B GIO DC V O TO. TRNG I HC KHOA: DU KH VIT NAM. B MN:

Ch binTin s: VN C TNG . BI GING MN

THIT B KHOAN THIT B KHAI THC V VN HNH p dng cho sinh vin hc ngnh khoan ; khai thc du kh

Vng Tu- B Ra thng 9-2015

Chng trnh v thi lng ca gia trnh hc c nh trng phn b nh sau.B GIO DC V O TOTRNG I HC DU KH VIT NAM

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAMc lp - T do - Hnh phc

CNG CHI TIT HC PHNTHIT B KHOAN KHAI THC VN HNHNganh ao tao: K THUT DU KHH o to: i hc chnh quy

1. Tn hc phn: Thit b khoan - khai thc v vn hnhDrilling - Production Systems and Operation2. S tn ch: 23. Trnh : Cho sinh vin nm th 54. Phn b thi gian:- Ln lp: 36 tit+ L thuyt: 24 tit+ Bi tp (tnh ton, tho lun): 06 tit+ Thc hnh: 06 tit- T hoc: 60 gi 5. iu kin tin quyt: Hc phn trc: K thut khoan, K thut khai thc Hc phn song hnh: Ghi ch khc:6. Mc tiu ca hc phn:Cung cp nhng kin thc v tnh cht c hc ca cc h thng thit b khoan, khai thc v qu trnh vn hnh.7. M t cc ni dung hc phn:Cn khoan, ng chng, thp khoan, dy cp v h rng rc, ti khoan, my bm pistion, bm khai thc.8. Nhim v ca sinh vin Nghin cu trc gio trnh, chun b cc kin hi, xut khi nghe ging; Su tm, nghin cu cc ti liu c lin quan n ni dung ca tng phn, tng chng, mc hay chuyn theo s hng dn ca ging vin; Tham d y cc gi ging ca ging vin v cc bui t chc tho lun di s hng dn v iu khin ca ging vin theo quy ch ca trng9. Hc liu Ti liu bt buc:1. TS. Vn c Tng: Bi ging Thit b khoan-khai thc & vn hnh Ti liu tham kho: 2. Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume IV: Production Operations Engineering. Clegg. SPE. 2007.3. Multiphase Production Pipeline Transport, Pumping and Metering. Jean FALCIMAIGNE, Sandrine DECARRE. Editions TECHNIP. 2008.4. Ti xin b sung: v cc ti liu chuyn ngnh lin quan10. Phng php, hnh thc kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tpa) Kim tra-nh gi qu trnh: 25% Tham gia hc tp trn lp (y v tch cc tho lun); Bi tp, thc hnh;b) Kim tra nh gi gia k: 25% Hnh thc thi: trc nghim khch quan trn my tnh. Thi lng thi 45 pht.c) Thi cui k: 50% Hnh thc thi: trc nghim khch quan trn my tnh. Thi lng thi 60 pht. kin ca ti: cho mc b v c bn trn: y l 1 mn k thut, trong bi ging c nhiu hnh v , nhiu cng thc v nhiu phng trnh, nn cu trc thi trc nghim s kh kh thi v kh kim chng trnh thc hc ca sinh vin.Nn ti ngh chuyn kiu thi trc nghim sang thi vit hoc thi vn p s ph hp hn11. Thang im: 10

Ti ngh: khi chm bi thi, ti ch cho sinh vin im cao nht l 8/10. Nhng sinh vin c im 7 v 8 nu mun nhn im cao hn th s c tr li 2 cu vn p trc tip vi ti, nu tr li ng 1 cu th s cng thm 1 im, nu tr li sai th khng c cng thm im, m gi nguyn im thi c.....................................................................................................

4

12. Ni dung chi tit hc phn:

Ni dungS titTi liu c trcNhim v ca sinh vin

L thuytBi tpThc hnh

Chng 1: Cn khoan v ng chngPhn 1: Cn khoan1.1 Cu trc ca b khoan c1.2 Cc loi chong khoan1.3 Cc loi cn khoan1.4 Nhng lc tc ng ln b cn khoanBi tp30,5Ti liu [1]Chng 1

c thm cc ti liu tham kho [2], [3] cc ni dung lin quan.Lam bai tp chng 1.

Phn 2: ng chng2.1. M u: Cng dng ca ng chng. Cch cu trc b ng chng trong ging khoanCc loi ng chng2.4. Kim ton u ni hn ng chng2.5. Van ngc trong ng chng2.6. Kim ton cc loi ng sut trong ng chng2.7. Kim ton bp mo ng chngBi tp30,5Ti liu [1]Chng 1

c thm cc ti liu tham kho [2], [3] cc ni dung lin quan.Lam bai tp chng 2.

Thc hanh tai xng: Tm hiu cu to, tnh nng c tnh k thut, cch s dng cc loi ng chng, cn khoan. Lp rap, vn hanh th thit bi. 1Thc hanh tai xng

Chng 2: Phn loi cc kiu gin khoan hin nay trn th gii2.1: Phn loi gin khoan theo a hnh.2.2: Phn loi gin khoan theo cu trc.2.3: Phn loi cc nhm thit b trong 1 gin khoan.Bi tp2Ti liu [1]Chng 2c thm cc ti liu tham kho [2], [3] cc ni dung lin quan.Lm bi tp chng 3.

Chng 3: H thng nng h 3.1:Thp khoan3.1.1. Khi nim v cng dng ca thp khoan3.1.2. Phn loi thp3.1.3. Cc ti trng tc ng ln thpBi tp3.2 Dy cp v h rng rc3.2.1. Cu to v phn loi3.2.2. Tnh cht ca dy cp3.2.3. Tui th ca dy cp3.2.4. Kim ton dy cp3.2.5. Nhim v v cu to h rng rc3.2.6: u cp cht 3.2.7. Kim ton rng rcBi tp1212Ti liu [1]Chng 3c thm cc ti liu tham kho [2], [3] cc ni dung lin quan.Lm bi tp chng 4

3.3 Ti khoan3.3.1. Qu trnh nng th dy cp3.3.2. Cng sut v hiu sut truyn ng ca ti3.3..3. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca ti3.3.4. Thi gian nng th dy cp3.3.5. S tc ca ti3.3..6. B phanh ti3.3.7. Tang ti v kh nng cha cp3.3.8. Trc ca ti3.3 9. Bn Rotor , Top Drive( b dn ng trn nh) v ph kin.3.3.10: Cc loi kho dng trong cng tc khoan du khBi tpTi liu [1]Chng 3c thm cc ti liu tham kho [2], [3] cc ni dung lin quan.Lm bi tp chng 5

Thc hanh tai xng: Tm hiu cu to, tnh nng c tnh k thut, cch s dng cc h thng thap khoan, cap khoan va ti khoan Lp rap, vn hanh th thit bi. 1Thc hanh tai xng

Chng 4: H thng tun hon v cc thit b lm sch dung dch khoan.4.1 My bm dung dch dng piston4.1.1.C cu truyn ng ca bm Piston4.1.2. Nguyn l lm vic 4.1.3. Phn loi bm Piston4.1.4. Chuyn ng v lu lng ca bm Piston4.1.5. Ct p qun tnh ca dng chy khng n nh4.1.6. Bnh kh n p4.1.7. Kim ton van4.1.8.Tn hao v hiu sut ca bm Piston4.2: Cc loi bm li tm v thit b ph tr.4.2.1: Cc loi bm li tm ph tr.4.2.1: Cc b cha dung dch v bn ho cht.4.2.3: Mng dung dch.4.3: Cc thit b lm sch dung dch khoan:4.3.1:My khuy dung dch.4.3.2: My tch kh chn khng.4.3.3 My lc bn.4.3.4: My lc ct.4.3.5: Sng rung.4.3.6: Thit b i pBi tp712Ti liu [1]Chng 4c thm cc ti liu tham kho [2], [3] cc ni dung lin quan.Lm bi tp chng 6

Chng 5: Bm khai thc5.1. Bm cn5.2. Bm li tm (s b)5.3.Khai thc dng gaslift5.4. Bm in chmBai tpTi liu [1]Chng 7

c thm cc ti liu tham kho [2], [3] cc ni dung lin quan.Lm bi tp chng 7

Thc hanh tai xng: Tm hiu cu to, tnh nng c tnh k thut, cch s dng cc loai bm Piston, khai thac Lp rap, vn hanh th thit bi. Thc hanh tai xng

Tng (tit)306

Ngy19 thng 8 nm 2015

HIU TRNG TRNG KHOA TRNG B MN

CHNG 1. CN KHOAN V NG CHNG. PHN 1: CN KHOAN.1.1 CU TRC C BN CA 1 B KHOAN C.Nh chng ta bit, to ra 1 ging khoan hnh tr su vo lng t nhiu ngn mt th phi c cng c chuyn dng ph v t , l chong hay cn gi l mi khoan( Rock bit). truyn lc v nng lng t trn mt t n chong khoan di y ging vi mc ch nghin nt t th chng ta phi s dng b cn khoan v cc ph kin i km.Pha trn chong khoan l 1 u ni ( connector) lin kt vi b cn nng( Heavy drill pipe). B cn nng gm nhiu on di t 3; 6;9 m ni vi nhau v di ca b cn nng c tnh ton sao cho lc nn chong ph v t .Pha trn cn nng c u ni lin kt vi cc nh tm ( Centrator), cc nh tm c chc nng lm cng b khoan c v doa thnh ging n nh ng knh cng nh ng u thnh ging khoan.Pha trn cc nh tm l u ni lin kt vi b cn khoan ( Drill pipe), b cn khoan ni vi cn ch o ( Kelly Spinner) v ni tip vi cc thit b trn b mt, truyn nng lng cho chong thng qua vic quay v dn dng dung dch qua vi cao p ( Rotary hose) v u thy lc xung pha di ra sch y ging, y ti cc cn b b chong nghin nt ln b mt v lm mt chong, dng dung dch ng thi c tc dng cn bng p sut thy tnh chng st l thnh ging mi khoan xong cha c gia c . V trnh hin tng bp mo, mp ng chng sau ny. Cn ch o li ni vi u thy lc, sau l vi cao p ( Rotary Hose), tip ni vi h thng ng cao p( Manifold) dung dch khoan bt ngun t my bm ( Mud Pump). Thit k 1 b khoan c phi da trn tnh cht c hc v a cht ca cc va t m ging khoan i qua. T vic tnh ton cc b ng chng, n vic la chn chong, cn nng, nh tm phi tun th 1 cch cht ch v chnh xc m bo tnh an ton trong thi cng trnh hin tng mt dung dch , trnh hin tng du kh phun v hiu qu kinh t ti u nht, thi gian thi cng nhanh.

Hnh s 1.1 : S s b cu trc in hnh ca b khoan c.

1: Chong khoan.2: u ni gia chong vi cn nng.3: Cn nng.4: nh tm5: u ni nh tm vi cn khoan6: Cn khoan. ( phn ny c trnh by rt ch tit trong mn Khoan ging du kh, chng ta ch lt qua v cc anh ch sinh vin nn tm thm ti liu tham kho v b sung kin thc)

1.2: CC LOI CHONG KHOAN.Chng ta phn loi chong khoan du khi theo cc tnh nng v cu trc nh sau:1.2.1: Theo cng dng:-Gm chong khoan ng ngha, tc l chong khoan c kh nng ph v t trn ton b b mt ct ngang ca y ging. xem hnh:1.2

Hnh 1.2: Chong 3 chp nn xoay

- Chong khoan mu li t : l loi chong ch ph v t trn 1 vng vnh khuyn trn mt ct ngang ca y ging, loi chong ny dng khoan mu li ca va t m chng ta cn nghin cu.Hnh 1.3

-Chong m rng ng knh ging khoan trc ( hnh 1.4) c thc hin bi 1 chong c ng knh nh hn v tip theo chng ta gn 1 chong c ng knh ln hn pha trn vi mc ch m rng ng knh.

Hnh 1.4 : Chong chp xoay m rng ging ..Phn vnh cc nn xoay 4 c gn vi thn ng 1 qua u ren 2 v ai tng cng 3 tng bn c hc cho c khi.Loi chong ny c kh nng sa cha v bo dng c ti xng c kh sau khi a t khoan trng v. V thi gian vn hnh loi chong ny khng di v khng s dng n lc h hon ton ( sut qu trnh 1 hip khoan)

1.2.2: Theo cu trc:- Chng ui c, c phn ct t lin 1 khi vo thn , m ta quen gi l chng c li ct c nh. Loi chong ny ch khoan cc lp t mm pha ct c su ging khng qu 500m v ng knh ging khoan khng qu 300mm. Ngy nay chng ta rt t ch to v s dng loi chong ny trong cng nghip du kh, m ch s dng trong cng nghip khai thc nc khong, nc ngm hoc cc khong sn cng khc gn l thin.

Loi chong c phn ct c nh c u im l cu to n gin, gi thnh h,tuy nhin hiu sut khai thc thp v nhanh h hng. Loi chong ny rt ph hp vi khoan thm d trong lp bng tuyt min bc cc tri t.. Hnh1.5: Chong ui c (a) ; (b) Kim cng (c) Chp nn xoay.-Chong c phn ph v t xoay c, m hin nay thng dng nht l chong khoan c 3 nn xoay. C cu to gm cc phn chnh nh sau: ( xem mt ct trong hnh 1.6 bn di)+3 la chp c kt ni vi nhau au mi hn n.+ m l phn chui lp rp nn xoay a+ a l cc nn xoay c hng rng.+ ngm g c gn cc bi f gim ma st khi cc nn xoay.+ cc vng bi f bao gm bi cu v bi a gim ti a ma st.+ l l l thot dung dch t y ging ln.+I;j;h l cc chi tit ca vi phun ( Flushing Hole ) dung dch t b khoan c xung y ging ra sch cn b, ti cn b ln trn v lm mt chong. Nh chng ta bit, c i su vo lng t 1000m th nhit tng ln 300c. Vi su ca ging 5000m th tng nhit ln n quanh mc 150oc, lm nh hng nghim trng n cht lng dung dch v vi cu trc vt liu b khoan c.

1.2.3: Phn loi theo vt liu hng rng:- Chong khoan c cc hng rng bng thp.hnh 1.7 Cc hng rng c th c gia cng c kh cng 1 lc vi chp xoay trn my tin CNC v c ti luyn nhit trong l qua cc gia on thm thu, ti, ram t c cng v do cn thit, Ty thuc cu to cc a tng t cng, siu cng, mm.. m cc nh thit k s ch to cc bin dng v kch rng khc nhau. Thng thng t mm th cc rng to v di hn so vi trng hp t cng.

Hnh 1.7: Chong c hng rng bng thp cng

- Chong khoan c hng rng bng kim cng nhn to:Hnh 1.8 Trong trng hp khoan vo a tng t qu cng, lc cht liu hng rng bng kim loi, thm ch bng Carbure Wolfram WfC) cng khng c tc dng na th bt buc phi dng chong khoan c cc hng rng bng kim cng nhn to, v kim cng l vt liu cng nht hin nay m loi ngi bit c v c ng dng trong sn xut.,Cc hnh rng c th l cng khi vi nn , hoc c th lm ring v gn vi thn chp nn tit kim vt liu cng qu him, gim gi thnh sn phm. Cng ngh ch to chong khoan v cng phc tp, nn cc nc u gi b mt mc rt cao. Chng ta khng c thi gian nghin cu su, m ch lt qua s b.

Hnh 1.8: Chong c rng l kim cng nhn toChng ta hiu rng, hng rng, bi v tt c cc thnh phn ca chong khoan phi chu cc tc ng rt nng n nh: - Ma st mi mn rt ln t t ln cc b mt tip xc. - Lc nn t b khoan c ln chong. - Nhit cao t a tng tc ng ln chong. - Tc ng xi mn thy lc t dng dung dch. - Mi do rung ng qua tc dng quay ca chong v va p vo cc cu trc khng ng u ca a tng. tnh ton chi tit cu trc hnh hc cc hng rng trn chp nn xoay cng nh cc nhnh ca thn chong lp cc chp nn, th chng ta phi nghin cu 1 bi ton m phc tp rt cao, m trong khun kh mn hc ny cha c thi lng trnh by.Chng ta ch tm tt cc phng trnh chnh nh sau + Tnh ton thit din l thot ca dng thy lc qua nn xuay: Sc = [ cm2 ] (1.1). ( A. Bublic trang 546)Trong : Sc : l thit din ct ngang ca vi phun dng thy lc qua nn xuay. Q: tnh theo l/s- lu lng dng dung dch qua vi phun. v: tnh theo m/s- vn tc dng thy lc khi thot ra khi vi phun chp xuay.Hoc trong trng hp chong khoan c b tr 3 chp xuay th ng knh ca vi phun c xc nh bi phng trnh sau: v }1/2 [mm] ( 1.2.). V tn tht p sut ca dng thy lc sau khi thot ra khi chong khoan c tnh theo phng trnh sau: p=Kc..v2 [daN/cm2] . (1.3) .Trong :Kc l h s xc nh th nghim. c gi tr 0,545.10-3. Cn l t trng ca dung dch khoan, daN/dm3. Vn tc i ln ca dng dung dch trong khong khng vnh xuyn c xc nh theo phng trnh: vx=(103Q)/[(D2- d2)] [m/s] (1.4) ( A Bublic).Trong : D l ng knh thnh ging khoan, tnh theo cm. d l ng knh ngoi ca cn khoan ti im tnh ton; cm.Ti trng ln chong khoan ph thuc vo ng knh chong, vo cng ca t v vng quay ca chong.Trong bng 1.1 ta c th thy c s lin quan ca 4 thng s ny Bng 1.1 ti trng ( tn lc tf) ln chong 3 chp xoay cho mmKch thc InchKch thcmm100vpTf110vptf120vptf130vptf140vptf150vptf160vptf170vtf180vpTf190vptf200vpTf

41/2114,312,211,310,69,58,98,88,17,77,57,27,0

51/8130,213,912,912,011,410,810,29,79,28,88,68,2

6152,416,315,114,113,312,611,911,410,810,310,09,6

61/4158,817,015,814,713,913,112,411,911,310,810,410,0

65/8168,317,016,715,614,713,913,112,611,911,411,110,6

75/8193,720,719,217,916,916,015,114,513,713,112,712,2

81/2215,923,121,420,018,917,916,816,215,313,614,213,6

85/8219,123,521,720,319,218,117,116,415,514,814,413,8

9228,624,522,721,220,018,917,817,116,215,515,014,4

95/8244,525,224,322,621,420,219,118,317,316,616,115,4

105/8269,928,926,825,023,622,321,020,219,118,317,717,0

11279,429,927,725,924,423,121,820,919,818,918,417,6

12304,832,630,228,226,625,223,822,221,621,020,019,2

135/8346,137,134,332,030,328,627,025,924,523,422,821,8

143/4374,740,137,234,732,731,029,228,026,625,424,623,6

15381,040,837,935,533,331,529,728,527,025,825,124,0

16406,443,540,337,635,533,631,730,428,827,526,725,6

20508,054,450,447,044,442,039,638,036,034,433,432,0

22558,859,855,451,748,846,243,641,839,637,836,735,2

1.3 CC LOI CN KHOAN.1.3.1 Cn nng: ( xem hnh 1.9) bn di.

Hnh 1.9: Cn nng.Nh chng ta tho lun phn trn, trong b khoan c phn di st chong l cn nng. Cn nng c cu to kh c bit, c chiu dy rt ln, cng ln, trnh bin dng khi nhn moment quay, to sc nng t to ti trng cho chong. Thng thng cn nng hin ti theo tiu chun API ( American Petroleum Institut) c chiu di 9144mm v c ng knh ngoi t 31/2 10 tc l t 88,9 254mm. Cn nng c 1 u ren c ( male) v 1 u ren ci ( female) theo tiu chun API. Xem bng 1.2 bn di.V cn nng c ng knh ln gn bng ng knh ging khoan nn khong khng vnh xuyn gia rt hp, nu nh thn cn nng ng u sut chiu di th h qu l khong khng vnh xuyn rt hp, lm cho dng dung dch i ln rt kh khn, thm ch b tc nghn khi c cc ht t cng chn vo. gii quyt khim khuyt ny, chng ta to rnh vnh xuyn sut chiu di thn cn, to ra cc knh dng dung dch lu thng 1 cch thun tin m vn m bo kch thc cn nng. Bng 1.2: Thng s cn nngng knh ngoiInch mmng knh trongInch mm ng knh tip xc mm Khi lng ring kg/m

51/4 133,421/4 57,2 125,8100,1

51/2 139,421/4 57,2 136,9111,2

6 152,421/4 57,2 144,5123,0

61/4 158,821/4 57,2 149,2135,1

61/2 165,121/4 57,2 154,8147,8

63/4 171,421/4 57,2 159,3160,9

7 177,821/4 57,2 164,7174,7

71/4 184,2213/16 71,4 169,5178,8

71/2 190,5213/16 71,4 180,6192,3

73/4 196,8213/16 71,4 185,3 207,6

8 203,2 213/16 71,4 190,9 223,1

9 228,6 213/16 71,4 195,6 257

10 254,0 3 76,2 232,5 302,5

11 279,4 3 76,2 260,7 393,5

V cn nng c ng knh ngoi ln hn ng knh cn khoan nn khong khng vnh xuyn gia cn nng v thnh ging ging khoan b gim nhiu, nu khng thay i kt cu th lm tc nghn dng dung dch khoan i ln,nh hng xu n qu trnh khoan. gii quyt vn ny, chng ta lm cc rnh thot c bin dng ca ng l xo spiralete hoc elipcoidale tng thit din thot cho dng dung dch. Xem hnh ct ngang 1 cn nng 1.10. Cn nng rt hay b h hng phn ren c, l do l v phn thn cn c ng knh ln v phn ren c c ng knh gim mnh, nn thng tp trung ng sut kh ln ti vng ny, bi vy nu cng ngh nhit luyn khng m bo th phn ny rt hay xy ra khuyt tt. Nu trng hp pht hin khuyt tt qua mt thng hay qua siu m th phi ct b v tin li phn ren ny ngay theo ng chun API v tt nhin sau khi tin ren phi th tt c cc loi ti theo yu cu nh 1 cn mi. Trong trng hp b khoan c b kt trong lng ging do t sp l, hoc do thnh ging trng n lm gim ng knh m chng ta khng th cu c, th gii php duy nht gii phng b cn bn trn khu vc b kt l ct ngang b cn bng cch bn mn hoc dng dao thy lc ct ri ko phn trn , sau trm xi mng on kt ri tip tc khoan xin.

Cn nng c ch to t thp hp kim nh nh thp c mc 46 MoMnCr 10 hoc 4145H AISI theo tiu chun API Std 7. Cn nng c ch to qua rn, dt theo bin dng thit din vung, lc lng hay trn c rnh, sau gia cng v nhit luyn m bo cng, do cn thit.Thng thng i vi cn nng nh hn 7 th phi m bo gii hn chy ti thiu 77,5 daN/mm2 v ng sut gy ti thiu 98,43daN/mm2. Tuy nhin i vi cn nng c ng knh ln hn 7 th gii hn chy ch cn 70,3daN/mm2 v ng sut t 95daN/mm2.Khi khoan, cn nng va chu ng sut dc trc do nn bi ti trng ring ca n v ng sut ko , c 2 ti trng u lm cho vt liu b chy, cho nn trong k thut ch to, ta cn c gii hn cho 2 ti trong ny bin thin t 300 tf 500tf

1.3.2: Cn khoan: hnh 1.11 .

Cn khoan l phn lin kt gia cn nng v cn ch o, chuyn nng lng quay t bn Rotor ( Rotary Table) hoc t b dn ng nh ( Top Drive) trn b mt xung y v dn dng dung dch xung lm sch y ging.Cn khoan chu ti trng nn do t trng ca n, chu moment xon trong qu trnh quay, chu ma st vi thnh ging khoan v chu sc cng trong qu trnh ko.Kch thc cn khoan bin thin t 31/2 n 6 nh trong bng 1.3 bn di. Bng 1.3 Kch thc cn inch Khi lng ring kg/m

27/810,40

31/221,38

423,06

41/227,82

533,03

51/236,06

640,32

Cn khoan c ch to t thp hp kim cao cp nh 41CrNi12 hay 41MoCr11, hoc t cc hp kim cao cp ca nhm Cr-Ni;Cr-Mo;Cr-Ni-Mo. Cn khoan c di 9m hay 12m, 2 u c chn nn c ng knh ln hn vi mc ch ct ren, 1 u ct ren ci( Female) v 1 u ct ren c ( male). Tt c cc phn ct ren du c dng hnh nn ct, vi mc ch lp rp nhanh v bn c hc cao theo chun API, cc ren ct theo h NC nh trong hnh:1.3.3: Cn ch o: ( Kelly Spinner). Hin nay thng thng cn ch o c ch to theo 2 dng. 1 dang c mt ct ngang l hnh vung, cn 1 loi na c mt ct ngang hnh lc gic. Nu gin khoan no c cng ngh dng cn ch o lc lng hoc hnh vung th cc ph kin i km nh Ci bn rotor ( Kelly Bushing) u phi ng b mi s dng c. Tt nhin cn ch o thit din hnh vung th gia cng, ch to d dng, n gin hn so vi cn lc lng. Tuy nhin v nguyn l bn vt liu th km hn v tt nhin tui th cng s km hn. Cn ch o c gia cng qua cng ngh rn, sau khoan l trong, ct ren , nhit luyn v th ti gm ko v th nn p sut trong theo chun API.

Hnh 1.12 Cn ch o c mt ct hnh vung.

Nng lng t bn rotor hay t Top Driver c cn ch o truyn xung b cn khoan. Cn ch o c cu trc khc vi cn khoan, mt ct ngang ca n c dng hnh vung hay lc gic. C chiu di 40ft, c ch to theo tiu chun API Std 7.Kch thc chi tit ca loi cn ch o hnh vung c trnh by bng 1.4Kch thc inchCn 3 Cn 31/2Cn 41/2 Cn 51/2

L40404040

LD37373737

LU16161616

LL20202020

DFL331/241/451/4

DCC3,8754,4375,56,750

D13/421/4213/1631/4

DU53/453/473/473/4

DL41/843/467

Cn ch o lc gic c rn nng v nhit luyn khp ton b chiu di , con kch thc chi tit c trnh by trong bng 1.5 bn di.

Bng 1.5: Cn ch o lc gic. Kch thc inch31/241/251/46

L40404040

LD37373737

LU16161616

LL20202020

DFL31/241/451/46

DCC3,937(100)4,7815,9006,812

D17/821/431/431/2

DU53/473/473/473/4

DL41/843/467

Hnh 1.13 Cn ch o lc gic.

Vt liu ch to cn ch o l cc thp hp kim cng cao trong nhm 46MoMnCr10 hoc thp AISI 4145H; 41CrNi12 hoc 41MoCr11. Sau khi nhit luyn t cng 250300HB v ng sut bn t 1100daN/mm2 Ngoi cc loi cn k trn, trong b khoan c cn cc loi u ni v nh tm khc nhau s dng.1.3.4 : Cc nh tm ( Centrator). Hnh 1.14

Hnh 1.14: nh tm mi kh

Pha trn b cn nng, chng ta thng thng lp 1 b nh tm ( centrator) hay cn c khi gi l b ca-lip ( calibre) B dng c ny c gn cc mi thp c bin dng elicoidal vo thn ng, v trn cc mi c gn cc ht hp kim cng hoc ht kim cng, tr gip chong mi trn thnh ging khoan, m bo ng u ng knh t trn xung cho ging , to thun li cho cc qu trnh cng ngh sau ny. inh tm ngoi loi mi c nh c bin dng elicoidal, nh trong hnh 1.15 bn di. nh tm l nhm cng c c th sa cha nhiu ln c. sau khi a t khoan trng v xng c kh, cn c kim tra siu m cc phn ren c xem c b nt bn trong hay khng, v kim tra bng mt thng cc hng rng bn ngoi, cc bin dng ng ren , cc ht cng gn trn nh tm c b tn thng hay b mt hay khng. Sau khi kim tra, phi lp l lch v bo co chi tit v hin trng, sau xem xt kh nng sa cha s dng tip hay khng.Nu phi ct li phn ren c th sau khi ct ren , phi dng dng chun ( calibre) th.

Hnh 1.15: nh tm elicoidal

Ngoi ra cn c cc nh tm gn con ln nh hnh 1.16

v loi kt hp mi vi con ln nh trong hnh 1.5.

Hnh : 1.16 . nh tm c chp xoay.

i vi on ging khoan c ng knh ln hn 600mm v chiu su khng vt qu 1000m th chng ta c th s dng b chong m rng thnh ging gim ti trong qu trnh khoan.1.4: Nhng lc tc dng ln b cn khoan: Nh chng ta bit, b cn khoan c chiu di rt ln, n nhiu ngn mt v ng knh kh nh, nh vy t l gia chiu di v ng knh l rt ln. B cn khoan khi treo trong ging ch chu lc ko do t trng ca n . v khi th chm y ging th b chu nn cng do t trong ca n.Cn khi quay s chu ng sut do moment xon sinh ra.-V di b cn khoan rt ln so vi ng knh, cho nn h s mnh s rt ln.- Modul cng E cng rt khc bit gia cc on cn khoan vi nhau.- on khi b nn cng s xut hin trong b cn khoan- Tnh mt n nh ng hc khi cn quay.-Cc dao ng dc v dao ng ngang khi cn quay v phn lc t y ging to ra.- a dao ng , do cu trc khng u ca b cn ( cn khoan , hng trm u ni khc nhau, cc inh tm khc nhau v cn nng u quay cng lc)Nh vy h qu l b cn khoan khng th chu tc ng n gin ca 1 hin tng sc bn vt liu, m l 1 hin tng, 1 bi ton phc tp , m trong khun kh gio trnh ny chng ta khng nghin cu chi tit c.Chng ta hnh dung vi b cn di 3100m v ng knh 65/8 th mnh ln ti 4,94.104 , iu ny tng ng vi 1 si tc ng knh 0,1mm v di 5m! 1.4.1: Khi b cn trong qu trnh ko- th: Trong trng hp ny, b cn ch b tc dng ko ,v lc tc dng do b khoan c sinh ra s l: Qck=[( Qc + Qcn)( 1- +) + Ge ]( 1 +).[ kN] ( 1.5) Trong : Qck l trng lc ti mc cu ( Hook), kN.Qc =qcili .( q l khi lng ring tng an cn v l l chiu di on tng ng). Qcn l khi lng b cn nng , nh tm. khi lng ring ca dung dch khoan. Kg/dm3.o l khi lng ring ca thp 7,8kg/dm3. ng chng vi ging khoan.Ge l khi lng elevator , quang treo ( link), rng rc ng ( Travelling bloc) v mc cu ( Hook).a l gia tc b cn khi ko ln , m/s2g l gia tc trng trng. 9,8m/s2. lc ny ng sut ko k ti im tnh c biu th theo phng trnh sau: k= [ daN/cm2] ( 1.6) trong : k l ng sut im tnh ton. daN/cm2. Qck l trng lc thc t ca b cn ti im cn tnh, sau khi tr i trng lc Acshimet . daN S1 l din tch ca b cn ti im tnh, cm2.Sao cho k b l ng sut bn cho php i vi vt liu ch to ra cn khoan. b =. [daN/cm2] ( 1.7) .Trong : l ng sut t ca vt liu daN/cm2.k l h s an ton, c gi tr t 2,4.3,1. Khi b cn khoan quay, chu tc ng moent xon, lc Acshimet, lc ma st va p vi thnh ging, lc nn do phn lc t y ging khoan, nn gii bi ton tm tn s dao ng ring v mt n inh ca b cn c cu trc khng ng u ( cn khoan, u ni , nh tm, cn nng khong 350 thnh vin) ang quay ny, chng ta phi gii 1 bi ton vi hng trm phng trnh vi phn dng: = kij.( i j) ( 1.8) Vi: i= 1,2,3,4n v J= i+1 l moment qun tnh ca khi vt cht tng ng. kij = G. trong : ( 1.9) G l modul ct ca vt liu.j l moment qun tnh. l chiu di ca on cn tng ng. I v j l cc gc xon ca on tng ng. Do thi lng trong mn ny khng nn chng ta khng gii quyt bi ton ny, m s cng nhau nghin cu vo dp khc.

Phn 2: ng chng ( casing). 2.1 Cng dng ca ng chng:- Gi cho thnh ging khoan khng b sp l.-Cch li cc va du- kh- nc, khng cho xm thc vi nhau.-Chng s mt ( thm nhp) dung dch khoan( Drilling Mud) vo cc va t ct dc theo su ging khoan. V l ng dn dung dch khoan tun hon ti u nht.- t cc thit b khai thc sau ny 1 cch an ton.- Bo v ng khai thc ( Tubing) trong qu trnh khai thc sau ny.- L ni chng ta lp t thit b ming ging ( Well Head equipment), thit b phng nga v chng du kh phun tro. ( BOP- Blow Out Preventor)-L ni chng ta lp rp cy thng ( Christmas Tree).-L ng dn cc thit b kim tra- o lng y ging. Trong 1 b ng chng bao gm t di ln:+ ng chng ( Cementing Shoe)) thng thng bng xi mng trong v nhm hoc kim loi mm d khoan ph hy sau ny.+Van ngc. C tc dng ch cho va xi mng hay dung dch khoan i xung y ging ch khng cho dung dch tro ngc t pha ngoi y ging vo khng giann ng chng. + B ng chng: ni t van ngc ln n ming ging hoc n cao cn thit trong trng hp chng ng lng.+ Nt y( Parker) y ht va xi mng ra khong khng vnh xuyn gia thnh ging khoan v mt ngoi ng chng+ i km b ng chng l cc nh tm trnh tnh trng ng chng ta st vo thnh ging, v nh vy chng ta khng rt va xi mng vo cc v tr c. to nn 1 lp xi mng c chiu dy ng u sut dc chiu di ng chng.2.2 Cu trc b ng chng trong ging khoan: Ty theo su ging m chng ta c cc thit k kt cu khc nhau v b ng chng nh hnh 1.17.

Hnh 1.17: S nguyn l b ng chng theo su ging Ging cng su th thn ging lc m l pha trn rt ln, v cng xung su th ng knh cng nhTrong qu trnh thit k b ng chng, th c th tt c cc ct ng chng u c chiu di ln n tn b mt. Tuy nhin nhiu trng hp, ng chng ch c b tr t y ging ln n qu 1 phn di ca ct ng mi chng trc , gi l chng ng lng.2.3. Cc loi ng chng.Thng thng 1 b ng chng khng cn c cc an c chiu di bng nhau, v trong qu trnh ch to ti nh my, c th c 1 an b khuyt tt, ta c th ct b v s dng on cn li. Tuy nhin nu chng ta i mua th c quyn i hi tt c cc on phi bng nhau m bo tnh m thut v b kim sot. iu ny phi ghi c th trong hp ng cung cp.Thp d ch to ng chng l loi thp hp kim c k hiu theo API theo th t alphabet H-40; J-55;K-55;N-80. cng cui dy th cht lng cng cao. Phn loi ng chng theo kich thc nh trong bng 1.6DngoiDy mmDtrong mmk.lng kg/mPt H-40.atJ-55,atN-80. at

51/26,206,987,72127,3125,7124,320,8523,0825,32197211

65/87,328,94153,7150,429,7936,74197211211

75,876,918,059,19166,1164,0161,7159,425,3229,7934,2538,72148176211211211

75/87,628,33178,5177,035,7439,32176-211

85/86,717,728,9410,16205,7203,7201,2198,835,7441,7047,6653,62162183190

211211

95/87,928,9410,03228,7226,6224,448,1152,6259,58148162

103/4

7,098,8910,1611,4312,67258,8255,2252,7250,1247,948,7860,3267,7775,9682,6683112148176197

380415

113/48,469,5211,0512,42281,5279,4276,3273,662,5570,0080,4389,3798148169190373

133/88,389,6510,9212,1913,06322,9320,4317,9315,3313,671,4981,1790,85101,28107,2484134148169

344

Bng 1.6: Knh thc ng chng2.4: Kim ton u ni hn ng chng.Cc ng chng c ng knh ln trn 600mm khi th xung ging a phn u c hn. Cn cc ng c ng knh nh hn c lin kp bng ren.Thn ng chng hnh tr c chiu di khng vt qu 12m c tin ren c( male) c 2 u, tt c ren u phi tun th tiu chun API- 7s. cc u ni c tin ren ci ( Female ) c 2 u. 1 u c sit vo thn ng, cn u kia s c kt ni vi ng tip theo khi tha 3 xung ging.Cc u ni v u ng trong qu trnh tin ren, lun c kim sot cht ch, bng cc bin php kim tra khng ph hy( Nondistructive Inspection) bng siu m( Ultrasound Inspection) hoc bng bt t tnh( mangnet Powder Inspection). Bin dng v kch thc ca ren c kim tra cht ch nh b dng chun ( Calibr Master) theo chun API. B dng chun ny c ct trong thng v bo qun trong phng iu ha nhit 250c sut thi gian 24/24 . Ti Vit Nam, cng ty VIETUBES ti khu cng nghip ng Xuyn-Vng Tu l cng ty c nng lc ln nht v ct tin ren ng chng. Ngoi ra cn c 1 phn xng ca cng ty PVDTech cng c nng lc lm ren ng chng. ng chng ngoi vic kim tra cht ch ren, cn cn kim tra ng u ng knh trong, bng cch dng 1 vng zng th tri t u ny ti u kia, sao cho thng sut. Khi xp cc lp ng chng trong kho bi, ch c xp ti a 5 lp. Cc u ren phi c bi m bo qun chng r st v c bo v bng chp hay nt cao su trnh va p v trnh nc ma.Thn ng c phun 1 lp sn chng g bo qun lu di khi cha a vo s dngTrong qu trnh th ng chng xung ging, 1 lng dung dch b tro ra ngoi do th tch ng chng chim ch. Pha ngoi ng chng tc l ch khng gian vnh xuyn c y dung dch khoan, cn trong lng ng chng khng c dung dch, to nn 1 s chnh p thy tnh, u ny gy nguy c lm mp mo ng. khc phc tnh trng ny, chng ta phi rt dung dch vo ng chng sau khi th t 3---5 on ng. Vic rt dung dch c thc hin nh 1 h thng bn cha v ng ng ring c lp rp gn ming ging khoan. Ngi th ch cn dng vi cao su v bt my bm li tm th dung dch c rt vo ct ng chng trong lng ging.2.5: Chn , nh tm v van ngc trong b ng chng:Nhng chi tit ny tuy nh, nhng c tc dng rt ln tromg qu trnh thi cng b ng chng trong lng ging. Chng ta cng xem xt.+ Trong qu trnh th ng chng, chng ta lun s dng 1 chi tit gi l chn lp rp ngay u on ng chng th nht hnh 1.18

Hnh 1.18: Chn ng chng: u c vn ren vo an ng di chng 2 m. ng ny cng c khoan nhiu l vi mc ch thot dung dch ra ngoi nhanh. ng knh v s lng l thot c tnh ton sao cho dng dung dch thot ra khng cn vt ngng 20m/s. Phn di y c l thng ln. cc thng s c trnh by trong bng 1.7 bn diBng 1.7; Kch thc chn ng chngng chng mm mmChiu di mml thot y.Khi lng kg

114,31333005015

146,01663407025

168,31883508028

177,81983609032

193,721639010042

219,124541011050

244,527042012060

323,935144016085

42645141022090

+ Trong qu trnh th ng chng xung lng ging, ng chng s ta vo thnh ging. Nh vy ng tm ca ng chng v lng ging khng trng nhau. v tt nhin khong khng vnh xuyn cng khng u. Kt qu l dy khong khng vnh xuyn xi mng cng s khng u, thm ch khng c. trnh tnh trng ny, chng ta dng 1 chi tit gi l nh tm ng chng. nh tm c ch to t cc thanh thp n hi cht lng cao , thp ch to l xo, c kh nng n hi tt, do gia phnh to ra, 2 u gn vo ai thp ai thp ny c cht hoc bn l d ng- m khi lp vo ng. Cc nh tm m xung quanh ng chng , khi th xung ging n c tc nng lm u khong khng vnh xuyn.Trung bnh c 34 on ng chng chng ta gn 1 nh tm i vi cc ging thng ng ( Vertical Hole). Cn i vi cc ging khoan xin ( Directional Hole) hoc ging khoan ngang ( Orizontal Hole) th mt b tr nh tm dy hn, thm ch 1 on ng c gn 1 nh tm. ng knh trong ca ai nh tm phi nh hn ng knh u ni ng chng nh tm lun c gi trong khong thn hnh tr ca ng chng Nh trong hnh 2.6Cc chi tit: 1: ai nh tm 2: Cc thanh nhp ( l xo) n hi ca nh tm.Thng thng nh tm c cu to 6 thanh nhp b tr u 60 , nh hnh a A-A: l hnh chiu ai nh tmNgoi loi nh tm lp nhp n hi, th trong th t sn xut, 1 s cng ty cn ch to nh tm khng lp nhp m lp thanh thng gn cc mi kim loi nh loi hnh . nh tm ng chng c th ch cn lp cho phn ng chng tip xc vi thn trn ca ging. nhng on ging c ng trc th chng ta khng cn b tr cc nh tm na.

+ Van ngc l 1 thit b c gn bn trn xi mng chng li dng dung dch tro ngc t bn ngoi vo ng chng sau khi bm trm xong xi mng. ng knh van ngc tng ng ng knh ng chng nh trnh by hnh 1.18

Hnh 1.18. Van ngc. Cc kch thc van ngc c trnh by trong bng 1.8 bn di.Bng 1.8: Knh thc van ngcng mmvan mmZi mmp sut atNhit 0CKhi lng kg

114,313334025013015

146,016640225013025

168,318840225013030

177,819835020013035

193,721636320013045

244,527036513013060

298,532434510013070

323,935135010013085

426,04513637513090

Ca s 7 c xem nh l 1 van tit lu. Trong qu trnh th ng, n hn ch vic dung dch chy ngc vo ng chng. Khi th qu cu 4,qua tc ng ca vic bm ra sau khi trm xi mng, n vt qua khe ca s vnh ai 1, b p xung tri qua cc b giong cao su 2 v mng cao su 3 v ri xung ta trn u l tit lu 7. Nh vy dung dch khoan b kha t pha trn vin bi. Vin bi khng ny ln trn c v c mng cao su chn. 2.6 . Cc loi ng sut trong ng chng. c th ca ng chng l khng chu tc ng ca momnet quay trong qu trnh ko th. Bi vy, ng chng ch chu trc tip 2 loi ng sut.+ ng sut ko: Khi th ng chng vo lng ging, phn pha trn s chu lc ko cng nhiu nht do t trng ca b ng, cng xung su th lc ny gim dn, bi vy, nu khng c g c bit , th trong 1 ct ng chng, pha trn s c lp ng c chiu dy ln hn.ng sut ko ki ti thit din Si im tnh ton i s biu th bng cng thc: ki = ( 1- - ). qnln [daN/cm2].( 1.10) trong : - l t trng ring ca dung dch. Kg/dm3 l t trng ca thp. 7,8kg/dm3. vi thnh ging, t 0,1.0,32

qn l trng lng ring on cn n , daN/m v ln l chiu di on cn n, theo m. + ng sut do p sut bn trong pt. Nu v 1 l do no , m pha khong khng vnh xuyn khng c dung dch v trong ct ng c dung dch, th xut hin p sut thy tnh Ptt tc dng ln thnh ng, lm cng phnh ng, trong trng hp ny ng sut do p sut trong at s c tnh bng phng trnh Bernoulli- Euler sau y : at =Ptt. [daN/cm2]. (1.11 ). Trong : r l bn knh trong ca ng, cm. h l chiu dy ng, cm. T phng trnh ny, ta c th tnh ton c cc thng s cn thit khc ca b ng chng.Ngoi 2 lc trnh by trn, cn 1 lc khng km phn quan trng, c kh nng lm h hng on ng chng ca chng ta, l lc bp mo ng, m chng ta s im qua trong phn ngay sau y.

2.7 : Kim ton bp mo ng chng. Hin tng bp mo ng chng xy ra khi ct ng chng nm trong ging khoan m khng gian vnh xuyn pha bn ngoi ng khng c lp xi mng bo v , m c cht lng, hoc dung dch khoan, hoc cht lng va tn ti.Nhng pha trong ng chng li rng.Thng thng pha ngoi cc ct ng chng u c trm xi mng , nn nhng khu vc no c lp xi mng trong khng gian vnh khuyn th on ng s khng b bp mo na, v khng chu p sut bn ngoi. Trong thc t sn xut, khi cc m hoc cc ging khai thc kh, ct ng khai thc nm trong lng 1 ng chng khc, khng c trm xi mng, m nm t do, nn c th chu tc ng ca p sut ngoi.Hoc trong trng hp gi dng bng kh nh ( Nito), dng kh nh lu thng trong lng ng, v bn ngoi c th c cht lng, to nn s chnh p v gy nn hin tng bp mo ng chng. Ta gi p sut ngoi ng l pnp sut trong ng l pt Hiu s p sutt gi l p sut ti hn pth: pth= pn-pt l tc nhn gy ra mp, mo ng.p sut ti hn ph thuc vo cht liu ch to ng, ph thuc chiu dy ng v oval ban u sau khi ng c ch to. theo BS -8010 Module on Pipe Engineering D-8 Stress Analyse and Buckling, th p sut ti hn gy ra mp mo ng c xc nh theo phng trnh sau: pth =.( )3. [daN/cm2]. ( 1.12) .trong : E l modul n hi ca vt liu, nu ng l thp th E= 2,08.105daN/cm2.t l chiu dy ca ng. cmDo l ng knh ngoi ca ng. cm.: trong trng hp c chnh lch nhit gia pha trong v ngoi ng T th ng sut do s chnh nhit ny c tr s: t = - E. T [ daN/cm2]. ( 1.13)trong :E: Module n hi ca vt liu ng. E= 2,08.105daN/cm2.

T l chnh nhit. 0c.

CHNG 2.PHN LOI CC KIU GIN KHOAN HIN NAY. T na th k 19, cc nc chu u v chu M bit s dng sn phm hydrocarbure t du m phc v cuc sng , thi k du m ang gn nh l thin, c nhng vng, cc ging ch su vi ba chc mt l trn ngp du th. Sau ny nhu cu s dng nhiu, nn chng ta phi khoan su hn. Vn tt yu l phi c thit b cng ngh khoan c n nhng va du kh su hn, thm ch n nhiu ngn mt v r rng l phi ch to nhng gin khoan ph hp. Cng v sau, nhng m du trong t lin dn dn cn kit, v chng ta phi vn ra khi xa, sng to gi ln v nc su, mi tm thy du kh. V thm ch chng ta phi n c min sa mc hoang tn y nng gi v ct bi khc lit mi mong tm c du kh. Qua cc phn tch trn y, chng ta c th phn loi cc kiu gin khoan nh sau. 2.1: PHN LOI GIN KHOAN THEO A HNH.2.1.1: Gin khoan trn t lin.Hnh nh bn di l cnh ton phn gin khoan t lin PVD-11 ca PVDrilling lm ch s hu lc hong hn gn bung xung trn sa mc SAHARA hoang ha thuc min Ty-Nam Algeria gia nng chiu 58oc. Thp khoan cao 53 m tnh t sn bn Rotary. T bn Rotary xung mt t 11m. Xung quanh c b tr ton b thit b cng ngh bao gm: mng dn dung dch, thit b x l dung dch dn v cc b cha. My pht in, h cha nc cng ngh d tr vi kch thc 50x50x2m3. Lc n v tr khoan, chng ta phi khoan 1 mi n va nc v bm vo y b ny ly nc d tr cng ngh dng cho sut qu trnh thi cng ging khoan.Nc ny hi mn, v tt nhin khng ung c, thm ch lc hoang vn ch, tuy nc ng 23 thng nhng tuyt nhin trong h khng thy sinh vt g sinh sng.Ngoi ra cn h thng lu( Camping) tri cho 40 th khoan sinh sng v tri cho 1 i i lnh bo v gin khoan trnh k cp.

Trc 1948 tt c cc gin khoan du kh u thc hin trn t lin.Cc gin khoan trn t lin c th c phn chia thnh cc loi sau:+ Theo ti trng:- loi nh.Ti trng nh mc mc cu khng qu 150 tn-loi trung bnh.Ti trng nh mc mc cu khng qu 320 tn- loi ln. ti trng nh mc mc cu trn 320 tn.+ Theo b tr thit b: -Loi t trn xe chuyn dng, loi gin ny thng l nh, khoan cc ging nng c su cha ti 1500m, c th gi l gin di ng. Hnh 2.1

Hnh 2.1: B thit b khoan nh t trn xe oto. Loi thit b ny c gn trn xe oto ti hng nng, khi n v tr, cc thit b thy lc hoc my ko ti thp khoan ln v tr thng ng, gia c, neo v tin hnh khoan. -Loi ln hn, phi xy dng khoan trng v t c nh trn mt t nh gin khoan PVD 11 m ta mi ni trn y. + Phn loi theo iu kin cung cp nng lng: -Tc ng bng Diesel- Thy lc. Cc my Diesel cung cp nng lng v chuyn nng lng qua cc my bin nng thy lc v truyn ng n cc thit b cng tc thng qua cc cn thy lc ( Hydraulical Clutch) -Tc ng bng Diesel- in. -Tc ng bng in li.

-Tc ng bng Diesel c hc , tc l qua hp s v truyn ng bng xch hoc dy curoa.+ Theo cu trc ca thp khoan: -Thp ch A.

- Thp chp ct 2.1.2 Gin khoan trn bin. + Phn hng theo cu trc gin:A: Gin t nng ( Jack-up rig).CC LOI GIN KHOAN BIN C NH ; DI NG A NNG : T NNG; NA CHM NA NI; TU KHOAN; S LAN KHOAN

NHNG THNG TIN TI CN THIT CH TO 1 GIN KHOAN BIN. c im ca gin khoan bin bt k dng no cng u chu tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng khc nghit bo gm: Gi , thm ch gi bo, cung phong e da bt c lc no, ma no v vng no, tc ng ln phn din tch trn mt nc. Dng chy tc ng ln cc din tch tip xc vi nc. Tc ng sng nh trc tip vo cc phn quanh mt nc. B n mn, bao gm n mn sinh hc v n mn in cc

Lc do gi sinh ra theo phng trnh ca Euler: F=0,0625 V2 [N] ( 2.1) v l vn tc ca gi tc ng ln b mt vt th tnh theo m/s

Sng: Nng lng do sng tc ng ln cc mt cong ti cc kt cu ca gin : E=0,625 m..[ daN/cm2] (2.2) m: l bc sng bin. m : l bcc modul nng lng. Ph thuc chu k sng

=2 : l nht ng hc ca nc bin ti ni gin sp hot ng . kg/dm3 g: l gia tc trng trng m/s2. : l khi lng ring ca nc bin, kg/dm3

Lc tc ng do dng chy thy triu sinh ra:. Nng lng do dng chy sinh ra: E= v2 Trong l khi lng ring ca nc vng gin hot ng v v l vn tc dng chy tc ng ti kt cu m/s. Do dng chy l theo thy triu , nn cng trnh chu lc sinh ra do dng chy lin tc b o chiu, vy sinh ra hin tng mi. Cng xung su st y bin thi vn tc dng chy cng gim dn.

n mn: n. trong n l s nm hot ng ca gin v l tc n mn mi nm do tc ng cac nc bin ti b mt kt cu thp.

Gin khoan c thit k bn chu c bo cp 12, v sng bin cao11.8 m. V tui th vn hnh t nht hnh 25 nm.

Gin khoan bin l 1 t hp cng ngh k thut cao, bao gm cc cm thit b c kh- in t-hng hi sau y: Cm thit b pht ra nng lng: Diesel in.s t my m= n+1 Khu nh mi tin nghi sinh hot, n , , ngh, gii tr cho vi trm ngi Sn bay trc thng m bo rng v lc ti m bo cho my bay Sykorsky hoc Mi 14 ct h cnh Trm x. B xung cu sinh m bo ch cho 200% s ngi trn gin. V m bo chu la bao trm 10 pht. Khu nh v nh kho lnh cha th phm dng 30 ngy cho s ngi lao ng trn gin . C cc my mc lm nc ngt t nc bin qua phng php OSMOSIS hay bay hi. C thit b x l nc thi sinh hot m bo v sinh mi trng. Gin khoan c sn loi sn khng c km ( Zinc Free) m bo an ton mi trng. - H thng thng tin lin lc: telephone, Fax, Internet ton cu H thng thu gom rc thi sinh hot H Thng thu gom rc thi cng nghip H thng d tm, cnh bo, bo ng kh c trn gin khoan. H Thng phng nga u kh phun BOP chu c p sut 15000PSI 2.1.3.1 Gin khoan bin dng c nh: Loi gin ny va c cng nng khoan v khai thc cng lc.

Hnh 2.2: Gin c nh trn bin. Gin c nh dng cho mc nc bin su ti 80m . Nc su qu s kh lp rp. Bao gm 2 bloc chn dng chp ct cm xung y bin. Cc chn tr chnh c gn cc ng ph v khoan nhi su 150m vo lng t v c b tng chc chn.Trn 2 bloc l modul chu lc, st mt nc bin l 2 cu tu gn 2 mn. Trn modul chu lc l cc mudul cng ngh bao gm: Modul khoan gm c Thp khoan, bn Rotary, ti, Manifold,Cabin kp trng,cc loi kha treo. Cc modul cng ngh khc bao gm Thit b lm sch dung dch, cc bn cha vt liu bt nh xi mng, barit, bentonit; bn cha nhin liu, cha nc cng ngh, nc n, kho tng, xung cu sinh, khu nh ( LQ-Living Quarter)+2.1.3.2: Gin khoan t nng a nng di ng .

Hnh: 2.3 Gin khoan t nng di ng ang t la khi th va c du.2.1.2.3: Gin khoan na ni na chm:

Hnh 2.4: Gin khoan na ni na chm: Loi gin ny s dng cho vng bin nc su trn 150m n 4000m. trong hnh 2.4 bn trn l hnh nh ca gin 2 thp khoan tng nng sut lp rp cn khoan trong qu trnh thi cng. Gin ny nh chng ta ni trn y l khoan vng nc su, nn vic s dng 8 b neo di nhiu ngn mt l khng ti u, v mt khng gian cha ti v cp neo. Nn gn y ngi ta s dng b nh v ng hc. Trong khun kh gio trnh ny chng ta khng nghin cu k m ch ni lt qua cc khi nim c bn. Gin khoan dng ny hin ti c gi t 450---700 triu USD ty thuc mc hin i ca thit b lp rp trn gin v ln ca gin. Thng th gin c chiu di 100m, chiu rng 80 m v chiu dy chng 32 m.

Hnh 2.4 S 1 gin na ni na chm: Bn di c 2 ponton( Poonton) cha nc dn( Ballast Water) khong 10.000- 14.000m3. 2 ponton c lin kt bi cc ng thp ng kinh100 v dy 1, trn 2 ponton c lp 4 hoc 6 hoc 8 ct ng tr ng knh 8m, thp dy 1,5 ( ty thuc ln ca gin). Trn cc ct l modul chu lc. Trn modul chu lc chng ta lp ton b thit b cng ngh, k c sn bay trc thng, xung cu sinh. Khi vn chuyn, chng ta ht ht nc dn gin ni ln v c ko bng tu. Khi n khoan trng, chng ta bm y nc dn vo ponton ; ng lin kt, v vo cc ct. sao cho khi lng nc dn qun tnh gim bt tc ng ca sng, gi, dng chy ln gin.Nhng phn thp tip xc vi nc bin c gn cc khi nhm chng n mn in phn.

Hnh 3.5 Gin na ni na chm trong trng thi lm vic.n v tr lm vic, sau khi bm nc dn, kt ni xong thit b nh v ng hc vi v tinh, kim tra tnh ng b qua my tnh, tnh lin ng vi cc ng c( mi ng c khong 4000kW) ca 8 chn vt ,chng ta tin hnh lp rp b ng mi( Riser)kt ni gin khoan vi y bin. Chng ta c th xem 1 clip khi th b Riser t ng bng tay my. hon thnh lp 1 b Riser 4000m, c th phi mt thi gian 1 thng nu thi tit thun li.Gi thu gin na ni na chm cn mi( di 5 tui) , hin nay nm 2015 ( gi rt thp) cho vng bin 30004000m khong 500.000USD/ ngy ( gi l Day Rate).Cn nhng nm 2010 2014 gi thu khong 700000USD/ngy.B nh v ng hc DP do hng STROMBERGER pht trin v ch to gn nh c quyn, nn gi thnh rt cao, c khong 200 250.106 USD.2.1.3.4 Tu khoan ( Drill Ship).

Hnh 2.5; Tu khoan ( Drill ship). khoan vng bin nc su, ngoi gin na na ni na chm ( c ngi gi l bn tim- nhng thut ng ny nghe rt China, nn nay khng ai ni na) th chng ta cn s dng Tu Khoan. Nm 1982---1983 tu khoan MIRCHINK khoan thy v th va thnh cng dng du cng nghip ti Bch H .So vi gin na ni na chm th tu khoan c ng hn, t di chuyn c,Tuy nhin tnh n nh thp hn v kh nng chu bo km hn. Cc nguyn l nh v vn ging gin na ni na chm. Tu ny c chiu di c 95 120m v mt sn rng chng 2535m. B thp khoan cng vi bn rotary t khong trng gi l Nguyt H gia tu( moonpool).

Hnh 2.6: Tu khoan 1,5 thp. tng cng nng khoan ging, 1 s tu khoan c trang b 1,5 thp gim ti a thi gian lp rp cn khoan. Tc l 1 thp chuyn khoan v 1 thp ph tr, dng ni cc cn l thnh 1 cn dng. Sn bay trc thng c lp trn khu nh u mi tu. Moonpool c 1 phn h mn tu, phng khi cp thit, gp gi to sng ln siu cp, nh hng n tnh mang tu th chng ta m moonpool cho tu thot khi v tr nguy him chy vo cn c. Tu khoan c nhc im na l khng gian rt hp. Kh b tr nhiu thit b ph tr nh a Vt L, th va, chng n mnV tt nhin vic thit k v ch to v cng nghim ngt, phi tun th cc quy chun quc t kht khe. Bn di l hnh nh tu khoan 1 thp dng tiu chun ca hng Sea Drill.

Hnh 2.8: Tu khoan tiu chun ca SeaDrill.Loi tu ny thp khoan pha di hnh vung n cao ht cn dng ( chng 30m). Pha trn chp ct. To ra n nh rt ln v chu ti cao, c khi ln n 15000kN ( khong 700 tn). Vic b tr 3 cn cu nh th c kh nng vi n tt c cc khu vc khut ca tu h tr ti u sn xut, gim sc ngi v an ton lao ng. Cn cu mn phi c th vi ti sn bay ly hng ha, ph tng m trong cn c gi khn cp ra gin v cng thun li Sn bay ( Helideck) , nm trn khu nh ,t pha xa thp khoan nn hon ton khng nh hng n vic ct, h cnh ca trc thng ( helicop) k c khi thi tit hi xu c gi ln cp 7 cp 8.

2.1.3.5 S lan khoan.

Hnh 2.10; S lan khoan ( Drill Barger). khoan nhng m u vng m ly hay lu vc sng , thm ch thm lc a c mc nc nng di 30m, sng v dng chy nh, y c nhiu bn long, su ging nh hn 2000m, th phng n ti u c th dng s lan khoan thi cng cc ging khoan.Vic ch to s lan khoan n gin v r hn nhiu so vi cc kiu gin khc, v nguyn l lm vic th chng u l 1 h hng c. Tuy nhin khng phi trang b h thng DP cho s lan khoan. T trc n nay Vit nam chng ta cha dng s lan khoan bao gi. Ti chu th v m ly Missisipi thuc New Orland USA v pha h lu sng Obi bn Nga h s dng nhiu S lan khoan.Trong tng lai vng trng thm lc a nam C Mau, Chevron c nhiu kh nng thu chng ra khoan bng s lan khai thc m kh y tim nng ny. S lan bn di c 1 Nguyt H nhn kh r.

Hnh 2.12: S Lan khoan vng ven bin.Loi s lan ny cng b tr Moonpool mn ui, khc vi Moonpool b tr gia thn trn semmisubmersible hoac drillship.iu ny cho php cc tu dch v tip cn rt nh nhng v an ton. Khng s va p vo thn gin.Gi ng mi 1 s lan khoan c ging c su 6000m hin nay vo khong 120---125.106 USD v gi thu 1 ngy 7090K USD. Thi gian ng mi 1 s lan khong 18 thng.2.1.3.6: Gin tip tr khoan na ni na chm TAD(Tender Asistent Drilling): Hin ti trn th trng du kh ang cn s dng 1 kiu gin khoan tip tr na ni na chm, gi tt l GIN TIP TR KHOAN- TAD.Trong hnh 1.13 bn di m t 1 gin tip tr.

Hnh 2.13 Gin tip tr khoan TAD Phn hng hi gin khoan loi ny c cu trc ging vi gin na ni na chm.Ring phn cng ngh khoan c tho ri, xp trn mt sn gin v ti v tr khoan, dng cn cu ln cu thp khoan, sn khoan cng ti, bn rotary vi cc thit b ph tr t ln nh b chn . Sau kt ni phn nng lng, ng cao p v thp p, ng nc cng cc ng cng ngh khc t gin ln b chn v tin hnh khoan bnh thng. Khi vn ti trong ni vng m, 2 poonton v 6 ct tr c ht ht nc cho nh v dng tu ko di chuyn. Khi ti v tr cng tc, ta li bm nc dn vo 2 poonton v 6 ct tr n mn nc mu , th neo v cu cc thit b ln nh gin nh.Khi lng ca gin TAD ny vo khong 24 ngn tn.Cn cu trn gin c sc nng 235 tn tm vi 30m v tm vi xa nht 65m vi sc nng 25 tn. Lin kt gia gin vi gin nh bng cu thp ngi qua li d dng.Thp khoan gin ny dng telescopic 2 on d cu. sau khi 2 on xp lt vo nau v cu ln gin nh, th dng h thng thy lc nng on thp bn trong ln ht c cao 47m.Ph hp cho cng tc khoan.

Hnh 2,14 Gin khoan TAD ngoi khi Bch H. Cc th h gin na ni na chm hoc TAD khi vn chuyn xa trn i dng, th chng ta c th dng s lan cng gin

Hnh 2.14 . Tu ch hng cng gin na ni na chm. Tu hng c nh chm su hn mc chm ca gin khoan. Sau x nc tu hng v tu hng ni ln cng gin khoan, gia c chng buc gin chc chn trn boong tu, sau li nh chm c 2 v dng tu ko hoc t hnh.

Hnh 2.16: Tu ko lai dt tu hng v gin

Gi vn chuyn 1 gin khoan na ni na chm c khi lng kh khong t 2527 ngn tn t b ty Thi bnh Dng v b ng Thi Bnh Dng khng di 2 triu USD v thi gian khng di 30 ngy vi iu kin thi tit thun li, mi gi i c khong 7 hi l. Nu gin c trang b 8 chn vt cng b DP, mi chn vt c lai bi 1 ng c in 4000 m lc, th tng cng sut ca ring b DP l 32000 m lc. Chng ta thy 1 con s kh n tng.Ngoi ra cn nng lng cho cc h thng khc cng hot ng ng thi vo khong 1000 m lc na. Bi vy cm my Diesel- Pht in cho gin ny kh khng l v i hi mc t ng ha rt cao.

Hnh 2.17; Gin khoan sau khi c ging buc chc chn vi tu.

Sau khi ging buc chc chn, chng at li nh chm tu v c 2 u ngm trong nc ti mc tnh ton t an ton chng lt v chng chm nghm, sau mc cp vi tu ko v ln ng- hnh trnh gian nan trn i dng bao la y th thch v kh khn. Sau 5 nm k t ngy xut xng , cc gin ny theo lut ng kim phi vo nh my kim tra an ton ri mi c cp chng ch hnh ngh v 10 nm phi a ln c cn ( Dry Dock) kim tra tng th, k c phn y poonton.Khi vn chuyn, trn gin ch li 1 lng ngi ti thiu phc v, trong c bt buc c 1 th hn ( Welder),v 1 th thng tin lin lc ( radio man). 1 th li cu. V tt nhin mi thit b v tuyn lin lc vin thng phi mc hon ho v phi c giy xut cng v giy php do ng Kim cho php ri v tr. Ngoi ra phi nm vng tnh hnh kh tng ca vng bin m tu s i qua trong thi gian 10 ngy m bo an ton. V cc nh bo him cng t ra cc iu kin thanh ton ht sc cht ch cho ch phng tin. Trong qu trnh ko gin trn bin, bt buc phi mua bo him phng mi ri ro, bin dao ng cc i cho php ca gin khi i trn bin l 12o 2.3 Phn loi cc nhm thit b trn 1 gin khoan tiu chun. 2.3.1: Nhm thit b khoan:- Thp khoan v cc ph kin i km .- Rng rc tnh gn trn nh thp.-Rng rc ng treo mc cu ni vi rng rc tnh thng qua h cp khoan.- Top Driver.-u thy lc. v vi cao p.- B dy cp khoan.- u cp cht.- Ti khoan v cc ph kin nh phanh c hc, phanh thy lc, phanh in- Bn rotary v ph kin ( ci , nm). 2.3.2 H thng tun hon dung dch khoan- B thit b lm sch dung dch nh mng , sng rung, my lc ct, my lc bn, my tch kh, my khuy dung dch, cc b cha. sng phun dung dch.

My bm dung dch khoan v h thng ng cao p2.3.3: H thng bn cha bt xi mng, ba rt, benonit. Bao gm cc bn cha, cc h thng my nn kh thi bt, h thng trn .

2.3.4: H thng nng lng: bao gm t hp cc my Diesel- v my pht in, b nn dng- bin p- iu khin.2.3.5: H thng hng hi: cn cu, nc dn, x l nc thi. h thng neo, nh v. h thng lm nc ngt t nc bin, h thng nhin liu, sn bay, xung cu sinh, phao cu sinh, b cu sinh2,3.6: H thng an ton. Bo chy, bo khi, cnh bo kh c.2.3.7: H thng nh v dch v: Kho thc phm, nh , nh bp, khu git l, khu t.Khu vui chi gii tr, th vin v phng thng tin lin lc2.3.8: H thng thng tin lin lc.2.3.9: H thng nng h gin khoan t nng.2.3.10: H thng nh v ng hc hoc neo trong cu trc gin na ni na chm, tu khoan v s lan khoan.2.3.11: H thng ng nc cu ha.2.3.12: H thng ng nc cng ngh.2.3.13: H thng ng dung dch cao p2.3.14: H thng ng dung dch thp p2.3.15: H thng thy lc. Di y chng ta ch nghin cu 1 s h thng chnh. V thi gian t nn cc h thng ph tr khc chng ta ch lt qua.Chng ta c th tham kho 1 gin khoan ca PVD ang th va du v t uc bn mn gin trong hnh 2.18 bn di.

Hnh 2.18 Gin khoan ang t uc th va. Pha mn gin c h thng phun nc chng nng cho c cng trnh. Ngn la c khi di ti 15m v chy lin tc nhiu ngy ly thng s cho cc ch m l phun khc nhau. Va du khi th, cc ch m cn ca van tit lu khc nhau , t ng knh nh 8mm n ng knh cc i 64mm, v chng ta o lu lng du th, kh, nc v p sut tng ng. Qua 1 thi gian xem tnh n nh ca va nh th no, c khai thc cng nghip hay khng. Trn c s chng ta mi hoch nh ch khai thc ti u cho va tng ng.Nhn y chng ta cng tham kho , trong trng hp du kh phun m thit b i p ( BOP) khng khng ch c, th tt yu hu qu s v cng kinh khng, gin b chy, b chm , b vi lp.Nm 1976 ti Cng ty du kh 1 Thi Bnh, 1 gin khoan t lin b chn vi trong lng t v cho n tn by gi n vn nm im di lp bn ct. Hnh nh gin khoan c nh khai thc du kh b s c phun tro ri b chy nh hnh 2.19 minh ha bn di.

Hnh 2.19 Gin khoan b chy ngoi khi. Vic khc phc v dp la m chy v cng kh khn, tn km, nguy him. Thm ha nhim mi trng bin cc k ln. l cha k thit hi v con ngi, gy tm l hong lon trong 1 thi gian di i vi ngi lao ng trn gin. Nm 1988 ti chng kin tn mt 1 v phun t ging khoan trong thi gian chng 15s, may mn l anh em trn gin MSP 3 ng kp van i p , nn khng xy ra chy.M ch phun chng 1015m3 bn-du m thi. Tuy nhin anh em c 1 phen chng kin sc mnh ca thin nhin t va du. dp c la phun t ging khoan , c th phi kt hp phng php bn mn nh hng, bp mo ng ngay bn di b i p h hi. sau c th bn mn nh hng ct t thn ging,hng dng phun ra khi m chy, tin ti khng ch lung du kh phun, phun b tng c ph gia nhanh ng bt ging. Ni chung v cng tn km v nguy him. Ngoi ra cn phi x l nhim do s du th chy khng ht trn ra bin. Gp phi thi tit xu, sng to gi ln th cng vic cu cha tr nn v vn kh khn, thit hi nhiu tin ca v sc ngi.

Hnh 2.20. Gin khoan ngy cng b chy mnh hn. Trong trng hp chy gin, vng nc xung quanh gin tr nn nhc thy, v b kh v du th xm nhp, lm t trng nc bin gim i, nh vy cc tu khng tip cn c v s b chm. Vi 1 lng du kh ln phun v chy th vic phun vo rng dp la tr nn t c hiu qu. Nm 2003 hng BP b chy 1 gin vnh Mexico v phi bi thng thit hi mi trng ln n 17 t USD. Bi vy chng ta cn nh rng, cng tc an ton khi lm vic trn gin khoan bin l v cng quan trng.

CHNG 3

H THNG NNG H TRN GIN KHOAN. H thng nng h trn gin khoan c chc nng ko b khoan c hoc ng chng hoc bt k thit b no t lng ging ln b mt v th chng t b mt xung lng ging. Bao gm thp khoan, b rng rc ng-tnh, b cp khoan cng vi u cp cht v cun cp d phng, ti khoan cng ph kin, sau y chng ta s nghin cu tng b phn cu h thng nng h. 3.1 THP KHOAN.3.1.1 Khi nim v cng dng ca thp khoan du kh: xem hnh 3.1

Hnh 3.1: Thp khoan 4 chn.

Thp khoan 4 chn thng thng c cu thang ln xung xung quanh 5,6,7 t sn khoan ln n nh thp. Trn nh thp lp rng rc tnh 2. V sn lm vic trn cao 3 ,4 cho th khoan.V b chn thp 1 rt vng chc, n nh rt cao, cao tng th c th t 55m k c b chng st.. y hnh vung, bin thin t 7,5m 11m ty ti trng ca thp. Cc thp hin i ngy nay trn gin khoan na ni na chm c y 11m v ti trng ln ti 700 tn . Thng thng thp khoan c kt cu theo 3 dng chnh nh sau: Cc thanh ging , thanh cho v thanh chn u bng thp corner ( thp L) hoc bng ng v lin kt vi nhau bng bu lng cao cng . Cc thanh thp c nhng nng km hoc sn chng n mn.V c lp rp ti hin trng , sau dng cn cu nhc t vo v tr thit k sn trn sn khoan. Sau cn chnh tht u tm vi tm ca bn Rotary v bt cht bng bulon cng lc vi sn khoan. Hnh 3.2 Bn di l s 1 thp khoan dng ch A

Hnh 3.2: S 1 thp khoan ch A. Thp dng ch A c 2 chn thng thng dng cho cc gin khoan trn t lin v c kt cu qua cng ngh hn tng on, sau t hp li vi nhau bng bulong cao cng , sn chng n mn, dng xe chuyn dng ch ra hin trng, v dng nay b kch thy lc c sn dng ln v tr khoan, tt nhin l phi neo bng cp cn thn chng lt. Thp khoan c cc cng dng sau y: Lp b rng rc tnh trn cao, v qua lin kt cp s kt ni vi rng rc ng. Lm ch ta cn khoan, cn nng, cn khai thc khi thi cng ging . Lm ch treo cc loi kha vn cn khoan, ng chng. Lm ch gn ng ray cho b Top Drive hot ng. Lm ch gn sn trn cao cho th khoan phc v vic ko-th b cn. Lm ch gn ng x t kh c trong trng hp ging b phun kh. Lm ch gn kt ni ng ng cao p dung dch khoan v va xi mng. Lm ch b tr cc thit b t ng nh b tay my phc v cng tc ko th cn khoan ng chng,cn khai thc ( handling System). Lm ch treo cp th cc thit b nghin cu ging.

3.1.2 Phn loi thp khoan: 3.1.2.1 Theo sc ti trng ca thp: Loi di ng trn xe: loi nh ti di mc 50 tn ( hnh 3.5.). c thit k nh gn, 2 tng lng vo nhau dng telescopic, t trn xe xch ko n khoan trng v dng h thng kch thy lc dng ln 1 cch nhanh chng v n gin, sau cn chnh, lp cc cp neo ( cp chng) chng lt.

Hnh 3.5: Thp khoan dng nh.

Loi thp ny thng thng s dng cho cn khoan 31/2 ; 27/8 v su ging khoan chng 1500m li. Cc thit b i km thng thng cng gn nh, b tr trn xe ti v ko n v tr khoan ri kt ni cc ng ng dung dch, ng in, ng kh nn v ng nc li vi nhau. Trn th gii hin ti cc hng UPETROM Rumania. Uralmash Nga v Baotri China; Saipem Italia, Dreco Canada vn ang ch to loi thit b dng nh ny. Gi thnh v vn hnh n gin, tho lp nhanh chng l u im ln ca chng loi ny. Tuy nhin tnh n nh thp v khng kh thi khi khoan nhng m du c su ging ln.3.1.2.2: Loi thp ch A:Loi thp ny c s dng rng ri, ng dng cho cc m du c su ging tm trung v hi cao. T 2000m n 6000m vi u kin a hnh n nh, vng thi tit t gi bo. Hu ht cc cng quc v thit b khoan trn th gii u ch tqo5 loi thp kiu ch A ny khoan trn t lin. Rumania, Php,Ytalia, Nga, Canada, China, USA, c u ch to chng loi nh vy

Hnh 3.5: Thp khoan kiu ch A. Loi thp ny c kt cu t cc ng qua cng ngh hn tng khc, sau sn chng n mn. Lp rp xong, gn rng rc tnh, ko n khoan trng, hoc dng my ko, hoc dng ti khoan dng. Vic dng kh n gin v nhanh chng. y gin c a vo v tr nm ngang, nh v 2 chn trc vo mng, sau dng ti ko ln nh s trong hnh 3.5 bn trn.

Loi gin ny khng cn dng cp chng neo, m bn thn n c 2 chn ph 2 bn, c thit k lc chng ton b thp v b cn dng bn trong khi c gi bo cp 12. Nhng nm 70, 80 ca th k trc, cng ty du kh 1 Thi Bnh v cng ty 2 ng bng sng cu Long s dng kh nhiu loi thp khoan ch A kiu F200 DH ny do Trung Quc v Rumania vin tr khoan vng trng sng Hng v Cu Long. Tuy nhin sau do cng tc duy tu , bo dng tht thng nn n u nm 90 cc b thit b ny bi h hng 100% v b thanh l khng thng tic, k c b F 200 DH cui cng kh hon chnh nm trong khun vin nh trng trng Cng nhn k thut du kh B Ra cho hc sinh thc tp cng b bm nt gn ngn tn st vn thnh ph liu v nhng l do kh hiu. Tht l ng tic v cng.3.1.2.3. Thp 4 chn.

Hnh 3.6 Thp 4 chn.Loi thp ny kh n nh. T chn thp ln n sn lm vic trn cao c cu trc hnh hp ch nht. v t ln n nh c cu trc chp ct. Vi cu trc nh vy, to cho thp c 1 khng gian bn trong rt thong, c nhiu la chn b tr cc thit b ph tr i kem c gii ha v t ng ha qu trnh khoan. Loi thp ny c ti trng ln, t 400 tn n 750 tn. Cc kt cu c t hp t thp L hp kim v kt ni qua bulong cao cng , tt c c nhng nng km tng bn n mn in cc. Ngy nay gn nh ton b thp khoan bin u c cu to nh vy.Thp khoan c t hp ngay trn bi ch to gin, sau khi hon chnh, lp rp cc ph kin v dng cn cu cu ln modul sn khoan.Tng khi lng ca 1 b thp khoan vi cc ph kin bn trong ln n gn 165 tn v chiu cao 53m. chng ta dng cn cu ni c tm vi 200m v sc nng 1800 tn nng thp khoan lp vo v tr trn Drill floor mi m bo an ton v nhanh chng.Sau khi lp xong thp, phi cn chnh ng tm u gia tm tho v tm l bn Rotary, trn cc chn thp c lp cc vai lm ch chng cc kch thy lc ( Hydraulic Jack) phc v cng tc chnh tm thp, khi tm thp b lch th ta s dng kch mi nng chn thp c.

Hnh 3.7: Cu thp khoan vo v tr trn sn khoan. Thp khoan c cn cu ni, vi sc nng ln v tm vi xa nhc nh nhng t chnh xc vo Drill Floor.3.1.2.4: Cc ti trng tc ng ln thp khoan:3.1.2.4.1 Lc do gi sinh ra.Thp khoan l v tr cao nht trn gin khoan, nn hng gi sut 24/24 h lm vic. Lc do gi sinh ra Fgi c xc nh bi phng trnh: Fgi = p.A [ daN] ( 3.1) trong : p l p sut do gi thi vo b mt thit b. tnh theo daN/m2. p = gv.Ct.th [ N/m2] ( 3.2) trong :gv l p sut ng hc gv= .v2 [ N/m2] (3.3).v l vn tc gi , km/h.Ct l h s ph thuc dng v hng gi thi vo vt th, c gi tr nh trong bng bn di. Bng 3.1: h s CtB mt chu giCt

Thp nh hnh1,25

Thp ng1,25

B cn dng1,20

V th l h s ph thuc vo cao trnh lp thp. c trnh by bng 3.2 bn di. cao t mt t :m th

0-151,0

15301,2

30601,3

Trn 601,35

i vi cc thp lm vic trn t lin, theo API th vn tc gi c ly vi gi tr 110km/h v cc thp trn gin khoan bin c ly gi tr 140km/h. A l din tch tt c cc b mt hng gi. Tnh theo m2.Theo API, a ra 1 ti trng bn gy khi chu un ca 1 mt thp FGCN c tnh bng phng trnh sau: FGCN=Am.max [ kN] (3.4) trong :Am l thit din mt ct ngang ca thanh thp th m. m2 m l ton b s thanh thp cu to nn 1 mt thp khoan. max l ng sut bn cc i chu un ca vt liu. daN/cm2

Ngoi lc do gi sinh ra,theo tiu chun tin tin trong tnh ton bn cho thp khoan, chng ta cn cn phi cp n cc trng lc sau y: Ti trng c i mc cu Fmaxc. Ti trng nh mc mc cu Fm Ti trong do b cn dng sinh ra khi ta vo thp F cd Ti trong ring ca thp khoan v ph kin gn vi thp Ftk Ti trng t nhnh cp ti v pha u cp cht. Ft v Fc.

3.2 DY CP V H RNG RC. 3.2.1 Cu to v phn loi cp.Cp l 1 t hp cc si ring r, c cun elicoidal vi nhau, vi mc ch lm vic di tc nng ko. Khi cc si cun elicoidal quanh 1 si trung tm gi l 1 la cp. Cc la cun elicoidal quanh 1 li si thng nhng du hay li la cp nhng du th gi l si cp. Cp dng trong du kh tun theo API RP 9B. Cp c phn nh theo 3 cu trc : Cp SEAL; FILLER v WARRINGTON nh trong hnh 3.8 bn di. Hnh 3.8 cc loi cp. a: cp kiu SEAL; b : cp kiu Filler; c : cp kiu Warrington Trong bng 3.2 phn loi 1 s cp theo su ging khoan API RP 9B ed 6. su:m mm( inch) Cu trc cp

< 250020004000Trn 400025(1); 28( 11/8)28(11/8);32(11/4)32(11/4);35(13/8);38,1(11/2) 6x19 Seal hoc 6x21 Filler;li thng hoc thp; cun cho phi.6x19 Seal hoc 6x21 Filler; li thng hoc thp, cun cho phi.6x19Seal hoc 6x21 Filler, cho phi, li thng

Th va6( ); 12 ( ) 14(6/9) 16(5/8)6x7 nhng km cho phi li thng

Dng thp35( 13/8);38,1(11/2)6x256x37

Ti ph 16( 5/8) ;22( 7/8)6x19 li thp

Neo gin bin50,8( 2)90( 31/2) 6x19 nhng km6x37 nhng km; li thng

Cch o cp cng l 1 yu t ng lu nh trnh by trong hnh 3.9. ta t thc vo 2 v tr ln nht, li ln ca 2 la cp i xng.

Hnh 3.9: Cch t thc o ng knh cp. a : ng; b : sai.

Trong bng 3.10 trnh by tnh cht c hc v cu to cp SEAL 6x19 v 6x31 s dng trong cng tc khoan.

Bng 3.10 Cp Seal 6x19 v ti trng t ti thiu-daN

mmS mm2Ti 160daN/mm2Ti 180daN/mm2Ti 200 daN/mm2Khi lng kg/m

28326,674494950568561813,090

32414,145695864108712323,950

35479,686603374254824964,580

38500,206804276320847915,120

41537,407032078500872135,320

44574,207142079960888355,500

Bng 3.11. Cp Seal 6x31 v ti trng t ti thiu-daN mmS mm2Ti 160daN/mm2Ti 180daN/mm2Ti 200 daN/mm2Khi lng kg/m

30355,914826754304 603623,40

34474,526453471601 795484,53

36527,397172580690 896464,95

40641,0287178980761089626,09

Theo kiu xon ch S tri hay ch Z phi, song song phi, song song tri, ct cho tri v ct cho phi nh trong hnh bn di.

Hnh 3.5 Cc kiu cu trc cp Bn trn: a : kiu cun tri S ; b: kiu cun phi hnh ch Z Bn di: A a: Ch thp phi Z; b: ch thp tri S; c: song song phi; d : song song tri.3.2.2 Tui th ca dy cp:Tui th ca dy cp c tnh t thi im a cp vo s dng cho n khi cp b o thi.Tui th 1 si cp ph thuc vo cc thng s sau y:3.2.2.1: Ti trng lm vic ca dy cp: Ti trng cng ln th lm cho cp bin dng cng nhiu. v dy cp c cu to bi hng trm si thp nh xon vi nhau, nn kh nng trong hng trm si thp b y c cu trc v cht lng khc nhau, si no km th b t gy trc, v t lm gim thit din dy cp, dn ti kh nng chu ti ngy cng km, v cui cng l dy cp b loi.3.2.2.2: Cht lng thp lm cp.Cc si thp c cht lng cao th kh nng chu ti s ln v tui th ln hn cc loi si thp khc, dn ti tui th ca ton b dy cp s cao hn3.2.2.3: Mc bo qun, bo dng cp. Cp sau khi a ra sn xut xong , phi c lm sch , bi m ph hp bo qun, khng c cun cp vi cc vng qu b lm cp b un qu mc cho php, khng cc vt nng, sc, cng ln cp , lm cho cp b tn thng, thm ch b t cc la hoc cc si thnh vin. Chng ta phi lm gi treo cp kh ro, trnh tip xc vi nc ma v khng kh bin.3.2.2.4: Mi trng lm vic: Nu cp lm vic trong mi trng khoan bin, c khng kh vi m cao, hm lng mui NaCl ln s lm cp b hoen g v b n mn nhanh. Bi vy cn khi c mi che hoc bt che ph cp trnh tc ng ca nc bin cng t cng tt. Thm ch sau mi ln lm vic vi tu bin, chng ta nn xt ra cp bng nc ngt3.2.2.5: Cu trc si cp: cc si cp cng ng knh ngoi, nhng c kt cu bi cc la cp khc nhau v ng knh cc si thp con khc nhau th s c ti th khc nhau. L do l tuy cng ng knh ngoi, nhng thit din thc t khc nhau, nn kh nng chu lc s khc nhau v tt nhin tui th cng s khc nhau.3.2.2.6: Mc kim tra v th ti cp theo nh k.Thng xuyn kim tra cp bng mt thng, o ng knh v mang v cn c dch v kim tra khng ph hy, nhm pht hin ra cc khuyt tt phng nga cc ri ro c th xy ra trong qu trnh khai thc. Kim tra khng ph hy c th s dng cc phng php sau y: NDT-nondistructiv test MPI: Magnetic particle Inspection UT: Ultrasonic Test. WLL: Maximum Permisible Load

3.2.3 KIM TON DY CP.Trong sut cuc i vn hnh ca mnh, 1 si cp nng bao nhiu ti vi 1 hnh trnh bao nhiu chng ng? v cng nng ca si cp l di chuyn hng ha, chnh l cng c hc do si cp thc hin, l thng s chnh xc nht biu th tui lm vic ca 1 si cp. Trong sut qu trnh vn hnh, si cp chu nhiu tc nng nh hng nng n n tui th v an ton ca n, cho nn cn thit phi kim ton bit chnh xc cht lng ca si cp m chng ta ang theo di.Cng c hc do 1 si cp thc hin hon chnh 1 hip ko th b khoan c xung 1 su xc nh c tnh ton bng phng trnh sau y: Lm={qL(L+l)+4L[Gm+0,5(qg-q)lg]} [Joul] ( 3.5) .Trong : -q l khi lng 1 m cn nng .daN/m. q = q ( 1- ) [ daN/m] ( 3.6).-L l chiu di b cn khoan.-l l chiu di 1 cn dng,m-Gm l khi lng rng rc ng, daN.- qg l khi lng 1 m cn nng khi chm trong dung dch khoan. daN/m. qg = qg ( 1- )[ daN/m] ( 3.6)

t : l khi lng ring ca thp. daN/dm3 l khi lng ring ca dung dch khoan daN/dm3.

Sau khi tnh ton cng c hc do b cp sinh ra, ta so snh vi s liu c trong catalog ca cp tng ng. sao cho s liu tnh ton b hn s liu trong catalog l ph hp.

3.2.4: NHIM V V CU TO H RNG RC.H thng rng rc bao gm rng rc tnh ( Crown Bloc) hnh 3.6 lp trn nh thp khoan v rng rc ng( traveling bloc) kt ni vi rng rc tnh thng qua .Cm rng rc tnh c kt cu nhiu bnh cp ghp ni st nhau trn 1 trc. Gia bnh cp c vng bi lm gim ma st khi bnh cp quay xung quanh trc.Trong trc c khoan l thng vi bi thun tin vic bm m bo qun.Rnh cp trn vnh bnh l 1 thng s quan trng, ti khu vc ny thng xuyn c ma st trt gia cp v rnh, to nn nhit sinh ra n mn, xc, m rnh, v ngc li cc vt m v xc ny lm nh hng nghim trng n s t gy cc si thp con cu to nn la cp. Bi vy chng ta thng xuyn kim tra nh k bng 1 dng c gi l dng. Dng ( hnh 3.7) c ch to chun cho tng ng knh cp. Khi rnh b mn, m, xc n 1 mc no th ta phi thay th bnh cp bo v cp.

Hnh 3.6: Cu to 1 cm rng rc tnh. hnh 3.7: Dng( bn phi) kim tra rnh cp.

Hnh 3.8: Rng rc ng vi mc cuLin quan n tui th ca bi , chng ta cn xc nh kh nng chu ti theo hm s di y: Qbi = [tn] ( 3.7). Trong : z l s bnh cp rng rc ng. C l kh nng chu ti ca vng bi theo h ISO khi vn hnh vn tc 330 vng /pht v 500 gi lm vic. v: l h s ng hc trong trng hp bi quay vnh ngoi, v =1,23.2.5 Rng rc ng: rng rc ng c cc bnh cp cu to tng t nh bnh cp ca rng rc tnh , tuy nhin cm rng rc ng c t hn 1 bnh cp so vi cm rng rc tnh, l do ti sao chng ta s nghin cu v xem xt phn di sau y.Thng thng, cc thit k hin i th cm rng rc ng c gn vi mc cu, ( Hook) to thnh 1 khi vng chc. Vi cu trc ny th gim c kch thc v khi lng ca c 2 chi tit ny so vi khi lp ri, nh hnh 3.7 bn trn.Cng nh cc vng bi ca cm rng rc tnh, cc bi ca rng rc ng cng c kim tra kh nng chu ti theo phng trnh 3.8 bn di Qb = [tn] ( 3.8) Thng thng 2 tun ta bm m 1 ln cho tt c cc b, bm ti khi no thy m tro ra khi vnh ngoi bi l c.Vic chn loi m phi ph hp vi ch dn trong catalog ca cm rng rc i km.3.2.6: U CP CHT.Trong h thng rng rc ng-tnh-cp khoan, 1 u cp ch ng bt cht vi tang ti khoan. Cn u th ng kia c sit cht vi 1 thit b gi l u cp cht. ( xem hnh 3.9).Di tc dng ca khi ti trng hng trm tn, b dy cp s phi n hi, co gin, b tr nh hng ca hin tng c hc ny, cm thit b trung gian nm phn cui h thng cp-u Cp Cht s gii quyt c vn ny 1 cch n tha. Hnh 3.9 u cp cht.Trn b s 1, lp cnh tay n by s 4 vi trc s 7 c vng bi 8, trn n by ta lp 1 tang trng hnh nn 6 v b kp s 3 kp cht u cp s 5. Nh kh nng quay c ca tang cn quanh vng bi 10 gn trn trc 9 nn nhnh cp khng b trt.Tm chn 12 gn trn b c nh cnh tay n by khi chuyn dch, Cht chn 11 khi tho ra th c th xoay tang cn 11 c ln cp. Phn cui ca ui cp c bt cht vi tm p 3 x rnh va vi khun cp.3.2.7 KIM TON RNG RC.B rng rc ng tnh c kim ton thng qua nhng thng s sau y: Dng dng kim tra rnh ln cp theo nh k 5000 gi lm vic lin tc. Kim tra s tn ti ca m bi trn cho tt c cc vng bi, bng cch bm m t v bn ngoi trc v thy m mi trn ra t vnh bi. Kim tra bin dng v ng u cc bnh ln cp bng cch o khong cch gia cc bnh. Kim tra dn ca cp sau khi c s c nng nh kt cn khoan, ng chng trong ging m phi ko cng- th lng nhiu ln. sau 1 thi gian zi lm vic, hoc khi b s c chy chng hn. Kim tra ng knh cp b hao mn. Kim tra cc si thp xem c b t, gy hay khng.Khi kim tra m cc thng s vt qu nh mc th ta phi ct b ton b oan cp t ti khoan n ch hng. Nh ta bit l pha t do ca cp khoan trn u cp cht l 1 u trong cun cp khoan, nn khi ta ct phn cp c b h th ta ko phn cp mi trong cun ra k tha. Kim tra di ca b cp khoan: Gi z l s bnh ln rng rc ng. ( z+ 1) l s bnh ln rng rc tnh. V h l chiu cao thp khoan. Th chiu di ti thiu ca dy cp trong cun cp d phng sau u cp cht s l: =( 2z +1)h + Dn +20m [m] ( 3.10) trong : h l chiu cao thp, m. D l ng knh tang ti, m. n l s vng cp lp cp u tin trn tang ti. n ph thuc chiu di tang ti v ng knh si cp khoan. 20m l s cp d ti thiu bt vo u cp cht.3.3 B TI KHOAN. Ti khoan ( Drawwork) l cm chi tit my quan trng bc nht trong b thit b khoan-khai thc du kh. N c chc nng lin kt cc thit b b mt vi phn cn li trong ging khoan. Ti khoan cha b cp khoan vi chiu di ln n gn ngn mt, mc lun qua cc bnh rng rc ti u cp cht, kt ni vi mc cu ( hook) nng , h mi thit b t mt sn khoan xung y ging khoan.Chng ta cng nhau nghin cu c ch vn hnh ca si cp khoan trong qu trnh ti quay xui v ngc nh th no nh.

3.3.1: QU TRNH CUN ( NNG)-NH( H) DY CP TI:Chng ta hy xem xt ng lc mi la cp ti trong 3 trng hp c th nh sau:3.3.1.1 Khi ti dng yn: tc l b khoan c treo l lng trong lng ging: Ta gi ti trng ca b cn khoan Qc v ti trng cc phn cht Qm v lc cng cc la cp l Fz . gi s lng rng rc ng l Z, th s bnh rng rc tnh l Z+1. V tng ton b s la cp n trong h thng ti s l: n= 2( z+1). ( 3.11). ta gi: F0 l lc nhnh cp cht.F1 l lc nhnh cp tip ngay sau nhnh 0. F1; F2; . F2z-1 ; F2z l lc cc nhnh cp trong h thng.F2z+1 l lc nhnh cp ngay ti tang ti khoan. Lc c b ti trng treo l lng mc cu, th ng l ti tt c cc nhnh cp u bng nhau v bng:

Hnh : 3.10 s b cp ti. Ta hnh dung rng ct b cp ti qua lt ct nh hnh 3.10 a. Gi s cc nhnh cp u thng ng ,b qua gc nghing ca 2 nhnh ngoi cng. Ta c cc h thc cn bng sau y: Qc + Qm= F1 +F2+ +.F2z=Fi . ( 3.12). vi ( i=1..2z) . V lc tng th Qg m trc rng rc tnh hng chu s l: Qg = F0+ F1++F2z+1= F0+F2z+1+Fi ( 3.13). Trong trng thi b khoan c treo l lng th:F1= F2=F3======F2z= ( 3.14) v F0= F2z+1 = Fi = nh vy t cc phng trnh trn y ta thy ngay: Qg =.( Qc + Gm) ( 3.15).3.3.1.2 Khi ti cun cp:tc l nng b khoan c ln: nng c ti Qc th phi p dng 1 lc Ft ti u cp st ti nhnh (2z+1) tc l Ft =F2z+1. Bi l c ma st trong cc bi ca mi bnh cp v cng ca dy cp nn h thng s mt mt 1 t cng sut. Nu ta gi v2z+1 l vn tc ca dy cp ti nhnh 2z+1 th cng sut tng ng ti nhnh cp ny l P2z+1 s l: P2z+1= F2z+1.v2z+1[kW] (3.16).V sau khi chuyn qua ht bnh cp th nht, cng sut truyn qua si cp 2Z l P2z s l: P2z= F2z. v2z [kW] ( 3.17). T 2 biu thc trn , v vn tc 2 si cp bng nhau , nn ta rt ra h thc: = ( 3.18)Trong l hiu sut ca 1 bnh ln , cn l tr s ngc ca hiu sut trong h thng. Xt rng ra v cho rng h s ma st tt c cc bnh ln nh nhau th ta c th xy dng dy ng thc nh sau:= (3.19) T h thc (3.19) trn y, ta xc nh bt k lc nhnh cp no theo hm s F1 thay cc lc cc nhnh cp vo phng trnh (3.12) trn y, ta c: Qc+ Gm = F1( 1+ + 2++.. 2z-1) (3.20) Xt biu thc trong ngoc bn v phi. l tng ca 1 cp s nhn hu hn v bng:( 1+ + 2++.. 2z-1) = ( 3.21). T ta c:F1=( Qc + Gm) (3.22) v:F0=( Qc + Gm) ( 3.23). F2z+1=( Qc + Gm).2z .( 3.24).3.3.1.3:TRNG HP KHI TH B KHOAN C I XUNG:Trng hp nay ngc li vi trng hp khi ti nng b khoan c ln m chng ta mi xem xt phn ngay trn y. Tc l nhnh cp u cp cht s chu ti nng nht v nhnh cp u ti khoan chu ti nh nht.3.3.2: CNG SUT V HIU SUT CA B TI KHOAN. Cng sut ca b ti c tnh theo phng trnh sau y, theo hm s ca ti trng ti mc cu v vn tc i ln ca rng rc ng. Ptk = [ m lc] . ( 3.25) trong : Qmc l ti trng mc cu. Tnh bng pound.vh l vn tc i ln cc i ca b rng rc ng. tnh theo ft/pht. eh l hiu sut t ti chuyn qua mc cu. em l hiu sut c hc trong ni b cm ti. thng thng c chn 0,86.3.3.3: PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG CA B TI. Xc nh vn tc ca tng si cp trong cm rng rc ng-tnh;Theo hnh 3.11 bn di ta thy rng vn tc cc nhnh cp m cc bnh cp khc nhau s khc nhau. n gin ha , chng ta nghin cu h thng ch 1 bnh cp ca rng rc ng v 2 bnh cp ca rng rc tnh. Nhn hnh 3.11 bn tri ta nhn thy:-Gi vc l vn tc mc cu.- v0 ;v1; v2; v3 l vn tc cc nhnh cp tng ng t u cp cht n u pha ti.V u c vn tc v0 l u cht, nn ta c ngay v0= v1= 0 m/s.

V v2= v3 khi ta ko nhnh cp v3 th rng rc ng s ln trn si cp ny. im o l ng trung tm ca vt ln. M y l bnh cp ca rng rc ng. Cn vn tc v2 ca im B c th c biu din theo hm s ca vn tc mc cu vc. Ta thy : v2 = . vc ( 3.26). v3= v2 = 2vc T y ta suy ra, nu chng ta c 1 h thng rng rc gm z bnh cp h thng ng rng rc ng th vn tc cc nhnh cp s c gi tr theo hm s vc nh sau: v1 = v0 =0 v2=v3= 2vc v5=v4=4vc v 2z+1= v2z=2zvc

Hnh 3.11: Bn tri : S ln bnh cp. Bn phi: S n gin cc nhnh cp trong h thng rng rc ng-tnh. hiu sut ca h thng nng h trong b ti ta c th tnh c bng t s gia cng sut ca mc cu vc vi lc nng Qm v cng sut ti ti nhnh cp st ngay ti vt vi ti trong Ft tng . = = ( 3.27).Trong : l hiu sut ca h thng nng h. Pm l cng sut sn sinh ra ti mc cu. Pt l cng sut sinh ra ti ti khoan. Qc l ti trng b khoan c. Gm l trng lng ca cm rng rc ng-mc cu. Ft l lc ti nhnh cp st ti. vc l vn tc ca mc cu khi nng b khoan c . vt l vn tc si cp ti tang ti. Thay cc s hng trong ( 3.27) theo hm s ca v s lng bnh cp z. sau khi c gin , ta c: =2z 1) / 2z.2(-1). (3.28) = . Trong tnh ton ta ly vi gi tr = 1,04. la chn s bnh ln cp cm rng rc ng l c 1 bi ton v kinh t v k thut. Ti trng b khoan c cng ln th s bnh ln z cng nhiu., tuy nhin nhiu nht th z=6. Tc l s bnh ln cp cm rng rc ng ti a l 6 v rng rc tnh s l 7 v s la cp nhiu nht l 14. Khi tng s bnh ln cp s ny sinh cc vn sau y: Gim c kch thc v khi lng cm ti khoan. Khi lng cm ti t l thun vi momet xon Mt to ra bi lc nhnh cp Ft ( tc l F2z+1).Mt= Dt.Ft [daN.m] ( 3.29).Dt l ng knh tang ti ti lp cp tnh ton. m Ft l ti trng si cp. daN.Cc nh nghin cu cn xc nh c phng trnh sau y:Mt.z3/2 = constant( z l s bnh ln cp cm rng rc ng). Gim hiu sut h thng nng h Gim vn tc i ln ca mc cu. Theo thc t sn xut th vn tc cc i ca cp ch cho php trong khong t 2025m/s. Tng kh nng phanh ca b phanh tr lc ( thy lc hoc in t). Chiu di on cp ca h thng nng h s tng ln ng k. Lc mi la cp s nh hn.Chng ta hy xem xt 1 s b ti khoan do 1 s nc tin tin trn th gii trong cng nghip ch to thit b du kh sn xut trong cc bng sau y.Bng 3.12: Ti khoan do Romania ch to.Bng 3.13: Ti khoan do Nga ch to.Bng 3.14: Ti koan do USA ch to.Bng 3.12 Ti khoan do Romania ch to

thng sn viTF 35TF25TF25*TF 21TF 15TF10

Cng sut cc ikW15001100740520390210

ng knh cpmm353228282525

Lc kp cp FtkN440275250187,5150135

Lc ko nh mckN35025016014011396

Vn tc cpm/s4--254--254--252,3--17,52-12,51,4-4,5

S vn tc hp s4+24+24+22+12+12+1

ng knh tangtimm900710630710540426

di tang ti mm15101320118011801100800

ng knh tang phanhmm157013701200137011001000

Chiu rng tang phanhmm275255255255205210

Bng 3.13 Ti khoan do Nga ch to.

Thng s tin vU 2-5-5U 2-4-7U 2-4-8BU 200BU 75BU 50BU 40

Cng sutkW810900440810400300190

ng knh cpmm32282832252525

Lc ko cpkN2451531532321259880

Vn tc cpm/s2.2..15,85,7..20,62,25..12,63,517,73,2..162,6..11,82,8..10,4

ng knh tang timm800650650850600450400

Chiu di tang timm10008408401100865700550

ng knh tang phanhMm1450118014501450118010001100

Chiu rng tang phanhmm250250250250250180200

S vn tc hp s55444444

Khi lng tiTn26,632920,7030,1620,7010,025,00

Bng 3.14 Ti khoan do USA ch to.

Thng s v1625DE1625M13200E 130080B55P

Cng sutkW1850185012001200740520

ng knh cpinch13/813/813/813/811/811/8

Hp s464663

ng knh tang tiinch363630302522

Chiu di tang timm1555,751555,751422,41422,41244,6990,6

ng knh tang phanhinch626254544642

Chiu rng tang phanhmm263,53263,53263,53263,53263,53212,73

Khi lngTn4038,834,828,819,217,75

Theo cc nghin cu tin tin th t l gia ng knh tang ti v ng knh dy cp tha mn h thc sau:Dt > 20dt ( 3.29) trong :Dt l ng knh tang ti.Dt l ng knh dy cp.V theo chun API th s lp cp cun trn tang ti ngoi lp lt ban u th khng vt qu 3 lp.3..3.4 THI GIAN NNG TH DY CP.Thi gian nng th dy cp ti ph thuc vo cc thng s sau y:- Cng sut b ti.- Ti trng mc cu.- di ca b cp ti.- S lng bnh ln cp- Vn tc cho php ca dy cp khoan tng ng vi b ti.- vn tc ln- xung cho php ca mc cu3.3.5 S TC CA TI. Trc y, cc th h ti truyn ng bng c hc qua xch hay dy cua roa nhn nng lng t cc my Diesel, Th h ny ch yu l cc gin khoan t lin th chng ta phi s dng hp s gii quyt bi ton kinh t- k thut. Tc l khi ti trng mc cu nh th chng ta cn tng vn tc v ngc li khi ti ln th chng ta s dng vn tc nng h b li. cho nn trong 1 b ti khoan, c 1 hp s c hc, trong c c s tin v s li. Tc l s nng v s h mc cu. Ngy nay, a phn cc b ti c thit k v ch to ly nng lng t ngun in d dng kt ni k thut s nhm tng cng kh nng t ng ha cao, s dng b bin i tn s VFD ( Variation Friquency Device) trc tip vo ng c in, lm bin thin v cc s vng quay ca ng c in trong b ti. cho nn vic iu khin vn tc b ti tr nn n gin v nh nhng.3.3.6 B PHANH TI.B phanh ti l 1 b phn an ton ti quan trng ca cm thit b ny. Khi ta th b khoan c vo lng ging c ti trng nhiu trm tn, gn ri t do, bi vy khng ch vn tc ri ca b khoan c, bt buc chng ta phi s dng b phanh.Ngoi ta khi nng b khoan c ln, chng ta cng phi s dng b phanh phanh rng rc ng trc khi n va p vi rng rc tnh trn nh thp trong trng hp thit b t ng( Crownmatic) gn trn ti hoc trn thp ngt cn li hp khng hot ng.Trong hnh 3.12 v 3.13 bn di l cu to 1 bng phanh c hc( phanh chnh) ca ti khoan.

Hnh 3.12: S cu to phanh bng c hc ca 1 ti khoan

Hnh 3.13: Bng phanh c hc ca ti khoan Trn hnh 3.12 hai bng phanh m ly tang phanh gn 2 u ti, thng qua 1 n by, v kp trng khoan ( Driller) nhn tay n, thng qua 1 b tr lc tc ng vo tang phanh v mc ch hm c thc hin. Cn trn hnh 3.13 l s lm vic 1 bn bng phanh c hc. Df l ng knh tang phanh, xung quanh tang phanh c bao b bi 1 di bng phanh bng thp dt cht lng cao, bn trong di bng ta gn cc guc vi cht liu ferodou to ma st vi b mt tang phanh.Di bng phanh m tang phanh 1 gc chng 2700. 1 u di bng bt chat vi b ti, 1 u bt vi cnh tay n. Khi kp trng nhn cnh tay n th sit bng guc v m cht tang phanh, sinh ra hin tng phanh.Trong bng phanh, xut hin 1 lc ko cng bin thin trn ton b vnh bng t gi tr cc i S2 u pha c nh n gi tr c tiu S1 u chuyn ng. ta gi Q l lc tip tuyn sinh ra do hiu s ca lc 2 u bng phanh: Q= S2- S1 ( 3.30). T s ca lc ko cng gia 2 u ca bng phanh c biu th qua cng thc ca Euler nh sau: = e .(3.31).Trong : e l c s logarit t nhin. V suy ra S2=S1. e (3.32) l gc m ca bng phanh ln tang phanh, tnh theo radian. Bin thin t 270 3250. l h s ma st gia guc phanh v tang phanh. Bin thin t 0,20,3 Nh vy t s ph thuc vo h s ma st, m h s ny bin thin theo tng cp vt liu tip xc. H s ma st c trnh by trong bng 3.25 di y.Bng 3.15: h s ma st ca 1 s cp vt liu Cp vt liu H s ma st

Thp vi gang khi kh0,25-0,45

Thp hoc gang vi ferodo0,35 0,45

Gang vi ferodo khi b dnh du m0,08 0,1

Thp vi amian+ si ng + keo kh0,35 0,65

Cn gi tr ca h thc e c tnh sn trong bng 3.16 bn di. Bng 3.16 Gi tr e tnh sn.0,30,350,5

: 270300325270300325270300325

rad4,715,245,674,715,245,674,715,245,67

e4,14,85,455,26,267,2410,5113,7216,98

Cn moment phanh sinh ta bi lc phanh Q tc ng trn b mt bao quanh tang phanh , do 2 bng phanh 2 bn to ra s l: Mf= 2. QDf = ( S2 -S1).Df= (e -1)Df [kN.m] ( 3.33).3.3.7 TANG TI V KH NNG CHA CP. Tang ti l phn cha cp khoan khi nng rng rc ng ln nh thp trong qu trnh ko th. Hnh 3.15: a lp cp nm trn tang khng c rnh nn khng u. B: lp cp nm trn tang c rnh nn rt u.

Tang ti hnh tr, v c bc 1 lp gm 2 na hnh tr m trn lm rnh sn ( xem hnh 3.14) lp cp u tin c nh v chc chn, khng cho x xch. Cc cp lp sau nm gia phn lm ca 2 cp lp trc nn rt chc chn v u nhau ( hnh 3.15).Hnh 3.16 biu th cc kiu ct rnh cp trn lp lt tang tiV hnh 3.17 trnh by mt ct ngang tang ti khi c lp cp khoan. Gi chiu di ca tang ti l , v ng knh si cp khoan l dc. Th s vng cp n trn 1 lp tang ti nhiu nht s l: n= ( 3.34).v ng knh tang Dt1 ti lp cp u tin( tnh n tm s cp) s l: Dt1 = Dt + dc ( 3.35).Tng t ng knh tang Dtn lp cp n s l: Dtn = Dt +(2n-1)dc ( 3.36)nh vy s mt cp ri lt u tin V chiu di lp cp lt Ll u tin tn tang ti s l: Ll =. ( Dt + dc) [m] ( 3.37)Khi cc lp cp chng ln nhau v b sit bi lc do ti trng mc cu tc ng , th lp di cng b tc ng nhiu nht, c th b bin dng.V t ta tnh c chiu di ti thiu ca 1 si cp khoan s l: Lk = Ll+2(z+1).H + 20 m [m] (3.38) trong : L1 l chiu di lp cp lt. m z l s bnh cp rng rc ng. H l chiu cao ca thp khoan tnh t sn khoan ln nh .m. Nu chiu cao thp khoan hin ti 53m v ng knh tang ti 1150mm, chiu di tang ti 1450mm, ng knh cp khoan 38mm ( 11/2) vi s bnh ln cp rng rc ng l 6, th on cp khoan chng ta c th tnh ton kh chnh xc.

Hnh. 3.16 Lp lt c rnh cp trn tang ti. Cc rnh ny cng c bin dng kh khc nhau, to nn s khc bit khi cun cp khoan vo tang ti.

Hnh 3.17 Dy cp nm trn rnh ca lp lt tang ti.

3.3.8 TRC CA TI. Trc ca ti khoan c ch to v gia cng t thp rn hp kim nh, cht lng cao m bo an ton vn hnh v ti th t nht 15 nm mi thay th.Trn trc ti ( hnh 3.18) gn cc chi tit sau y: Tang ti chnh. Tang phanh ti. Cc cn li hp. Phanh ph tr. Cc bnh xch truyn ng.Trong trc ti, c khoan cc rnh i t v tr ca tt c cc vng bi. Bn ngoi lp v m, nh k 2 tun 1 ln bm m mi cho tt c cc vng bi. Bm n lc no bng mt thng thy m mi tro ra l c.M bm cho cc bi phi tun theo s ch dn ca nh sn xut ghi r trong cm nang vn hnh i theo thit b khi h cung cp.

Hnh 3.18 Trc ti khoan. 1: Tang ti khoan. 2: Trc ti khoan. 3: Tang phanh.4: 2 vng bi chnh.5 ; 6: Bnh rng truyn ng7;8 Cc vng bi.9: Cn li hp s chm10: Cn li hp s nhanh.11: Cn li hp cho phanh ph thy lc.12: H thng u cp v thot nc lm mt cho tang phanh chnh.3.3.9: BN ROTARY V TOP DRIVE. truyn nng lng t b mt xung chong khoan thng qua b khoan c, th truyn thng xa nay , chng ta s dng bn rotor, bin chuyn ng ngang thnh chuyn ng dc. Trong hnh 3.19 l mt ct dc ca 1 bn rotor tiu chun, chng ta thy c cc chi tit cu thnh bn rotor bao gm:

Hnh 3.19 Bn rotor.1: Hp c nh ngoi.2:Rotor, phn quay chnh ca bn rotor. 3:bnh rng nn . 4: b trn 5: bi di. 6: trc bnh rng nn 6. Cm bnh rng nn 6 v 3 bin chuyn ng ngang thnh chuyn ng dc. 7: trc gn bnh rng nn. 8: Vng bi . 9: B, ng thi l b du nhn.Thng s quan trng nht ca 1 bn rotor l kh nng ti v m trung tm.Tm ca bn rotor phi trng vi tm ca b khoan c khi th xung ging, trng hp m khng ng tm th khi b cn khoan ko th ln xung s va p v c xt vi bn rotor, gy nn h mn ng tic,Trng hp ny chng ta phi cn chnh bng cch ni lng hay sit cht cc bulong nh v ngang ca khi bn rotor , v nu vn cha ng tm th lc y, s dng bin php cui cng l cn chnh nghing ca thp khoan.Thng thng bn rotor c ghi theo k hiu MR375; MR 495 Ch s ng sau l ng knh m gia lng rotor, tnh bng inch.Tc l ng knh l thng ln nht t trn xung di ca bn rotor. Cn c vo s ny m ta c th chn ng ng knh cc kh c chun b th xung ging khoan thc hin cc thao tc sau ny m khng cn phi nng rotor ra khi v tr.3.3.10: CC LOI KHA DNG TRONG CNG TC KHOAN DU KH.Trong cng tc khoan v khai thc du kh, a phn cc thit b th xung ging u c dng hnh ng ng knh ti thiu 2 v c khi ln n 20 v kt ni vi nhau bng ren, bi vy tng nng sut tho-lp, chng ta khng th dng tay vn m phi dng cac loi kha chuyn dng thc hin cng vic ny. Sau y chng ta s xem xt 1 vi loi kha hay dng trn khoan trng lm quen. 3.3.10.1: Kha cng cua: xem hnh 3.

Hnh 3.20: Kha cng cua Kha cng cua l kha bn t ng, u ngoi cnh tay n 6 gn vi dy cp ca ti ph sit hoc ni lng mi lin kt ren Kha cng cua dng 1 cp, 1 ci gi v 1 ci sit hoc ni lng. Cu to 1 kha cng cua bao gm cc phn chnh nh sau ( trong hnh 3.20 bn trn):1 : tay m kha.2: Cht lin kt ng.3: L xo.4: Hm ngp 4;5;7;8.5: cnh tay n 6.6: hm ngp s 8 l hm ngp duy nht thay th c, ph hp vi ng tng ng.Loi kha ny vn c cc ng t 2 n 135/8. Khi thay i ng knh ng, ta ch cn thay hm ngp 8 ph hp l c. 2 kha cng cua c treo v tr nm ngang t thp khoan xung, nh 2 u dy buc tay n vo chn thp gi ng di, v tay n kha kia ni ti ph, khi tang ti ph quay th ko kha v thc hin vic quay cn ng. To nn qu trnh sit hoc m ren.

Hnh 3.21 Kha my vn cn khoan -ng chng. AKB do Nga ch toTrong hnh 3.21:Bn tri l kha kh nn AKB v bn phi l kha thy lc KBGKha vn cn t ng AKB ( abtomatichexkie kliuch burovoi) l 1 trong nhng loi kha vn cn t ng trn cc gin khoan thm lc a Vit nam. Kha ny hot ng bng hi nn v bn t ng, iu khin t xa, t bc kp trng, qua vic ng m van kh nn kp trng thao tc kh nhanh vic hot ng ca kha. Kha c cc hnh trnh sau: -Tin u my n tm ging khoan.-Li u v v tr ban u.-M hm ngp ngom cn khoan.- Gi cht cn pha di.-Xoay tht my pha trn vn hoc ni lng cn ng.Kha bao gm cc phn:1: cm tht kha trn 1 ( hm ngp) .2: ng c kh nn 2.3: cm hp s 3.4: Bc i khin 4.5: Chn kha5, bt cht vi sn khoan .6: B trt 6.7: Hm ngp di 7 gi cht ng. Nh c ch piston-xilanh kh nn p cht hm vo ng.Ngoi cc kha nh ta va xem xt, trn th trng th gii hin nay cn c cc loi kha xch hot ng bng kh nn do hng HAWK v thy lc ca hng WEATHERFORTH thit k kh hon chnh v tnh t ng cao. c bit loi kha c mnh danh l Ngi st thp[ IRON ROUGH NECK] dng tho lp cc loi ng c ng knh n 135/8. Loi kha ny kh cng knh v gi thnh ti gn na triu USD, nn ch c trang b cho nhng gin khaon hin i c mt bng sn khoan rng ln.Ngoi nhng loi kha vn vt liu ng ni trn, ngoi khoan trng chu1g at vn s dng 1 loi kha na kp v nng h ng. l elevator. Cc vt liu cn ng ng tiu chun dng trong du kh u c 1 u ren ci, u ny ln hn thn cn ng, v nh c u ny m ta c th dng 1 dng c m n ko nng ln m khng lo s b tut. l elevator.Trong hnh 3.22 bn di m t 1 elevator tiu chun, bao gm cc chi tit sau y:

Hnh 3.22; elevator-( thit b treo vt liu ng).1 v 2: hai phn thn ca elevator.3: bn l. 4 cht bn l. 5 l xo .6 cht bn l.7 bn l.8 cht chnh. 9 vng chn. 10 l xo trung tm. Nh c cc l xo m cc mu c gi cht v khng cnh ca t bt ra lm ri ng.

Chng 4: H THNG TUN HON V CC THIT B LM SCH DUNG DCH KHOAN

4.1 MY BM DUNG DCH DNG PISTON.4.1.1 NGUYN L HOT NG CA CM MY BM PISTON.Chng ta hy kho st s trong hnh 4.1 di y hnh dung nguyn l hot ng ca 1 cm my bm piston.

Hnh 4.1: S nguyn l c cu truyn ng ca my bm piston.Trong khong khng hnh tr C, piston p dch chuyn thng hng kiu qua li t tri qua phi 1 cch theo chu k u n. Qua van ht sa, bung hnh tr C l kt ni thng vi ng ht A, cn thng qua van x sr bung hnh tr C kt ni thng vi ng x R. Qu trnh bm c thc hin qua 2 pha : Ht v X ring bit.Piston P i t tri qua phi, to nn s gim p v sinh ra qu trnh ht nh van sa m v van sr ng. Ngc li khi P di chuyn t phi qua tri lm tng p sut, van sa ng v vansr m to nn s x.4.1.2 NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY BM PISTON .Bm dung dch khoan ng vai tr then cht ca h thng tun hon , vn ti cn bn khoan khi ph hy t t y ging ln, v dn lu dng dung dch sch v mt xung y lm ngui chong ng thi lm bn thnh ging khoan, chng sp t lm gim kh nng sinh ra s c.Trog hnh 4.1 trnh by 1 my bm dung dch kiu piston, gm c cc cm chi tit chnh nh sau:

Hnh 4.1 : My bm dung dch dng PISTON 1: Cm piston. 6: Gi treo palng xch h tr sa cha my bm2: Van ht. 7: V np my bm.3:Van x. 8: Trc truyn ng nhn nng lng t ngoi.4: Bnh n p. 9: B gim tc 5: H thng ng ra xi lanh. 10:Tay bin. 11: H thng bi trn. 12 Khung b my.Nng lng t ng c bn ngoi truyn qua trc 8, qua b gim tc v qua c cm chi tit tay bin-manivele lm chuyn dch cm cn piston t tri qua phi v ngc li 1 cch tun hon. Do s dch chuyn ca piston t tri qua phi trong xi lanh, to ra chn khng , lm nn s chnh p gia ng ht vi van ht, van ht m v dung dch trn vo xilanh.Khi piston chuyn ng t phi qua tri, van ht ng v van x m, y dung dch t xilanh qua van x ri i vo h thng manifold cao p, dn ti ging khoan.Trn ng x, do lng dung dch cp np vo khng u, nn to ra hin tng ht hng lu lng, dn ti thay i khng u v p sut trong h thng, to nn shock, lm nh hn xu n tui th thit b. khc phc tnh trng ny, chng ta lp 1 bnh iu ha ( bnh n p- Amortisor). Bnh iu ha th tch khong 20galons , hnh tr, bn trong c 1 mng cao su, pha trn mng cao su ta gn 1 p k v bm y kh tr ( thng th ta bm kh nito) v pha di mng tt nhin l dung dch khoan tr ng trong .Khi p sut trong h thng gim, kh nito p mng cao su xung, y dung dch vo h thng, ngc li khi p sut bm trong h thng tng cao, mng cao su b y ln v to ra th tch rng nhng ch cho dung dch d tr. H thng ra 5 c nhim v lm sch ct v cn b bm trn thnh xilanh.4.1.3 C CU TRUYN NG CA MY BM PISTON. My bm piston vn hnh nh nguyn l c cu tay bin-manivele , theo hnh 4.2 bn di.Ti im A ng vi cm pistonim M ng vi im cui ca tay bin v im o l tm ca bnh rng 10Vi cc k hiu ghi nh s tnh ton ta c cc h thc sau y:Khi A dch chuyn dn A1 to nn 1 qung ng x.Khi manivele quay, im M di chuyn trn 2 qu o hnh trn vi bn knh R v L. V im A nm trn 1 qu o thng x bin thin theo thi gian v khng ng u x = R( 1-cos) + L( 1-cos) ( 4.1)ta nhn thy gc s c gi tr 2n radian, ph thuc vn tc quay ca trc manivele n vng/pht.Cn gc dao ng trong bin khng vt qu0.V gi tr x ph thuc vo bn knh R ca tay bin.

Hnh 4.2 C cu tay bin-manivele. Sin = v sin = ( 4.2) suy ra:MN = AM.sin =MO sin (4.3) V sin=sin ( 4.4) Sin= sin ( 4.5) Ta nh rng : cos2+ sin2= 1 v ta c: Cos= )2sin2. ( 4.6).Thay vo (4.1) x= R(1 cos) 1- )2sin2] (4.7). khai trin dy s ny theo dy s FOURIE , b qua tt c cc s hng b v cng, ta c biu thc hnh trnh ca piston x nh sau: x = R(1-cos) .sin2 ( 4.8) y chnh l phng trnh chuyn ng ca piston trong xilanh.Khi o hm (4.8) chng ta c vn tc tc thi v ca piston. v= x ( 4.10) v = ( 4.11) gc = t nn: v = R( sin .sin2) ( 4.12