bahan praktikum presentasi

8/9/2019 bahan praktikum presentasi

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TOPIK 1

Alcohol and Cancer ,

Cancer kills an estimated 526,000 Americans yearly, second only to heart disease (1). Cancersof the lung, large boel, and breast are the most common in the !nited "tates. Considerablee#idence suggests a connection beteen hea#y alcohol consum$tion and increased risk forcancer, ith an estimated 2 to % $ercent of all cancer cases thought to be caused either directlyor indirectly by alcohol (2).

A strong association e&ists beteen alcohol use and cancers of the eso$hagus, $haryn&, andmouth, hereas a more contro#ersial association links alcohol ith li#er, breast, and colorectalcancers. 'ogether, these cancers kill more than 125,000 $eo$le annually in the !nited "tates(1). 'he folloing sections discuss alcohols role in these cancers.

Cancer is a grou$ of diseases characteried by cells that gro out of control* in many cases,they form masses of cells, or tumors, that infiltrate, crod out, and destroy normal tissue.

Although the body strictly regulates normal cells to gro ithin the confines of tissues, cancercells re$roduce inde$endently, uninhibited by tissue boundaries. Cancer de#elo$s in threestages+ initiation, $romotion, and $rogression. Cancercausing agents, knon as carcinogens,can contribute to the first to stages.

Cancer initiation occurs hen a cells -A (the substance that genes are made of) is irre#ersiblychanged so that, once triggered to di#ide, the cell ill re$roduce indefinitely. 'he /change/in#ol#es mutations to the cells genes that can occur s$ontaneously or can be induced by acarcinogen. n some cancers, it has been shon that the mutations occur in oncogenes, genesthat normally $romote cell di#ision, or in su$$ressor genes, genes that normally su$$ress celldi#ision. 'hus, it is belie#ed that cancercausing mutations result in o#er$romotion orundersu$$ression of cell re$roduction. -uring cancer $romotion, the initiated cell is stimulatedto di#ide. 'he stimulus can be natural, as hen tissue damage reuires $roliferation of necells, or it can be caused by a carcinogen. -uring cancer $rogression, tumors $roduced by there$licating mass of cells metastasie, or s$read, from the initial or $rimary tumor to other $artsof the body, forming secondarycancers.

'o ty$es of research link alcohol and cancer. $idemiologic research has shon a dosede$endent association beteen alcohol consum$tion and certain ty$es of cancer* as alcoholconsum$tion increases, so does risk of de#elo$ing certain cancers. 3ore tenuous results ha#ecome from research into the mechanism by hich alcohol could contribute to cancerde#elo$ment.

'he strongest link beteen alcohol and cancer in#ol#es cancers of the u$$er digesti#e tract,including the eso$hagus, the mouth, the $haryn&, and the laryn& (4). ess consistent data linkalcohol consum$tion and cancers of the li#er, breast, and colon (4).

Upper digestive tract. Chronic hea#y drinkers ha#e a higher incidence of eso$hageal cancerthan does the general $o$ulation. 'he risk a$$ears to increase as alcohol consum$tionincreases (%6). An estimated 5 $ercent of eso$hageal cancers in the !nited "tates areattributable to chronic, e&cessi#e alcohol consum$tion ().


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early 50 $ercent of cancers of the mouth, $haryn&, and laryn& are associated ith hea#ydrinking (). 7eo$le ho drink large uantities of alcohol o#er time ha#e an increased risk ofthese cancers as com$ared ith abstainers (8,9). f they drink and smok e, the increase in riskis e#en more dramatic (5,6).

Liver. 7rolonged, hea#y drinking has been associated in many cases ith $rimary li#er cancer.

:oe#er, it is li#er cirrhosis, hether caused by alcohol or another factor, that is thought toinduce the cancer (10,11). n areas of Africa and Asia, li#er cancer afflicts 50 or more $eo$le $er 100,000 $er year, usually associated ith cirrhosis caused by he$atitis #iruses. n the !nited"tates, li#er cancer is relati#ely uncommon, afflicting a$$ro&imately 2 $eo$le $er 100,000, bute&cessi#e alcohol consum$tion is linked to as many as 46 $ercent of these cases by somein#estigators (2,12).

'he association beteen alcohol use and li#er cancer is difficult to inter$ret, because li#ercirrhosis and he$atitis ; and C #irus infections often confound data (14). "tudies of theinteractions beteen alcohol, he$atitis #iruses, and cirrhosis ill hel$ clarify these associationsith li#er cancer (see belo).

Breast. Chronic alcohol consum$tion has been associated ith a small (a#eraging 10 $ercent)increase in a omans risk of breast cancer (1%1). According to these studies, the riska$$ears to increase as the uantity and duration of alcohol consum$tion increases.


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resulting in a greater likelihood that mutations causing cancer initiation ill occur (2). t hasrecently been suggested that alcohol e&$osure may result in o#ere&$ression of certainoncogenes in human cells and, thereby, trigger cancer $romotion (28).

Although there is no e#idence that alcohol itself is a carcinogen, alcohol may act as acocarcinogen by enhancing the carcinogenic effects of other chemicals. ?or e&am$le, studies

indicate that alcohol enhances tobaccos abil ity to stimulate tumor formation in rats (29). nhumans, the risk for mouth, tracheal, and eso$hageal cancer is 45 times greater for $eo$le hoboth smoke and drink than for $eo$le ho neither smoke nor drink (40), im$lying acocarcinogenic interaction beteen alcohol and tobaccorelatedcarcinogens (29).

Alcohols cocarcinogenic effect may be e&$lained by its interaction ith certain enymes. "omeenymes that normally hel$ to deto&ify substances that enter the body can also increase theto&icity of some carcinogens. esearch e&amining the ays inhich alcohol may induce cancers has found some $otential mechanisms, the most $romisingof hich im$licates oncogenes.


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TOPIK 2

Alcohol and Stress

'he term /stress/ often is used to describe the sub=ecti#e feeling of $ressure or tension.:oe#er, hen scientists refer to stress, they mean the many ob=ecti#e $hysiological $rocessesthat are initiated in res$onse to a stressor. As this Alcohol Alert e&$lains, the stress res$onse isa com$le& $rocess* the association beteen drinking and stress is more com$licated still.;ecause both drinking beha#ior and an indi#iduals res$onse to stress are determined bymulti$le genetic and en#ironmental factors (14), studying the link beteen alcohol consum$tionand stress may further our understanding of drinking beha#ior.

'he maintenance of the bodys relati#ely steady internal state, or homeostasis, is essential forsur#i#al. 'he bodys delicate balance of biochemical and $hysiological function is constantlychallenged by a ide #ariety of stressors, including illness, in=ury, and e&$osure to e&tremetem$eratures* by $sychological factors, such as de$ression and fear* and by se&ual acti#ity andsome forms of no#eltyseeking. n res$onse to stress, or e#en $ercei#ed stress, the bodymobilies an e&tensi#e array of $hysiological and beha#ioral changes in a $rocess of continualada$tation, ith the goal of maintaining homeostasis and co$ing ith the stress (%).

'he stress res$onse is a highly com$le&, integrated netork in#ol#ing the central ner#oussystem, the adrenal system, and the cardio#ascular system. @hen homeostasis is threatened,the hy$othalamus gland, at the base of the brain, initiates the stress res$onse by secretingcorticotro$in releasing factor (C>?). C>? coordinates the stress res$onse by triggering anintegrated series of $hysiological and beha#ioral reactions. C>? is trans$orted in blood ithinthe brain and in seconds triggers the $ituitary gland to release adrenocorticotro$in hormone(AC':), also referred to as corticotro$in. AC': then triggers secretion of glucocorticoidhormones (i.e., /steroids/) by the adrenal glands, located at the to$ of the kidneys.lucocorticoid hormones $lay a key role in the stress res$onse and its termination (%).

Acti#ation of the stress res$onse affects smooth muscle, fat, the gastrointestinal tract, thekidneys, and many other organs and the body functions that they control (%). 'he stressres$onse affects the bodys regulation of tem$erature* a$$etite and satiety* arousal, #igilance,and attention* mood* and more (%). 7hysical ada$tation to stress allos the body to redirecto&ygen and nutrients to the stressed body site, here they are needed most (%).

;oth the $erce$tion of hat is stressful and the $hysiological res$onse to stress #aryconsiderably among indi#iduals. 'hese differences are based on genetic factors anden#ironmental influences that can be traced back to infancy (5).

"tress is usually thought of as harmful* but hen the stress res$onse is acute and transient,

homeostasis is maintained and no ad#erse effects result. !nder chronic stress, hoe#er, henthe body either fails to com$ensate or hen it o#ercom$ensates, damage can occur (%). "uchdamage may include su$$ression of groth, immune system dysfunction, and cell damageresulting in im$aired learning and memory (%,6).

:uman research to clarify the connection beteen alcohol and stress usually has beenconducted using either $o$ulation sur#eys based on sub=ect selfre$orts or e&$erimentalstudies. n many but not all of these studies, indi#iduals re$ort that they drink in res$onse tostress and do so for a #ariety of reasons. "tudies indicate that $eo$le drink as a means of


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co$ing ith economic stress, =ob stress, and marital $roblems, often in the absence of socialsu$$ort, and that the more se#ere and chronic the stressor, the greater the alcohol consum$tion(). :oe#er, hether an indi#idual ill drink in res$onse to stress a$$ears to de$end on manyfactors, including $ossible genetic determinants of drinking in res$onse to stress, an indi#idualsusual drinking beha#ior, ones e&$ectations regarding the effect of alcohol on stress, theintensity and ty$e of stressor, the indi#iduals sense of control o#er the stressor, the range of

ones res$onses to co$e ith the $ercei#ed stress, and the a#ailability of social su$$ort to buffer the effects of stress (1,2,,8). "ome researchers ha#e found that high le#els of stress mayinfluence drinking hen alternati#e resources are lacking, hen alcohol is accessible, and henthe indi#idual belie#es that alcohol ill hel$ to reduce the stress (1,8).

umerous studies ha#e found that stress increases alcohol consum$tion in animals (9) and thatindi#idual animals may differ in the amount of alcohol they consume in res$onse to stress (10)."uch differences may be related in $art to an animals e&$eriencing chronic stress early in life+7rolonged stress in infancy may $ermanently alter the hormonal stress res$onse andsubseuent reactions to ne stressors, including alcohol consum$tion (10,11). ?or e&am$le,monkeys ho ere reared by $eers, a circumstance regarded as a stressor com$ared tomotherrearing, consumed tice as much alcohol as monkeys ho ere motherreared (10).

According to Biau and colleagues (11), adult rats handled for the first 4 eeks of lifedemonstrate markedly reduced hormonal res$onses to a #ariety of stressors com$ared ith ratsnot handled during this time (11). n humans, Cloninger re$orted an association beteen certainty$es of alcoholism and ad#erse early childhood e&$eriences (12).

Animal studies re$orting a $ositi#e correlation beteen stress and alcohol consum$tion suggestthat drinking may take $lace in res$onse to chronic stress $ercei#ed as una#oidable (2,14). ?orinstance, rats chronically e&$osed to una#oidable shock learn to be hel$less or $assi#e henfaced ith any ne stressorincluding shock that is a#oidableand to demonstrate increasedalcohol $reference com$ared ith rats that recei#ed only a#oidable shock (2). 'he rats e&$osedto una#oidable shock e&hibit the hormonal changes indicati#e of the stress res$onse, includingincreased le#els of corticosteroid hormones (2).

@hether humans drink in res$onse to uncontrollable stress is less clear, according to 7ohorecky(). n a re#ie in#estigating the connection beteen alcohol consum$tion and stress,7ohorecky notes se#eral studies in hich researchers sam$led indi#iduals from areas affectedby natural disaster.


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3uch research demonstrates that alcohol actually induces the stress res$onse by stimulatinghormone release by the hy$othalamus, $ituitary, and adrenal glands (%,6,1,18). 'his findinghas been demonstrated in animal studies. n one study ith rats, the administration of alcoholinitiated the $hysiological stress res$onse, measured by increased le#els of corticosterone (19).n addition to stimulating the hormonal stress res$onse, chronic e&$osure to alcohol also resultsin an increase in adrenaline (20).

"tress may be linked to social drinking, and the $hysiological res$onse to stress is different inacti#ely drinking alcoholics com$ared ith nonalcoholics (1). >esearchers ha#e found thatanimals $referring alcohol o#er ater ha#e a different $hysiological res$onse to stress thananimals that do not $refer alcohol (21). onetheless, a clear association beteen stress,drinking beha#ior, and the development of alcoholism in humans has yet to be established.

'here may, hoe#er, in the already established alcoholic, be a clearer connection beteenstress and rela$se+ Among abstinent alcoholics, $ersonally threatening, se#ere, and chronic lifestressors may lead to alcohol rela$se (15,22). ;ron and colleagues (15) studied a grou$ ofmen ho com$leted in$atient alcoholism treatment and later e&$erienced se#ere and $rolonged$sychosocial stress $rior to and inde$endent of any alcohol use. 'he researchers found that

sub=ects ho rela$sed e&$erienced tice as much se#ere and $rolonged stress before theirreturn to drinking as those ho remained abstinent. n this study, se#ere $sychosocial stressas related to rela$se in alcoholic males ho e&$ected alcohol to reduce their stress. 'hosemost #ulnerable to stressrelated rela$se scored lo on measures of co$ing skills, selfefficacy,and social su$$ort. "tressrelated rela$se as greatest among those ho had less confidencein their ability to resist drinking and among those ho relied on drinkers for social su$$ort.

Although many factors can influence a return to drinking, ;ron and colleagues note that stressmay e&ert its greatest influence on the initial consum$tion of alcohol after a $eriod of abstinence(15).


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TOPIK 3

Pregnancy, Breastfeeding, and Bone Health

;oth $regnancy and breastfeeding cause changes and $lace e&tra demands on a omansbody. "ome of these may ha#e an affect on her bones. 'he good nes is that most omen do

not e&$erience bone $roblems during $regnancy and breastfeeding. And if their bones areaffected during these times, the $roblem is often easily corrected. e#ertheless, taking care ofones bone health is es$ecially im$ortant during $regnancy and hen breastfeeding for thegood health of both the mother and her baby.

-uring $regnancy, the baby groing in its mothers omb needs $lenty of calcium to de#elo$ itsskeleton. 'his need is es$ecially great during the last 4 months of the $regnancy. f the motherdoes not get enough calcium, her baby ill dra hat it needs from its mothers bones. "o, it isdisconcerting to realie that most omen of childbearing years are not in the habit of gettingenough calcium. ?ortunately (unless a mother is still a teenager), $regnancy a$$ears to hel$$rotect a omans calcium reser#es in se#eral ays+

• 7regnant omen absorb calcium better from food and su$$lements than omen hoare not $regnant. 'his is es$ecially true during the last half of $regnancy, hen the babyis groing uickly and has the greatest need for calcium.

• -uring $regnancy, omen $roduce more estrogen, a hormone that $rotects bones.

• Any bone mass lost during $regnancy is ty$ically restored ithin se#eral months after

the babys deli#ery (or se#eral months after breastfeeding is sto$$ed).

"ome studies suggest that $regnancy may be good for bone health o#erall. 'here is somee#idence that the more times a oman has been $regnant (for at least 28 eeks), the greaterher bone density and the loer her risk of fracture.

n some cases, omen de#elo$ osteo$orosis during $regnancy andDor breastfeeding, although

this is rare.


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$rotects bones. 'he good nes is that like the bone lost during $regnancy, bone lost duringbreastfeeding is usually reco#ered ithin 6 months after breastfeeding ends.

'aking care of your bones is im$ortant throughout life, including before, during, and after$regnancy and breastfeeding. A balanced diet ith adeuate calcium, regular e&ercise, and ahealthy lifestyle are good for mothers and their babies.

Calcium: Although this im$ortant mineral is im$ortant throughout your lifetime, your bodysdemand for it is greater during $regnancy and breastfeeding, because both you and your babyneed it. 'he ational Academy of "ciences recommends that omen ho are $regnant orbreastfeeding consume 1,000 mg (milligrams) of calcium each day. ?or $regnant teens, therecommended intake is e#en higher+ 1,400 mg a day.

ood sources of calcium include+

• lofat dairy $roducts, such as milk, yogurt, cheese, and ice cream

• dark green, leafy #egetables, such as broccoli, collard greens, and bok choy

• canned sardines and salmon ith bones

• tofu, almonds, corn tortillas

• foods fortified ith calcium, such as orange =uice, cereals, and breads.

n addition, your doctor ill $robably $rescribe a #itamin and mineral su$$lement to take duringyour $regnancy and hile breastfeeding to ensure that you get enough of this im$ortant mineral.

!ercise: ike muscles, bones res$ond to e&ercise by becoming stronger. >egular e&ercise,es$ecially eightbearing e&ercise that forces you to ork against gra#ity, hel$s build andmaintain strong bones. &am$les of eightbearing e&ercise include alking, climbing stairs,dancing, and lifting eights. ;eing acti#e and e&ercising during $regnancy can benefit yourhealth in other ays, too. According to the American College of


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also is bad for $regnant and breastfeeding omen and their babies, and e&cess alcohol is badfor bones. "o, be sure to follo your doctors orders to a#oid alcohol during this im$ortant time.

ffect of Caffeine

umerous studies ha#e e&amined the effects of caffeine intake on fertility and

$regnancy. 3ost studies found that moderate caffeine intake does not affect

fertility or increase the chance of ha#ing a miscarriage or a baby ith birth

defects* some studies did find a relationshi$ beteen caffeine intake and

fertility or miscarriages. :oe#er, most of those studies ere =udged to be

inadeuate because they did not consider other lifestyle factors that could

contribute to infertility or miscarriages. 'he


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and :ar#ard !ni#ersity e&amined the association beteen the length of time to concei#e and consum$tion of caffeinated be#erages. 'he studyin#ol#ed more than 2,800 omen ho had recently gi#en birth and1,800 omen ith the medical diagnosis of $rimary infertility. ach

grou$ as inter#ieed concerning caffeine consum$tion, medicalhistory and lifestyle habits. 'he researchers found that caffeineconsum$tion had little or no effect on the re$orted time to concei#e inthose omen ho had gi#en birth. Caffeine consum$tion also as nota risk factor for infertility.

"u$$orting those findings, a 1991 study of 11,000 -anish omene&amined the relationshi$ among number of months to concei#e,cigarette smoking and coffee and tea consum$tion. Although smokersho consumed eight or more cu$s of coffee $er day e&$erienceddelayed conce$tion, nonsmokers did not, regardless of caffeineconsum$tion.

A study of 210 omen, $ublished in the American Hournal of 7ublic:ealth in 1998, e&amined the differences in fertility associated ithconsum$tion of different caffeinated be#erages. 'his study, $rom$tedby an inconsistency in $re#iously re$orted findings, did not find asignificant association beteen total caffeine consum$tion and reducedfertility. n fact, the researchers found that omen ho drank more thanonehalf cu$ of tea $er day had a significant increase in fertility. 'hisas $articularly true ith caffeine consum$tion in the early stages of aomanGs attem$t at conce$tion. 'he caffeinated tea and fertilitycorrelation as su$$orted by a 199% study* hoe#er, those omen hadsignificantly higher consum$tion le#els.


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Caffeine

umerous studies ha#e e&amined the effects of caffeine intake on fertility and$regnancy. 3ost studies found that moderate caffeine intake does not affectfertility or increase the chance of ha#ing a miscarriage or a baby ith birthdefects* some studies did find a relationshi$ beteen caffeine intake andfertility or miscarriages. :oe#er, most of those studies ere =udged to beinadeuate because they did not consider other lifestyle factors that couldcontribute to infertility or miscarriages. 'he


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study shoing a relationshi$ beteen caffeine intake and miscarriage.@hile caffeine intake before and during $regnancy a$$eared to beassociated ith increased fetal loss, the authors failed to account for anumber of factors that could result in a false association, including

effects of morning sickness or nauseaK, the number of cigarettessmoked and amount of alcohol consumed.

Hust $rior to the 3cill study, a research team from the !.". ationalnstitute of Child :ealth and :uman -e#elo$ment conducted a study of %41 omen. 'he researchers monitored the omen and the amount ofcaffeine they consumed from conce$tion to birth. After accounting fornausea, smoking, alcohol use and maternal age, the researchers foundno relationshi$ beteen caffeine consum$tion of u$ to 400 mg $er dayand ad#erse $regnancy outcomes, including miscarriage.

arlier, in 1992, researchers analyed the effects of cigarettes, alcohol

and coffee consum$tion on $regnancy outcome in more than %0,000Canadian omen. Although alcohol consum$tion and smoking tendedto ha#e ad#erse effects on $regnancy outcome, moderate caffeineconsum$tion as not associated ith lo birth eight or miscarriages.?urther, the relationshi$ of caffeine consum$tion to s$ontaneousabortion as in#estigated in a study of 5,4%2 $regnant omen in 199in hich researchers concluded that there as no increased risk fors$ontaneous abortion associated ith moderate caffeine consum$tion.

Another #ery com$rehensi#e study, done in !$$sala, "eden, andre$orted in -ecember 2000, concluded reducing caffeine intake duringearly $regnancy may be $rudent.

"tudies $ublished during the 1980s also su$$ort the conclusion thatmoderate caffeine consum$tion during $regnancy does not cause earlybirth or lo birtheight babies. A re#ie of more than 20 studiesconducted since 1980 found no e#idence that caffeine consum$tion atmoderate le#els has any discernible ad#erse effect on $regnancyoutcome.

A se#enyear study of 1,500 omen e&amined caffeine use during$regnancy and subseuent child de#elo$ment. Caffeine consum$tion,eui#alent to about 1 1D2 2 cu$s of coffee $er day had no effect onbirth eight, birth length or head circumference. ?ollou$e&aminations at ages eight months, four and se#en years also re#ealed

no effects of caffeine consum$tion on a childs motor de#elo$ment orintelligence.

n the early 1980s, the !.". ?ood and -rug Administration (?-A)conducted a study here rats ere forcefed #ery high doses ofcaffeine through a stomach tube. @hile the results $rom$ted anad#isory to $regnant omen to a#oid caffeine, the study as criticiedas not being re$resentati#e of the ay humans consume caffeine. n


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1986, ?-A researchers carried out another study, in hich ratsconsumed high doses of caffeine in their drinking ater. At theconclusion of the second study, the ?-A found no ad#erse effects inthe offs$ring, contradicting the agencys earlier findings.

A recent study $ublished in 2001 e&amined the effect of maternalcaffeine consum$tion throughout $regnancy on fetal groth and founde#idence that caffeine consum$tion during $regnancy has no ad#erseeffect on fetal groth. Additionally, a 2002 study entitled /ffect ofcaffeine e&$osure during $regnancy on birtheight and gestationalage,/ in the American Journal of Epidemiology found no associationbeteen moderate caffeine consum$tion and reduced birtheight,gestational age or fetal groth.

3a=or studies o#er the last decade ha#e shon no association beteenbirth defects and caffeine consum$tion. ?-A has e#aluated this

scientific e#idence and concluded that caffeine does not ad#erselyaffect re$roduction in humans. :oe#er, as ith other dietary habits,the agency continues to ad#ise $regnant omen to consume caffeinein moderation.

rou$s such as


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t is also im$ortant for $regnant omen to drink sufficient uantities of ater,milk and =uice. 'hese fluids should not be re$laced ith caffeinatedbe#erages./

Kote+ 'he ?C (?C August 2002) stated that, /?or some omen, nauseaL/morning sickness/Lis a common e&$erience during early $regnancy.'hough this $henomenon is un$leasant, researchers belie#e it is a normal andcommon as$ect of early $regnancy. -uring a normal $regnancy, hormonele#els are high, increasing the likelihood of becoming nauseated. f nauseated,$regnant omen may not desire certain foods and be#erages, including thosethat contain caffeine. :ealthcare $rofessionals often ad#ise $regnant omenho e&$erience nausea to choose bland foods and be#erages such ascrackers and ater./

http://ific.org/publications/brochures/caffwomenbroch.cfmhttp://ific.org/publications/brochures/caffwomenbroch.cfm


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TOPIK 4

Air Pollution & Respiratory Disease

Common Chemicals and Safety

Research conducted by NIEHS scientists has shown that long-term exposure to air pollutantsincreases the risk of respiratory illnesses such as allergies, asthma, chronic obstructie

pulmonary disease, and lung cancer! "hildren and the elderly are particularly ulnerable to the

health effects of o#one, fine particles, and other airborne toxicants! $his research has resulted inthe deelopment of more stringent air %uality standards that promote a higher %uality of life,

protect the health of children, the elderly and other ulnerable populations, and reduce the costs

associated with respiratory disease!

&ne of the first studies to establish a link between air pollution and respiratory health was the NIEHS-funded Six "ities Study, a long-term study on residents of six '!S! cities to assess the

effects of common air pollutants on the risk of pulmonary and cardioascular disease! $he study

results showed that people liing in the more polluted cities had a higher risk of hospitali#ationand early death from lung cancer and other respiratory diseases than those liing in the less

polluted cities!

Recent data collected by NIEHS-funded scientists at the 'niersity of Southern "alifornia

suggest that exposure to pollutants in ehicle and fossil fuel emissions may hinder lung

deelopment and limit breathing capacity for a lifetime! $heir research shows that children wholie in highly polluted communities are fie times more likely to hae clinically low lung

function(less than )*+ of the lung function normal for their age!

&ther studies conducted by the 'niersity of Southern "alifornia researchers indicate thatincreases in ground-leel o#one, a highly reactie form of oxygen that is the primary component

of urban smog, may actually cause asthma! "hildren who were actie in outdoor sports in areas

with high o#one concentrations were more than three times as likely to deelop asthma as thosewho did not engage in outdoor sports during the fie-year study!

http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/video/health/2002/chemicals/http://www.niehs.nih.gov/news/video/health/2002/chemicals/


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ies saed by research on the health

conse%uences of enironmental pollutants can becounted in the millions! ccording to the

Enironmental .rotection gency/s estimates on

air pollution, the commitment to new air %ualitystandards and cleaner air will preent 01,***

premature merican deaths, 2!3 million cases of

asthma attack or aggraation of chronic asthma,

43,*** new cases of acute and chronic bronchitis,00,*** respiratory-related hospital admissions, and

50,*** hospital admissions for cardioascular

disease by the year 0*2*!

&ther benefits of cleaner air, according to a study

by NIEHS-funded researchers at the 'niersity of

6ashington, include 0** fewer cases of post

neonatal mortality, 2*,*** fewer infants of low birth weight, and 5*,*** fewer emergency room

isits for children by 0*2*! $hese findings

demonstrate the impact that NIEHS-supportedresearch and subse%uent regulatory actions hae

had on protecting the health of our nation/s

children and other ulnerable populations!

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