPROGRAMME PLANNING

•Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?

– – a good coach does not simply imitate but innovatesa good coach does not simply imitate but innovates

- Art and Science- Art and Science

•IDEALLYIDEALLY-- SPORT SCIENCE AND COACHES WORK SPORT SCIENCE AND COACHES WORK TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A TRAINING/TESTING TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A TRAINING/TESTING PROGRAMMEPROGRAMME

THE IDEALTHE IDEAL: DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO : DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHESTHE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES

COACH/ATHLETECOACH/ATHLETE Persatuan SukanPersatuan Sukan

MSNMSN

DATA DATA COLLECTIONCOLLECTIONKomiti

Kejurulatihan

TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME PLANNING:PLANNING:

TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTSTWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

STRENGTHEXERCISE

STRENGTHTRAINING

POWER EXERCISE

POWERTRAINING

ENDURANCEEXERCISE

ENDURANCETRAINING

EXERCISE CONTINUUMEXERCISE CONTINUUM

?

RECOVERYRECOVERY RECOVERYRECOVERY RECOVERYRECOVERY

Summary PointsSummary Points

Exercise Science and Sports Science are Exercise Science and Sports Science are new fields of study formed by merging new fields of study formed by merging other disciplinesother disciplines

Major areas of concentration include: Major areas of concentration include: physiology, biomechanics and psychologyphysiology, biomechanics and psychology

Anecdotal evidence can be presented Anecdotal evidence can be presented through: testimonial approach, tenacity, through: testimonial approach, tenacity, knowledge of authority, and rationalistic knowledge of authority, and rationalistic methodmethod



Summary PointsSummary Points (cont.)(cont.)

Scientific method uses : controlled Scientific method uses : controlled observation, hypothesis, and observation, hypothesis, and experimentationexperimentation

Basic research lays foundation for Basic research lays foundation for Applied and “Translational” research, Applied and “Translational” research, which allows for improvements to which allows for improvements to specific areas of Exercise and Sports specific areas of Exercise and Sports ScienceScience

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ASAS SAINTIFIK KEGIATAN MANUSIA Norlena Salamuddin, PhD Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia