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gofF zlQm lsg < 1

8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{2

Oltxf;sf] s73/ fdf Pp6f jskq #

gofF zlQmsf] cf}lrTo, cfwf/ / lgdf{0f k|lqmof !*

d}n] lsg kf6L{ kl/ Tofu u/]+ < $#

k|r08;Fu s'g} b'/fu|x 5}g %(

;sf/fTds ;f]+rljgf cfly{s ljsf;, ;d[l4 / kl/jt{g ;Dej 5}g ^$

ljifoj:t' k]h

gofF zlQm lsg < 3

cfh d cfkm\gf] ^@ jif{sf] hLjgofqfsf ;xofqLx?;Fu cGtd{gb]lv of] ;fj{hlgs ;+jfb ub}{5' .

elgG5 k|To]s dfG5]sf] hGd, sd{ / d/ 0f P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf / cfsl: dstfsf] of]ukmn cg'?k x'g] ub{5 . d klg ToxL P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf / cfsl: dstfsf] kl/ 0ffd: j?k uf]/ vfsf] Pp6f dWoo'uLg ufpFdf hGd]/ hLjgsf ljleGg df]8x? x'Fb} g]kfnsf] sfo{sf/ L k|d'v;Dd aGg k'u]sf] ;fdfGo dfG5] x'F . d}n] xfn;fn} hLjgsf] uf8LnfO{ km]l/ csf]{ Pp6f gofF ofqftkm{ df]8]sf] 5' . Tof] ofqfdf lxF8\g'cl3 d}n] d]/ f k'/ fgf / efjL ;xofqLx? ;dIf Oltxf;sf] s73/ fdf pleP/ ;fj{hlgs jskq k|: t't ug'{ cfjZos 7fg]sf] 5' . lsgls, cd]l/ sL / fhg]tf yf]d; h]km;{gn] eg] em}+ – …ha s'g} dfG5]n] ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/ L jxg u5{, ta p;n] cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ 7fGg'k5{ .Ú

Oltxf;sf] s73/ fdf Pp6f jskq


d]/ f] hLjgsf] ;kgf@)@^ ;fndf P;=Pn=;L= k/ LIff lbg] a]nf;Dd ufO{÷e}+;L÷afv|f

uf]7fnf] ag]/ ;fdfGo ls;fg kl/ jf/ df x's]{sf] d]/ f] hLjgsf] s'g} 7"nf] ;kgf lyPg . ;+of]un] ;/ sf/ L 5fqj[lQdf ljb]z -ef/ t_df uP/ pRr cWoog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf g} cfkm\gf] b]zsf] cToGt lk5l8Psf] cNkljsl;t cj: yf / / f]huf/ Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzg jfWo g]kfnLx?sf] bLgxLg / ckdfgk"0f{ l: ylt b]v]/ b]zsf] lglDt …s]xL ug]{Ú x'6x'6L hfu]sf] lyof] . cfkm\gf] hLjgsfndf b]znfO{ ljsl;t / ;d[4 agfpg] / g]kfnL o'jfx?nfO{ / f]huf/ Lsf] vf]hLdf ljb]lzg jfWo x'g'kg]{ cj: yfsf] cGTo ug]{ ;kgfsf] ljhf/ f]k0f Tof] @#÷@$ jif]{ o'jf dl: tisdf ePsf] lyof] . …;kgf Tof] xf]Og h'g lgb|fdf b]lvG5Ú ;kgf Tof] xf] h;n] lgbfpg lbFb}gÚ eGg] k|l;4 j}1flgs cAb'n snfdsf] egfO em}+ Tof] ;kgfn] s}of}+ / ft dnfO{ hfu/ fd a;fPsf] lyof] .

t/ , b]zsf] ljsf; s;/ L x'G5 t < tTsfnLg lg/ +s'z / fhtGqfTds k~rfotL Joj: yfn] g]kfnnfO{ …PlzofnL dfkb08df k'¥ofpg]Ú rsf]{ gf/ f nufO/ x]s} lyof] t/ b]z eg] emg\ emg\ tn efl;Fb} lyof] . To;}sf] hjfkm vf]Hg] qmddf hjfx/ nfn g]x? ljZjljBfnodf d}n] u/ ]sf] ljBfjfl/ wL zf]wsfo{n] oL b'O{ lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof]M klxnf], cfGtl/ s ?kdf ;fdGtL, s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds / fHo–Joj: yf g]kfnsf] ;du| cNkljsf; / If]qLo c;dfg÷c;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] sf/ s tTj xf]Ú bf];|f], jfx\o ?kdf ;'uf}nL–;GwLb]lv ef/ t / g]kfnaLr sfod / xFb} cfPsf] k|e'Tj–k/ f>o (Dominance-Dependence) ;DaGw g]kfnsf] cNkljsf;sf] csf]{ d'Vo sf/ 0f xf] . o;/ L b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] lglDt klxn] / fhgLlts pk/ L;+/ rgfdf qmflGt

gofF zlQm lsg < 5

jf kl/ jt{g ckl/ xfo{ 5 eGg] : ki6 jf]wsf ;fy d qmflGtsf/ L cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf] lyPF . d]/ f lglDt cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 ;fWo jf clGtd nIo lyof] eg] / fhgLlts qmflGt cfjZos ;fwg jf af6f] lyof] .

kl/ 0ffd: j?k ut rfln; jif{ / d'VotM P]ltxfl;s hgo'4sfnb]lvsf kl5Nnf] aL; jif{df y'k|} ;'of]Uo sd/ ]8 / ;fyLx?sf] ;xsfo{ / xhf/ f}+ jL/ jL/ f+ugfx?sf] jlnbfgsf] andf b]zdf o'ufGtsf/ L / fhgLlts kl/ jt{g xfl;n eof] . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 @)^% h]7 !% ut] u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff x'g' / bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 @)&@ c;f]h # ut] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfg hf/ L x'g' ToxL o'ufGtsf/ L kl/ jt{gsf 7f]; cleJolQm x'g\ . d]/ f lglDt tL lbg / 36gf hLjgsf] Pp6f ;kgf d"n ?kdf k"/ f ePsf cljid/ 0fLo If0f x'g\ . ;+of]un] kf6L{leq / aflx/ ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqsf] Ps k|d'v cleoGtfsf] e"ldsf / bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;ldlt …;+j}wflgs–/ fhgLlts ;+jfb tyf ;xdlt ;ldltÚsf] ;efkltsf] ?kdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ kfpg' d]/ f lglDt cToGt v'zL / uj{sf] ljifo xf] . To;sf lglDt d ;DalGwt ;a}k|lt cfhLjg cfef/ L / xg]5' . t/ ;+ljwfgdf / xg uPsf sltko ck"0f{tfnfO{ k"/ f ub}{ / dw]z÷yf?jfg nufotsf If]qx?df b]lvPsf c;Gt'i6Lx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ b]znfO{ l56f]eGbf l56f] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] r'r'/ f]df k'¥ofpg] csf]{ ;kgf eg] cem} cw'/ } 5 .

gofF o'usf gofF r'gf}lt;+ljwfg;efaf6 u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/ k]Iftf,

;dfj]zL÷;dfg'kflts nf]stGq nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ cGt/ a: t'


;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg hf/ L eP;Fu} b]zdf k"FhLjfbL nf]stflGqs qmflGt cf}krfl/ s ?kdf d"ntM ;DkGg / ;+: yfut ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . k/ Gt' g]kfn h: tf] ljZj k"FhLjfbsf] sfF7df / x]sf] / hftLo, If]qLo ljljwtfn] o'Qm tyf cfly{s–;fdflhs–;fF: s[lts ljsf;sf] cToGt Go"g cj: yfdf / x]sf] b]zdf cf}krfl/ s / fhgLlts kl/ jt{gn] dfq ;dfhsf h6Ln ;d: of / cGt/ lj/ f]w ;xh} xn x'g] kl/ sNkgf ug{ ;lsGg .

;j{k|yd, gofF ;+ljwfgn] cf}krfl/ s ?kdf k|Tofe"t u/ ]sf] ljsl;t÷cu|ufdL / fhgLlts ;+/ rgf÷;DaGw / P]ltxfl;s ?kn] lk5l8Psf] cfly{s–;fdflhs–;fF: s[lts cfwf/ aLr uDeL/ cGt/ lj/ f]w k}bf x'g]5 . pbfx/ 0fsf] lglDt, ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt lzIff, : jf: Yo, / f]huf/ L, vfB;Dk|e'tf, cfjf; cflbnfO{ df}lns clwsf/ sf] ?kdf k|rngdf Nofpg tLa| cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 ljgf ;Dej} x'g]5}g . csf]{lt/ , ;+ljwfgdf Joj: yf ul/ Psf] …;'wfl/ Psf]Ú ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLn] b]zdf / fhgLlts c: yL/ tf / ljutb]lvsf ljs[lt–lj;+ultnfO{ c? k]lrnf] agfpg]5 / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ emg\ dGb agfpg]5 .

bf];|f] s'/ f, g]kfnh: tf] ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';fF: s[lts / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm b]zdf ljleGg hftLo÷eflifs÷If]qLo ;d'bfo jf / fli6«otfx?nfO{ klxrfg / clwsf/ ;lxtsf] ;+3Lo k|b]z jf ;+/ rgfsf] Joj: yf gu/ L cfGtl/ s / fli6«o Pstf / bL3{sfnLg zflGt tyf : yfoLTj sfod ug{ lgs} s7Lg x'g]5 . ;+ljwfg hf/ L ug]{ qmdb]lv g} t/ fO{–dw]z, yf?jfg÷y?x6, du/ ft nufotsf If]qx?df eO/ x]sf lj/ f]w / ;+3if{x?n] Tof] ;+s6sf] uDeL/ ;+s]t ub{5g\ . a]n}df j}1flgs / a: t';+ut 9+un] xn gul/ Pdf tL ;d: of c? km}lng] / uDeL/ aGg]

gofF zlQm lsg < 7

lglZrt 5 . vf;u/ L s"n hg;+Vofsf] sl/ j Ps–ltxfOsf] cg'kftdf / x]sf v;–cfo{, cflbjf;L–hghflt / dw]zL–yf? ;d'bfonfO{ / fHosf ;a} c+u / ;+/ rgfdf ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt gul/ P;Dd cfufdL lbgdf ;+s6sf] afbn emg\ g/ fd|/ L d8fl/ g]5 .

t];|f] s'/ f, ef/ t / rLg h: tf pbLodfg / k|lt: kwL{ zlQm–/ fi6«x?sf] aLrdf / x]sf] ljlzi7 e"–/ fhgLlts kl/ j]z / ef/ t;Fusf] b'O{ ;o jif{b]lvsf] k/ fl>t ;DaGwsf] Joj: yfkg s'zntfk"j{s u/ L / fli6«o : jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] / Iff / k|j4{g ug]{ k|Zg cfufdL lbgdf c? dxTjk"0f{ / h6Ln x'g]5 . xfn t/ fO{–dw]zdf eO/ x]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] cf8df ef/ tLo kIfn] u/ ]sf] c3f]lift gfsfaGbLn] To;sf] kof{Kt emNsf] lbO/ x]sf] 5 .

oL k|d'v cGt/ lj/ f]wx? xn ub}{ b]znfO{ bLuf] zflGt / ;d[l4sf] lbzfdf g]t[Tj ug'{ / fhgLlts zlQmx?sf] d'Vo bfloTj x'g]5 .

k'/ fgf zlQm k'/ fg} rl/ qk/ Gt', elgG5 – Oltxf; bf]xf]l/ G5 lsgls dflg;x?n]

cfkm\gf uNtL bf]xf]¥ofpF5g\ . g]kfnsf] ut ;ft bzsb]lvsf] qmflGtsf/ L nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / kf6L{x?sf] b'Mvb\ Oltxf;n] o;sf] k'li6 ul/ / x]5 . k|To]s rf]l6 cfGbf]ng÷qmflGtsf] P]ltxfl;s cfjZostfn] gofF / fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ / +ud~rdf NofpF5 t/ sfnfGt/ df tL zlQm k'/ fg} ;Qfdf ;xj/ 0f x'G5g\ / k'/ fg} zlQmdf ?kfGt/ 0f x'G5g\ . @))& ;fnkl5sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];, @)$^÷)$& kl5sf] dfn]÷Pdfn] / @)^@÷)^# kl5sf]


dfcf]jfbL÷Pdfcf]jfbL o;sf HjnGt pbfx/ 0f x'g\ . ;do, kl/ j]z, k|lqmof s]xL km/ s x'g;S5g\, t/ kl/ 0ffd÷lgolt p: t} 5 . o;sf] k|d'v a: t'ut sf/ 0f, tL ;a} cfGbf]ng÷qmflGt cw'/ f] / x]sf] / ;Demf}tfdf 6'+luPsf] x'gfn] / fktfk ;]nfpFb} uPkl5 oyfl: yltjfbsf] u'?Tjfsif{0f a9L xfjL eP/ tL gofF zlQm k'/ fg} zlQmdf ?kfGt/ 0f ePsf x'g;S5g\ . Tof] eGbf a9L dxTjk"0f{ cfTdut sf/ 0f, tL qmflGt÷cfGbf]ngsf d'Vo g]t[Tjdf Go'g–k"FhLjfbL, dxTjfsf+IfL, cj;/ jfbL JolQmx? xfjL x'g' / pgLx?n] ;xh} ju{–pTyfgLs/ 0f u/ ]/ / +u abNg' xf] .

kl5Nnf] rf]l6 ljsl;t ePsf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] s'/ f ubf{ of] juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus / cGo ;a} lx;fan] ;aeGbf a9L Jofkstf / Tofu–alnbfg ePsf] / gofF qmflGtsf/ L zlQmsf] ?kdf lg/ Gt/ tf lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf] cfGbf]ng xf] . t/ s]xL uDeL/ sdhf]/ L / q'6Lsf] sf/ 0fn] of] ;f]r]eGbf l56f] ljrng, lj36g / lj;h{g x'g k'Uof] . klxnf] s'/ f, of] …cfGbf]ngÚsf] ?kdf t k|efjsf/ L / ;zQm / x\of] t/ d'VotM zflGt k|lqmofdf cfO;s]kl5 o;n] ;+ul7t ?k lng ;s]g / ;+u7g ljgf pTkLl8t ju{÷;d'bfodf cfwfl/ t of] zlQm nfdf] ;do gl6Sg' : jfefljs} x'GYof] . bf];|f] s'/ f, o'4sf] sdfg÷sG6«f]nsf] 9fFrfdf lgld{t / …qmflGtsf/ L k|flwsf/ Úsf] gfpFdf clt–s]lGb|t g]t[Tj k|0ffnL ePsf] dfcf]jfbL -d'VotM Pdfcf]jfbL_ leq ;Qf, zlQm / ;DklQsf] olt w]/ } s]Gb|Ls/ 0f eof] ls ToxfF s'g} k|0ffnL / ;+: yfsf] ljsf;} x'g ;s]g . a? pN6} d'Vo g]t[Tj jl/ kl/ ju{–pTyfgLs/ 0f, e|i6Ls/ 0f / …qmf]gL–Soflk6flnHdÚsf] clgolGqt ljsf; eof] / To;n] ;Dk"0f{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ g} k|b'lift / ljs[t u¥of] .

gofF zlQm lsg < 9

dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] cleGg c+u x'g'sf] gftfn] d}n] klg o: tf] b': kl/ 0ffdsf] cfkm\gf] lx: ;fsf] g}lts lhDd]jf/ L lng}k5{ / lnG5' klg . d}n] kf6L{leqsf] clt–s]lGb|s[t 9fFrf, g]t[Tj k|0ffnL, ju{–pTyfgLs/ 0f / ;Defljt b': kl/ 0ffdaf/ ] lg/ Gt/ j}rfl/ s–/ fhgLlts ;+3if{ t rnfPF t/ ;+u7gdf k|efjsf/ L x: tIf]k u/ ]/ / f]Sg c;kmn ePF . d cfkm\gf] sdhf]/ Lk|lt ;fj{hlgs cfTdfnf]rgf ub{5' . km]l/ klg ljrng, 6'6km'6, lj36g / lj;h{gsf] cj: yfdf / x]sf] dfcf]jfbL÷Pdfcf]jfbLleq g]tf, sfo{stf{ / ;dy{s hgtfsf] 7"nf] k+lQm afFsL 5 . To;nfO{ gofF cfwf/ df gofF 9+un] ;+ul7t ug]{ ;Defjgf cem} 5 .

;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg hf/ L eP;Fu} Pdfn], Pdfcf]jfbL, / fk|kf–g]kfn, kmf]/ d -uR5]bf/ _ nufotsf] h'g cToGt l;4fGtxLg, cj;/ jfbL u7aGwg ;/ sf/ aGof] To;n] g]kfnsf k'/ fgf / fhgLlts zlQmx?sf] k'/ fg} rl/ q km]l/ Psrf]l6 hg;dIf pbf+uf] kf/ ]sf] 5 . vf;u/ L u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/ k]Iftf h: tf gofF ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/ e"t l;4fGt / d"NodfGotf lj/ f]wL zlQmx?sf] le6f] / xg] u/ L h'g u7aGwg ;/ sf/ ag]sf] 5 To;n] cfufdL lbgsf lglDt uDeL/ clgi6sf] ;+s]t dfq u/ ]sf] 5 .

d'VotM ut aL; jif{df b]zdf kGw|f}+ xhf/ sf] alnbfg ;lxtsf] Tolt 7"nf] qmflGtsf/ L pynk'yn / ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfg k|fKtL kl5 pxL k'/ fg} zlQm, k|j[lQ, xfjL x'g'n] b]z s]xL ;do km]l/ pxL ;+;bLo ;/ sf/ agfpg] / lu/ fpg] v]n, ;f+;b lsga]r, e|i6frf/ , sldzgvf]/ L, ljb]zL …dfOqmf] Dofg]hd]G6Ú, c/ fhstf / cNkljsf;sf] bnbndf kml;/ xg] k|foM lglZrt 5 . lbgx"F xhf/ f}+ o'jfx? / f]huf/ Lsf]


vf]hLdf ljb]z knfog eO/ xg] qmd hf/ L / xg]5 . b]z / hgtfk|lt of] eGbf 7"nf] wf]sf / P]ltxfl;s dhfs c? s] x'g;S5 < s] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] lgolt g} oxL xf] < xfdL h: t} ;aeGbf lk5l8Psf / cNkljsl;t Plzof / clk|msfsf cGo d'n'sx? ;d]t s]xL bzs otf xfdLnfO{ k5fl8 kf/ ]/ ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] psfnf] rl9;Sbf xfdL 6'n'6'n' x]/ ]/ a: g cle;Kt 5f}+ t < cjZo 5}gf}+ .

j}slNks / fhgLlts zlQmsf] vfFrf]cGttM b]znfO{ ;xL lbzfaf]w ug]{ / g]t[Tj ug]{ / fhgLltn]

g} xf] . nf]stGqdf / fhgLltsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ / fhgLlts bnx?n] g} xf] . cfhsf] j}1flgs / nf]stflGqs o'udf xfdL s'g} klg k|sf/ sf] lg/ +s'z / cnf]stflGqs / fhgLlts ljsNksf] sNkgf ;d]t ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ / ug{ klg x'Fb}g . t/ , / fhgLlt / / fhgLlts bn P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf / b]z–sfnsf] 7f]; kl/ l: ylt cg'?k ljsl;t / ?kfGtl/ t x'g}k5{ . Pp6f P]ltxfl;s sfnv08df ;xL g]t[Tj u/ ]sf] / fhgLlt / / fhgLlts zlQmn] csf]{ sfnv08df klg ug{ ;S5 / ug}{k5{ eGg] s'g} kmnfd] lgod x'Fb}g . g]kfns} s'/ f ubf{ k|hfkl/ ifb\b]lv sf+u|]; / Pdfn] x'Fb} dfcf]jfbL÷Pdfcf]jfbL;Ddn] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s sfnv08df cfkm\gf] e"ldsf ;kmntfk"j{s lgjf{x u/ ]s} x'g\ . k/ Gt' ablnPsf] kl/ l: ylt / ablnPsf] P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf k"/ f ug{ ltgLx? g} ;Ifd eO/ xg'k5{ eGg] s;}n] ck]Iff ug'{x'Fb}g .

lglZrt ?kdf Pp6f P]ltxfl;s sfnv08df : yflkt ePsf / nf]slk|o / x]sf / fhgLlts bn÷zlQmsf] a|f08 gfpF kk'n/ x'G5g\ . bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] ljZjJofkL / fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] nx/ sf] a]nf hGd]sf kf6L{x?sf] gfpF …sf+u|];Ú / fVg]

gofF zlQm lsg < 11

k|rng h: t} ag]sf] lyof] . h: t} – g]kfnL sf+u|];, ef/ tLo / fli6«o sf+u|];, clk|msg g]zgn sf+u|];÷s+u|];, cflb . To: t} dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf rLgdf rn]sf] …;fF: s[lts qmflGtÚsf] a]nf ag]sf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x?sf] gfpFk5fl8 …df–n]Ú -jf dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL_ hf]8\g] ;+;f/ e/ km]zg h: t} ag]sf] lyof] . To;/ L g} dfcf]sf] b]xfGtkl5 cyf{t ;g\ !(*) sf] bzskl5 sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x?sf] gfpF k5fl8 …dfcf]jfbLÚ hf]8\g] nx/ g} rn]sf] xf] . tL vf;–vf; P]ltxfl;s sfnv08df : yflkt kf6L{ / ltgsf a|f08 gfpF hg: t/ df nf]slk|o ag]sf x'G5g\ / tLk|lt w]/ }sf] efjgfTds nufj x'g;S5 . vf;u/ L clxn]sf] a|f08–;r]t k"FhLjfbL ahf/ af6 bLlIftx?df a|f08 gfpFsf] k|efj / dxTj / xg ;S5 . t/ / fhgLlts bn÷zlQm eg]sf] aflx/ L ?kkIf jf a|f08 dfq geP/ d'Vo ?kdf To;sf] ljrf/ , gLlt, sfo{qmd, ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf, g]t[Tjk|0ffnL, sfo{z}nL, cfr/ 0f ;lxtsf] ;d'Rrtf xf], h;n] b]z÷sfnsf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .

;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/ f, Pp6f P]ltxfl;s sfnv08 jf o'usf sfo{ef/ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg u/ ]sf / fhgLlts bn÷zlQmx?n] csf]{ sfnv08÷o'usf gofF sfo{ef/ k"/ f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ / gofF o'usf gofF sfo{ef/ lglDt gofF zlQmsf] hGd ckl/ xfo{ x'G5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= !((& ;fnb]lvsf] / fhgLlts cfGbf]ng d"ntM klxn] / f0ff / kl5 zfxj+zsf] ;fdGtL lg/ +s'ztf lj/ f]wL k"FhLjfbL nf]stflGqs÷u0ftflGqs cfGbf]ng / kl5Nnf] r/ 0fdf PsfTds / fHosf] ;§f ;+3fTds / fHosf] lglDt cfGbf]ng ;d]t xf] . tL cfGbf]ngx? k|foM ljb|f]xfTds k|s[ltsf / x] / ltgnfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ kf6L{sf] 9fFrf nf]stflGqs jf jfdkGyL elgP klg tL cfGbf]ngd'vL / : jefj}n] clt–s]Gb|Lotfd'vL / x] . d"ntM k'/ fgf] ;Qf÷;+/ rgf …Wj+zÚ ug]{ qmflGt÷cfGbf]ngd'vL / fhgLltsf] r/ 0fdf


kf6L{sf] g]tf÷sfo{stf{x?sf] Ifdtf÷?rL÷k|j[lQ klg n8\gle8\g ;Sg], h]ng]n vKg ;Sg] vfnsf] x'G5 / x'g'k5{ eg] ;+u7gsf] 9fFrf o'4d'vL sdfg÷sG6«f]ndf cfwfl/ t x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ ca gofF P]ltxfl;s r/ 0f÷o'udf k|j]z;Fu} g]kfnL / fhgLltsf Ph]08f ablnPsf 5g\ . casf] d'Vo Ph]08f eg]sf] k|fKt nf]stflGqs pknAwLx?nfO{ ;+: yfut / / Iff ub}{ k|wfg?kdf tLa| cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug]{ / ;d'Ggt ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ g} x'G5 . To;sf nflu gofF ;f]+r, gofF gLlt, gofF sfo{qmd, gofF ;+u7g / gofF z}nL÷;+: sf/ ;lxtsf] gofF j}slNks / fhgLlts zlQmsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .

ToxL P]ltxfl;s sfo{ef/ k"/ f ug]{ cleofgdf of]ubfg ug{s} lglDt d}n] c;f]h # ut] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/ L ePkl5 c;f]h ( ut] cfkm" ;Dj4 / xFb} cfPsf] kf6L{ kl/ Tofu ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/ ]sf] x'F . Tof] s'g} Ifl0fs cfj]u, s;}k|ltsf] c;Gt'i6L, s;}sf] pS;fx6 jf cGo s'g} b[Zo–cb[Zo s'/ fsf] kl/ 0ffd geO{ P]ltxfl;s bfloTjaf]wsf ;fy ul/ Psf] ;'ljrfl/ t lg0f{o / ;sf/ fTds ;f]+rsf] cleJolQm lyof] . xf], To; qmddf dxfTdf ufGwLn] ef/ t : jtGq eO;s]kl5 …ef/ tLo / fli6«o sf+u|];nfO{ lj36g ul/ lbP x'G5Ú eg]sf], dfcf]n] rLlgofF qmflGtsf] !% jif{kl5 cfkm\g} …d'Vofnodf jd jiff{pmÚ eg]sf], r] Uj]ef/ fn] So"jfsf] qmflGtsf] ^ jif{kl5 So"jf 5f]8]/ clk|msf / af]lnleofdf qmflGt ug{ lxF8]sf] 36gfn] s]xL pTk|]/ 0ff lbPs} xf] . c;f]h * ut] s= k|r08 ;dIf ToxL l: kl/ 6df …;a} dfcf]jfbL ;d"xnfO{ lj36g u/ ]/ gofF zlQm lgdf{0f u/ f}+Ú eGg] k|: tfj / fVbf jxfFn] To;nfO{ c: jLsf/ u/ ]kl5 cfkm" PSn} eP klg cl3 a9\g] ;f]+r ag]sf] xf] . t/ tL s'/ f k|d'v xf]Ogg\ . k|d'v s'/ f g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] cfufdL sfo{ef/

gofF zlQm lsg < 13

k"/ f ug{ o'u ;'xfpFbf] gofF j}slNks / fhgLlts zlQmsf] lgdf{0fdf cfkm\gf] ;Sbf] of]ubfg ug]{ c7f]6 g} xf] .

d'Vo j}slNks Ph]08fk|: tfljt gofF / fhgLlts zlQmsf Ph]08fx?af/ ] kof{Kt

;fd"lxs / ;fj{hlgs 5nkmnkl5 Jofks ;xeflutfd"ns tl/ sfn] lgisif{df k'Ug' pko'Qm x'G5 . ToxL 5nkmnsf lglDt ;xof]u k'¥ofpg %…;Úsf] ?kdf d'Vo d'Vo a'Fbf oxfF k|: t't ug{ rfxG5'M

klxnf] …;Ú – : jfwLgtf÷;fj{ef}ldstfM b'O{ eLdsfo l5d]sL ef/ t / rLg;Fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw / fVb} g]kfnsf] / fli6«o : jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] / Iff ug]{ o'u;fk]If / fli6«o ;'/ Iff / ljb]z gLltsf] lgdf{0f lj1x? ;lxtsf] Jofks ;xeflutfdf ul/ g'k5{ . To; lglDt k'/ fgf] …b'O{ 9'+ufaLrsf] t?nÚsf] ljDjsf] ;§f …b'O{ ljsl;t l5d]sLaLrsf] ultzLn k'nÚsf] gofF ljDj lgdf{0f ub}{ b'a}sf] tLa| cfly{s ljsf;af6 kmfobf lng] / l56f] ;d[4 / cGt/ lge{/ aGg] gLlt cg';/ 0f ug'{kb{5 . ef/ t;Fusf] s]xL h6Ln ;DaGwsf] xsdf p;Fu tTsfn låkIfLo kf/ : kl/ s lxtsf] Jojxfl/ s ;DaGw / fVg] / bL3{sfnLg ?kdf cfGtl/ s / fli6«o Pstf / cfly{s ;d[l4 ;lxtsf] …k|ultzLn / fi6«jfbÚsf] gLltdfkm{t p;Fusf] k/ Dk/ fut k/ lge{/ ;DaGwnfO{ cGt/ lge{/ ;DaGwdf abNg] / 0fgLlt canDag ug'{kb{5 . k/ / fi6« ;DaGwsf] If]qdf / x]sf] jt{dfg c/ fhstf / ckf/ bzL{tfnfO{ cGTo ub}{ ;a} b]z;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;+: yfut, kf/ bzL{ / dof{lbt agfOg'kb{5 .

bf];|f] …;Ú – ;dfj]zL÷;dfg'kflts÷;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGq


M gofF j}slNks zlQmsf] d'Vo e]b / klxrfg cfGtl/ s kf6L{ nf]stGq / / fHo If]qsf] nf]stGqdf u'0ffTds ?kn] leGg k|of]u / Jojxf/ x'g]5 . Tof] eg]sf] kf6L{ / / fHosf ;a} c+u / If]qdf ljgf zt{ / axfgf ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts / ;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGqsf] Jojxfl/ s cEof; g} xf] . cyf{t kf6L{ / / fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ljleGg ju{, hflt, If]q, ln+u / ;d'bfosf] ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ ?kdf x'g}kb{5 . cem} ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/ f ljBdfg kf6L{ / / fHosf clt–s]lGb|s[t gf]s/ zfxL 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/ L kf6L{sf c+ux?df sfo{stf{x?sf] / / fHosf c+ux?df cfd hg;d'bfosf] lg/ Gt/ lgu/ fgL, cg'udg / x: tIf]k ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGqsf] ljlw ljsf; u/ L nfu" ul/ g'kb{5 .

t];|f] …;Ú – ;dtfd"ns ;d[l4 M b]zdf gofF zlQmsf] d'Vo cfjZostf / cf}lrTo eg]sf] ;ft bzsb]lvsf] / fhgLlts nf]stGqsf] n8fOFaf6 lynlynf] ePsf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ l56f]eGbf l56f] To;sf] cfly{s k|ltkmn / ;d[l4 lbnfpg' g} xf] . To;sf] lglDt s]xL bzs;Dd lg/ Gt/ pTkfbgzLn / f]huf/ L ;lxtsf] b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ub}{ bz jif{leq u/ LjL / j]/ f]huf/ Lsf] cGTo ug]{, aL; jif{df dWod: t/ sf] ljsl;t cj: yfdf k'Ug] / rfln; jif{df ljsl;t b]zsf] sf]6Ldf k'Ug] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] of]hgf lj1x? / lghL If]q ;lxtsf] ;xeflutfdf lgdf{0f u/ L sfof{Gjog ul/ g'kb{5 . ;fy} ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;a} ju{, If]q / ;d'bfodf ;dGoflos 9+un] k'¥ofpg], lghL / / fHo If]qsf] ;xsfo{ x'g], s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jf If]qsf] ;Gt'lnt of]ubfg x'g], : jb]zL / ljb]zL nufgL tyf >d / k|ljlwsf] plrt ;+of]hg x'g], ljsf; / jftfj/ 0fsf] ;Gt'ng sfod x'g] df}lns ljsf;

gofF zlQm lsg < 15

gLltsf] cg';/ 0f ul/ g'kb{5 .

rf}yf] …;Ú – ;d'Ggt ;dfhjfb M gofF zlQm lgdf{0fsf] ljdz{df ;DejtM ;aeGbf 7"nf] lh1f;f To;sf] j}rfl/ s cfwf/ sf af/ ]df g} 5 . o; ;DaGwdf lxhf]sf lzto'4sfnLg cfu|x / k"jf{u|xaf6 k|efljt eP/ eGbf klg 1fg / lj1fgsf kl5Nnf cg';Gwfg / cfljisf/ , ljZj Oltxf;sf cg'ejx? / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] 7f]; ju{–ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/ df plrt lgisif{df k'Ug' pko'Qm x'g]5 . k|f/ Dedf olt rflxF eGg ;lsG5 / eGg}k5{ ls dfS;{åf/ f k|ltkflbt / cGo lrGtsx?åf/ f ;d[4 åGbfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbL lrGtgk|0ffnL ef}lts / ;fdflhs hutnfO{ a'em\g] / abNg] ;aeGbf j}1flgs / ;';+ut k|0ffnL xf] . d"ntM To;}df cfwfl/ t eP/ / cGo lrGtgwf/ fsf ;sf/ fTds kIfx?nfO{ ;d]t u|x0f u/ ]/ gofF j}slNks / fhgLlts zlQmn] cfkm\gf] gLlt, sfo{lbzf / sfo{qmd to ug]{5 . ;f]xL cg'?k tTsfn / fli6«o cf}Bf]lus k"FhLjfbsf] hu lgdf{0f ub}{ To;df 6]s]/ ;d'Ggt ;dfhjfbdf k'Ug] / 0fgLlts nIo x'g]5 . Tof] s'g} dflyaf6 nflbPsf], u/ LjL afF8\g], JolQmsf] lghTj s'l07t ug]{ gf]s/ zfxL ;dfhjfb xf]Og k/ Gt' tn}af6 p7]sf], ;d[l4 afF8\g], JolQmsf] lghTj k|ikm'l6t ug]{ ;xeflutfd"ns ;dfhjfb x'g]5 .

kfFrf}+ …;Ú – ;bfrf/ ÷;'zf;g÷;';+: s[lt M Jojxfl/ s ?kdf gofF zlQmnfO{ k'/ fgf] zlQmaf6 5'6\ofpg] d'Vo s;L ;bfrf/ , ;'zf;g / ;';+: s[lt x'g]5 . k'/ ftg / fhgLlts zlQmx?n] / fhgLltnfO{ b]z / ;dfhsf] lglDt : j]lR5s ;]jfsf] ;§f lghL : jfy{ k"lt{ ug]{ Joj;fo / kmf]xf]/ L v]n agfPsfn] e|i6frf/ ,


s'zf;g / s';+: sf/ g]kfnL / fhgLltsf] kof{o ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;bfrf/ o'Qm : jfledfgL gful/ sx? / cfbz{jfg o'jf k': tf / fhgLltaf6 ljt[i0f / ljd'v x'Fb} uO/ x]5g\ . o;nfO{ pN6\ofP/ gofF zlQmn] / fhgLltnfO{ : jR5, kf/ bzL{ : jo+;]jfsf] ?kdf : yflkt ug]{5 / bzf}+ nfv cfbz{jfg o'jfx? / rl/ qjfg gful/ sx?nfO{ b]z;]jfdf kl/ rfng ug]{5 . ;fj{hlgs hLjg / / fHosf c+ux?af6 e|i6frf/ pGd"ng, ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt / ;dfhdf pGgt ;+: s[lt / ;+: sf/ sf] ljsf;nfO{ gofF zlQmn] cfkm\gf] k|d'v sfo{ef/ agfpg]5 .

gofF zlQm lgdf{0f cleofggofF j}slNks / fhgLlts zlQm lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof klg

…gofFÚ x'g' lgtfGt h?/ L 5 . s]xL : jfy{ ldNg] JolQmx? dfq a;]/ Pp6f 5'§} / fhgLlts ;d"x jf bn 3f]if0ff ul/ of] eg] Tof] …gofF af]tndf k'/ fgf] / S;LÚ dfq} x'g]5 . To;sf] yk ef/ af]Sg g]kfnL hgtf ca cle;Kt 5}gg\ . To;}n] gofF ;f]+r, gofF Ph]08f / gofF cfr/ 0f ;lxtsf] gofF zlQm ljleGg ju{, hflt, If]q, ln+u / ;d'bfoaLr Jofks 5nkmn, cGt/ lqmof rnfP/ ;a}sf] : jfldTj / ckgTj sfod x'g] u/ L lgdf{0f ul/ g'kb{5 . To;sf lglDt ljleGg kf6L{x?leq / x]sf, s'g} klg kf6L{ jf ;+u7gdf g/ x]sf JolQmx?, k]zfsdL{x? / d'VotM gofF ;f]+rn] cf]tk|f]t o'jfx?aLr Jofks cleofg ;~rfng ul/ g'kb{5 . dflyaf6 lgb]{lzt eGbf klg tn}af6 ;xeflutfd"ns 9+un] aGg] zlQm g} jf: tjdf gofF / bLuf] zlQm aGg]5 . SofDk;df, km\ofS6«Ldf, rf}tf/ Ldf, sfof{nodf / 3/ 3/ df gofF zlQmaf/ ] ax; rnfP/ / ljleGg d'2fs]lGb|t cleofg÷cfGbf]ngsf] aLraf6 gofF zlQm ag]df g} Tof] ;fy{s x'g]5 .

gofF zlQm lsg < 17

s]xL cg'e'ltx?d}n] cfkm}+n] agfPsf] k'/ fgf] / fhgLlts 8'+uf kl/ Tofu u/ ]/

hLjgsf] pQ/ fw{df PSn} ;f+;fl/ s ;d'b|df xfDkmfNbf w]/ }n] cfZro{ JoQm u/ ]sf 5g\ . sltkon] ck'i6 cfz+sf / dgu9Gt b': k|rf/ klg u/ ]sf 5g\ . t/ d ljrlnt 5}g . lsgls d l;Sg tof/ 5' . d uNtL sdhf]/ L ;Rofpg tof/ 5' . d ;sf/ fTds ;f]+r / fVb5' / c?nfO{ ;sf/ fTds ;f]+r afF8\g rfxG5' . d}n] hLjgdf cfkm\gf] lglDt ;a} yf]s k|fKt ul/ ;s]sf] 5' . d}n] t ca afFsL hLjgdf ;dfh, b]z / dfgj hfltnfO{ cfkm"n] ;s]hlt lbg] sfd dfq ug'{5 . nIdL / ;/ : jtL ;Fu} ga;] em}+ ;To / ;Qf cS;/ ;Fu} a: b}gg\ eGg] dnfO{ yfxf 5 . d ltgLx?nfO{ ;Fu} / fVg] gofF 3/ sf] vf]hLdf 5' . clxn] d ToxL ofqfdf lg: s]sf] 5' . To; lglDt d ;xofqLx?sf] vf]hLdf 5' . ljz]if u/ L o'jfx?sf] vf]hLdf 5' h;n] ;d[4 gofF g]kfnsf] g]t[Tj ug]{5g\ . cfOG;6fOgn] eg]em}+ – …d;Fu s'g} ljz]if u'0f 5}g . d pTs07fk"0f{ lh1f;' dfq x'F .Ú

sflGtk'/ b}lgs, @)&@ sflQs !! ut]


gofF zlQmsf] cf}lrToxfdLn] lsg gofF o'usf] lglDt gofF zlQmsf] s'/ f ul/ / x]sf

5f}+ < k'/ fg} zlQmn] lsg x'g ;s]g / gofF lsg cfjZos kof]{ < / gofF o'un] ug]{ s] xf] < eGg] ljifodf d k|sfz kfg{ rfxG5' . o;df b'O{j6f s'/ f 5g\ . Pp6f t a: t'ut k|lqmof x'G5 . Oltxf;sf] h'g Pp6f ultsf] lgod x'G5 Tof] ultsf] lgodn] lgwf{l/ t u/ ]sf sltko s'/ f x'G5g\ To;nfO{ tkfO{+–xfdLn] gh/ cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g . xfdL ef}ltsjfbL / a: t'jfbL lrGtg / fVg] dflg;x?n] Oltxf;sf] dfu s] xf] < a: t'ut cfjZostf s] xf] < To;nfO{ g} klxnf] k|fyldstf lbG5f}+ . bf];|f] s'/ f eg]sf] rflxF cfTdut kIf xf] . Tof] a: t'ut cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{sf] lglDt cfTdut ?kdf xfd|f] k|oTg s] x'g'k5{ < xfd|f] r]tgf, xfd|f] kxn s] x'g'k5{ < k'/ fgf]n] lsg k'u]g / gofF lsg cfjZos kof]{ < oL b'O{j6f s'/ f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . To;}n]

gofF zlQmsf] cf}lrTo, cfwf/ / lgdf{0f k|lqmof

gofF zlQm lsg < 19

clxn] xfdLn] gofF zlQmsf s'/ f ubf{ Pp6f a: t'ut kIf / csf]{ cfTdut kIf eg]/ a'‰g' cfjZos 5 .

a: t'ut kIfsf] s'/ f ubf{, clxn] b'O{ ;o jif{ klxn]b]lvsf] – d}n] ;'uf}nL–;GwLnfO{ a]Grdfs{ agfO/ fv]sf] 5', k[YjLgf/ fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f}+nfO{ sAhf u/ ]sf] lbgaf6 uGbfv]l/ t c9fO{ ;o jif{ x'G5 – Pp6f o'usf] kl/ jt{g xf] . lsgls k[YjLgf/ fo0f zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf / pgsf pQ/ flwsf/ Lx?n] k"0f{tfdf k'¥ofPsf] g]kfn eg]sf] ;fdGtL, PsfTds, lg/ +s'z g]kfn lyof] . To;n] k'/ fgf e'/ ]–6fs'/ ] / fHox?, sljnfoL / fHox?nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf ldnfP/ ;fdGtL, s]lGb|s[t g]kfn agfPsf] xf] . To;qmddf xfdLn] ;'uf}nL–;GwLdf, c+u|]hx?;Fusf] n8fOFdf xfdLn] xfof}{+, xfd|f] ;Ldf lgwf{/ 0f eof] / b'O{ ;o jif{b]lv xfdL oxfF;Dd cfof}+ . of] k'/ fgf] / fHo;Qf h;nfO{ xfdLn] cfGtl/ s ?kdf ;fdGtjfbL / afXo ?kdf cw{cf}klgj]lzs eGb} cfPsf lyof}+ . To;}sf lj?4df klxn] nvg yfkfsf] ljb|f]x ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= !((& ;fndf k|hfkl/ ifb\sf] g]t[Tjdf ljb|f]x eof] . @))& ;fnsf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf / ev{/ } : yfkgf ePsf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;xof]udf Ps 9+usf] ljb|f]x / cflz+s kl/ jt{g eof] . To;kl5sf] nfdf] lg/ +s'ztfsf] sfn / @)$^ ;fndf km]l/ Pp6f k"FhLjfbL k|sf/ sf] cf+lzs kl/ j{tg eof] . Tof] ck"0f{ / x]/ @)%@–)^@ ;Ddsf] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4n] b]zJofkL ?kdf ;fdGtjfbsf] h/ f sf6]/ k"FhLjfbL qmflGtnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] k|of; eof] . To;}sf] hudf ePsf] @)^@÷)^# sf] cfGbf]ng / dw]z, yf?jfg, hghflt nufotsf cfGbf]ngsf] hudf g} Tof] k"/ fgf] ;fdGtL / fHo;Qfsf] cGTo eof] . xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfP/ k"FhLjfbL u0ftGqnfO{ ;+: yfut ug]{ h'g s]Gb|Lo dfu agfPsf lyof}+ Tof] s]Gb|Lo dfu clxn] )&@ c;f]h # ut] cfP/ k"/ f uof}{+ . To;}n]


Tof] Pp6f o'u k"/ f ePs} xf] . ca xfdL gofF k"FhLjfbL o'udf ljlwjt\ ?kdf k|j]z uof}{+ .

ca s] x'G5 t < k"FhLjfbL qmflGt cyf{t\ ;fdGtjfbsf] lj?4, k"/ fgf] lg/ +s'z

/ fhtGqfTds, PsfTds h'g / fHo;Qf lyof] To;nfO{ cGTo ug]{, To;sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug]{ Pp6f tl/ sf x'G5 . Tof] eg]sf] k"/ fgf] ;QfnfO{ eTsfpgsf] lglDt ljb|f]xfTds 9+un] ultljlw ug{sf] lglDt aGg] kf6L{x?sf] 9fFrf Pp6f k|sf/ sf] x'G5 . k|hfkl/ ifb\s} 9fFrf x]g]{ xf] eg] ;'?df clnslt cft+ssf/ L 9+un] e"ldut ultljlw ug]{, / f0ff zf;sx?nfO{ dfg]{ h: tf of]hgfx?af6 pgLx?n] ;'? u/ ]sf lyP . kl5 g]kfnL sf+u|];n] @))& ;fnsf] ljb|f]xdf klg ljb]zaf6 xltof/ NofP/ / f0ffzfxLsf] lj?4df ;Qf sAhf ug]{ 9+un] sfd u/ ]sf] lyof] . kl5 k~rfotsf lj?4df ePsf ljleGg vfnsf ljb|f]xx? klg rfx] sf+u|];n] u/ ]sf] xf];\ , rfx] Pdfn]n] -Tolta]nfsf] dfn]_ u/ ]sf] xf];, rfx] ;fgf sDo'lgi6 36sx?n] xf];, ljb|f]xfTds 9+un] g} ul/ Psf x'g\ . Toltn] gk'u]kl5 @)%@–@)^@ df xfdLn] u/ ]sf] dxfljb|f]x h;nfO{ xfdLn] hgo'4 eGof}+ To;dfkm{t Tof] k'/ fgf] ;QfnfO{ eTsfpg] / h/ fb]lv pv]Ng] sfd xfdLn] u/ ]sf xf}+ . To;}n] To;k|sf/ sf] k'/ fgf]nfO{ eTsfpg] 9+usf] ;+u7g / z}nL Ps k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . ca xfdL k"FhLjfbL qmflGtnfO{ k"0f{tf lbP/ gofF r/ 0fdf hfFb}5f}+ / xfdLn] a'em]sf] df]6fdf]6L ljifo s] xf] eg] k"FhLjfb hf] clxn] ljZjdf k|rngdf 5 To;n] klg ;d: ofsf] ;dfwfg ub}{g . k"FhLjfb Oltxf;sf] ljsf;sf] lglDt cfjZostf t xf], pTkfbs zlQmsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt, t/ Tof] dfq} kof{Kt x'Fb}g . k"FhLjfbn] h'g vfnsf] c;dfgtf / lje]b NofpF5 To;n]

gofF zlQm lsg < 21

ubf{ d'ÝLe/ dfG5] ;DkGg x'g] / ax';+Vos dfG5] rflxF ljkGg / pTkLl8t x'g] kl/ l: ylt l;h{gf u5{ . To;}n] ;dfhjfbsf] lbzflt/ hfg', ;dfhjfb x'Fb} / fHo / ju{ljlxg ;fDojfb;Dd hfg'sf] ljsNk / xGg eGg] dfgj hfltaf6 ljsl;t P]ltxfl;s åGbfTds ef}ltsjfbL k4ltn] xfdLnfO{ l;sfPsf] s'/ f xf] . o;/ L x]bf{ g]kfndf ;fdGtjfb, lg/ +s'ztf / PsfTdstfsf] cGTo t uof}{+, k"FhLjfbL qmflGtnfO{ d"n?kdf, / fhgLlts ?kdf k"/ f t uof}{+ t/ ca xfdL ;dfhjfbsf] ofqfdf cufl8 a9\g'5 / k"FhLjfbnfO{ Ps ljGb";Dd ljsf; u/ ]/ h'g pknAwL k|fKt 5g\ To;df 6]s]/ cufl8 a9\g'5 . of] lgtfGt gofF k|sf/ sf] sfo{ef/ x'G5 . ca lxhf]s} / fhgLlts lrGtgn], lxhf]s} ljrf/ n], lxhf]s} sfo{lbzfn], lxhf]s} ;+u7gfTds z}nL, lxhf]s} g]t[Tj k|0ffnL / lxhf]s} tkfO{+–xfd|f Ifdtfn] k'Ub}g . To;}n] of] gofF o'un] gofF ljrf/ , gofF sfo{lbzf, gofF ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf, gofF z}nL / gofF k|0ffnLsf] dfu u5{ . To;}n] klxnf] s'/ f, a: t'ut ?kdf Pp6f o'u k"/ f eP/ gofF o'udf k|j]z u/ ]sf] ;Gbe{df lxhf]s} ljrf/ , ;+u7gfTds z}nL / k4ltn] k'Ub}g . ca xfdLn] d'Vo ?kdf klxnf] r/ 0fdf pTkfbs zlQmsf] ljsf; ub}{ k"FhLjfbL qmflGtnfO{ ;fk]If k"0f{tfdf k'¥ofpg] / bf];|f] r/ 0fdf rflxF ;dfhjfbsf] lbzfdf hfg] 9+un] hfgsf] lglDt lxhf]sf] xfd|f ljrf/ , z}nL, ;+u7gn] k'Ub}g . klxnf] a: t'ut cfjZostf of] xf] . To;}n] xfdLn] gofF zlQm eGg'sf] k5fl8sf] klxnf] a: t'ut sf/ 0f of] xf] .

bf];|f] cfTdut sf/ 0f xf] . lxhf]s} zlQmnfO{ ldnfP/ , To;}nfO{ ;'wf/ u/ ]/ , To;}df g]t[Tj kl/ jt{g u/ ]/ , cyf{t ltg} dWo]sf ljleGg ;d"xnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf NofP/ klg Tof] x'GYof] xf]nf eGg] csf]{ k|Zg cfTdut kIfsf] k|Zg xf] . ;+u7g of


zlQm lgdf{0f ubf{v]l/ ePsf k'/ fg} ljrf/ nfO{ ;fdfGo ;'wf/ ug]{ / k'/ fg} kf6L{ / ;+u7gx?df ;fdfGo x]/ km]/ / ;'wf/ ug]{, ToxfF g]t[Tj kl/ jt{g ug]{ cyf{t\ tL ePsf ljleGg ;d"xx?nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf NofP/ cufl8 lnP/ hfg] klg t ug{ ;lsGYof] lg eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . cfTdut ?kdf xfdLnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] gofF o'usf] olt 7"nf] o'uLg sfo{ef/ k"/ f ubf{ To;/ L lxhf]s} vf; kl/ j]zdf ag]sf ;+u7g, ag]sf] ljrf/ / ag]sf] g]t[Tj / sfo{z}nLnfO{ ;fdfGo hf]8–36fp / ;'wf/ u/ ]/ dfq} Tof] zlQmn] of] gofF o'usf] sfo{ef/ k"/ f ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] cfTdut ?kdf klg xfdLn] gofF 9+un] ;f]Rg'kg]{ x'G5 . lsgls lxhf]b]lvsf zlQm, g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] r/ 0fdf k|hfkl/ ifb\, To;sf] hudf clnslt cufl8 cfPsf] g]kfnL sf+u|];, Tof]eGbf cln km/ s / gofF k|ultzLn r]tgf af]s]/ cfPsf jfdkGyL / To;sf] klxn]sf] d"n zlQm dfn]÷Pdfn] / To;eGbf klg dfly p7]/ To;}df ;'wf/ u/ ]/ gofF 9+un] hfG5' eg]/ cfPsf dfcf]jfbL zlQm, of] rf/ j6f z[Înf 6]s]/ xfdLn] Tof] o'u k"/ f u/ ]sf lyof}+ . oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf k|hfkl/ ifb\ t Oltxf;df ljlng eO;Sof] . sf+u|]; Pp6f emf/ h: tf] To;nfO{ s;}n] uf]8d]n klg ug{ kb}{g cfkm}+ pld|/ fV5, r'gfjsf] a]nfdf ef]6 xfN5 t/ To;sf] s'g} ljrf/ , gLlt, cfbz{ vf; afFsL klg 5}g, To: tf] afFsL / lx/ fV5 t/ gofF o'usf] cfjZostf k"tL{ ug]{ 9+un] Tof] cfpg] ;Defjgf 5}g . Oltxf;sf] lj8Dagf s] x'Fbf]/ x]5 eg] k'/ fgf] zlQmsf] ljgfz x'Fb} hfG5 / gofF cfPsf] zlQm klg uf]nrSs/ x'Fb} ToxLF k'Ubf]/ x]5 . kl5 jfdkGyL sDo'lgi6x?sf] Pdfn]sf] ?kdf cfPsf] zlQmsf] klg lj: tf/ } sf+u|];Ls/ 0f eP/ Tof] sf+u|];s} clnslt gofF ?k ePsf] clxn] xfdL b]V5f}+ . @)$^ ;fnkl5 cfPsf] Pdfn] lj: tf/ } sf+u|];Ls/ 0f eP/ uof] . To;}sf] lj?4df

gofF zlQm lsg < 23

dfcf]jfbLn] ljb|f]x uof]{ / gofF qmflGtsf/ L zlQm, ljsNk lgdf{0f u5f}{+ eg]/ xfdL nfu]s} xf] . s]xL xb;Dd lgdf{0f ug{ xfdL ;kmn ePsf] klg xf] . t/ Oltxf;sf] lj8Dagf Tof] dfcf]jfbL zlQm klg Pp6f ljGb"df k'lu;s]kl5 lj: tf/ } s]xL rflxF 6'6km'6 eP/ hfg] / ePsf] kf6L{sf] d"nwf/ sf] d"n g]t[Tjn] / +u abn]/ cGttM ToxL k'/ fg} zlQmdf uP/ ldl;g] eof] . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cw: ktg h'g 9+un] eof], k~rfot cyjf / fhtGqjfbL zlQmx?;Fu ldn]/ ToxL ljrf/ lnP/ sf+u|];sf] cfkm\gf] h'g : j?k, ljkL sf]O/ fnfn] lnPsf] k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbL ljrf/ lyof] Tof] lj: tf/ } cToGt blIf0fkGyL wf/ df uPsf] lyof] / kl5 Pdfn] To;/ L g} sf+u|];sf] wf/ df uPsf] lyof], kl5Nnf] rf]l6 dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng h;sf] clwsf+z lx: ;f xfdL 5f}+ Tof] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] d"n g]t[Tj klg 3'dLlkm/ Lsg km]l/ Pdfn]s/ 0f eof] . clxn] Pdfn]sf] sf+u|];Ls/ 0f / dfcf]jfbLsf] Pdfn]s/ 0f ePsf] l: ylt 5 . Pp6fsf] k'R5/ csf]{ h: t} u/ L sf+u|];sf] k'R5/ Pdfn] / Pdfn]sf] k'R5/ dfcf]jfbL eP/ pxL k'/ fg} ;Qfsf] c+u x'g k'Uof] .

kl5Nnf] rf]l6 ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfg ag]kl5 To;af6 ag]sf] klxnf] ;/ sf/ n] g} cfufdL lbgdf s: tf] l: ylt aG5 / s] x'G5 eGg] emNsf] lbG5 . h;/ L @))& ;fnsf] kl/ jt{g eof] t/ g]t[Tj / f0ffn] u/ ], @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/ jt{g eof] t/ / fhtGq cGt/ ut g]t[Tj sf+u|]; / Pdfn]n] u/ ] / clxn]sf] h'g kl/ jt{g eof] / To;sf] g]t[Tjdf pxL k'/ fg} sdn yfkf, s]kL zdf{ cf]nL / ljhos'df/ uR5bf/ / To;df dfcf]jfbL kf6L{af6 s= k|r08;Fu / x]sf] ;d"x eP/ h;/ L ;xj/ 0f x'g k'Uof] To;n] @))& ;fnb]lvs} k'g/ fj[lQ km]l/ gofF 9+un] eof] . To;}n] Tof] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng, hf] tkfO{+–xfdL ;a}n] / ut–kl;gf aufP/ oxfF;Dd NofPsf lyof}+,


Tof] klg of] ljGb"df cfO;s]kl5 cfTdut ?kdf k'/ fg} zlQmdf ?kfGt/ 0f x'g k'Uof] . of] cj: yfdf xfdLn] ToxL k'/ fg} zlQmnfO{ km]l/ 6fn6'n u/ ]/ x'G5 ls eg]/ ;f]Rg] cj: yf / x]g . sltko ;fyLx?n] o;}nfO{ 6fn6'n u/ ]/ , o;}nfO{ ;'wf/ u/ ]/ , o;}sf] g]t[Tj km]/ ]/ x'GYof] ls eGg] h'g s'/ fx? ug{'ePsf] 5, oyfy{ To: tf] x'Fb}g . cfbz{jfbL 9+un] ;f]Rg t ;lsG5 t/ Jojxfl/ s 9+un], a: t'jfbL 9+un] ;f]Rbfv]l/ Tof] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng clxn] oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf ljlwjt\ ?kdf 6'6km'6af6 lj36g / lj;h{g / j}rfl/ s–/ fhgLlts 9+un] oltw]/ } : vng ls k'/ fgf] / fhgLlts zlQmdf ljlng eof] . ToxfFsf] s'/ f ubf{ ;'Gg} nfhdbf]{ x'G5 . ;fyLx?;Fu a}7sdf a: of], dnfO{ dGqL lbPg eg] d oxLF cfTdxTof u/ ]/ d5{' eG5g\ . d}n] b'O{ jif{ klxn] pkfWoIfaf6 kbTofu u/ ]sf] TolQs} xf]Og . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] Tof] a}7sdf s]Gb|Lo ;b: ox?n] d}n] kb kfOgF, csf]{n] vfof] d}n] kfOgF eGg] ax; afx]s s;}n] u/ ]g . ljrf/ , / fhgLlt, cfbz{, d"No–dfGotf eGg] s'/ f slxF klg b]lvPg . To;}n] b'O{ jif{ klxn] g} of] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ng lj36g / lj;h{gdf k'u]5 eg]/ ca o;sf] g]t[Tjdf a: g' eGbf tn a;]/ g} ;'wfg]{ k|oTg u5{' eg]/ g} 5f]8]sf] lyPF . oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf t gf+uf] ?kdf g} Tof] b]vf kof]{ . To;}n] cfTdut ?kdf klg lxhf]sf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f rqm k"/ f eof] . ca To;}nfO{ dfof u/ ]/ , To;}nfO{ af]s]/ lxF8]/ xfdL slxF klg k'Ub}gf}+ . lxF8\g t ;lsG5 t/ h;sf] cj;fg eO;s]sf] 5, P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf k"/ f ul/ ;s]sf] 5 To;}nfO{ af]s]/ lxF8\g'sf] vf;} cy{ / xFb}g . o;/ L a: t'ut ?kdf klg xfdL d'Vo ?kdf gofF o'udf k|j]z u/ ]sf] / cfTdut ?kdf kl5Nnf] rf]l6 ljsl;t ePsf] dfcf]jfbL zlQm klg qmdzM k'/ fg} zlQmdf lj3l6t / lj;lh{t ePsf] cj: yfdf gofF o'usf] gofF

gofF zlQm lsg < 25

sfo{ef/ k"/ f ug{sf] lglDt xfdLn] ca gofF 9+un] ;f]Rg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . oxL lgisif{sf ;fy g} ca kxn u/ f}+, xfdLn] lxhf]b]lv h] eGb} cfPsf lyof}+ To;sf] ;'?jft u/ f}+ eg]/ g} d}n] of] sbd rfn]sf] xf] / ;Nnfxn], ;xdltn] / Ps?k a'emfOn] g} xfdL oxfF;Dd cfPsf xf}+ .

gofF zlQmsf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ ca o;kl5 gofF o'usf] gofF sfo{ef/ k"/ f ug]{ gofF zlQmsf]

d'Vo sfo{ef/ s] t < s] ug{'k5{ t < eGg] ;Gbe{df, ;d: of s] xf] < cGt/ lj/ f]w s] xf] < Tof] klxn] xfdLn] a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 . lsgls xfdLn] l;sfPsf] P]ltxfl;s tyf åGbfTds k4ltn] s] eG5 eg] s'g} klg kl/ jt{g, qmflGt cyjf s'g} klg / fhgLlts zlQmsf] e"ldsf eg]sf] ;dfhdf tTsfn ljBdfg cGt/ lj/ f]w s] xf] < Tof] cGt/ lj/ f]wnfO{ xn ug]{ 9+un] g} s'g} klg zlQmsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo / xG5 . h;/ L lxhf] ;fdGtjfb;Fusf] cGt/ lj/ f]wnfO{ xn ug{sf] lglDt oL ljleGg r/ 0fsf kf6L{x? ag] / xfdLn] cGTodf dfcf]jfbL agfPsf lyof}+ casf] gofF r/ 0fsf] cGt/ lj/ f]w s] xf] < eGg] 7DofP/ dfq} gofF zlQmsf] ljrf/ / / fhgLlt, ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf, g]t[Tj k|0ffnL xfdLn] ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}+ . o;/ L x]bf{ dnfO{ tTsfn nfu]sf] s'/ f s] xf] eg] tLg j6f d'Vo cGt/ lj/ f]w g]kfnL ;dfhdf tTsfn b]vf k5{g\ .

Pp6f, g]kfnsf] ablnPsf] h'g ;+/ rgf 5 To;df cufl8 a9]sf] / fhgLlts ;DaGw / k5fl8 k/ ]sf] cfly{s ;DaGwsf] aLrsf] cGt/ lj/ f]w g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfGtl/ s ?kdf ;aeGbf 7"nf] cGt/ lj/ f]w xf] . / fhgLlts ?kdf xfdLn] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] h'g ;+ljwfg agfof}+ Tof] ;+ljwfgsf] df]6fdf]6L vfsf tkfO{+x?n] cWoog klg ug{'eof]


xf]nf, d cfkm"n] t ;'?b]lv g} kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] / kl5Nnf] r/ 0fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] d'Vo ;+j}wflgs–/ fhgLlts ;+jfb tyf ;xdlt ;ldltsf] ;efklt / To;cGt/ utsf] ljz]if ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs ePsf] gftfn] dnfO{ cIf/ zM ;a} s'/ f yfxf 5 . To;/ L x]bf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] sltko sld–sdhf]/ Lsf jfjh'b klg w]/ } g} / fd|f s'/ fx?, k|ultzLn s'/ fx?, k"FhLjfbL qmflGtleqsf s'/ fx? To;leq 5g\ . pbfx/ 0fsf] lglDt lzIff, : jf: Yo, / f]huf/ L, vfB;Dk|e'tf, cfjf; h: tf s'/ fdf hgtfsf] df}lns clwsf/ : yflkt ug]{ eGg] s'/ f k"FhLjfbL nf]stGqleqsf] cToGt ljsl;t cjwf/ 0ff xf] . Tof] of] ;+ljwfgdf 5 . o;/ L x]bf{ ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] / fhgLlts clwsf/ sf] lx;fan] / ;dfhsf] pk/ L;+/ rgfsf] lx;fan] cToGt cufl8 a9]sf] cj: yf xf] . To;}n] Psfkl§ / fhgLlts clwsf/ cufl8 a9\of] t/ o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{sf] lglDt cfly{s cfwf/ 5}g . / fhgLlt / cy{tGq t cGt/ ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . / fhgLlt eg]sf] t cy{tGqsf] ;+s]lGb|t ?k xf] . o;/ L x]bf{v]l/ cy{tGqs} Pp6f cleJolQm / …;'k/ : 6«S6/ Ú -clw/ rgf_ / fhgLlt xf] . Tof] t xfdLn] cufl8 a9fof}+ . xfd|f clxn];Ddsf cfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt kl/ jt{gnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+: yfut t uof]{ t/ , xfd|f] cfly{s cfwf/ s] 5 t eg]/ x]g{'eof] eg] olt w]/ } u/ LjL 5, olt w]/ } a]/ f]huf/ L 5, To;leq klg olt w]/ } c;dfgtfx?M juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo c;dfgtf 5, Tof] / x];Dd ;+ljwfgdf hlt;'s} / fd|f / fhgLlts clwsf/ sf s'/ f n]lvP klg Jojxf/ tM Tof] nfu" x'Fb}g . ef]lnb]lv ;a}nfO{ lzIff lgMz'Ns, : jf: Yo lgMz'Ns, cfjf;sf] ;a}nfO{ Joj: yf x'g], sf]xL klg ef]sf] a: g gkg]{ eGg] s'/ f t / fd|f] n]lvof] t/ Tof] k'¥ofpgsf] lglDt ToxL cg'?ksf] xfd|f] ;d[l4 x'g'k¥of] ls k/ ]g < / fHosf] cfly{s x}l;ot x'g'k¥of]

gofF zlQm lsg < 27

ls k/ ]g < t/ xfd|f] l: ylt s] 5 eg] clxn] xfd|f] k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL sl/ j ;ft ;o 8n/ 5 . Tof] eg]sf] k|ltlbg xfd|f] cfDbfgL b'O{ 8n/ xf] . k|ltlbg b'O{ 8n/ eg]sf] ljZjsf] dfkb08sf] lx;fan] x]bf{ u/ LaLsf] / ]vfd'gL xf] . o;/ L k"/ } b]z g} u/ LaLsf] / ]vfd'gL k5{ . o: tf] cj: yfdf / x];Dd ;+ljwfgdf hlt;'s} / fd|f s'/ f n]lvP klg Tof] Jojxf/ tM nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] cufl8 a9]sf] / fhgLlts clwsf/ , / fhgLlts ;DaGw, pk/ L;+/ rgf / cToGt k5fl8 k/ ]sf] cfly{s ;DaGw g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] tTsfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cGt/ lj/ f]w xf] . ;Qfdf hf];'s} a;] klg cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] 7"nf] cleofg / of]hgf gNofP;Dd of] cGt/ lj/ f]w xn g} x'Fb}g . clxn] cfkm\gf] g]t[Tj klg 5}g, csf{sf] g]t[Tjdf, sdn yfkfh: tf dfG5]x? xfjL ePsf] 7fpFdf, s]kL cf]nL h: tf cToGt k|ltufdL ;f]+r / fVg] dfG5] xfjL ePsf] 7fpFdf, *÷!) hgf dGqL ylkP/ klg ToxfF ug{ ;Sg] s'/ f s]xL klg x'Fb}g, sf6{'g / hf]s/ aGg] l: ylt ToxfF aG5 . To;}n] of] cufl8 a9]sf] / fhgLlts ;DaGw / k5fl8 k/ ]sf] cfly{s ;DaGwaLrsf] cGt/ lj/ f]w g} d'Vo cGt/ lj/ f]w x'G5 . xf], Tof] xn ug{sf] lglDt / fhgLlts ;Qf t rflxG5 . / fHo;Qf lnP/ , / fHosf] g]t[Tj lnP/ cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] of]hgf xfd|f] ;f]+rcg';f/ , lehgcg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ 9+un] hfg ;Sof}+ eg] ;fk]If 9+un] xn x'G5, k"0f{ 9+un] t xn x'Fb}g . lsgls k"FhLjfb g} clxn] cfpg] xf], k"FhLjfbn] ;d: ofsf] k"/ } xn t ub}{g . t}klg clxn]sf] cToGt u/ LaL / a]/ f]huf/ Lsf] cj: yfnfO{ rflxF xn ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . To;sf] lglDt cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4nfO{ s]Gb|df / fv]/ g} s]xL bzs xfdLn] of]hgf agfP/ hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] of] sfo{ef/ k"/ f ug{ k'/ fg} zlQmaf6 ;Dej x'Fb}g . h;sf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf]


vf; lglZrt of]hgf klg 5}g, To;df klg JolQmut ?kdf olt e|i6frf/ / b"/ frf/ ePsf] cj: yf 5 ls log} / fhgLlts zlQm, oxL g]t[Tjn] Tof] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cleofgsf] g]t[Tj ug}{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] of] d'Vo cGt/ lj/ f]w xn ug{sf] lglDt xfdLnfO{ gofF 9+usf] / fhgLlts zlQm rflxG5 .

bf];|f] cGt/ lj/ f]wsf] ;Gbe{df, g]kfn ljljw hftLo, eflifs / If]qLo ;d'bfon] ag]sf] b]z xf] . clxn];Dd g]kfn eg]/ xfdLn] d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL / lxdfnb]lv t/ fO{;Ddsf] e"uf]nnfO{ dfq eGof}+ . t/ g]kfn eg]sf] hgtf klg xf], / fi6« eg]sf] t hgtf xf] . t/ xfdLn] / fi6« / hgtfnfO{ ljl;{P/ ef}uf]lns ;LdfnfO{ dfq} g]kfn eGg] / To;}sf] lglDt xfdLn] a'em]/ ÷ga'em]/ a8f] cGw/ fi6«jfbL gf/ f nufpg] dfq} uof}{+ . t/ g]kfnL ;Ldfleq / x]sf ljljw hflt, efiff, If]q, ln+u, ;d'bfosf hf] hgtf x'g\ ltgsf] ;d'Rrtf g} g]kfnL / fli6«otf xf] / To;}sf] ;dli6ut cleJolQm g} g]kfn b]z xf] eGg] s'/ fnfO{ xfdLn] 7Ls 9+un] a'‰g h?/ L 5 . lxhf] ;fdGtL–sfndf t / fhf–dxf/ fhfx?n] cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnsf] k|flwsf/ 7fGg], k|mfG;sf] n'O{ ;d|f6n] …cfO Pd b : 6]6Ú eg]h: t} d g} g]kfnL x'F, …;a} k~r g]kfnL ;a} g]kfnL k~rÚ eGg] h: tf efjgfTds s'/ fx? u/ ]/ hgtfnfO{ lal;{P/ zf;s dfq} g]kfnL x'g\ eGg] h'g cjwf/ 0ff NofP To;n] ca k'Ub}g . ;fdGtL o'udf t Tof] lyof] t/ ca xfdL gofF o'udf k|j]z u/ ]sf 5f}+ . casf] g]kfn / g]kfnL / fli6«otf eg]sf] of] b]zdf a: g] ;a} hflt, efiff, If]q, ln+u, ;d'bfosf] ;d'Rrtf xf] . oL ;a} hflt, efiff, If]q, ln+u, ;d'bfonfO{ Pstfj4 gu/ ];Dd xfdLn] gofF g]kfn agfpg ;Sb}gf}+ . xfdLn] ;f]r]sf] ;d[4 g]kfn klg aGb}g . To;}n] oxfFsf d'Vo hftLo, eflifs / If]qLo ;d"xx?nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfP/ , pgLx? ;a}df g]kfnL x'F

gofF zlQm lsg < 29

eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; u/ ]/ ljleGg hflt, efiff, If]qnfO{ xfdLn] Pstfdf ufF: g ;Sg'k5{ . Tof] g} casf] d'Vo sfd x'G5 . clxn] tTsfn Pp6f cGt/ lj/ f]w ToxfFg]/ b]vf k5{ . To;}sf] lglDt xfdL ;+3Lotfdf hfg], ;+3Lo OsfOx?nfO{ kof{Kt clwsf/ lbg] / alnof] s]Gb|Lo ;Qf lgdf{0f ug]{ h'g xfdLn] ;f]+r agfPsf 5f}+ Tof] nfu" ug]{ s'/ f, To;nfO{ 7Ls 9+un] a'‰g] / k|of]u ug]{ s'/ f g} / fhgLlts ?kdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cGt/ lj/ f]wsf] ljifosf] ?kdf cfpg ;S5 .

g]kfndf y'k|} hflt, eflifs ;d'bfo t 5g\, t/ d'Vo ?kdf tLg j6f …Sn: 6/ Ú 5g\ . cfo{–v; d"nsf] / fli6«otfsf] Pp6f …Sn: 6/ Ú 5 h;sf] hg;+Vof sl/ j Ps ltxfO{ 5 / Tof] g} g]kfnsf] clxn];Ddsf] zf;g;Qfsf] d'Vo s]Gb|df / xFb} cfof] . of] Ps ltxfO{ g} d'Vo zf;ssf] ?kdf / xFb} cfof] / ;Qfdf / x]kl5 clnslt a9L ;]jf–;'ljwf lng] sf/ 0fn] ubf{ d"n ?kdf oxL …Sn: 6/ Úsf dfG5]x? rflxF cln a9L cufl8 cfP . bf];|f] eg]sf] d+uf]n cyjf ltAatL–ad]{nL / ef]6–ad]{nL kl/ jf/ sf cflbjf;L÷hghflt h'g xfdLn] eG5f}+ Tof] csf]{ ;d'bfo xf] hf] d'Vo ?kdf kxf8df a: 5 / To;sf] klg hg;+Vof sl/ j Ps ltxfO{ 5 . of] klg g]kfnsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx: ;f xf] hf] g]kfnsf] / fHo;Qfdf s]Gb|Lo e"ldsfdf / xg ;s]g . cfo{–v; ;d'bfos} hfltsf] g]t[Tj / x]sf] / fHo;Qfdf ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf dfq} p;n] v]Nof] . sltko cj: yfdf pTkLl8t cj: yfdf / Xof] . d"n g]kfnLsf] ?kdf Tof] ;d'bfo klg : yflkt x'g ;s]g . t];|f] ;d'bfo eg]sf] rflxF d}bfgL cfo{ / ci6«f]–b|lj8 d"nsf t/ fO{–dw]zdf a: g] dw]zL / yf? nufotsf Ps ltxfO{ hg;+Vof ePsf] ;d'bfo xf] . Tof] klg g]kfnsf] / fHo;Qfsf] d"n k|jfxdf b'O{ ;o jif{;Dd / xg ;s]g, ;xfos ?kdf g} / Xof], d"n


k|jfxdf slxNo} Tof] klg cfpg ;s]g .

o;/ L h'g tLgj6f …Sn: 6/ Ú 5g, cfo{–v; ;d'bfo, ltAatL–ad]{nL ;d'bfo / d}bfgL cfo{–cgfo{ nufotsf] dw]zL–yf? ;d'bfo, oL ;d'bfoaLrsf] Pstf g} g]kfnsf] Pstf xf] . o;sf] ;d'Rrtf g} g]kfn xf] . To;}n] of] s'/ fnfO{ 7Ls 9+un] xfdLn] u|x0f ug{ ;lsPg eg] / ca klg Pp6} ;d'bfosf] jr{Zj sfod / xg] / c? ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx?sf] ;xL xs–clwsf/ glbg] xf] eg] b]zdf Pstf klg sfod x'g ;Sb}g / xfdLn] ;f]r]sf] ;d[4 gofF g]kfn klg lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] oL ljljw hfltx?, d'Vo oL tLgj6f …Sn: 6/ Úx?sf] aLrdf Pstf sfod u/ ]/ g]kfnnfO{ Pstfj4 / alnof] agfpg] klg cfufdL lbgsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ x'G5 . To;}n] of] cGt/ lj/ f]w cfufdL lbgdf xfdLn] xn ug}{k5{ . Tof] xn gul/ sg Pp6f kIfn] d dfq} xfjL x'G5' / c?dfly bdg u/ ]/ zf;g rnfpF5' eGg] ;f]Rof] eg] Tof] ;Dej x'Fb}g . clxn]sf] ablnPsf] kl/ j]zdf, k"FhLjfbL eP klg nf]stflGqs gofF o'udf xfdL k|j]z uof}{+, To;}n] ca Tof] ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;}n] casf] gofF zlQmn] of] cGt/ lj/ f]wnfO{ klg xn ug{'k5{ . hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus h'g lje]b 5 To;nfO{ cGTo u/ ]/ g]kfnnfO{ Pstfj4 ug]{, cfGtl/ s ?kdf alnof] agfpg] sfo{ef/ klg gofF zlQmn] axg ug{'k5{ .

t];|f] cGt/ lj/ f]w eg]sf] rflxF g]kfnsf] e"–/ fhgLlts cjl: yltn] ubf{ lgdf{0f u/ ]sf] cGt/ lj/ f]w, afXo cGt/ lj/ f]w xf] . Tof] eg]sf] g]kfnsf] blIf0f, k"j{ / klZrddf dxfb]zLo cfsf/ sf] b]z ef/ t 5, hf];Fu xfd|f] v'nf ;Ldfgf 5, Tof];Fusf] b'O{ ;o jif{b]lvsf] h'g c;dfg ;DaGw 5 To;nfO{ xn ug]{ s'/ f / pQ/ kl§ klg pxL dxfb]zLo cfsf/ sf] b]z rLg 5, of] b'O{

gofF zlQm lsg < 31

j6f b]zsf] aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'lnt / fVg] s'/ f klg xfdLn] 7Ls 9+un] xn gul/ sg gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ / gofF zlQmsf] lgdf{0f ug{ xfdL ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n] ef/ t;Fu b'O{ ;o jif{b]lvsf] h'g c;dfg ;DaGwsf] z[Înf 5 To;nfO{ xn u/ ]/ xfdLn] : jtGq / : jfwLg x'g' klg 5 / ;fy;fy} xfdLn] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 tyf cfGtl/ s zflGtsf] lglDt p;nfO{ Ps 9+un] s'6gLlts 9+un] ;Gt'ngdf / fVg'kg]{ klg cfjZostf 5 eg] csf]{kl§ rLg Pp6f 7"nf] zlQmsf] ?kdf cfO/ fv]sf] 5 Tof];Fu klg plrt ;DaGw agfP/ p;sf] ljsf;af6 klg plrt nfe lnP/ g]kfnsf] / fli6«o : jfwLgtfsf] / Iff ub}{ ;d[l4sf] lbzflt/ lnP/ hfg] ;Gt'lnt k/ / fi6« gLlt sfod ug]{ / e"–/ fhgLlts h6Lntfsf] ;d: of ;dfwfg ug]{ t];|f] dxTjk"0f{ cGt/ lj/ f]w xfdLaLrdf 5 . To;}n] gofF zlQmn] ef/ t / rLg;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'lnt 9+un] sfod / fVg], ef/ t;Fusf] c;dfg ;DaGwsf] z[ÎnfnfO{ cToGt rft'o{k"0f{ / s'6gLlts 9+un] xn u/ ]/ g]kfnsf] : jfwLgtf arfpg] / rLg;Fu klg ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw / fv]/ b'O{j6} b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;af6 nfe lng] 9+un] hfg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;}sf] lglDt gofF zlQmn] ;xL gLlt lng ;Sg'k5{ .

ljutdf xfd|f] / fli6«otf;DaGwL a'emfO efjgfTds 9+usf] a9L 5 . a: t'jfbL eGbf klg zf;sx?n] cfkm\gf] kmfObfsf] lglDt aflx/ rsf{ / fli6«otfsf s'/ f ug]{ t/ leqL ?kdf rflxF afXo zlQm;Fu em's]/ ltgsf] rfs8L / bnfnL u/ ]/ hgtfdfly bdg ug]{ / cfkm\gf] ;Qf l6sfpg] . ;'uf}nL–;GwLb]lv otfsf] g]kfnsf] zf;s ju{sf] cToGt 9f]+uL k|sf/ sf] …/ fli6«otfÚ 5 . d'vn] aflx/ rflxF cGw/ fi6«jfbsf s'/ f ug]{ / leq rflxF ToxL zlQmsf] d'VotM lbNnL b/ af/ sf] cflzjf{b lnP/ ;Qfdf a: g], ;'uf}nL–;GwLb]lv otfsf ;a} zf;s ju{sf] z[Înf oxL xf] . clxn] klg g]kfnsf]


gofF zf;s hf] ev{/ } ;Qfdf 5g\, pgn] aflx/ 7"nf] xf]–xNnf t u/ ]sf 5g\ xfdL 7"nf / fi6«jfbL xf}+ eg]/ , t/ leqL ?kdf rflxF pgLx?sf] lbNnL b/ af/ ;Fu ;Demf}tf eO/ fv]sf] 5 . lsgls pgLx?nfO{ yfxf 5, clxn] g]kfnsf] h'g cfly{s k/ lge{/ tf 5 ef/ t;Fu hf] p;n] k6sk6s gfsfaGbL u/ ]/ b]vfO/ fv]sf] 5, @)@&÷)@* ;fndf klg kf/ axg ;GwLsf] p;n] pNn+3g u/ ]/ gfsfaGbL u/ ]sf] lyof], @)$%÷)$^ ;fndf klg p;n] To;/ L g} gfsfaGbL u¥of] / clxn] km]l/ ul/ / fv]sf] 5 . lsgeg] ;'uf}nL–;GwLb]lv otf h'g c;dfg ;DaGwdf xfdL afFlwPsf 5f}+, ;a} cfly{s s'/ fx?df xfdL ef/ t;Fu k/ lge{/ 5f}+, p;nfO{ clnslt l/ ; p7\of], clnslt lrQ a'em]g ls p;n] xfd|f] kfv'/ f dsf{pg] sfd u5{ . To;}n] o;af6 s;/ L d'lQm kfpg], To;sf] pkfo vf]Hg'kof]{ . t/ xfd|f zf;sx?n] k6s–k6s s] u5{g\ eg] aflx/ rflxF rsf{ rsf{ s'/ f u/ ]/ hgtfsf] Wofg cGoq df]l8lbg] / cfkm"nfO{ eo+s/ / fi6«jfbL b]vfpg] t/ leqL ?kdf t pgLx?nfO{ yfxf 5 p;sf] rfs8L / bnfnL gu/ ];Dd t p;n] t]n klg k7fpFb}g / g'g klg vfg gkfOg] x'G5 . To;sf] lglDt km]l/ leqleq bnfnL ug]{ / cfkm\gf] ;Qf l6sfOlbg] zt{df s]–s] aln r9fpg'k5{, s]–s] e]6L r9fpg'k5{ leqleq} r9fpg] ljutb]lv k6s–k6s x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . pbfx/ 0fsf] lglDt, / fhf dx]Gb| kl5Nnf] r/ 0fdf ;aeGbf …/ fi6«jfbLÚ eg]/ lrlgPsf t/ / fhf dx]Gb|s} kfnfdf ;g\ !(%^ df h'g !(%) sf] ;GwLsf] cfbfg–k|bfg ul/ Psf] kq 5 Tof] ;aeGbf vt/ gfs 5 . kl5 !(^@ df h'g ef/ t / rLgsf] n8fOF eof] Tolta]nf ef/ tnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;]gf / fVgsf] lglDt sfnfkfgL leqL ?kdf pgn] lbP, ToxLFleqsf dfG5]x?n] xfdLnfO{ atfP ls / fhf dx]Gb|n] ef/ tnfO{ lbPs} xf] sfnfkfgL . @)!& ;fndf pgn] ;Qf xTofP . Tof] arfpgsf]

gofF zlQm lsg < 33

lglDt sfnfkfgL pgn] ef/ tnfO{ lbP/ ;g\ !(^@ df ef/ t / rLgsf] n8fOFsf] a]nfdf ef/ tnfO{ v'zL kf/ ] . ;g\ !(^% df uP/ xftxltof/ ;DaGwL csf]{ c;dfg ;Demf}tf, ef/ t;Fu dfq} Nofpg] c?;Fu gNofpg] eGg] ;Demf}tf / fhf dx]Gb|n] g} u/ ]sf lyP . o;/ L aflx/ rsf{ rsf{ / fi6«jfbsf s'/ f ug]{ t/ leqL ?kdf rflxF lbNnL b/ af/ nfO{ l/ emfpg] ;'uf}nL–;GwLb]lv kl5Nnf] r/ 0fdf ;aeGbf / fi6«jfbL elgPsf / fhf dx]Gb|;Ddn] u/ ] eg] ca clxn] ;Qfdf k'u]sf dxfg'efjx?n] klg ToxL ul/ / xg'ePsf] 5 . lsgls d t k|wfgdGqL;Dd eO;s]sf] x'gfn] gflna]nL a'‰g] 7fpFdf 5', d]/ f cfFvfn] t b]lvxfN5 . To;}n] pxfFx?n] s]–s] e]6L r9fpg'x'G5, tkfO{+–xfdLnfO{ pxfFx?n] cToGt / fi6«jfbL s'/ f ul/ / fVg'ePsf] eGg] t nfu]sf] 5, t/ leqL ?kdf s]–s] e]6L r9fP/ cfkm\gf] ;Qf, s';L{ l6sfpg'x'G5 Tof] rflxF xfdLn] x]g{ afFsL g} 5 . 7lug] g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfn / fi6« g} x'G5 . To;}n] o: tf] k|sf/ sf] kfv08L, 9f]+uL / fli6«otfsf] kIfdf nfUg] ls xfdL ;fFRr} g} g]kfnnfO{ : jfwLg, ;d[4 agfP/ g]kfnsf] ;Rrf / fli6«otfsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ < eGg] k|Zg 5 .

To;} ;Gbe{df xfdLn] s]xL ;do klxn] k|ultzLn / fi6«jfbsf] cjwf/ 0ff cufl8 ;f/ ]sf lyof}+ . Tof] eg]sf] s] xf] eg] klxn] t xfd|f ;Dk"0f{ hflt, efiff, If]q, ln+usf ;d'bfox?nfO{ Pstfj4 u/ ]/ cfGtl/ s / fli6«otf alnof] kfg]{ . vf;u/ L t/ fO{–dw]zsf] h'g cToGt ;+j]bgzLn e"–efu 5 / ToxfF v'nf ;Ldfgfsf] sf/ 0fn] ubf{ / xfd|f ToxfFsf hgtf klg hftLo, eflifs ?kdf d}bfgL cfo{s} c+u ePsf] / yf?x? klg ci6«f]–b|la8 d"ns} ePsf] x'gfn] ef/ tLo pkdxflåkdf ePsf clwsf+z hg;+Vof;Fu pgLx?sf] ;+: sf/ / ;+: s[lt h'g ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 To;n] ubf{v]l/ ef/ tn] ;lhn} ltgLx?nfO{ e8\sfOlbg] vt/ f klg / xG5 .


To;}n] Tof]eGbf klxn] xfdL cfkm}+n] dw]zL / yf? bfh'efO, lbbLalxgLx?nfO{ xfdLn] g]kfnL d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg'k5{ . pgLx?dfly x]nf u/ ]/ xf]Og pgLx?nfO{ ;dfg x}l;ot lbP/ , ;Ddfg lbP/ g]kfn;Fu hf]8\g] sfd xfdLn] ug{'k5{ . To;/ L cfGtl/ s / fli6«otfnfO{ alnof] kfg{'k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf xf] . ToxL ;Gbe{df clxn] t/ fO{–dw]zsf] h'g ;d: of 5 Tof] cfGtl/ s g} ;d: of lyof] . yf?x?sf] cfkm\gf] …Sn: 6/ Ú ldnfP/ k|b]z agfpg] eGg] h'g s'/ f ePsf] lyof] Tof] gaGbfv]l/ yf?x?sf] cfGbf]ng ePsf] xf] . To;}af6 g} ;NsFb} uP/ dw]z;Dd k'Uof] . To;}n] tL hgtfnfO{ xfdLn] pgsf ;d: of xn u/ ]/ Pstfdf afFWgsf] lglDt k|oTg ug{'kb{Yof] ToxfF clnslt l9nf ubf{v]l/ To;df ef/ tn] v]n]/ pm rflxF a8f] dw]zL / yf?x?sf] kIfdf / xfdL kxf8df a: g] g]kfnLx? rflxF dw]zL / yf?x?sf] ljkIfdf eg]h: tf] h'g l: ylt aGg k'Uof], xfdLn] To: tf] ug{'x'Fb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] klxn] ;a} / fli6«otfnfO{, ;a} hftLo ;d'bfox?nfO{ hf]8\g'k5{ / bf];|f] s'/ f ef/ t;Fusf] h'g k/ lge{/ tf 5 To;sf] cGTo ug{ tLa| 9+un] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] af6f]df hfg'k5{ . pbfx/ 0fsf] lglDt clxn] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{df zt k|ltzt xfdL ef/ t;Fu lge{/ 5f}+ . o;sf] ljsNk xfdLn] vf]Hg ;Sg' kb{Yof] . Tof] ljsNk s] x'g ;SYof] eg] xfd|f t'ngfTds nfesf h'g ljifox? 5g\ To;dWo] xfdLn] o: tf] a: t' pTkfbg ug{'kof]{ / ef/ tn] cfoft ug{'kof]{ h;df rflxF ef/ t klg xfdLdfly lge{/ xf]: , Tof] eg]sf] hn;|f]t xf], hnljB't xf] . xfdL;Fu *) xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljh'nL pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf elgPsf] 5 To;df klg $) xhf/ dfq} pTkfbg ul/ of] eg] klg !%÷@) xhf/ d]ufjf6 xfdLn] cfGtl/ s ?kdf vkt ug]{ / !%÷@) xhf/ d]ufjf6 dfq} ef/ tlt/ lgof{t ug{ kfPsf] eP, p;n] gfsfaGbL nufpg'eGbf klxn] pm

gofF zlQm lsg < 35

;f]Rg afWo x'GYof] . lsgls xfdLn] klg lah'nLsf] gfsfaGbL nufOlbGYof}+ / ljxf/ / o'kLh: tf] cToGt 3gf a: tL ePsf] If]qdf cGwsf/ x'g yfn]kl5, h;/ L dw]zdf clxn] cfGbf]ng ePsf] 5, To: tf] cfGbf]ng ljxf/ / o'kLdf x'GYof] / ;Gt'ngdf cfpFYof] . To;}n] xfdL ;fFRr} g} : jfwLg aGg] xf] eg] cGt/ lge{/ cy{tGq xfdLn] agfpg'k5{ . d}n] cGt/ lge{/ lsg eg]sf] eg] k"0f{ ?kdf cfTdlge{/ clxn]sf] b'lgofFdf ;Dej x'Fb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] xfd|f t'ngfTds nfesf If]qdf a9L nufgL u/ ]/ ef/ tlt/ a: t' lgof{t ug]{ tf ls ef/ t klg xfd|f] a: t' cfoftdf lge{/ x'g k'uf];\ . To;f] ePkl5 p;n] PskIfLo ?kdf xfdLnfO{ o;/ L gfsfaGbL nufpg ;Sb}g . o: tf] k|sf/ sf] gLlt xfdLn] lng ;Sg'k5{ . o;}nfO{ g} xfdLn] k|ultzLn / fi6«jfb eg]sf xf}+ . cyf{t\ cfGtl/ s ?kdf xfd|f ;a} hflt dw]zL, kxf8L, hghfltnfO{ Pstfj4 kfg]{ / s;}nfO{ v]Ng] 7fpF glbg] / cfly{s ?kdf xfd|f] cy{tGqnfO{ ef/ t;Fu / c? b]z;Fu cGt/ lge{/ agfpg] x'g ;Sof] eg] aNn g]kfnsf] / fli6«o : jfwLgtf aR5 / o;}nfO{ xfdLn] k|ultzLn / fi6«jfb eg]sf xf}+ .

To;}n] oL tLgj6f s'/ fx?M klxnf], cufl8 a9]sf] / fhgLlts ;DaGw / k5fl8 k/ ]sf] cfly{s ;DaGw xn ug{ cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{, bf];|f], h'g cfGtl/ s ?kdf xfd|f ljljw / fli6«otfx? 5g\, d"ntM tLgj6f h'g Sn: 6/ x? 5g\ ltgsf] aLrsf] Pstf sfod u/ ]/ g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 / alnof] kfg{ / t];|f] rflxF ef/ t / rLgaLrsf] h'g xfd|f] e"–/ fhgLlts cjl: ylt 5 To;sf] ;Gt'ng ldnfP/ k|ultzLn / fi6«jfbsf] tl/ sfn] g]kfnsf] : jfwLgtf sfod ug{sf] lglDt xfdLnfO{ gofF zlQmsf] cfjZostf k5{ . h'g k'/ fgf zlQmx? 5g\ pgLx?df of] cjwf/ 0ff 5}g . To;}n] xfdLn] gofF zlQm lgdf{0f u/ f}+ eGg]


cleofg rnfpg vf]h]sf 5f}+ . ca s;/ L hfg], o;sf gLlt–sfo{qmdx?af/ ] xfdL qmdzM 5nkmn ub}{ hfG5f}+ .

j}rfl/ s cfwf/ w]/ }nfO{ lh1f;f 5, o;sf] j}rfl/ s cfwf/ s] x'G5 < d]/ f]

cfu|x s] 5 eg] of] ljifodf klg xfdL v'nf x'g'k5{ . ljrf/ eg]sf] ljsf;sf] lgod xf] . ljZj j|Xdf08 / ;dfhsf] ult / ljsf;sf] Pp6f lgod 5 Tof] d"n lgodnfO{ xfdLn] ks8\g] xf] . Tof] eg]sf] åGbfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb xf] . Tof] g} dfgjhfltn] cfljisf/ u/ ]sf] ;aeGbf pGgt ljrf/ z[Înf xf] . h;nfO{ xfdLn] dfS;{jfb eGg] u5f}{+ Tof] g} xfd|f] aGg] gofF zlQmsf] d'Vo cfwf/ zLnf x'G5 / x'g'k5{ . Tof] eGbf kl5 n]lgg, dfcf], : 6flng, r] Uj]ef/ f / xf]–rL ldGx nufotn] To;df ;'wf/ ug{'eof], kl/ jt{g ug{'eof], ljsf; ug{'eof] / e]g]h'Pnf nufot c? b]zdf klg clxn] h'g gofF–gofF k|of]u eO/ fv]sf] 5 oL ;a}af6 xfdLn] l;Sg'k5{ . t/ of] åGbfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb / dfS;{jfbnfO{ clxn]sf] @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljsl;t / kl/ dfh{g ug]{ / g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 h'g cj: yf xf], tTsfn ;fdGtjfbaf6 ev{/ } k"FhLjfbdf uPsf] h'g cj: yf xf] / k"FhLjfbL pTkfbs zlQmsf] clwstd ljsf; u/ ]/ ;dfhjfbsf] lbzfdf hfg] u/ L sfo{qmd to ug]{ k|sf/ sf] dfS;{jfbsf] ljsf; xfdLn] ug{'5 . o;nfO{ gfd s] lbg] eGg] ljifodf klxn] g} xfdLn] 6fpsf] b'vfpg' ePg . xfd|f] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] / f]u g} s] eof] eg] To;sf] u'bL / ;f/ lt/ hfg'eGbf klg ?k / gfdaf6 ;'? ug]{ . kmnfgf] gfd, kmnfgf] jfb xfd|f] eP ls ePgg\ eg]/ jfb rflxF e6\ofpg] t/ jfb e6\ofP/ s] x'G5 < a? To;sf] ;f/ s] xf] eGg] a'‰g' kof]{ . xfdL afx'g kl/ jf/ af6

gofF zlQm lsg < 37

cfPsfx?nfO{ &÷* jif{df g} u'?n] ufoqL dGq ;'gfOlbg'x'GYof] . u'?n] sfgdf km'lslbg], / fd|f];Fu ga'em] klg Tof] ;+: s[tsf] Znf]s To;}nfO{ xfdLn] ljxfg–a]n'sf # rf]l6 e6\ofpFYof}+ . slxNo} yfxf ePg To;sf] cy{ . w]/ }kl5 dfq} d}n] yfxf kfPF Tof] eg]sf] t ;"o{sf] cf/ fwgf kf] / x]5 . TolQ elglbPsf] eP t a'lemGYof] lg . @)cf}+ jif{ e6\ofOof], slxNo} yfxf ePg . xfd|f] dfS;{jfb klg, xfd|f] dfcf]jfb klg e6\ofpg] rflxF eof] t/ To;sf] ;f/ / u'bL rflxF dfG5]n] a'em]gg\ . To;}n] To: tf] ga'emL e6\ofpg] dfq} ug{' x'Fb}g . d'Vo s'/ f To;sf] ;f/ tTj, dfS;{jfbsf] ;f/ tTj åGbfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb xf] . To;nfO{ bx|f];Fu ks8\g] / @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ To;nfO{ ljsf; ug]{ / g]kfnsf] 7f]; ;Gbe{df nfu" ug]{ . To;}sf] cfwf/ df g} gofF zlQmsf] lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf 5 . o;df ;a};Fu 5nkmn u/ ]/ g} xfdL cufl8 a9\g]5f}+ . clxn] w]/ }n] dfS;{jfb 5f]8\of] cflb eGg] u/ ]sf 5g\ t/ pxfFx?sf] …dfcf]jfbÚsf] gfpFdf sdn yfkf;Fu 3fF6L hf]8\g] gSsnL …dfcf]jfbÚ eGbf t xfdLn] ;xL / ljsl;t vfnsf] dfS;{jfb g]kfndf nfu" ug]{ eGg' g} j}1flgs, ;xL / OdfGbf/ Lk"0f{ s'/ f x'G5 . o;df xfdL sf]xL klg 8Udufpg'kg]{ cfjZostf d b]lVbgF .

To;kl5 gLlt, sfo{qmd / sfo{lbzfsf] k|Zg 5 . klxnf] r/ 0fdf pTkfbs zlQm / pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] aLrdf, pk/ L;+/ rgf, / fhgLlts ;DaGw / cfly{s ;DaGwsf] aLrdf h'g cGt/ lj/ f]w 5 To;nfO{ xn ug]{ u/ L tLa| cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] sfo{qmd lnP/ hfg] g} xfd|f] tTsfnLg sfo{lbzf x'G5 . To;sf] uGtJo rflxF ;dfhjfblt/ hfg] x'g'k5{ . ;dfhjfbdf guP;Dd k"FhLjfbn] h'g c;dfgtf NofpF5 Tof] c;dfgtfn] ;+;f/ df bLuf] zflGt Nofpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;dfhjfbL Wo]o, ;dfhjfbL


/ 0fgLlt cGt/ ut tTsfn k"FhLjfbL pTkfbs zlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{ g} xfd|f] d"n / tTsfnLg / fhgLlts sfo{lbzf x'G5 . o;sf] lglDt nf]stGq xfdLn] eg]sf 5f}+ Tof] nf]stGq lxhf]sf] gofF hgjfb, hgtfsf] hgjfb eGg' eGbf klg xfdLn] cufl8 ;f/ ]sf] zAb s] 5 eg] – ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts / ;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGq . of] g} g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gofF hgjfb cyjf hgtfsf] hgjfb xf] . To;}n] o: tf] k|sf/ sf] nf]stGqsf] k|0ffnL xfdLn] lnG5f}+ . o;kl5 dxTjk"0f{ s'/ f xfdLn] cfkm\gf] cfr/ 0f / sfo{z}nLnfO{ gofF 9+un] ljsf; ug}{k5{ . lsgls k'/ fgf] ;fdGt k"FhLkltx?n] eGg] Pp6f ug]{ csf]{ u5{g\ . pgLx?sf] ;+: sf/ / ;+: s[lt To: tf] x'G5 . cfly{s ?kdf klg pgLx?sf] cToGt ckf/ bzL{ 9+un] xs{t ug]{ / / fHo / ;dfhsf] ;DklQ JolQmut lxtsf] lglDt e|i6frf/ hGo tl/ sfn] u|x0f ug]{ h'g k|rng 5 To;nfO{ cGTo ug{'k5{ . xfd|f] gofF zlQm o; cy{df gofF x'g'kof]{ ls xfdL hgtfsf] gh/ df klg : jR5 b]lvg'k¥of], kf/ bzL{ b]lvg'k¥of]]{, Odfgbf/ b]lvg'k¥of]]{, ;bfrf/ L b]lvg'k¥of]]{ . xfdL klg e|i6frf/ L, nf]eL, kfkL, csf{nfO{ 7Ug] vfg] vfnsf eof}+ eg] Tof] gofF x'Fb}g . em§ x]bf{v]l/ t ;fdfGo s'/ f xf] t/ Jojxf/ df, hgtfsf] gh/ df ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/ f rflxF oxL xf] . xfdL : jR5 / ;bfrf/ L x'G5f}+ ls x'Fb}gf}+ < e|i6frf/ af6 d'Qm x'G5f}+ ls x'Fb}gf}+ < of] cfr/ 0fsf] kIf klg xfd|f] gofF zlQmsf] d'Vo cfwf/ x'g'k5{ . To;}n] xfd|f] gLltsf kfFr j6f …;Ú xfdLn] eg]sf 5f}+ . klxnf] – : jfwLgtf, bf];|f] – ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGq, t];|f] – ;dtfd"ns ;d[l4, rf}yf] – ;dfhjfb / kfFrf}+ – ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/ . o;/ L k|f/ lDes ?kdf kfFrj6f …;Ú eg]sf 5f}+, o;df 5nkmn ub}{ uP/ cufl8 a9fpg]5f}+ .

gofF zlQm lsg < 39

;+u7gfTds 9fFrf / lgdf{0f k|lqmofoxL kfFr …;Ú cg'?ksf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf klg xfdLn] gofF

9+un] ljsf; ug{'k5{ . lxhf] xfdLn] hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf elgof] t/ To;nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ qmddf ToxfF hgjfb st} / x]g, vfln s]Gb|Lotf dfq} / Xof], s]Gb|Lotf klg cToGt Psn / JolQmjfbL vfnsf] / PsdgfjfbL vfnsf] s]Gb|Lotf aGof] . To;n] g} lxhf]sf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x?nfO{ cyjf ljleGg gfdwf/ L kf6L{x?nfO{ cGttM leGg k|sf/ sf] gf]s/ zfxL ;+oGq / lg/ +s'ztGqdf nUof] . To;}n] xfdLn] o;af6 klg kf7 l;Sg'k5{ / Tof] lxhf]s} h: tf] cToGt s]lGb|s[t gf]s/ zfxL k|sf/ sf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf xf]Og, dflyaf6 tn cfPsf] 9fFrf xf]Og, gofF zlQmsf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf tnaf6 dfly hfg] 9fFrf x'g'k5{ tfls k|To]s sfo{stf{ / hgtfsf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf xf];\, g]t[Tjn] / g]tfn] uNtL uof]{ eg] To;nfO{ lgu/ fgLdf / fVg] / uNtL ug]{nfO{ sf/ jfxL ug]{ xb;Ddsf] e"ldsf ltgn] lgjf{x ug{ ;s'g\ . To: tf] k|sf/ sf] tnaf6 dflysf] 9fFrfdf cfwfl/ t gofF ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf x'g'k5{ . lsgls xfd|f k'/ fgf kf6L{x? cToGt s]lGb|s[t 9fFrfdf 5g\, cToGt JolQmjfbL k|sf/ sf 5g\, JolQmd'vL 5g\ . ca gofF aGg] zlQmn] To: tf] JolQmd'vL vfnsf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf agfpg] xf]Og, ljrf/ / gLltd'vL / sfo{stf{ / hgtfd'vL 9fFrf agfpg] / hgtf / sfo{stf{sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf / lgu/ fgL / x: tIf]k / xg] k|sf/ sf] ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf xfdLn] ckgfpg'k5{ . Tof] ljifodf klg kof{Kt 5nkmn u/ ]/ xfdL cufl8 hfg'k5{ . oxL ljifodf o'/ f]kdf, Nofl6g cd]l/ sfdf, ef/ tdf klg gofF–gofF ax;x? rln/ fv]sf 5g\ . lxhf]sf k/ Dk/ fut / fhgLlts zlQmx? eGbf km/ s k|sf/ sf] j}slNks / fhgLlts wf/ eg]/ ljZjdf clxn] Jofks 9+un] rrf{ / kl/ rrf{ eO/ x]sf] 5 .


To;}n] xfdLn] klg lxhf]sf sf+u|];, Pdfn]b]lv dfcf]jfbL;Ddsf] cToGt s]lGb|s[t JolQmjfbL vfnsf, gf]s/ zfxL k|sf/ sf h'g 9fFrfx? ag] To;nfO{ pN6\ofP/ hgtf / sfo{stf{sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf / xg] ;xeflutfd"ns nf]stGqsf] 9fFrfdf cfwfl/ t gofF ;+u7gfTds 9fFrf ckgfpg'k5{ . To;sf] sfo{z}nL rfxLF ;bfrf/ k"0f{ / kf/ bzL{ k|sf/ sf] xfdLn] agfpg ;Sg'k5{ . log} kIfx? xfd|f] gofF zlQmsf d'Vo ;+u7gfTds cfwf/ x'G5g\ .

To;sf] lglDt k|lqmof s] t < gofF zlQm agfpg] xf] eg] k|lqmof klg gofF x'g'kof]{ . xfd|f] k|lqmof rflxF k'/ fg} t/ s'/ fdf rflxF gofF zlQm eGof}+ eg] Tof] gofF zlQm aGb}g . o;} ;Gbe{df d}n] lsg kbTofu u/ ]+ eGg] r"/ f] s'/ f] oxfFg]/ 5 . w]/ }nfO{ nfUg ;S5 – lsg kbTofu u/ ]sf] xf]nf, oxL kf6L{df / x]/ xfdL ;a}nfO{ lnP/ , *÷!) xhf/ dfG5] hDdf kf/ ]/ ;d"x agfP/ uPsf] eP / fd|f] x'GYof], xfdL klg ;Fu} x'GYof}+ . t/ Tof] ul/ Psf] eP Tof] Pp6f u'6 dfq} x'GYof] . klxn] g} dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngdf ls/ 0f u'6, ljKnj u'6, dft[sf u'6, dl0f u'6 eGg] 5 km]l/ k|r08 u'6, afa'/ fd u'6 eGg] csf]{ u'6 aGYof] / To;n] s'g} gofFkg lbFb}gYof] . lxhf]sf] ;+u7g / cfGbf]ngn] Pp6f r/ 0f;Dd e"ldsf v]n]s} xf], tkfO{+–xfdL klg To;df nfu]s} xf}+ . xfdL kfgLdflysf] cf]efgf] aGg ldNb}g . w]/ } bf]if t hf] d"n g]t[Tjdf 5 p;n] lng'k5{ t/ ;xfos bf]if xfdLn] klg lng'k5{ . xfdL klg To;sf eflubf/ 5f}+ . To;}n] xfdLn] sdL–sdhf]/ L ;lxt Pp6f sfo{ef/ k"/ f uof}{+ . To;}n] xfdLn] s;}k|lt b"/ fu|x g/ flvsg ca gofF o'usf] gofF sfo{ef/ k"/ f ug{ gofF zlQm / gofF ;+u7gfTds 9fFrfdf gofF ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] eg] xfdL klg gofF x'g'k5{ . Tof] gofF x'g] eg]sf] xfdLn] lxhf]sf ;DaGwx?nfO{ tf]8]/ gofF cfwf/ df gofF ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{ 9+un] hfg'k5{ . d}n] k'/ fgf] ;+u7g;Fu

gofF zlQm lsg < 41

;DaGw ljR5]b u/ ]/ aflx/ lg: sg] / cfkm" gofF aGg] ;fy} c? ljleGg kIfx?, xfdL;Fu ljdlt / fVg] kf6L{x?, JolQmx?, ;+: yfx?;Fu klg cGt/ lqmof u/ ]/ Tof] ;'?jft ug]{ eg]/ Tof] ;'?jftsf] ?kdf g} d}n] kbTofu u/ ]/ aflx/ lgl: sPsf] x'F . To;}n] ;a} ;fyLx?nfO{ klg d]/ f] cfu|x 5 – xfdL ;a}n] lxhf]sf s'/ fx?sf] kZrftfk gu/ f}+, lxhf] d"n ?kdf xfdLn] 7Ls} u¥of} . lsgls olt 7"nf] o'ufGtsf/ L sfd t xfd|f] kfnfdf eof] . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq;Dd k'¥ofpg], ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] d'Vo nfOg t xfd|} xf] . To;}n] d"n ?kdf xfdL To;df ;kmn g} 5f}+ . t/ ca gofF o'udf hfgsf] lglDt Toltn] k'Ub}g . To;}n] gofF o'usf] gofF ofqf ug{ Pp6f qmde+u / 5nfªsf] dfu x'G5 . tkfO{+–xfdLn] k6s–k6s åGbjfbsf] lgodsf s'/ f u/ ]sf 5f}+ / ljsf; eg]sf] ;k{sf] ultdf 3l;|P/ xf]Og Eofu'tfsf] ultdf plk|mP/ x'G5, h'g xfdLn] eGg] u/ ]sf 5f}+ . To;}n] ca gofF zlQm lgdf{0f ubf{ 3l;|P/ , qmlds ;'wf/ u/ ]/ xf]Og ls Tof] k'/ fgf];Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf qmde+u u/ ]/ gofF 9+un] gofF lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ . oxL ;f]+rsf ;fy g} d}n] of] kxn u/ ]sf] x'F . ;a} ;fyLx?;Fu d]/ f] cfu|x s] xf] eg] xfdLn] klxn] cfGtl/ s ?kdf ax; / 5nkmn rnfcf}+, hf] ;fyLx? k'/ fgf] kf6L{leq x'g'x'G5 ToxfF klg Jofks 9+un] dflyb]lv s]Gb|df, k|b]zdf, lhNnfdf, lgjf{rg If]qdf, ufpFdf, j8fdf, tn};Dd gofF zlQmsf] cfjZostf lsg / s;/ L eGg] ljifodf cleofgfTds 9+un] ax; rnfcf}+ . Tof];Fu} / fd|f dfG5]x? t aflx/ klg 5g\ . sf+u|];leq, Pdfn]leq, k'/ fgf] dfcf]jfbLsf ljleGg 36sx?leq, s'g} klg kf6L{df gePsf : jtGq JolQmx?, gful/ s ;dfh;Fu cGt/ lqmof u/ ]/ / fd|f / c;n dfG5]x?;Fu Psfsf/ x'g] 9+un] xfdLn] cleofg rnfpg'k5{ . s]xL ;do, s]xL dlxgf Tof] 9+usf]


cleofgaf6 u'lh|;s]kl5 clg leq / aflx/ sf zlQmx? hf]8]/ gofF 9+un] gofF zlQm xfdLn] cufl8 Nofpg'k5{ . of] k|lqmof g} gofF k|lqmof x'G5 . o;n] dfq} gofF zlQm l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 eGg] ;f]+rsf ;fy of] kxn ul/ Psf] xf] .

ca xfdL P]ltxfl;s gofF o'udf k|j]z u/ ]sf 5f}+ . To;sf] lglDt P]ltxfl;s sbd ca xfdLn] rfNg}k5{ . To;sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . ;a} ;fyLx?nfO{ d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5', xfdLn] lxhf]s} dfgl;stf, lxhf]s} ;f]+r, lxhf]s} cfu|x–k"jf{u|x lnP/ gofF algFb}g, To;}n] ;aeGbf klxn] xfdL gofF agf}+ / To;kl5 gofF agfpg] k|oTg u/ f}+ . To;sf] lglDt xfd|f] ;f]+r .

b]zsf] jt{dfg kl/l:yltaf/] kf]v/fdf )&@ c;f]h @* ut] ;Djfb g]kfnåf/f cfof]lht ljrf/ uf]i7Ldf JoQm ljrf/ .

gofF zlQm lsg < 43

@)&@ c;f]h # ut] g]kfnL hgtfn] em08} &) jif{b]lv b]v]sf] ;kgf k"/f ePsf] 5 . hgtfn] r'g]sf] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfg ag]sf] 5 . u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts nf]stGq ;+:yfut ePsf] 5 . of] xfdL ;a}sf] lglDt cToGt v'zLsf] If0f xf] . /, tkfO{+–xfd|f] k':tfsf] lglDt ut @)^% h]7 !% ut] u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ePsf] lbg Pp6f P]ltxfl;s cljid/0fLo lbg lyof] eg] bf];|f] of] c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ePsf] lbg cljid/0fLo lbg xf] .

o; ;Gbe{df dnfO{ ljz]if uj{ / v'zLsf] cg'e'lt ePsf] s'/f cfb/l0fo hg;d'bfo;Fu ;f6\g rfxG5' . lsgls xfdLeGbf cl3Nnf] k':tfn] @))& ;fnb]lv ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'/f p7fof] . @)!$ ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|n] To;nfO{ ckx/ 0f u/] . xfd|f] o'usf Ps dxfg\ g]tf ljkL sf]O/fnfn] ;d]t To;nfO{ y]Ug ;Sg'ePg . @)!& ;fndf g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] tTsfnLg b/e+uf Kn]gddf ;+ljwfg;efsf] gf/f p7fof] t/ To;nfO{ km]l/ cufl8 a9fpg

d}n] lsg kf6L{ kl/ Tofu u/]+ <


;s]g . g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf s]z/h+u /fodfemLx? k}bf eP / cGw /fi6«jfbsf] gfpFdf b/af/sf] ;]jfdf uP / ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ pgLx?n] t'xfOlbP . Tof] ue{df n's]sf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ @)$^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf xfdLn] p7fof}+ . Tolta]nf ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf xfdL ;fgf] zlQm lyof}+, ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'/f p7fof}+ . ;+o'St /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ngsf]] k|jQmf / ;+of]hssf] x}l;otn] d}n] !)–;'qLo dfu k|:t't u/]/ ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg aGg'k5{ eGg] dfu /fv]sf] lyPF . t/ b'Mv;fy eGg'k5{ Tolta]nf xfd|} df]rf{sf] Pp6f 36s tTsfnLg df]6f] dzfn h;sf] dxf;lrj -xfn PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf_ s k|r08n]] To;sf] 3f]lift ?kd} lj/f]w ug{'eof] . pxfFn] n]v g} n]v]/ of] ;+zf]wgjfbL gf/f xf] eGg'eof] / ToxL sf/0fn] ubf{ Tolta]nfsf] xfd|f] ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng lj36g ;d]t x'g k'Uof] / ;+ljwfg;ef kf6L{sf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ff aGg ;s]g .

km]l/ klg xfdLn] To;nfO{ lg/Gt/ p7fO/fVof}+ / @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] dxfg\ hgo'4 ;'? x'Fbf d}n] tTsfnLg ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] tTsflng ;/sf/nfO{ $)–;'qLo dfu k|:t't u/]sf] lyP . pSt dfukq tof/ ubf{ !)–cf}+ a'Fbfdf ;+ljwfg;ef gelgsg, g]kfnL hgtfsf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t hgu0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg agfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/f 3'dfp/f] efiffdf n]lvof] . lsgls kf6L{df sd/]8 k|r08x?n] ;+ljwfg;ef eGg] zAb ?rfpg'x'GgYof], To;}n] 3'dfP/ hgtfsf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t ;+ljwfg agfpg] eGg] zAb ToxfF /fv]sf] lyPF .

hgo'4 cufl8 a9\b} uPkl5 kf6Lleq ax; rNb} uof] / @)%& ;fndf ePsf] bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngaf6 aNn tTsfnLg dfcf]jfbL

gofF zlQm lsg < 45

kf6L{sf] cflwsfl/s b:tfj]hdf ;+ljwfg;ef /fVg xfdL ;kmn eof}+ . @)^) ;fndf d bf];|f] jftf{sf] g]t[Tj u/]/ cfpg] qmddf klxnf] k6s ;+ljwfg;ef s] xf], o;n] s:tf] ;+ljwfg agfpF5, ;+ljwfgsf cGt/a:t' s] x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f xfdLn] hgtfaLr v'nf 9+un] /fVof}+ . Tof] clxn] klg clen]vdf ;'/lIft 5 . ToxL qmddf cufl8 a9]/ d}n] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ tTsfnLg dfu agfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/f kf6Lleq /fv]+ / kf6Lleq km]l/ To;nfO{ ;+zf]wgjfbL, ;'wf/jfbL eGg] 7x/ ul/of] . @)^) ;fn k';df d}n] sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;+:yfut ug'{kg]{ cf;osf] n]v n]v]jfkt g} ToxL ;fnsf] df3df sd/]8 k|r08nufotn] dnfO{ sf/jfxL ug{'eof] . To;sf] b'O{ lbgkl5 @)^) df3 !( df tTsfnLg /fhf 1fg]Gb|n]] …s"Ú u/]/ ;Dk"0f{ ;Qf xftdf lnP .

To;nuQ} km]l/ kf6L{df d}n] cufl8 ;f/]sf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] gf/f g} ;xL /x]5 eGg] af]w eof] / To;nfO{ kf6L{n] u|x0f u/]/ kf6L{sf] rlr{t r'gjfª a}7sn] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] gf/f :jLsf/ u¥of] . To;}sf] cfwf/df xfdLn] @)^@ ;fn d+l;/ & ut] sfFu|];, Pdfn] nufot ;ft /fhgLlts bn;Fu !@–a'Fb] ;dembf/L u¥of}+ . ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbLsf] tkm{af6 ;+ljwfg;efsf] gf/f :jLsf/ ul/of] . @)!$ ;fnkl5 klxnf] rf]l6 g]kfnL Oltxf;df of] gf/f g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx?n] :jLsf/ u/] . To;}df cfwfl/t eP/ @)^@–)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng eof] . pSt hgcfGbf]ngn] lg/ª\s'z /fhtGqnfO{ 3'8f 6]sfof] . @)^# ;fn d+l;/ % ut] ePsf] a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tfdf xfdLn] ljlwjt\ ?kdf ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;+:yfut u¥of}+ .

ToxL cfwf/df g} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg aGof] / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf


;+ljwfg;efsf] s'/f pNn]v eof] . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgaf6 r'lgPsf hgk|ltgLlwx?sf] klxnf] a}7sn] @)^% h]i7 !% ut] g]kfnnfO{ ;+l3o nf]stfGqLs u0ftGq 3f]if0ff u¥of] . clxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rgkl5 ag]sf] ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff u¥of] . dnfO{ v'zL s] nfU5 eg] !@–a'Fb] ;dembf/Lb]lv a[xt\ zflGt ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg x'Fb} / of] ;+ljwfgsf] klg clGtd kl/dflh{t d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ sfd;Dddf dnfO{ Oltxf;n] lhDd]jf/L lbof] . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] dnfO{ Ps d:of}bfsf/ aGg kfPsf]df cToGt uj{sf] dxz'z x'G5 .

of] ;+ljwfg agfpg] qmddf kl5Nnf] rf]l6 d]/} ;efkltTjdf ;+j}wflgs–/fhgLlts ;+jfb tyf ;xdlt ;ldlt lyof] / To; cGt/ut ag]sf] ljz]if ;ldlt h;df d ;efklt, dfggLo ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, dfggLo s]kL zdf{ cf]nL, dfggLo k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ú, dfggLo ljhos'df/ uR5bf/ ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] / ToxL kfFr hgfsf] ljz]if ;ldltn] g} cGttM ;+ljwfgsf ;a} ljifox? 6'+UofP/ ut >fj0f @# ut] dWo/ftdf ;+ljwfgsf] kl/dflh{t d:of}bf agfof] . Tof] ;+ljwfg;efdf k]z eO;s]kl5 yk kl/dfh{g ug{sf] lglDt ToxL ljz]if ;ldlt / d:of}bf ;ldltsf ;efklt s[i0f l;6f}nf;lxt ^ hgfsf] ;ldlt km]l/ aGof] . To;n] g} ebf} !( ut] kl/dflh{t d:of}bfdf ;+zf]wg;lxt ;+ljwfg;efdf k|:t't u¥of] . Tof] g} ;+ljwfg;efsf] clGtd sfd lyof]] . To;kl5sf afFsL sfd, tfnL lk6]/, xft p7fP/ x'G5 / x'Gg eg]/ k"/f ug]{ k|lqmof dfq} lyP . ebf} !( ut] h'g ;+zf]wg;lxtsf] ljw]os ;+ljwfg;efdf k|:t't ul/of], Tof] g} clGtd dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts sfd lyof] . To;kl5sf h'g !%,!^ lbgx? x'g\ tL cf}krfl/stf dfq} lyP . To; qmddf g} xfdLn] s]xL kIfx? vf;u/L dw]zL,

gofF zlQm lsg < 47

hghflt / d'VotM yf?x? hf] c;Gt'i6 lyP pgLx?nfO{ jftf{df NofP/ Tof] !),!% lbgleq ;xdlt agfcf}+ eGg] k|oTg u¥of}+ t/ sltko g]tfx?n] dfGg'ePg . Tof] k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljhos'df/ uR5bf/ h:tf g]tfx? cfFz' sf9\b} ;+ljwfg;efaf6 aflx/ /xg'kg]{ l:ylt aGof] . ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] lbg c;f]h # ut] t/fO{–dw]z / yf?jfg nufot b]zsf y'k|}|} 7fpFdf skm\o{' nfu]sfn]] hgtfn] 3/df alQ ;d]t afNg gkfPsf] cj:yf /Xof] . To:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/of] / o:tf] v'zLsf] P]ltxfl;s If0fdf klg xfdL ;a} g]kfnL v'zL x'g ;s]gf}+ . cfwf g]kfnn] lbkfjnL dgfof], cfwf g]kfn cGwsf/df g} /Xof] . To;n] dnfO{ bfFtdf 9'+uf] nfu]sf] h:tf] ePs} xf] . To:tf] v'zLsf] If0f ;a} g]kfnLn] dgfpg gkfpg' b'Mvb\ k|;+u /Xof] . km]l/ klg h'g ;+ljwfg aGof] Tof] xfdL ;a}sf] lglDt cToGt v'zLsf] s'/f xf] .

gofF ;+ljwfgdf w]/} /fd|f / k|ultzLn s'/fx? 5g\ . d'Vo ?kdf u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts nf]stGq ;+:yfut x'g' cToGt P]ltxfl;s s'/f xf] . t}klg s]xL s'/f eg] of] ;+ljwfgdf 5'6\g k'u]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L yf? afx'No If]qdf pgLx?sf] cfkm\g} afx'No k|b]zsf] h'g dfu lyof] Tof] k"/f ug{ g;Sg' xfd|f] cToGt 7"nf] sdhf]/L /x]sf] 5 . To;/L g} sltko hflt, hghflt / dw]zsf s]xL efux?nfO{ ;d]6]/ k|b]z lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg'df q'6L /x]sf] 5 . ;dfg'kfltssf] h'g s'/f klxn] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] / kl5 x6]sf] 5, ToxfF sdhf]/L x'g k'u]sf] 5 . dlxnf / blntsf s]xL dfux? ToxfF 5'6\g uPsf 5g\ . d'Vo ?kdf cToGt sd ljdz{ ePsf] ljifo rflxF zf;sLo k|0ffnL xf] . k|ToIf lgjf{lrt sfo{sf/L k|d'v x'g'k5{ eGg] () k|ltzteGbf a9L hgtfaf6 ;'emfj cfPsf] lyof] To;nfO{ gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dflji6 ug{ g;Sg' 7"nf] sdhf]/L aGg uPsf] 5 .


To;}n] of] gofF ;+ljwfgkl5 klg g]kfndf pxL k'/fg} k|sf/sf] ;+;bLo Joj:yfs} ;/sf/ agfpg] / lu/fpg] v]n xflj /xg] / To;n] b]zdf /fhgLlts :yfoLTj glbg] x'G5 ls eGg] cfz+sf 5 . To;} ePsf] x'gfn] oL dtleGgtf ;lxt g} of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ xfdLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf 5f}+ . km]l/ klg ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g' cfkm}+df cToGt v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . t/ o; ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg aGg' dfq} d'Vo s'/f xf]Og sfof{Gjog d'Vo s'/f xf] . To;}n] sfof{Gjogsf r'gf}lt afFsL 5g\ . t/fO{–dw]z, nufot b]zsf] cfwf lx:;f clxn] klg cfGbf]lnt 5 . pgLx?;Fu jftf{ u/]/ ;xdltdf NofO{ ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] dfq b]zdf lbuf] zflGt sfod x'g]5 .

lxhf]sf lbgdf hf] ;+ljwfg;efsf lj/f]wL x'g'x'GYof], hf] u0ftGq, ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf lj/f]wL x'g'x'GYof] pxfFx? rflxF clxn] a9L gfrufg ul//fVg'ePsf] 5 / h;n] ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu a9L alnbfgL u¥of] vf;u/L dfcf]jfbL hgo'4, dw]z cfGbf]ng, hghflt cfGbf]ng, y?x6 cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg JolQm / zlQmx? rflxF k"/} v'zL x'g g;s]sf] h'g cj:yf 5 Tof] lj8Djgfk"0f{ 5 . Oltxf;df k|foM o:t} x'G5 . ljpm Pp6fn] /f]K5, kmn cs}{n] sf9\5 . t}klg of] ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf To:tf] gxf];\ . of] k"0f{ ?kn] sfof{Gjog x'Fb}, gk'u]sf s'/fx? k"/f ub}{, ;+zf]wg ub}{ cufl8 a9f];\ eg]/ d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' / d To;df ljZjf; klg ub{5' .

;+ljwfg agfpg] h:tf] Pp6f P]ltxfl;s h'g sfd xf] To; ;Gbe{df xfdLn] cfGtl/s ?kdf s]xL q'6Lx? u¥of}+ . vf;u/L t/fO{–dw]z / yf?jfg If]qdf k|b]z lgdf{0fsf] qmddf h'g xfd|f] q'6L x'g k'Uof] To;n] ubf{ ToxfFsf xfd|} bfh'efO–lbbLalxgLx?

gofF zlQm lsg < 49

c;Gt'i6 x'g k'Ug'eof] . To;}sf] jfxfgfdf blIf0fL l5d]sLn] km]l/ g]kfndf cgfjZos 9+usf] b[Zo / cb[Zo k|sf/sf bjfjx? lbg] / clxn] cfP/ c3f]lift k|sf/sf] gfsfaGbL ug]{ xb;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . of] cToGt b'Mvb / lgGbgLo 5 . d To;sf] k"/} lgGbf / eT;{gf ug{ rfxG5' .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg s:tf] aGg], oxfFsf] ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg] s'/f xfdL g]kfnL cfkm}+n] lg0f{o ug]{ s'/f xf] . To;df xfd|f l5d]sLx?sf ;'emfj, rf;f], ;/f]sf/ s]xL 5g\ eg] xfdL ;'Gg tof/ 5f}+ t/ clGtd km};nf g]kfnL cfkm}+n] ug]{ xf] . To;}n] o;df s;}n] klg xfdLnfO{ cgfjZos 9+un] x:tIf]k u5{ eg] Tof] :jLsfo{ x'Fb}g . s'g} klg b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf cs'l07t x'G5 . ;fgf] jf 7"nf] h'g;'s} b]z eP klg …kfl;{on ;f]e/]G6LÚ / …km'n ;f]e/]G6LÚ eGg] x'Fb}g, ;a} …;f]e/]G6LÚ …km'nÚ g} x'G5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;QfnfO{ :jLsf/ gug]{, To;sf] ckdfg ug]{ 9+usf] h'g sfd k6s–k6s x'g] u/]sf] 5 Oltxf;df To;nfO{ d b'Mvb\ kl/36gfsf] ?kdf lng rfxG5' . oxL ljifonfO{ g} lnP/ d}n] s]xL ;do klxn] ;fdflhs ;~hfndfkm{t va/bf/L u/]sf] lyPF …XjL;nAnf]c/Úsf] ?kdf . …j]b/ kmf]/sf:6/Ún] 7"nf] cfFwL, x'/L cfpFb}5 eGg] s'/f b]v]/ klxn] g} r]tfjgL lbG5 . d}n] clnslt r]tfjgL lbg] k|oTg ubf{ sltko dflg;x?n] d}n] g} Tof] cfFwLx'/L Nofpg vf]h]sf] eGg] 9+un] ghfg]/ To:tf] k|sf/sf] l6sfl6Kk0fL x'g k'Uof] To;af/] dnfO{ clnslt b'Mv t nfu]sf] 5 t}klg slxn]sflxF …sDo'lgs]zg UofkÚ x'G5 . o:tf] k|sf/sf] cfFwL–x'/Lsf] ;+s]t kfP/ g} cfd hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;~hfndfkm{t ;r]t u/fPsf] lyPF .

t/ clxn] ToxL k|sf/sf] kl/36gf h'g 3l6/fv]sf] 5 dnfO{


cjZo klg nfU5 d]/f] sf/0fn] Tof] eof] eGg] e|d ;fob s;}nfO{ kb}{g . d}n] t ;'uf}nL ;GwLb]lv otf h'g k|sf/sf] c;dfg ;DaGwdf xfdL ef/t;Fu afFlwPsf 5f}+ Tof] sf/0fn] ef/tLo zf;s ju{n] cfkm"nfO{ cg's'n cj:yfdf hlxn];'s} klg g]kfnsf] kfv'/f lgdf]7\g] sfd k6s–k6s p;n] h'g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 km]l/ klg ug{ ;S5 . To;}n] Tof] eGbf klxn] g} xfd|f] b]zsf] ;d:of xfdL cfkm}+ ;dfwfg u/f}+ . vf;u/L dw]z / yf?jfg If]q h'g ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] v'nf If]q 5 ToxfFsf hgtfnfO{ xfdLn] ;fydf lng ;s]gf}+ eg] pgLx? c;Gt'i6 x'g] / Tof] c;Gt'li6sf] gfhfoh kmfObf aflxl/ofn] lng] vt/f /xG5 eGg] dnfO{ cfz+sf nfu]sf] lyof] ToxL x'g k'Ubf dnfO{ cToGt b'Mv nfu]sf] 5 .

km]l/ klg d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' – o;nfO{ xfdL s;}n] klg k|lti7fsf] ljifo agfpg' x'Fb}g . /fli6«otf, /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, oL ljjfbdf kg]{ ljifo xf]Ogg\ . xfdLn] o;}nfO{ lnP/ s'g} /fhgLlts bndWo] s;}n] s;}nfO{ c/fli6«o eGg], cfkm"nfO{ dfq} /fli6«o eGg] 9+un] ;f]Rg' x'Fb}g . xfdL ;a}} /fi6«jfbL g} xf}+ . vfln /fli6«otfsf] hu]gf{ s;/L ug]{ eGg] rflxF xfd|f km/s–km/s pkfox? x'g ;S5g\ . aflx/ b]lvg] u/L v'Nnf d~raf6 sl8\sg] t/ /ftL uP/ nqSs k/]/ lab]zLsf] kfp ;dfTg] Pp6f …/fi6«jfbÚ x'G5 . csf]{ rflxF g]kfnsf] ljlzi6tfnfO{ a'em]/, ;'uf}nL ;GwLb]lv otfsf] h'g c;dfg ;DaGwsf] oyfy{tf 5 To;nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ s;/L nf]stflGqs dfWodaf6 juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo ?kdf ;a} hgtfnfO{ Pstfj4 u/]/ /fli6«o Pstf alnof] kfg]{ / xfdL cfly{s ?kdf h;/L ef/tdfly k/lge{/ 5f}+, xfd|f] Jofkf/3f6f clxn] klg ( u'0ff a9L 5, ^ ;o ca{eGbf a9L jif]{gL Jofkf/ 3f6f 5, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ztk|ltzt ef/taf6 cfoft ug{ afWo 5f}+, of] cj:yfnfO{ cGTo ug{sf] lglDt xfdLn]

gofF zlQm lsg < 51

l56f] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4dfkm{t cfTdlge{/ aGg] k|sf/sf] /fli6«otfsf] kIfkf]if0f ug'{ Pp6f k|ultzLn /fi6«jfb xf] .

To;}n] @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf 6'sL afNg] / ;fOsn r9\g] /fi6«jfb ls ;fFRr} g} ljB'tLo uf8L r9\g] / ljh'nLalQ afNg] k|ultzLn /fi6«jfb < To;sf] rog xfdLn] ug{'5 . d rflxF lah'nLn] rNg] uf8L / lah'nLalQsf] kIfkf]if0f u5{' . To;}n] o;df xfd|f b[li6sf]0fsf cGt/ x'g ;S5g\ t/ o;}sf] cfwf/df sf]xL /fi6«jfbL / sf]xL c/fli6«o eGg] e|ddf xfdL sf]xL klg kg{' x'Fb}g .

xfd|f cfb/0fLo g]tfx?sf h'g /fi6«jfbL cleJolQm cfO/fv]sf 5Gf, d cToGt} k|;Gg 5', cToGt v'zL 5' . d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5', pxfFx? To;df b[9 /xg'xf];\ . To;f] x'g ;Sof] eg] xfdL g]kfnLx?sf] /fli6«o efjgf cem alnof] x'G5 . g]tfx?n] g} To:tf] c8fg lnOlbg'eof] eg] w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . pxfFx?nfO{ cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' cfufdL lbgdf s'g} klg g]tfx?n] cfkm\gf] r'gfjL vr{ Joxf]g{ cyjf ;f+;b\ vl/b–ljlqm ug{ ljb]zL b"tfjf;df /sd dfUg] sfd /f]lsg] 5 . d Tof] ck]Iff ug{ rfxG5' . s'g} klg g]tfn] cfkm\gf] b]zdf s'g} klg kb k|fKt ug{sf] lglDt ljb]zL b"tfjf; wfpg] k|rngsf] cGTo x'g]5 . cfkm\gf ;]s]08 / y8{ l8lehg Nofpg] 5f]/f–5f]/Lsf lglDt ljb]zL b"tfjf;df uP/ 5fqj[lQ dfUg] k|lqmofsf] cGTo x'g]5 . cfkm" lj/fdL x'Fbf nfvf}+–s/f]8f}+sf] vr{ ljb]zLx?af6 d'km\tdf u/fpg] k|rngsf] klg cGTo x'g]5 . lab]z hfbf xfd|f] cfkm\g} b"tfjf;df a:g 5f]8]/ ljb]zLsf] cfltYotf lnP/ kfFrtf/], ;fttf/] xf]6ndf a:g] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo x'g]5 . To;f] x'g ;Sof] eg] ;fFRr} g} xfd|f] /fi6«jfb alnof] x'g]5 . d Tof] ck]Iff u5{' . h'g clxn] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 Tof] hf/L /xf];\ . To;df d pxfFx?;Fu xf]:6]df x}+;] ug{ ljNs'n tof/ 5' .


km]l/ klg clxn] h'g b'Mvb\ kl/36gf ag]sf] 5 o;nfO{ xfdLn] l56f] lgjf/0f ug}{k5{ . ef/tLo kIfaf6 h'g c3f]lift gfsfaGbL ePsf] 5 ;a}n] Ps:j/n] lj/f]w ub}{ o;sf] l56f] cGTosf] lbzflt/ xfdL hfg}k5{ . To;lglDt xfdLn] Ps–csf{nfO{ ufnL–unf}h u/]/ eGbf klg s'6gLlts tl/sfn] o;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{, låkIfLo ;DaGwdf sxfF c;Gt'i6L, c;dembf/L /x]sf] xf] s'6gLlts 9+un] g} xn u/]/ hfg'k5{ .

Tof]eGbf cufl8 t/fO{–dw]zdf $) lbgb]lv h'g vfnsf] cfGbf]ng eO/fv]sf] 5 To;nfO{ xfdLn] ;+j]bgzLn ?kdf lnP/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|oTg ug{'k5{ . To;lglDt hfoh dfux? k"/f ug]{ / gfhfoh dfu xfdL k"/f ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ eGg'k5{ . Tof] xfdLnfO{ klg yfx} 5, xfdLn] dfg]s} s'/fx? 5g\ . vf;u/L t/fO{–dw]zdf k"j{df Pp6f dw]z afx'No k|b]z agfpg] / klZrddf Pp6f yf? afx'No k|b]z agfpg] eGg] ljutdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;ldlt / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgadf]lhd ul7t cfof]un] :jLsf/ u/]s} xf] . sf+u]; / Pdfn]n] k|:t't u/]sf] ;ft k|b]zsf] vfsfdf klg Tof] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xf] . vfln k"j{sf tLg lhNnf / klZrdsf b'O{ lhNnf dfq} ljjfbdf k/]sf] xf] . To;}n] ljjflbt lhNnfx?sf] ;s];Dd ;Ldf ldnfpg] / geP ljjflbt lhNnfx?nfO{ ;+3Lo cfof]unfO{ lbP/ k"j{df Pp6f k|b]z / klZrddf csf]{ k|b]z agfpg] xf] eg] tTsfn ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;S5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . To;}n] of] s'/f xfdLn] cfGtl/s ?kdf cfkm}+n] ;dfwfg u/f}+ . xfd|f dw]zL, y?x6 nufotsf cfGbf]ngsf/L bnx?nfO{ af]nfP/ ;/sf/n] l56f] Tof] jftf{sf] jftfj/0f agfcf];\ eGg] d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' . cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 d}n] klg ;s];Dd k|oTg ub}{ cfPsf] 5' / d ug]{5' .

gofF zlQm lsg < 53

;a}n] To;df ;b\efjsf] jftfj/0f agfcf}+ / cv08 g]kfnsf] cleGg lx:;fsf] ?kdf o'uf}+b]lv /xFb} cfPsf] t/fO{–dw]z oxL ?kdf /xg]5 . s'g} klg afxgfdf To;df csf]{ k|sf/sf] ljv08gsf] ljpm /f]Kg] sfd s;}n] klg ug{' x'Fb}g . xfdLn] cfkm\g} b]zsf] ;+3Lo 9fFrfleq :jfoQ k|b]z k|bfg u/]/ cv08 g]kfnleq To;nfO{ sfod /fVg] 9+un] g} hfg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 . To;sf] lglDt xfdL ;a}n] k|oTg u/f}+ . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ef/tLo zf;s au{n] x:tIf]k ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . b'Mvb\ ?kdf eGg'kbf{ @)$%–)$^ ;fndf g]kfnsf] nf]stGqsf] hfoh d'2fnfO{ gfhfoh 9+un] p7fP/ ToxfF cfkm\gf] x}sdjfbL k|j[lQ b]vfof] eg] clxn] ;+3Lotfsf] hfoh d'2fsf] vf]n cf]9]/ ef/tLo zf;s ju{n] cfkm\gf] x}sdjfbL k|j[lQnfO{ k"/f ug{sf] lglDt cfkm\gf] x}sdjfbL rl/q b]vfO/fv]sf] 5 . xfd|f] g]kfnsf zf;sx?sf] klg km]l/ ljb]zLsf] xf}jf b]vfP/, klxn] k~rfotdf Tolta]nfsf zf;sx?n] c/fli6«o tTj eGb} hgtfsf] nf]stflGqs clwsf/ vf]:g] sfd u/] eg] clxn] klg km]l/ gofF zf;sx?n] ef/tLo xf}jf b]vfP/ hgtfsf] cfkm\gf] :jfoQ ;+3Lo k|b]z k|fKt ug]{, dw]zL / yf?sf hfoh cfsf+IffnfO{ s'Nrg] w[i6tf eO/fv]sf] 5 To;df xfdL ;ts{ x'g'k5{ .

rfx] lbNnLsf zf;s x'Gf, rfx] sf7df8f}+sf zf;s, pgLx?sf] ls:;f–s';L{sf v]ndf g]kfnL hgtf lklN;g' x'Fb}g . of] gfsfaGbL x'Fbf / zf;s ju{sf o:tf v]n x'Fbf cflv/df lklN;g] hgtf g} x'g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] hgtfsf] kIf lnP/ ;Rrf k|ultzLn /fi6«jfbsf] kIfkf]if0f u/f}+ / zf;s ju{sf gSsnL /fi6«jfbL / cGw/fi6«jfbL xTs08fnfO{ k/f:t u/]/ ;Rrf g]kfnL /fi6«jfbsf] kIfkf]if0f u/f}+ . d of] cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' .


o;sf] ;fy;fy} d csf]{ k|;+u klg /fVg rfxG5' . cToGt cf]em]ndf k/]sf] b'Mvb\ ljifo s] 5 eg] ut a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] dxfe"sDkkl5 ^ dlxgf ;do s6\b} 5 . t/ em08} Ps ltxfO{, *) nfv k|efljt hgtf, em08} cf7 nfv 3/ elTsPsf hgtf clxn] klg Tof] kL8faf6 d'Qm x'g ;ls/fv]sf 5}gg\ . h'g 9+un] ;'?;'?df cGt/fli6«o ;d'bfon] klg ;xof]u u¥of], g]kfnleq} klg oxfFsf ljleGg PghLcf], cfOPghLcf] / hgtfn] :jtM :km't{ ?kdf ;xof]u u/] . t/ To; otf ;/sf/sf] kIfaf6 h'g tbf?stfsf ;fy e"sDk kLl8tx?sf] kIfdf sfd x'g'kg]{ xf] Tof] x'g ;s]g .

xfdL ;a}n] cfjfh p7fP/, d}n] klg To;df cfjfh yk]/, k'gMlgdf{0f / gjlgdf{0f k|flws/0f agfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/f u¥of}+ . Tof] aGof] t/ ;jnfª\u vfnsf] aGf]g . Tof] klg ^) lbgleq ;+;b\af6 hf] cg'df]bg x'g'kb{Yof] Tof] gu/fP/ TolQs} cGTo x'g k'u]sf] cj:yf 5 . olta]nf;Dd Pp6f k|flws/0f ;d]t aGg ;ls/fv]sf] 5}g . To;sf/0fn] gjlgdf{0f / k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfd k"/} k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 . of] cToGt} b'Mvb\ 5 . To;df d v]b k|s6 ug{ rfxG5' . h];'s} ePtf klg clxn];Dd t xfdLnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] afxfgf lyof], ca ;+ljwfg cfO;s]sf] 5, To;}n] ca l56} gofF ;/sf/ klg aGnf . To;n] ca xfd|f] ;Dk"0f{ Wofg /fli6«o gjlgdf{0f / k'gMlgdf{0fdf hfg} k5{ . e"sDk kLl8t hgtfn] /fHoaf6 cfjZos ;xof]u / lgb]{zg kfpg'k5{ eGg] d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' . To;df /fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug{sf] lglDt k"/f b]z cufl8 a9f];\ / d cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 k"0f{ ;xof]u u/]/ To;df nfUg] tTk/tf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

o;} k|;+udf, d}n] g]kfndf $) jif{;Dd /fhgLltdf ;lqmo

gofF zlQm lsg < 55

9+un] sfd ub}{ cfPF . ;'?sf] @)#@,)## ;fnsf] r]tgf Pp6f u0ftflGqs r]tgf dfq} lyof] . d sf+u|];, sDo'lgi6 s]xL klg lrGb}g lyPF . g]kfndf /fhtGq 7Ls 5}g, of] cGTo x'g'k5{ eGg] dfq} r]tgf lyof] . ToxL r]tgfaf6 d}n] cfkm}+n] r08Lu9df k9\bf ljBfyL{ ;+u7g agfP/ /fhgLlt ;'? u/]sf] lyPF . kl5 clvn ef/t g]kfnL ljBfyL{ ;+3 x'Fb} / kl5 sf+u|];–sDo'lgi6 ;a};Fu ;xsfo{ ub}{ cGTodf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{df cfj4 eP/ ToxfFaf6 dfcf]jfbL x'Fb}, !)–jif]{ hgo'4df ;xeflu x'Fb} clxn] nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;+:yfut ug]{ / ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfnv08;Dd d}n] /fhgLlts ofqf u/]+ . oxfF cfO;s]kl5 g]kfnn] Pp6f o'u / Pp6f r/0f k"/f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf] csf]{ gofF o'u cufl8 a9\b}5 .

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] hudf 6]s]/ cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 x'Fb} To;sf] hudf ;dfhjfbsf] lbzfdf hfg] casf] o'u x'G5 . To;sf] lglDt kf6L{x? eg]sf ;fwg x'Gf, ;fWo xf]Ogg\ . ;fWo eg]sf] hgtfsf] ;d[l4 / v'zLofnL xf] . t/ kf6L{ eg]sf] ;fwg xf], xltof/ dfq} xf] . h:tf] ls s'g} sfnv08df t/sf/L sf6\gsf] lglDt rSs' aG5 eg] vzL sf6\g' k¥of] eg] ToxL rSs'n] x'Fb}g, v's'/L rflxG5 . To;}n] Pp6f o'udf cfjZostfcg';f/ ag]sf] kf6L{ csf]{ o'usf] lglDt sfd nfUg] x'Fb}g / gofF 9+usf] kf6L{ cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 .

To;} qmddf k'/fgf] PsfTds ;fdGtL /fhtGqfTds /fHo Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo u/]/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yf Nofpgsf] lglDt k"FhLjfbL qmflGt ;DkGg ug{sf] lglDt xfdLn] h'g kf6L{ agfof}+ Tof] PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] ?kdf kl5Nnf] r/0fdf cfOk'Uof] . o;n] Pp6f sfnv08sf] sfd k"/f u¥of] .


ca gofF o'usf] lglDt Tof] k'/fgf] kf6L{n] k'Ub}g . gofF 9+un] gofF kf6L{, gofF ljrf/, gofF sfo{lbzf, gofF ;+u7g, gofF g]t[Tj, gofF z}nL;lxtsf] gofF 9+un] kf6L{nfO{ k'gMlgdf{0f / gjlgdf{0f u/]/ hfg'k5{ / lxhf]sf] h'g dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng xf] oxfF;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} 6'qmfdf ljeflht alg;s]sf] 5 . gofF gofF zlQmx? aflx/ cfO;s]sf klg 5g\ . @)^@ ;fnkl5sf] !), !@ jif{df s'g} klg kf6L{df gnfu]sf] gofF o'jf k':tf klg cufl8 cfO;s]sf] 5 .

of] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ xfdLn] km]l/ gofF 9+un] cufl8 lxF8\g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . To;}n] d}n] s]xL ;dob]lv ca kf6L{x? klg cfkm"nfO{ gofF 9+un] ?kfGt/0f u/]/ hfg'k5{ eGb} cfO/fv]sf] lyPF . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 Pp6f r/0f k"/f eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df d}n] ca To;df s] ug{ ;S5', ;a};Fu Jofks 5nkmn ug]{ cfzon] cfh}sf ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L d}n] PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L, ;Dk"0f{ txsf d]/f bfloTjx? / ;fwf/0f ;b:otf ;d]t kl/Tofu u/]sf] 3f]if0ff ub{5' .

of] hfgsf/L d}n] Pdfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf cWoIf k|r08nfO{ klg u/fO;s]sf] 5' . cfhkl5 d ljNs'n :jtGq gful/s dfq} ag]sf] 5', d ca s'g} kf6L{sf] ;b:o 5}g . o;sf] cy{ ca s] ug]{ eGg] ljifodf k"/} vfsf d]/f] lbdfudf 5}g t/ d}n] cfkm\gf] lbdfu v'nf /fv]sf] 5' / ljrf/ ldNg] ;a} kIfx?;Fu, kf6L{leq /x]sf, kf6L{aflx/ /x]sf, cGo kf6L{df /x]sf, s'g} klg kf6L{df g/x]sf ;a};Fu Psrf]6L ;/;Nnfx u/]/ s;/L cufl8 a9\bf pko'Qm x'G5 Tof] 9+un] d}n] cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ ;f]+r agfPsf] 5' .

o;sf] ;fy;fy} uf]/vf If]q gDa/ ! af6 Pdfcf]jfbL kf6L{af6 ;aeGbf 7"nf] dtfGt/af6 ljhoL ePsf] x'F, t/ d}n] kf6L{ kl/Tofu ul/;s]kl5 :jt g} d}n] Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] ;b:o klg kl/Tofu

gofF zlQm lsg < 57

ug{'k5{ . To;}n] cfh g} d}n] Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf ;efd'vnfO{ kq n]v]/ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\af6 klg /fhLgfdf lbPsf] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5' . d ca Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] ;b:o klg 5}g / s'g} kf6L{sf] ;b:o klg 5}g . cfufdL lbgdf d of] b]zsf] Ps gful/ssf] ?kdf s] ug{ ;lsG5 To;df nfUg]5' .

o; cj;/df d]/f s]xL k|ltj4tf klg 5g\ . tL k|ltj4tf eg]sf – d hlta]nf;Dd hLljt /xG5' b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg]5' . To;sf] ?k s] x'G5 Tof] d eGg ;lSbgF . 5nkmnaf6 g} ef]ln Tof] to x'g]5 . b]z / ;dfhn] s] cfjZos 7fG5 Tof] g} x'g]5 . t/ d lg/Gt/ hgtfsf] ;]jfdf nflu/fVg]5' . To;sf] lglDt d]/f kfFr …;Úsf] k|ltj4tf to u/]sf] 5' . klxnf] :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tf . g]kfnsf] :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfk|lt ;b}a k|ltj4 /xg], To;sf] hu]gf{ ug]{ d]/f] klxnf] k|ltj4tf xf] . bf];|f], ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts, ;xeflutfd'ns nf]stGq xf] . nf]stGq dfq} eg]/ x'Fb}g, k'/fgf w]/}yl/ nf]stGq 5g\ t/ ;dfj]zL, ;dfg'kflts, ;xeflutfd'ns nf]stGqk|lt d]/f] bf];|f] k|ltj4tf xf] . t];|f], ;d[l4 xf] . of] b]zdf ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L 5 . o;sf] cGTo u/]/ g]kfnnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] ;d[4 agfpg], cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] lbzfdf b]znfO{ lnP/ hfg] d]/f] t];|f] k|ltj4tf xf] . rf}yf] eg]sf] ;fdflhs Gofo / zflGtsf] lglDt ;dfhjfb rflxG5 . lsgls k"FhLjfbL Joj:yfn] b]zdf bLuf] zflGt NofpFb}g / ;fdflhs Gofo NofpFb}g . To;}n] ;dfhjfbL af6f]af6 bLuf] zflGt / ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug]{ ;dfhjfb lgdf{0f ug{ 86\g] d]/f] rf}yf] …;Ú xf] . / kfFrf}+ …;Ú eg]sf] ;bfrf/ xf] . olb ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;bfrf/ ePg / e|i6frf/hGo ckf/bzL{ ultljlw eof] eg] To;n] b]z / hgtfsf]


;]jf ug{ ;Sb}g . xfd|f] /fhgLlt h;/L cToGt ckf/bzL{ ultljlw, e|i6frf/hGo ultljlwaf6 k|b'lift 5 To;af6 d'Qm /x]/ ;bfrf/nfO{ kfngf ug]{ d]/f] kfFrf}+ k|ltj4tf xf] . o;/L kfFr j6f …;Ú :jfwLgtf, ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts nf]stGq, ;d[l4, ;fdflhs Gofosf] lglDt ;dfhjfb / ;bfrf/df k|ltj4 eP/ cfufdL lbgdf d nflu/xg]5' . oxfFx? ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 – /fhgLlts cy{zf:qsf] klg ljBfyL{ x'g'sf] gftfn] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf d]/f] a9L ?rL / rf;f] xf] . dxfe"sDkaf6 b]z IftljIft ePsf] h'g cj:yf 5, b]z ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Laf6 h;/L cfqmfGt 5 To;}n] s]xL ;do cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf If]qdf a9L lqmofzLn x'g] / To;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] d]/f] ;f]+r 5 . To;}n] d tTsfn To;df s]lGb|t x'g]5' .

cGTodf, hgo'4, hgcfGbf]ng, dw]z cfGbf]ng / kl5Nnf] r/0fdf yf?jfg If]q, t/fO{–dw]z nufotsf b]zsf ljleGg efudf clwsf/ k|flKtsf nflu ePsf cfGbf]ngdf d[To' ePsfx?k|lt xflb{s >4f~hnL JoQm ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ 3fOt]x?sf] zL3| :jf:Yo nfesf] sfdgf ub{5' . wGojfb .

-PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kl/Tofusf] 3f]if0ffsf nflu @)&@ ;fn c;f]h ( ut] cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf 8f

afa'/fd e§/fO{åf/f cleJoQm ljrf/ / cfufdL k|ltj4tf;DaGwL k"0f{ c+z_

gofF zlQm lsg < 59

cs:dft Pdfcf]jfbL Tofusf] lg0f{o ug{'eof] lg<

em§ x]bf{ cs:dft b]lvP klg d}n] of] s'/f w]/} ;docl3b]lv elg/x]sf] lyPF . dfS;{jfbL efiffdf eGg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ePkl5 k'/fgf] ;fdGtjfbL o'u ;lsP/ k'FhLjfbL o'u ;'? x'g], To;kl5 ;dfhjfbsf nflu c¿ n8\g'k5{ eg]/ eGb} cfPsf] lyPF . c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg ag];Fu} ca xfdLnfO{ gofF ax; rflxPsf] 5 . Tof] gofF ax; k'/fgf] kf6L{sf] k'/fgf] ;+/rgfn] rnfpg ;Sb}g, gofF ;Gbe{df rNg'k5{ . o;sf nflu kf6L{leq dfq} ax; u/]/ k'Ub}g . ;dfhsf ;a};Fu v'nf 5nkmn ug]{ ;f]rsf ;fy cl3 a9\g kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/]sf] x'F .

Pdfcf]jfbL 5f8\g] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnn] s:tf] k|ltlqmof lbg'eof] <

pxfFnfO{ kf6L{ 5f8]sf] hfgsf/L;lxt kq k7fPsf] 5' . s]xL k|ltlqmof kfPsf] 5}g . pxfFk|lt d]/f] s'g} b'/fu|x 5}g . pxfF

k|r08;Fu s'g} b'/fu|x 5}g


klg b]z / hgtfs} ;]jfdf nfu]sf] g]tf xf] . ;fob xfd|f] l5§} e]63f6 xf]nf .

dfcf]jfbLsf ;z:q o'4df tkfO{+x¿ b'O{ hgfsf] gfd rrf{df x'GYof] . ca ;w}+nfO{ 5'6\g'ePsf] xf] <

k|r08hL;Fu d]/f] JolQmut ;DaGw clxn] klg /fd|} 5 . ef]ln klg d'2fut cfwf/df xfd|f] ;xsfo{ x'g ;S5 . d}n] b'/fu|x /fv]sf] eP c¿ ;fyLx¿;d]t nu]/ kf6L{ km'6fpg ;Sy]+ . t/ To;f] ul/g . d dfq} lgSn]+ .

bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjkl5 gofF zlQmsf] ax; rnfpg yfNg'eof] . ca gofF zlQm agfpg] xf] <

clxNo} d To;/L elGbgF . sltkon] gofF zlQm eGg]lalQs} clxn] ePsf zlQm sfd nfu]gg\, gofF agfpg] eGg] cy{df a'‰5g\ . t/ gofF zlQm eg]sf] clxn] ePs}af6 gofFkg lbg] sf]l;; klg xf] . o;sf] cjwf/0ff clxNo} ;a} eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . d ;a};Fu 5nkmn ub}{5' .

dw];L / hghfltnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] <

clxn] dw]; / kxf8aLr h'g b"/L lgdf{0f ePsf] 5, To;nfO{ ;dodf 7Ls 9+un] ;Daf]wg u/]gf}+ eg] b]zdf 8/nfUbf] vf8n aGg hfg] 5 . /fli6«o :jfwLgtf / cv08tfd} r'gf}tL cfpg klg ;S5 . To;}n] dw];, kxf8 / lxdfnaLr ;f}xfb{tf Nofpg l9nf] ug{'x'Gg eGg] d]/f] egfO xf] . ;+ljwfg;Fu s]xL ;d'bfosf] c;Gt''li6 5 . g]kfn eg]sf] cfo{v;sf] dfq} xf]Og, dw];, lxdfn ;a}sf] xf] . o;af/] ;f]Rg'k5{ .

sDo'lgHd 5f8\g'ePsf] xf] <

gofF zlQm lsg < 61

To;/L ;Lwf elgxfNg ldNb}g . d ;'?df u0ftGqjfbL ¥ofl8sn 8]df]qmof6 lyPF . @)#& ;fnkl5 dfq} sDo'lg:6 ePsf] xf] . Tof] qmflGtsf] r/0f k"/f eof], ca cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 u/f}+ eGg] xf] . åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbk|lt d]/f] cufw ljZjf; 5 . Tof] ;dfhnfO{ j:t';+ut 9+un] a'‰g] lj1fg xf] . t/ ;dfhjfbL df]8]nsf] k|of]u ljleGg b]zx¿df h;/L eof], Tof] 7Ls ePg . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf g]kfnsf] k|s[lt ;'xfpFbf] z}nL xfdLnfO{ rflxG5 . To;sf nflu dfS;{jfbnfO{ xfd|} df}lnstfdf cem ljsf; ug{'k5{ .

p;f]eP :6flng / dfcf]af6 aflx/ cfpg'eP5 <

d}n] t o;af/] ax; u/f}+ eg]sf] 5' . o;sf] lgisif{df d k'lu;s]sf] 5}g . sltrflxF xf] eg], clxn] d Pp6f 3/af6 lgl:s;s]sf] 5' . t/ csf]{ 3/ s:tf] agfpg] eGg]df 5nkmn hf/L 5 . k/Dk/fjfbL clt s]Gb|LotfjfbL sDo'lg:6 wf/;Fu d]/f] cln klxn]b]lv g} c;xdlt /Xof] . t/ dfS;{jfbL bz{gd} /x]/ ;dfhjfbsf] df]8n vf]Hg'k5{ eGg] cem} nfU5 .

Tof] eg]sf] clxn] rrf{df /x]sf] gjdfS;{jfbL af6f] xf] <

To;/L eGg'eGbf klg d}n] o;nfO{ kfFr …;Ú sf] cjwf/0ffsf ¿kdf JofVof ug{ vf]h]sf] 5' :jfwfgLtf, ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts nf]stflGqs Joj:yf, ;d[l4, ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu ;dfhjfb / ;bfrf/ .

p;f]eP ca tTsfnsf] dfu{lrq s] x'G5 <

;a};Fu v'nf lbnn] 5nkmn ug]{ ;f]rdf 5' . lxhf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngaf6 ljeflht ePsf ;fyLx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf] 5 . To;kl5 s;/L cufl8 a9\g] eGg] lrq cfpg] 5 .


gofF kf6L{ slxn] 3f]if0ff x'G5 <

tTsfn s'g} gofF kf6L{ 3f]if0ff x'Fb}g . ;+:yfut nf]stflGqs 9+uaf6} of] ljifo l5gf]kmfgf] x'g]5 . d PSn} lg0f{o ulb{gF . slt ;do nfUnf eGg]af/] clxNo} eGg ;lsFb}g . ;+ljwfg t aGof], t/ czflGt / cl:y/tf 5, o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{u/L lg0f{o x'G5 .

df]xg j}B, ljKnjb]lv pk]Gb| ofbj;Fu ;d]t s'/f eO/ x]sf] 5 <

;a};Fu s'/f eO/x]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L b]zsf] sfFr'nL km]g{ nfnflot o'jf, b]zeQm gful/sx¿;Fu 3lge"t ax; eO/x]sf] 5 . h:tf], e"sDkkl5 h'g 9+un] xfdL cufl8 hfg'kYof]{, Tof] ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ljktnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{u/L xfd|f] g]t[Tjdf lehg b]lvPsf] 5}g . d]/f] clxn]sf] Wo]o cfly{s ;d[l4 g} xf] .

;+;b\ lsg 5f8\g'ePsf] <

h'g kf6L{af6 d ;ef;b r'lgPF, To;nfO{ g} Tofu]kl5 g}lts ¿kdf ;+;bdf /lx/xg' plrt gx'g] 7fg]/ Tofu]sf] x'F . To;dfly ;+;b\ kl/Tofu t :jtM x'g] Joj:yf g} 5 . ca tTsfnsf nflu s'g} kbx¿df a:g] ;f]r 5}g . d d"No dfGotfsf] /fhgLlt / b]zsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu s]lGb|t x'g]5' .

o'4af6 zflGtdf cfpg'eof] . Pdfcf]jfbLk|ltsf] d"Nof+sg s] 5 <

Pdfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjdf hgo'4 gePsf] eP cfhsf] kl/0ffd cfpFb}gYof] . ;dfj]zL, kl/jt{gsf Ph]G8f cfh o;/L :yflkt x'Fb}gy] . hgo'4sf nflu d]/} ;lqmotfdf $) ;"qLo dfu tof/

gofF zlQm lsg < 63

eP . o;df dnfO{ uj{ 5 .

t/ tkfO{+sf] /fhLgfdfn] hgo'4sf] cf}lrTo k'li6 eof] t <

k'li6 eof] lg . lsgeg] cfh To;}sf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cg'xf/ g} km]l/Fb}5 . To;sf] hu gePsf] eP of] ;dfhjfb pGd'v ofqfsf] 3/ aGb}gYof] . o;df 6]s]/ g} zflGt, ;d[l4sf] lbzfdf ca b]z cl3 a9\g] xf] .

p;f] eP s'g} k5'tf] 5}g <

k5'tf] xf]Og, Tof] kxnsbdLk|lt dnfO{ c;fWo} uf}/j 5 . @))& ;fnb]lvsf kl/jt{gx¿df slxn] ;z:q ;+3if{, slxn] zflGtk"0f{ ;+3if{sf] of]ubfg 5 . ;+;f/sf dxfg kl/jt{g ;z:q 9+un] ePsf 5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfh ljZj Oltxf;eGbf aflx/ 5}g .

-8f afa'/fd e§/fO{;Fu sflGtk'/sf nflu a;Gt a:g]tn] u/]sf] ;+lIfKt s'/fsfgL k|sfl;t ldlt @)&@ cflZjg !) ut]_


;sf/fTds ;f]+rljgf cfly{s

ljsf;, ;d[l4 / kl/jt{g ;Dej 5}g

@)&@ c;f]h # ut] g]kfnL Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg aGof] . h'g d]/f] hLjgsf] Pp6f

;kgf lyof] . cfkm}+n] lgdf{0f u/]/ oxf“;Dd NofPsf] kf6L{ d}n] kl/Tofu u/]sf] klg c;f]h ( ut] 3f]if0ff u/]+ . o;n] :jtM g} s]xL t/+ux? NofPsf] 5 . afa'/fdn] lsg ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ ljlQs} cfkm}+n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] kf6L{ 5f]8\of] < s] ub}{5 < of] knfog xf] ls < s]xL gof“ rLh ub}{ xf] ls < o;sf] ;sf/fTds gsf/fTds s] kIfx? x'g\ < eGg] lh1f;fx? p7]sf 5g\ . d}n] Tof] lj:tf/} :ki6 kfb}}{ hfg}k5{ . w]/} If]qsf lh1f;fx? 5g\ t/ d}n] tkfO{+ lghL If]qs} ;fyLx?nfO{ klxnf] k6s lsg e]6\g rfx]+ eg] xfdLn] &) jif{;Dd /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnfO{ d'Vo Ph]08f agfof}+ / To;nfO{ c;f]h # ut] cf}krfl/s 9+un] k"/f u¥of}+, en} To;sf] kf6f]df s]xL k|Zgx? 5g\ . t/ casf] Ph]08f eg]sf] cfly{s qmflGt / kl/jt{gsf] Ph]08f xf] . lsgls /fhgLlts / cfly{s qmflGt cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf cfly{s

gofF zlQm lsg < 65

qmflGtn] /fhgLlts qmflGt Nofp“5 . o'/f]ksf s}of}+ b]zdf To:tf] ePsf] klg 5 . sltko 7fp“df rflx“ /fhgLlts qmflGtkl5 cfly{s qmflGt ePsf w]/} b]zsf pbfx/0fx? klg 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf rflx“ xfdLn] /fhgLlts qmflGtkl5 cfly{s qmflGtsf] af6f] ;dft]sf 5f}+ . To;}n] ca Pp6f o'u k"/f eP/ h'g gof“ o'u ;'? x'“b}5, Tof] eg]sf] g]kfndf lta| cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] o'ult/ xfdL cf}krfl/s 9+un] k|j]z ub}{5f}+ . d]/f] klg ?rLsf] ljifo / b]zsf] cfjZostfsf] ljifo klg cfly{s qmflGt / ljsf; x'g\ . cfly{s qmflGt / ljsf;sf d'Vo afxs zlQm lghL If]q g} ePsf] oyfy{nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ d}n] tkfO{+x?;“u of] cGt/lqmof ug{ rfx]sf] x'“ .

d}n] w]/} s'/f /fVg' 5}g . lsgls d}n] ev{/} gof“ ofqf ;'? u/]sf] 5' . gof“ ofqfdf lx“8\g] a6'jfn] ;a} s'/f ;'?d} b]lv;s]sf] klg x'“b}g . s]xL lxlRsrfx6;lxt g} gof“ ofqf ;'? x'G5 . To; qmddf tkfO{+x?sf] ;fy / ;xof]uaf6 g} d}n] cufl8 a9\g' 5 . To;}n] d]/f cfkm\gf w]/} s'/f eGg' eGbf klg tkfO{+x?af6 ;'emfj lng] d]/f] OR5f 5 . To;}n] ;+lIfKtdf g} cfkm\gf s'/fx? /fv]/ tkfO{+x?sf] s'/f ;'Gg]5' .

;+ljwfg;efaf6 h'g ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg aGof] of] g]kfnL Oltxf;sf] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s v'6\lsnf] xf] . x'gtM xfd|f sltko c;xdltx? /xg klg ;S5g\ . lsgls xfdL;“u klxNo} ^ j6f ;+ljwfg lyP, of] ;ftf}+ ;+ljwfg aGof] . t/ ^ j6f ;+ljwfg g]kfnL hgtfsf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx?n] agfPsf lyPgg\ . en} klxn]sf ;+ljwfgdf sltko /fd|f kIfx? klg lyP, ;a} v/fa lyP eGg] xf]Og . t/ ljlw / k|lqmofsf] lx;fan] g]kfnL Oltxf;df klxnf] rf]l6 g]kfnL


hgtfsf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx?n] agfPsf] ;+ljwfg xf] of] . To;}n] g]kfnL Oltxf;df lgld{t of] ;+ljwfg clxn];Ddsf] ;a}eGbf a9L nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg xf] . k|lqmofsf] lx;fan] of] eGbf ;'Gb/ / pRr ljlw ;+;f/df c? s]xL klg dflg“b}g . xfdLn] h'g ljlw / k|lqmof ckgfof}+ To;df tkfO{+–xfdL ;a}n] uj{ ug}{k5{ . d cfkm"nfO{ uj{ / ;Gtf]if s] 5 eg] dnfO{ kf6L{ / Oltxf;n] Pp6f e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cj;/ lbof] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] Ph]08f @)!$ ;fnkl5 x/fP/ uPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf /fhf dx]Gb|n] cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfg lbPsf lyP . ljkL sf]O/fnfn] klg eOuof] t eg]/ /fhf dx]Gb|nfO{ ljZjf; u/]/ 5f]8\lbg'eof] . ljleGg kf6L{x?n] klg To;nfO{ aLrdf 5f]8\lbPs} xf] . @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 Tolta]nf ;+o'Qm /fli6«o hgcfGbf]ng eGg] jfdkGyLx?sf] h'g df]rf{ lyof] To;sf] tkm{af6 d}n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] s'/f p7fPsf] lyP“ . Tolta]nf xfd|f] zlQm Hofb} ;fgf] ePsf] x'gfn] Tof] ;'lgPg / km]l/ Pp6f cfof]uaf6 g} ;+ljwfg aGof] . kl5 dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] qmddf cGo s'/fx?sf] cltl/Qm Pp6f d'Vo dfu eg]sf] ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfP/ g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k"0f{ cEof; ug]{ / cu|ufdL ;+ljwfg agfpg] eGg] Ph]08f g} Toxf“ p7\of] / d}n] g} a9L hf]8 u/]/ Tof] k|ZgnfO{ p7fP“ . zflGt k|lqmofdf cfp“bfv]l/ kf6L{leq ljleGg ljjfbx? eP . klxnf] / bf];|f] zflGt jftf{sf] qmddf To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Pg . @)^@÷)^# df cfPkl5 g} of] /fli6«o Ph]08f aGof] . clxn] xfdL ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ 7fp“;Dd k'Uof}+ . ;+of]un] d}n] g} ;+ljwfg;efsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;ldlt ;+j}wflgs–/fhgLlts ;+jfb tyf ;xdlt ;ldltsf] ;efkltTj ug]{ cj;/ kfP“ . clGtdsfndf Tof] ;ldltn] klg zLif{ g]t[Tjsf] % hgfsf] ljz]if ;ldltn] g} af“sL ljifo 6'+Uofpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . d ;efkltsf]

gofF zlQm lsg < 67

gftfn] ;+of]hs, dfggLo ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, dfggLo s]kL zdf{ cf]nL, dfggLo k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ú / dfggLo ljhos'df/ uR5bf/ /x]sf] kf“r hgfsf] 6f]nLn] g} ;a} ljifo 6'+Uofpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . >fj0f @# ut] dWo/ftdf ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd d:of}bf agfpg] sfd u¥of}+ / ;+ljwfg;efdf a'emfof}+ . To;kl5 km]l/ s]xL ljifodf c;Gt'li6, ;'emfjx? klg cfP, cfGbf]ng klg eP / To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L ;+zf]wg /fVg] eGg] eof] / ;+zf]wg k|:tfj k|:t't ug{sf] lglDt klg ToxL kf“r hgfsf] ljz]if ;ldlt / d:of}bf ;ldltsf ;efklt s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf u/L ^ hgfnfO{ lhDdf lbOof] . d}n] g} ;+of]hg u/]/ xfdL ^ hgfn] g} ebf} !( ut] ;+zf]wg;lxtsf] kl/dflh{t d:of}bf ;+ljwfg;efdf k|:t't u¥of}+ . Tof] g} /fhgLlts ?kdf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfd lyof] / To;kl5sf ;a} cf}krfl/s sfd dfq} lyP .

o;/L P]ltxfl;s ?kdf sfd ;DkGg eof] / d}n] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ h'g cj;/ kfP“ dnfO{ cToGt uj{sf] cg'e'lt 5 . t/ kl5Nnf] r/0fdf afa'/fdn] g} cfkm"n] agfPsf] ;+ljwfgsf] lj/f]w u¥of], sltkon] t cem hnfOlbof] klg eGg] vfnsf xNnf rNg] u/]sf 5g\ tL ;To xf]Ogg\ . d}n] o;df ;Gtf]if / uj{sf] cg'e'lt ub}{ vfln kl5Nnf] r/0fdf t/fO{–dw]z / yf? afx'No If]qx?df c;Gt'i6L a9\of], ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ a]nfdf em08} Ps dlxgf;Dd aGb x8\tfnsf] h'g cj:yf /x\of], pxf“x?sf] ;+Vofsf] lx;fan] yf]/} xf]nf t/ efjgfsf] lx;fan], ;d"xsf] lx;fan] t/fO{–dw]zsf] h'g ;+j]bgzLntf 5, cfwf hg;+Vof Toxf“ a;f]af; u5{, v'Nnf ;Ldf;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 / Toxf“ x'g] czflGtn] xfd|f l5d]sLnfO{ klg k|sf/fGt/n] tfGg] vt/f /xG5 Tof] cj:yfdf pxf“x?nfO{ ;d]t ljZjf;df lnP/ ;+ljwfg hf/L u/f}+ eGg] k|Zg dfq} p7fPsf] lyP“ . 6'+uf] t df]6fdf]6L ?kdf w]/} nufO;s]s} lyof}++, To;df


pxf“x?sf] klg w]/} ljifodf ;xdlt g} lyof] . s]xL ;Ldf+sg, ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj nufotsf ljifodf pxf“x? ;d]tnfO{ ;xefuL u/fof}+ eg] dw]zdf zflGt cfp“5 / ;a}sf] ckgTj / :jfldTj;lxtsf] ;+ljwfgn] b]zdf bLuf] zflGt lbG5 . To;kl5 cufl8 a9\g d2t k'U5 eGg] s'/f Toxf“ xfdLn] /fVof}+ t/ sltko ;fyLx?n] ;fdfGo s'/fdf, h;n] s]xL 306f÷lbg lnGYof] h'g s'g} 7"nf] s'/f] lyPg, c;fWo} lh2L u/]/ kv{g h?/t 5}g / pxf“x?n] p7fPsf dfux? klg clxn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}gf}+, Tof] 7"nf] cfGbf]ng klg xf]Og, s;}n] pS;fOlbPsf] xf] eg]/ cToGt Go'gLs/0f u/]/ ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ k'Uof}+ . ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ lbgdf cfwf b]zn] lbkfjnL dgfof] / cfwf b]z cfGbf]ng / cGwsf/df /x\of] . of] cln ;'vb\ kIf ePg eGg] dfq} d]/f] s'/f lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ g} lnP/ ;+ljwfg hf/L ubf{ ;a}sf] :jfldTj / ckgTj x'GYof] . To;n] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog / ef]lnsf] ofqf klg, bLuf] zflGtsf] lglDt cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] h'g kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5f}+, Tof] ;xh x'GYof] .

t/fO{–dw]z g} xfd|f] w]/} ;x/L Onfsf ePsf], pBf]u wGbfx? /x]sf] / ef]ln klg /xg] 7fp“ xf] / ljb]zL nufgL ljgf klg g]kfnsf] ljsf; x'“b}g / pgLx? cfp“bf a9L ;'ud x'g] 7fp“ klg, xfdLn] cf}Bf]lus If]q / ljz]if cfly{s If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ x'g] 7fp“ klg t/fO{ g} xf] . To; lx;fan] klg t/fO{–dw]zsf] ljz]if dxTj /xG5, cfly{s ljsf;sf] lglDt klg eGg] hf]8 Toxf“ ePsf] lyof] . To:tf] ;+j]bgzLn If]qnfO{ ljZjf;df lng] ljifosf] sdL /x\of] eGg] dfq} d]/f] l6Kk0fL xf] . t/ ;+ljwfg t alg;s]s} lyof] . d cfkm}+n] ;ldltaf6 a'emfP/, d}n] ;d]t ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:osf ?kdf x:tfIf/ u/]/ hf/L eO;s]kl5 cfkm}+n] lj/f]w ug]{ t k|Zg} cfp“b}g . dnfO{ hlt uj{ t ;fob} s;}nfO{ xf]nf . Tolt

gofF zlQm lsg < 69

7"nf] hgo'4sf] qmddf g} ToxL ljifo p7fP/ Toqf] alnbfgLkl5 ;+ljwfg;ef cfof] . To;}n] tkfO{+x?df st} lsl~rt dfq klg låljwf 5 eg] Tof] g/xf];\ eGg] d cfu|x ug{ rfxG5' .

o;} ;Gbe{df clxn] d'VotM t/fO{–dw]zdf h'g ljjfb / ;d:ofsf] ljifo 5 of] xfd|f] cfGtl/s ljifo xf] . xfdL cfkm}+n] xn ug'{k5{ . t/fO{–dw]z / yf?jfg If]qsf hgtf xfd|} g]kfnL hgtf x'g\ . t/fO{–dw]zsf ;fyLnfO{ ef/tLo d"nsf eg]/ clnslt cg]kfnL 7flglbg] h'g dgf]j}1flgs kvf{n 5 To;nfO{ cGTo ug{sf] lglDt klg pxf“x?nfO{ cln ;+j]bgzLn 9+un] xfdLn] x]g'{k5{ . pxf“x?n] p7fPsf slt dfu hfoh x'g\ slt dfu gfhfoh x'g\, jftf{sf] 6]andf a;f}+ / hfoh dfu k"/f u/f}+, gfhfoh 5g\ eg] oL gfhfoh 5g\ egf}+ . o;/L hf“bf /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] k|oTg d}n] lgs} g} u/]+ . t/ Tof] k"/f x'g g;Sbf %) lbg k"/f eO;Sof] t/fO{–dw]zdf cfGbf]ng hf/L /xg' / ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf h'g vfnsf] czflGt / c:tJo:ttf /x\of] To;}nfO{ axfgf agfP/ ef/tLo ;/sf/sf] kIfaf6 ;Ldfdf ;fdfgsf] 9'jfgLdf cj/f]w v8f ug]{, k|rlnt zAbdf eGbf c3f]lift gfsfaGbL ug]{, h'g kl/36gf x'g k'u]sf] 5 Tof] cToGt b'Mvb\ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] klxn] g} xfdL cfkm}+n] t/fO{–dw]zsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/f}+ eGg] d]/f] cToGt 7"nf] hf]8 xf] . clxn] xfd|f] l5d]sLx?;“u ;d:ofx? 5g\ Tof] t l5d]sdf x'G5 . t}klg l5d]sLsf sltko c3]{NofO{+ klg 5g\ . xfd|f] l5d]sLn] klg cln 7"nf] x[bo b]vfOlbg'kg]{ xf] . kf]xf]/ df]bLhL cfPkl5 h'g vfnsf] efjgf oxf“ ag]sf] lyof], clxn] ;fgf] lrQ ul/lb“bf, a]n}df cfkm\gf ;/f]sf/x? 7Ls 9+un] ;~rf/ gul/lb“bf Pp6f c;xh / cljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f aGof] . clxn] h'g kl/l:yltdf k'u]sf] 5, t/fO{–dw]z t %) lbgb]lv cfqmfGt g} 5, s]xL lbgb]lv sf7df8f}+df ;d]t To;sf]


k|efj k/]/ cfk"tL{sf] c:tJo:ttf ePsf] 5 . o:tf] l:ylt cfpg' x'“b}gYof] . xfdLn] a]n}df b'a} kIfaf6, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 klg / ef/t ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 klg, cfkm\gf ;/f]sf/x? s'6gLlts ?kdf kl/kSj tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg'k¥Yof] . Toxf“ q'6L /x]s} 5 . slt xfd|f] q'6L xf], slt ptfsf] q'6L xf] Tof] t ef]ln ;dLIff xf]nf . t}klg of] ult/f]w nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfpg' pko'Qm 5}g, To;n] b'j} b]znfO{ kmfObf ub}{g . To;}n] klxnf] s'/f, t/fO{–dw]zsf] ;d:of xfd|f] cfGtl/s ;d:of xf], xfdL cfkm}+n] xn u/f}+ . t/fO{–dw]z / y?x6 If]qsf /fhgLlts bn / zlQmx?nfO{ jftf{sf] 6]andf NofP/ pxf“x?sf] dfux?df ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsg] dfunfO{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/]/ -c;f]h !% ut]b]lv g} Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] clwj]zg klg ;'? eO;s]sf] 5_ xn u/f}+ . ;fy} lbNnL;“u klg of] ;fj{hlgs h'xf/L v]Ng' eGbf s'6gLlts 9+un] jftf{ u/]/ l56f] ;dfwfg vf]hf}+ . c3f]lift k|sf/sf] gfsfaGbLsf af/]df pxf“x?sf] egfO{df otfsf] cj/f]w xf] eGg] 5 / xfd|f] ;/sf/sf] egfOdf rflx“ Tof] axfgf dfq} xf] pxf“x?n] ptfaf6} /f]Sg'ePsf] xf] eGg] 5, df/df tkfO{+–xfdL k/]sf 5f}+ . …;f“9]sf] h'wfO{ afR5fsf] ldrfO{Ú eg]h:tf] b'O{ b]zsf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 o:tf] h'xf/L rNbf df/df kg]{ t tkfO{+–xfdL hgtf x'G5f}+ . To;}n] klg o;nfO{ l56f] xn ul/of];\ . of] ltQmtf w]/} a9fpg' kmfObfhgs 5}g . lsgls xfdL gof“ o'udf k|j]z ub}{5f}+ . cfly{s ljsf; / qmflGtsf] o; r/0fdf l5d]sL rLg / ef/t h:tf b'O{ 7"nf cy{tGqsf] nufgL ljgf / 7"nf] ahf/sf] nfe glnOsg g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] klg l5d]sL;“usf s'/f l56f] xn u/]/ xfdLn] cfufdL lbgsf] 7Ls 9+usf] gLlt canDag u/f}+ .

of] ljifodf sf] /fli6«o, sf] c/fli6«o, sf] /fi6«jfbL, sf]

gofF zlQm lsg < 71

/fi6«3ftL eGg] ax; / cgfjZos ljjfb l;h{gf ug'{ x'“b}g . xfdL ;a} g]kfnL /fi6«jfbL xf}+ . b]zsf] dfof eGg] s'/f d'6'df /fVg] s'/f xf], lgwf/df b]vfp“b} lx“8\g] s'/f xf]Og . xfdL ;a} /fi6«jfbL xf}+ . /fli6«o lxt s;/L ug]{ eGg] km/s–km/s ;f]+rx? x'g ;S5g\ . bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] zLto'4sfnLg ;dosf] Pp6f vfnsf] /fi6«jfb lyof], h'g n8fO{+ n8]/} klg >]i7tf xfl;n ug]{ eGg] x'GYof] . k|ToIf n8fO{+ u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] vfnsf] /fi6«jfb x'GYof] . csf]{ /fi6«jfb eg]sf] rflx“ b]zsf] cfkm\gf] /fli6«o kl/l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{, zlQm–;Gt'ngnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} klxn] cfkm\ gf] cfGtl/s nf]stGqsf] ;d:of xn u/]/ ;a} hgtfnfO{ ;fydf lnP/ /fli6«o Pstf alnof] kfg]{ s'/fnfO{ klxn] Wofg lbg] / cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 sfod u/]/ h'g xfd|f] cfly{s k/lge{/tf 5 To;nfO{ cGTo u/]/ ;xL cy{df g]kfnnfO{ :jfwLg agfpg] xf] . of] clnslt km/s 9+usf] nf]stflGqs k|ultzLn /fli6«otf xf] . oL b'O{ k|sf/sf /fli6«otfsf ljifodf ax; x'g ;S5 t/ klg xfdL ;a} /fi6«jfbL g} xf}+ . xfdL sf]xL klg /fi6«3ftL x'g ;Sb}gf}+ . /fi6«3ft ug]{nfO{ g]kfnL eGg] clwsf/ klg /x“b}g / To:tf] JolQmnfO{ t sfg'gadf]lhd s8f ;hfo x'g'k5{ . o:tf] s'/fdf b":k|rf/ u/]/ kmnfgf] rflx“ /fi6«3ftL d /fi6«jfbL eGg] 9+un] xfdL sf]xL klg k|:t't x'g'x'“b}g . s;}n] ;f“Rr} /fi6«3ft u5{ eg] b]zsf] sfg'gcg';f/ bl08t ug'{k5{, cgfjZos 9+un] s;}sf] rl/qxTof ug]{ 9+un] To:tf] k|rf/afhLdf nfUg' x'“b}g . To;}n] o;nfO{ dgg u/f}+ .

tkfO{+x?, vf;u/L lghL If]qnfO{ yfxf 5 xfd|f] clxn]sf] o'udf s'g} klg cy{tGq cfkm}+leq dfq} aGb vfnsf] cy{tGq ;Dej x'“b}g . v'nf ahf/ cy{tGq eg]sf] v'nf cGt/b]zLo Jofkf/ / nufgLsf] klg cy{tGq xf] . To;}n] klg l5d]sL;“u /


cGt/f{li6«o zlQm;“usf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'lnt g/flvsg cfly{s ljsf; x'“b}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg xfdLn] Wofg lbcf}+ . otfkl§ klg Wofg k'uf];\ eGg] d rfxG5' . cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 d}n] klxn]b]lv g} eGb} cfPsf] x'“ – ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf g]kfnn] ;]t'sf] ?kdf, ultzLn k'nsf] ?kdf sfd ug'{k5{, b'O{ 7"nf ahf/sf] nfe lng'k5{ . xfd|f] ef/tlt/ dfq} cTolws k/lge{/tf, xfd|f] lgof{t eGbf cfoftsf] cg'kft ( u'0ff a9L ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ Go'gLs/0f ub}{ rLg;“u klg ljleGg gfsfx? vf]n]/, cfly{s sf/f]af/ a9fP/ ;Gt'ngdf lnP/ hfg], Psfkl§sf] dfq} k/lge{/tfnfO{ x6fpg] / cGt/lge{/ cy{tGqsf] – cGt/lge{/ eG5' d cfTdlge{/ eGg] x'“b}g jf:tjdf cGt/lge{/ xf] clxn]sf] o'usf] cy{tGqsf] :j?k eg]sf] – k'FhL lgdf{0f u/]/ cGttM b]znfO{ ;f“Rr} g} ;d[l4sf] lbzflt/ lnP/ hfg] 9+un] g} cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . Tof] lbzfdf klg ca xfdLn] ;f]rf}+ .

oxL If0fdf d}n] lsg kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/]+ t < eGbf of] s'g} cfsl:ds ljifo xf]Og . d}n] klxn] klg oxf“x?nfO{ o;af/] ;+s]t u/]sf] lyP“ . ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg ag]kl5 Pp6f /fhgLlts o'u k"/f x'G5 / To;kl5 csf]{ o'u ;'? x'G5 Tof] eg]sf] d"ntM cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] o'u xf] . ;fdflhs Gofo, ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts nf]stGq nufotsf s'/f t sfod ug}{k5{, ljsf;sf] nfe ;Lldt dfG5]n] dfq} k|fKt ug]{ ljsf; ;xL cy{df ljsf; x'“b}g, Tof] bLuf] ljsf; klg x'“b}g, To;n] bLuf] zflGt klg Nofp“b}g t/ d'Vo ?kdf cfly{s ljsf;, lta| cfly{s j[l4b/ ;“u;“u} ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts k|sf/sf] ljsf; cyf{t …OGSn'l;e 8]enkd]G6Úsf] gof“ o'u / Ph]08f x'G5 eGg] g} xf] . ;+ljwfg eg]sf] 9'+ufdf n]lvPsf] clGtd cIf/ xf]Og, of] t Pp6f ultzLn b:tfj]h xf] . h] s'/f

gofF zlQm lsg < 73

k"/f ePsf 5}gg\, tL k"/f x'“b} hfG5g\ . clnslt c;Gt'li6 klg x'G5, ef]ln klg xfdLn] ;+zf]wg u/]/ hfg ;S5f}+, clGtd cIf/ of] xf]Og . To;sf/0fn] clxn] h] czflGt eO/fv]sf] 5 To;df w]/} lrGtf gul/sg casf] xfd|f] kmf]s; rflx“ cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4lt/ hfg] g} x'g'k5{ . To;lglDt /fhgLlts bz{gdf klg ;dofg's'n ljsf; ug'{k5{ . lxhf] Pp6f cfGbf]ng / qmflGtsf] a]nfdf xfdLn] km/s vfnsf] /fhgLlts bz{g ckgfPs} xf] . cfly{s qmflGtsf] lglDt cnu–cnu bz{gx? klg 5g\ . ;fDojfbL bz{g dfGg]n] klg ljsf; u/]sf 5g\, pbf/jfbL nf]stGq dfGg]n] klg ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . t}klg To;df bz{gsf], ljrf/wf/fsf] cy{ rflx“ x'G5 . tTsfn cfly{s ljsf;sf] lglDt lghL If]qnfO{ d'Vo ?kdf pT;flxt ug]{ / cGt/f{li6«o nufgL klg cfslif{t ug]{ 9+usf] j}rfl/s k|ltj4tf xfdL;“u ePg eg] xfdLn] hlt;'s} ljsf;sf s'/f u/] klg clxn]sf] o'udf Tof] ljsf; ;Dej x'“b}g . To;}n] ca xfdLn] lxhf] d"ntM /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] lglDt h'g ljrf/wf/fTds xltof/ k|of]u u/]sf lyof}+, h'g kf6L{ / ;fwg xfdLn] k|of]u u/]sf lyof}+, ca cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] r/0fdf j}rfl/s 9+un] klg gof“ 9+usf] ;dfofg's'n ljrf/sf] ljsf;, b]zsf] kl/l:ylt / cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:ylt ;'xfp“bf] ljrf/sf] ljsf; klg ug'{k5{ . ;fy} kf6L{ / g]t[Tjsf] 9f“rf / ;+/rgf klg lxhf]sf] lx+;fTds /fhgLlts qmflGtsf] r/0fdf ag]sf] 9f“rf / ;+/rgfeGbf zflGtk"0f{ cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] lbzfdf hfg], cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g ug]{ kf6L{sf] 9f“rf rflx“ km/s 9+usf] x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfcg';f/ g} cfkm}+n] nufgL u/]/ sd/]8 k|r08 nufot xfdLn] g} agfPsf] kf6L{ kl/Tofu u/]/ aflx/ lgl:sPsf] x'“ . o;sf] cy{ Tof] kf6L{ ;a} v/fa 5 eGg] d]/f] egfO 5}g, s;}k|lt klg d]/f] b"/fu|x 5}g . d}n] ljxfg oxf“ cfpg'eGbf


cufl8 dfq klg sd/]8 k|r08nfO{ kmf]g u/]/ s] 5 s;f] 5, d}n] s] d2t ug'{k5{ eGg';\ x}, xfdL km/s af6f]df eP klg of] b]znfO{ cufl8 a9fpgdf ;xsfo{ u/]/ hfg'k5{, gof“ ;+:sf/ a;fNg'k5{ eg]+ . xfdL lt;f}+ jif{ ;“u} a:of}+, t/ 5'l§Psf] lbgb]lv ;Qf];/fk ug]{ xfd|f] ;+:sf/ /fd|f] t 5}g lg, bfh'efO g} xfdL ;fgf] c+zdf df/fdf/ sf6fsf6 ug]{, cfdfrsf/L ufnL ug]{ v/fa ;+:sf/af6 x'ls{Psf dfG5] xfdLn] km]l/ To:tf] ug'{x'“b}g, xfdLn] gof“ ;+:sf/ a;fnf}+ . xfdL km/s–km/s af6f] eP klg b]zsf] lxtsf] lglDt cfkm\gf] ;f]+rsf] sf/0fn] km/s ePsf 5f}+ JolQmut ?kdf xfd|f] s6'tf x'g'x'“b}g eGg] s'/f d}n] /fv]+ . n 7Ls 5, To;} ug'{k5{, n /fd|f] eof] eGg] s'/f pxf“n] klg ug'{eof] . of] s'/f d}n] lsg sf]6\ofPsf] eg] s;}nfO{ klg cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]k ug]{ kIfdf d 5}g . cfkm}+df ;sf/fTds ;f]+r ePg eg] c?nfO{ klg ;sf/fTds ;f]+r af“8\g ;ls“b}g . ;sf/fTds ;f]+rljgf l;h{gzLn vfnsf sfd, ljsf;, ;d[l4 / kl/jt{gsf sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;ls“b}g . To; lx;fan] klg d}n] kf6L{ kl/Tofu ug'{ eg]sf] of] eGbf pGgt, lxhf]sf] ljrf/ eGbf pGgt ljrf/ / b]zsf] kl/l:ylt ;'xfp“bf] ljrf/ lnP/ a9\ gs} lglDt xf] . Tof] d;“u algagfp 5}g . km]l/ oxf“ o;n] cs}{ kf6L{÷u'6 agfP/ xfdLdfly yf]kg{ vf]Hof] ls eGg] e|d g/xf];\, d]/f] To:tf] clxn] s'g} dg;fo 5}g . d Toxf“af6 lgl:sPsf] 5', Pp6f gof“ df]6fdf]6L ;f]+r 5 cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] k|sf/sf] ljrf/wf/f / ;+u7g x'g'k5{ eGg] dfq} a'emfO 5 . h;nfO{ d}n] s]xL klxn]b]lv …gof“ zlQmÚ eg]sf] 5' . x'gtM s]xL c? ;fyLx?n] klg Tof] ljifodf rrf{ ul//fVg'ePsf] 5 . cGttM /fhgLlts …Kn]6kmd{Ú t rflxG5, Tof] ljgf cfjZos gLlt lgdf{0f klg ug{ ;ls“b}g . cGttM /fhgLlts g]t[Tj 7Ls ePg, gLlt–lgodx? 7Ls ePgg\ eg] d'vn] dfq}

gofF zlQm lsg < 75

cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 dfq} eg]/ x'“b}g . /fhgLlts / cfly{s s'/f cGt/;DalGwt g} x'G5g\ . To;}n] Pp6f /fhgLlts …Kn]6kmd{Ú t agfpg} k5{ . t/ Tof] s:tf] aG5, s;/L agfpg] eGg] s'/f rflx“ ;a};“u k/fdz{ u/]/ ;a}sf] ;xeflutfdf g} cufl8 a9\g] g} d]/f] ;f]+r 5 . To;}n] s;/L hf“bf pko'Qm x'G5, s'g 9+usf] ljrf/ g]kfnL df6f] ;'xfp“bf], kl/l:ylt ;'xfp“bf], clxn]sf] o'u ;'xfp“bf], cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ d2t ug]{ vfnsf] ljrf/ s] x'g ;S5, Tof] kf6L{sf] 9f“rf s:tf] x'g ;S5 eGg] ljifodf tkfO{+ cfly{s If]qsf, lghL If]qsf ;fyLx?sf klg ;'emfjx? d}n] cjZo g} u|x0f u5'{ . c? ljleGg If]qsf JolQmx?;“u, ljleGg kf6L{sf, kf6L{aflx/sf ;a};“u k/fdz{ u/]/ g} cufl8 a9\g] ;f]+r 5 . To;}n] d;“u clxn] lh1f;f 5, k|Zg 5, x'6x'6L 5 t/ k"/} hjfkm rflx“ tkfO{+x? ;a}sf] ;Nnfxkl5 g} lbg ;S5' / d klg lgisif{df k'Ug ;S5' eGg] d]/f] ;f]+r 5 .

ljsf;sf nflu /fHo If]q, ;xsf/L If]q / lghL If]q eg]/ tLg vDa] eGbf of] ljifodf s]xL e|dx? /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . d}n] Tolta]n} s] eGg] u/]sf] lyP“ eg] tLg vDaf xf]Og jf:tjdf b'O{ vDaf g} xf], /fHo / lghL b'O{ j6} If]q xf] . ;xsf/L eg]sf] rflx“ lghL If]qsf] ;+ul7t :j?k dfq} xf] . To;}n] d"ntM b'O{ vDa] gLlt g} xf] / h;/L dfG5] b'O{ v'§fn] 6]s]/ g} cufl8 a9\5 g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df b'O{ v'§fn] 6]s]/ g} cufl8 a9\g'k5{ . d'Vo ?kdf bflxg] / b]a|] v'§fsf] km/s t k5{ t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df bflxg] v'§f bx|f] / alnof] v'§f rflx“ lghL If]q g} xf] . /fHon] lgodgsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{, gLlt lgdf{0fdf To;n] d2t u5{ / cfjZos vf;–vf; If]qdf To;n] xft xfN5 t/ d'Vo ?kdf ljsf;sf] cu'jf eg]sf] lghL If]q g} xf] eg]/ d}n] eGb} cfPsf] x'“ . dnfO{ clxn] klg ToxL g} nfU5 . cfufdL lbgdf xfdLn]


gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ klg lghL If]qn] g} d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ u/L g} ug'{k5{ . xfdLn] ef]ln h'g 9+usf] af6f] ;dfT5f}+ To;df klg To;}nfO{ k|>o lbg] g} x'G5 . d]/f] k|ltj4tf klg To;df 5 . To;}n] tkfO{+x?n] To; ljifodf s'g} klg cfz+sf /fVg' x'g]5}g eGg] d}n] a'em]sf] 5' . csf]{ d}n] eGb} cfPsf] ljifo rflx“ s] xf] eg] xfdLn] lta| cfly{s ljsf;df guOsg x'“b}g . d ;dfhjfbL dfGotfdf ljZjf; ug]{ g} dfG5] x'“ . ;dfhjfbsf], ;fdflhs Gofosf] dxTj 5, /xG5 eGg] g} dnfO{ nfU 5 . ;dfj]zL ljsf; x'g'k5{ eGg] klg nfU5 . xfd|f] h'g ljljwtf 5, ul/aLsf] h'g cj:yf 5, To;nfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ . xfdLn] u/]sf] ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;Dk"0f{ hgtfdf k'u]g, Tof] ;dfj]zL ePg eg] bLuf] x'“b}g, zflGt x'“b}g . zflGt geP;Dd ljsf; klg x'“b}g eGg] cfwf/df d ;dfj]zL ljsf;s} kIfdf, ;dfhjfbL …cf]l/PG6];gÚsf] kIfdf d clxn] klg 5' . d'Vo s'/f s] xf] eg] lta| cfly{s ljsf; ePg eg], b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s j[l4b/ ePg eg], d cy{dGqL x'“bf klg d}n] Tof] s'/f eg]+, h] u/]/ eP klg xfdLn] s]xL bzs b'O{ c+ssf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug]{tkm{ hfg}k5{ . tLg÷rf/ k|ltztsf] j[l4b/n], o:tf] …nf] Osf]gf]lds a];Ú 5, xfdLnfO{ st} klg k'¥ofp“b}g . To;}n] Tof] xfl;n ug{sf] lglDt leq / aflx/sf ;fwg–;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng / cfGtl/s nufgLsf] ;fy} d'VotM Pp6f r/0fdf afx\o nufgL 7"nf] dfqfdf gNofOsg x'“b}g . To;sf] lglDt t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx? 5g\, hn;|f]t nufotsf If]qx?, 7"nf] nufgL NofP/ lta| cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ lbzfdf xfdL hfg}k5{ . gLltut ?kdf lghL If]qsf] d'Vo e"ldsf;lxtsf] /fHo / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;xof]uL e"ldsf / …cf]l/PG6];gÚsf] ?kdf lta| cfly{s ljsf; / ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;Gt'ng, d'Vo ?kdf cfly{s ljsf; clg …kf]e6L{ l8l:6«Ao';gÚ

gofF zlQm lsg < 77

xf]Og …j]Ny l8l:6«Ao';gÚsf] tl/sfn] hfg] gLltdf k|i6 /xg'k5{ . If]qut k|fyldstfsf] s'/fdf xfdL 7"nf b]zsf] aLrdf 5f}+ To;nfO{ Wofg lb“b} xfd|f] t'ngfTds kmfObf s] df 5, lrlgof“ ahf/df / ef/tLo ahf/df xfd|f] kmfObf s] df x'g ;S5 To;sf] klxrfg u/]/, s[lifsf] If]q, ko{6gsf] If]q, ;]jfsf] If]q ;fob t'ngfTds kmfObfsf If]q x'g ;S5g\, …;]n]lS6e Dofg'km\ofSrl/ªÚsf If]q klg s]xL x'g ;S5g\, To;df xfdL hfg ;S5f}+ .

e"sDkaf6 em08} b]zsf] cfwf hg;+Vof k|efljt ePsf] / em08} !) va{sf] gjlgdf{0f÷k'gMlgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ h'g cfjZotf 5 To;}n] tTsfn e"sDk k|efljt If]qdf h'g vfnsf] gjlgdf{0fsf] gLlt lnG5f}+ Tof] ef]lnsf] klg g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] gLltsf] k|f?k aGg ;S5 . To;nfO{ klg dWogh/ ub}{ xfdL cufl8 a9\g' 5 . To;}n] l5§} g} xfdL To;df s]lGb|t eP/ cufl8 a9f}+ .

xfd|f] cfly{s ljsf;sf] d"n gLlt s] x'G5 eGg] ljifodf xfd|f] Pp6} /fli6«o gLlt klg aGg'k5{ . hf]8 / sf]0fdf km/s kg{ ;S5 t/ JolQmlkR5]sf, kf6L{lkR5]sf cnu–cnu gLlt xf]Og /fli6«o gLlt aGg'k5{ . gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lglDt d}n] ;f]r]sf] rflx“ Pp6f …g]kfn Osf]gf]lds kf]ln;L u|'kÚ agfpg] . tkfO{+x? h:tf of] If]qsf lj1 ;fyLx?, aflx/ ePsf Pgcf/Pgsf ;fyLx? klg x'g'x'G5, PkmPgl;l;cfO{, l;PgcfO{, r]Da/ ckm sd;{h:tf ljleGg ;+3–;+:yfsf ;fyLx? x'g'x'G5, pxf“x? / cGo lj1x? ;lxt /x]sf] To:tf] ;d"x agfP/ b]zsf] cfly{s gLlt / sfo{qmd s:tf] x'g] eGg] to x'g'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . 5nkmn ub}{ uP/ Pp6f ;d"xsf] lgdf{0f xfdLn] ug'{k5{ / gof“ zlQm hf] xfdLn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5f}+ / ef]ln lgdf{0f ug]{5f}+ To;n] cfly{s gLlt lgdf{0f u/]/ cufl8 a9fpg ;S5 .


csf]{lt/ ;+ljwfgdf g} ;dfhjfb, ;dfhjfb–pGd'v cflb n]Vbf lghL If]qsf] ultljlwnfO{ c+s'z nufpg] xf] ls, ;+ljwfgdf g} To:tf] zAb k/]kl5 sfg'gsf] JofVof, d'2f–dfldnf cflbn] nufgL cj?4 x'g] xf] ls, ljb]zL nufgL gcfpg] xf] ls eGg] h'g cfz+sf tkfO{+x?n] ug'{ePsf] 5 d]/f] ljrf/df To:tf] x'“b}g . klxnf] s'/f tkfO{+x?n] s] a'em\g'k¥of] eg] ;dfhjfb–pGd'v elgPsf] xf], clxn] g} ;dfhjfb nfu" ug]{ xf]Og . d k|i6;“u eG5' clxn] k"“hLjfb g} nfu" ug]{ xf] . g]kfndf s]xL bzs;Dd, slxn];Dd eGg t ;lsGg eljiojf0fL ug{ ;Sg] s'/f t xf]Og, tTsfn nfu" ug]{ eg]sf] k"“hLjfbL cy{tGqsf] gLlt g} xf] . lghL :jfldTjdf cfwfl/t v'nf ahf/ cy{tGqdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqnfO{ g} k"“hLjfb elgG5 . ToxL cy{sf] k"“hLjfb g} g]kfnsf] tTsfn cfly{s ljsf;sf] d"n af6f] xf] . ;xfos ?kdf xfdLn] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLtf klg sfod ug]{ ePsfn] s]xL ;dfhjfbsf ?kx? rflx“ Toxf“ x'G5g\ t/ Tof] ;xfos x'G5 . d'Vo kf6f] k"“hLjfb g} x'G5 . ;dfhjfb zAbn] g} xfdL 8/fpg'kb}{g . rLgn] ;+ljwfgdf ;dfhjfb n]Vbf–n]Vb} klg o:tf] vfnsf] k"“hLjfb p;n] nfu" u¥of] ls ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf w]/} nufgL ToxL“ eof] / clxn]sf] ljZjsf] Ps gDa/ cy{tGq x'g] lbzflt/ pm uO/fv]sf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL zAbaf6 g8/fcf}+ . clxn] ;dfhjfb–pGd'v dfq} elgPsf] 5 . To;n] cK7]/f] kf5{ ls eGg] 9+un] g;f]Rg'xf]nf .

ca xfdLn] gof“ c7f]6 ug}{k5{ . xfdL gof“ o'udf k|j]z u/]sf 5f}+ eg] xfdLdf gof“ ;f]+r d'Vo ?kdf rflxG5 . gof“ ;+sNk, gof“ ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltsf] klg xfdLn] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . gof“ dfq} eg]/ klg x'“b}g . xfd|f] lrGtg / ;f]+rdf g} gof“kg / cfr/0fdf klg gof“kg Nofpg'k5{ . xfdL g]kfnL cToGt} ;/n hflt klg xf}+ eg] xfd|f] ;+:sf/ cln if8\oGqd'ns klg 5 .

gofF zlQm lsg < 79

e"lk z]/rgn] …xNn} xNnfsf] b]zÚ klg eGg'ePsf] lyof] . ldn]/ sfd ug'{eGbf klg cufl8 a9\g vf]Hg]sf] v'§f tfGg] vfnsf] ;+:sf/ klg 5 . To;}n] gof“ 9+un] hfg] xf] eg] Tof] ;+:sf/ klg abNg'k5{ . xfd|f] cfr/0fdf, /fHo If]qdf klg /fhgLltdf klg e|i6frf/ ;+:yfut eP/} uOlbPsf] 5 . To;n] ubf{v]l/ lghL If]q / tkfO{+x?sf] pBf]u–Joj;fosf] If]qdf klg sldzgsf hfnx? km}lnP/ tkfO{+x? klg ;a} hfg]/÷ghfg]/, rfx]/÷grfx]/ tflgg] h'g Pp6f k|lqmof ag]sf] 5 To;sf] cGTo u/]/ ;bfrf/ / e|i6frf/d'Qm k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; klg x'g'k5{ . To;f] eP dfq} gof“ aGg ;S5 . To;}n] Tof] lbzfdf cufl8 a9f}+, d cfkm" rflx“ Tof] lbzfdf cufl8 a9\g] tkfO{+x?;“u ;+sNk u5'{ . of] Pp6f k|f/De xf], ;'?jft xf] . cfufdL lbgdf klg cGt/lqmof ub}{ ldn]/ cufl8 a9f}+ . of] b]z agfpg ;lsG5, ;Dej 5 . d'Vo s'/f rflx“ tkfO{+–xfdLn] ;sf/fTds ;f]+r agfcf}+ .

wGojfb .

@)&@ c;f]h !% .

-pBf]uL, Joj;foL nufotsf lghL If]q;“u ug'{ePsf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf k"j{k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] JoQm

ug'{ePsf] ljrf/sf] d'Vo c+z_


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