BI THO LUN Mn Ha HcNhm 5: Cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh VGio vin hng dn : Nguyn Th Phng Lan

Danh sch thnh vin.1.Phan V2.L Quang Hng3.V Tun Anh4.Phm B Dng5.Nguyn Th Huyn6.Phm Hng Nhung7.Nguyn Th Tho8.Nguyn Cng Sn

Cc nguyn t nhm V gm :Cc nguyn tnhm nit(thuc nhm VA) cn cIUPACgii thiu nh lnhm nguyn t 15(trc y l nhm V) trongbng tun hon cc nguyn t.Nhm ny c cc c trng xc nh l mi nguyn t thnh phn u c 5in ttrn lp ngoi cng nht, trong 2 in t thucphn lp sv 3 in t thucphn lp p. V th trong trng thi khng bion hachng thiu 3 in t c th in y lp in t ngoi cng nht. Nguyn t quan trng nht trong nhm ny lnit(N), nguyn t ny trong dng phn t l thnh phn c bn cakhng kh.Cc thnh vin khc ca nhm ny lNit(N) phtpho(P),asen(As),antimon(Sb),bitmut(Bi) vununpenti(UUp) (vn cha c xc nhn chnh thc).Tn gi chungpnicogenhaypnictogeni khi cng c s dng cho cc nguyn t trong nhm ny (mt s hc gi khng tnh nit vo trong tn gi chung ny, do cc hp chtnitruac cc tnh cht khng ging vi ccpnictuakhc), vi cc hp cht cha dng RxPny, trong Pn l gc pnictogen, cn R l kim loi c gi l ccpnictua. V d Li3P cn gi lphtphua liti. C hai thut ng u c IUPAC chp nhn. C hai cch pht m u c coi l c ngun gc tting Hy Lp(pnigein), mang nghalm tt lahaydp tt la, l mt thuc tnh ca nit.

*c im chung-cc nguyn t chnh phn nhm 5 gm: N(nito) P(photpho) As(asen) Sb(antimon) Bi(bitmut)

-cc nguyn t u c 5 e ngoi cng:ns2np3 c xu hng thu thm 3 e bo ha lp e ngoi cng-c s oxh ph bin l +3- m in ca N ,P,As,Sb,Bi ln lt l 3,0;2,1;2,0;1,0;1,9

-N,P l nhng nguyn t khng kim loi nguyn in hnh ,Bi l kim loi r rt,cn As v Sb dng n cht v dng hp cht u c tnh cht va ca kim loi va kim loi va ca phi kim.T N n Bi,tnh axit ca cc oxit gim xung cn tnh baz tng, bn ca mc oxi ha +3 tng v bn ca mc oxi ha +5 ni chung gim xungCc n cht c s oxi ha 0 nn c th tng hay gim, ngha l ty theo i tng tham gia phn ng m mi nguyn t c th cho (kh) hay nhn (oxi ha) electron.+ Cc nguyn t nhm VAu to c hp cht vi hidro c cng thc RH3c th thu H+(to ra mt lin kt phi tr gia R v H+) nn RH3c tnh baz.+ Cc nguyn t nhm VA, tnh axit ca cc oxit v hidroxit tng ng gim dn ng thi tnh baz tng dn.Tnh cht vt l :

Nit l mtphi kim, vi m inl 3,04.N c 5in ttrn lp ngoi cng, v th thng th n c ha tr ba trong phn ln cc hp cht. Nit tinh khit l mt cht kh dng phn t khng mu v ch tham gia phn ng ha hc nhit phngkhi n phn ng viLiti. N ha lng nhit 77 K (-196C) trong iu kin p sut kh quyn v ng bng 63 K (-210C)[2]thnh dng th hnh c tinh th su phng ng kn. Di 35,4K (237.6C) nit c cho l c th hnh ca h lp phng (c gi l pha alpha).Nit lng, c dng ging nh nc, nhng c t trng ch bng 80,8% (t trng nit lng im si l 0,808 g/mL), lcht lm lnhph bin.

Nit phn t (14N2) phn ln c quan ph trong sut n hng ngoi v nhn thy do n l mt phn t cu to bi cng ht nhn v do , khng c mment lng cc kt hp vi bc x in t cc bc sng ny. S hp th ng k xy ra cc bc sng siu cc tm,[15]bt u vo khong 100 nm. iu ny lin quan vi s chuyn tip in t trong phn t sang cc trng thi tch in khng c phn b thm ch gia cc nguyn t nit. S hp th nit dn n s hp th ng k cc bc x cc tm trong thng tng kh quyn v kh quyn ca cc hnh tinh khc. V cc l do tng t, cc tia laser nit phn t tinh khit c bit pht x nh sng trong di cc tm.

Tnh cht ha hc

nhit thng nit kh tr v mt ha hc.-cn nhit cao c bit l khi c xc tc nit tr nn hat ng hn.-Ty thuc vo s thay i s oxi ha, nit c th th hin tnh oxi ha hoc kh.

Kt lun: Nit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m n ln hn, th hin tnh oxi ha khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in b hn.

2/ Tnh kh:- Tc dng vi Oxi: 30000C hoc h quang in. N2 + O2 2NO , H = + 180 kJ 2NO + O2 2NO2 Mt s oxt khc ca N: N2O, N2O3, N2O5 chng khng iu ch trc tip t phn ng ca N v O.Kt lun: Nit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in ln hn v th hin tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in nh hn.Mnxt nit,monoxit nit,nit mnxthaynit monoxit(cng thc ha hc: NO) l cht kh khng mu, khng bn trong khng kh v bxyxi ha nhit thng to ranit dioxitl cht kh mu nu :2NO + O2 2NO2NO c to ra t nng lng sm st. Khi , khng kh xung quanh khu vc sm st nng n hn 2000 C. Nit v oxy kt hp vi nhau to nn nit monoxit:N2+ O2 2NOPhn ng ha hcMnxt nit l oxit khng tomui, tc l mnxt nit khng tc dung c vi ccoxitbaz,bazv mui caaxitkhc (trKMnO4. NO tc dung viclo, to thnhNitrozyl clorua:2NO + Cl2 2NOClTrong phn ng ny, NO th hin tnh kh. Khi gpxy, NO chuyn thnhixt nit.2 NO + O2 NO2

iu ch v ng dnga) Trong cng nghipTrong cng nghip, nit c sn xut bng phng php chng ct phn on khng kh lng. Sau khi loi b tpCO2v hi nc, khng kh c ha lng di p sut cao v nhit thp. Nng dn nhit khng kh lng n1960Cth nit si v c tch khi oxi lng v oxi c nhit si cao hn (1830C). Kh nit c vn chuyn trong cc bnh thp, nn di p sut150atm.b) Trong phng th nghimNgi ta iu ch mt lng nh nit tinh khit bng cch un nng nh dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit (mui amoni ca axit nitr):

NH4NO2t0N2+2H2O

C th thay mui amoni nitrit km bn bng dung dch bo ha ca mui natri nitrit (NaNO2) v mui clorua (NH4Cl):

NH4Cl+NaNO2t0N2+NaCl+2H2O

V- NG DNGNguyn t nit l mt trong nhng thnh phn dinh dng chnh ca thc vt. Trong cng nghip, phn ln lng nit sn xut ra c dng tng hp amoniac, t sn xut phn m, axit nitric,... Nhiu ngnh cng nghip nh luyn kim, thc phm, in t,... s dng nit lm mi trng tr. Nit lng c dng bo qun mu v cc vt sinh hc khc.

Phn t nit trong kh quyn l tng i tr, nhng trong t nhin n b chuyn ha rt chm thnh cc hp cht c ch v mt sinh hc v cng nghip nh mt s c th sng, ch yu l ccvi khun(xemVai tr sinh hcdi y). Kh nng kt hp hayc nhnit l c trng quan trng ca cng nghip ha cht hin i, trong nit (cng vikh thin nhin) c chuyn ha thnhamnic(thng quaphng php Haber). Amnic, trong lt ca mnh, c th c s dng trc tip (ch yu nh lphn bn), hay lm nguyn liu cho nhiu ha cht quan trng khc, bao gmthuc n, ch yu thng qua vic sn xutaxt nitrictheophng php Ostwald.Cc mui ca axt nitric bao gm nhiu hp cht quan trng nhxanpet(haydim tiu- trong lch s nhn loi n l quan trng do c s dng lmthuc sng) vnitrat amni, mt phn bn ha hc quan trng. Cc hp cht nitrat hu c khc, chng hntrinitrglyxrinvtrinitrotoluen(tcTNT), c s dng lm thuc n. Axt nitric c s dng lm cht xi ha trong cctn ladng nhin liu lng.Hirazinv cc dn xut ca n c s dng lmnhin liucho cc tn la.Kh nitNit dng kh c sn xut nhanh chng bng cch cho nit lng (xem di y) m ln vbay hi. N c nhiu ng dng, bao gm c vic phc v nh l s thay th tr hn cho khng kh khi ms xi hal khng mong mun. bo qun tnh ti ca thc phm ng gi hay dng ri (bng vic lm chm si thiuv cc dng tn tht khc gy ra bi s xi ha) trn nh ca cht n lng m bo an tonNito c mt trong tt c cc c th sng, ch yu dng ccamino axit(vprotein) v cng c trong ccaxit nucleic(DNAvRNA). C th ngi cha khong 3% nit theo trng lng, l nguyn t ph bin th t trong c th sau xy, cacbon v hydro.Chu trnh nitmiu t s chuyn ng ca nguyn t ny t khng kh vosinh quynv cc hp cht hu c, sau quay tr li khng kh.N cng c s dng trong: sn xut cclinh kin in tnhtranzito,it, vmch tch hp(IC). sn xutthp khng g,[20] bmlp t v my bay[1]do tnh tr v s thiu cc tnh cht m, xi ha ca n, ngc li vi khng kh (mc d iu ny l khng quan trng v cn thit i vi t thng thng[2])Ngc li vi mt s kin, nit thm thu qua lp cao su khng chm hn khng kh.Khng khl hn hp ch yu cha nit vxy(trong dng N2v O2), v cc phn t nit lnh hn. Trong cc iu kin tng ng th cc phn t nh hn s thm thu qua cc vt liu xpnhanh hn.Mt v d khc v tnh a dng ca n l vic s dng n (nh l mt cht thay th c a chung choixt cacbon) to p lc cho cc thng cha mt s loibia,[21]c th lbia enc cn cao v biaaleca Anh v Scotland, do n to ra t bt hn, iu ny lm cho bia nhuyn v nng hn. Mt v d khc v vic np kh nit cho bia dng lon hay chai lbia ti Guinness.[22][23]Nit lng[Nit ha lng.Nit lngc sn xut theo quy m cng nghip vi mt lng ln bng cchchng ctphn onkhng kh lngv n thng c ni n theo cng thc giLN2. N l mttc nhn lm lnh(cc lnh), c th lm cng ngay lp tc cc m sng khi tip xc vi n. Khi c cch ly thch hp khinhitca mi trng xung quanh th n phc v nh l cht c c v ngun vn chuyn ca nit dng kh m khng cn nn. Ngoi ra, kh nng ca n trong vic duy tr nhit mt cch siu phm, do n bay hi 77K(-196Chay -320F) lm cho n cc k hu ch trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau, chng hn trong vai tr ca mtcht lm lnhchu trnh m, bao gm: lm lnh vn chuyn thc phm bo qun cc b phn thn th cng nh cc t botinh trngvtrng, cc mu v ch phmsinh hc. trong nghin cu cc tc nhn lm lnh minh ha tronggio dc trongda liu hc loi b cctn thng da c tnhxu x hay tim nng gy ung th, v d ccmn cc, cc vtchai sntrn da v.v.[24] Nit lng c th s dng nh l ngun lm mt tng tcCPU,GPU, hay cc dng phn cng khc Nit l thnh phn ln nht cakh quyn Tri t(78,084% theo th tch hay 75,5% theo trng lng).[29]Henry Cavendishl ngi xc nh tng i chnh xc thnh phn "kh chy" (xy, khong 21%) cakhng khvo cuith k 18. Hn mtth ksau, ngi ta xc nh phn cn li ("khng chy") ca khng kh ch yu l nit[30]. Nit c sn xut cho cc mc ch cng nghip nh chng ct phn on khng kh lng hay bng cc bin php c hc khc i vi khng kh dng kh (mng thm thu nghch p sut hay PSA (vit tt ca t ting Anh:Pressure Swing Adsorption). Cc hp cht cha nit cng c quan st l c trong v tr. Nit N14c to ra nh l mt phn caphn ng tng hp ht nhntrong cc ngisao.[31]Phn t nit v cc hp cht nit c cc nh thin vn hc pht hin trong mi trng lin sao bng cch s dngFar Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer.[32]Nit l thnh phn ln ca cc cht thi ng vt (v dphn), thng thng trong dngur,axt uric, v cc hp cht ca cc sn phm cha nit ny.3. Hp cht Nh3

I Tnh cht vt l- CU TO PHN T

Do c ba eletron c thn, nn nguyn t nit trong phn t amoniac to thnh ba lin kt cng ha tr vi ba nguyn t hiro.Phn tNH3c cu to hnh chp, vi nguyn t nit nh, y l mt tam gic m nh l ba nguyn t hiro (hnh 2.2). Ba lin ktNHu l lin kt c cc, cc cp electron chung u lch v pha nguyn t nit. Do ,NH3l phn t c cc: Nc d in tch m, cc nguyn tHc d in tch dng.II- TNH CHT VT L* Amoniac l cht kh khng mu, mi khai v sc, nh hn khng kh nn c th thu khNH3bng cch y khng kh (p ngc bnh).* KhNH3tan rt nhiu trong nc:1lt nc 200Cha tan c khong800lt khNH3.Th nghim hnh2.3chng minh tnh tan nhiu caNH3trong nc. Do tan nhiu trong nc, p sut ca khNH3trong bnh gim t ngt, nc trong cc b ht vo bnh qua ng thy tinh vut nhn, phun thnh cc tia nc c mu hng.* Amoniac tan trong nc to thnh dung dch amoniac. Dung dch amoniac m c thng c nng 25%(D=0,91g/cm3).III- TNH CHT HA HC1.Tnh baz yua) Tc dng vi nc

Khi tan trong nc, mt phn nh cc phn t amoniac kt hp vi ionH+ca nc, to thnh ion amoniac (NH+4) v ion hiroxit (OH):

NH3+H2ONH+4+OH

IonOHlm cho dung dch c tnh baz, tuy nhin so vi dung dch km mnh (th dNaOH) cng nng , th nng ionOHdoNH3to thnh nh hn nhiu.Trong dung dch, amoniac l mt baz yu: 250C, hng s phn li bazKb=1,8.105. Dung dch amoniac lm cho phenolphtalein t khng mu chuyn sang mu hng, qu tm chuyn sang mu xanh. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta dng giy qu tm m nhn ra kh amoniac.b) Tc dng vi axitAmoniac (dng kh cng nh dung dch) kt hp d dng vi axit to thnh mui amoni.Th d: 2NH3+H2SO4(NH4)2SO4 NH3+H+NH+4Khi t hai bnh m nt ng dung dchHClc vNH3c gn nhau th thy c "khi" mu trng to thnh (hnh2.4). "Khi" l nhng ht nh li ti ca tinh th mui amoni clorua (NH4Cl). Mui ny c to thnh do kh amoniac v kh hiro clorua ha hp vi nhau:

NH3(k)+HCl(k)NH4Cl(r)

Phn ng ny cng c s dng nhn ra kh amoniac.c) Tc dng vi dung dch muiDung dch amoniac c kh nng lm kt ta nhiu hiroxit kim loi khi tc dng vi dung dch mui ca chng.Th d:Al3++3NH3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3NH+42. Kh nng to phcDung dch amoniac c kh nng ha tan hiroxit hay mui t tan ca mt s kim loi, to thnh cc dung dch phc cht.Th d:Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2Cu(OH)2+4NH3[Cu(NH3)4]2++2OHAgCl+2NH3[Ag(NH3)2]ClAgCl+2NH3[Ag(NH3)2]++ClS to thnh cc ion phc[Cu(NH3)4]2+,[Ag(NH3)2]+,...xy ra do cc phn t amoniac kt hp vi cc ionCu2+,Ag+,...bng cc lin kt cho - nhn gia cp electron cha s dng ca nguyn t nit vi obitan trng ca ion kim loi.3. Tnh kha) Tc dng vi oxiKhi t trong kh oxi, amoniac chy vi ngn la mu vng, to ra kh nit v hi nc.

4N3H3+3O2t02N20+6H2OKhi t amoniac trong oxi khng kh c mt cht xc tc th to ra khNOv nc:

4N3H3+5O2xtt04NO+2+6H2O

b) Tc dng vi clo Dn khNH3vo bnh cha kh clo,NH3t bc chy to ra ngn la c "khi" trng.2N3H3+3Cl2xtt0N20+6HCl

"Khi" trng l nhng htNH4Clsinh ra do khHClva to thnh ha hp viNH3.c) Tc dng vi oxit kim loiKhi un nng,NH3c th kh mt s oxit kim loi thnh kim loi , chng hnNH3khCuOmu en to raCumu , nc v khN2.

2N3H3+3CuOt03Cu+N20+3H2O

IV - NG DNGAmoniac c s dng sn xut axit nitric; cc loi phn m ur(NH2)2CO,NH4NO3,(NH4)2SO4,...; iu ch hirazin (N2H4) lm nhin liu cho tn la. Amoniac lng c dng lm cht gy lnh trong my lnh.V- IU CH1. Trong phng th nghimKh amoniac c iu ch bng cch cho mui amoni tc dng vi cht kim khi un nng nh.Th d:

2NH4Cl+Ca(OH)2t02NH3+CaCl2+2H2O Mun iu ch nhanh mt lng nh kh amoniac, ngi ta thng un nng dung dch amoniac m c. lm kh kh, cho khNH3va c to thnh c ln hi nc i qua bnh ng vi sng (CaO).2. Trong cng nghipAmoniac c tng hp t kh nit v kh hiro theo phn ng:

N2(k)+3H2(k)2NH3(k);H=92kJ y l phn ng thun nghch v ta nhit. Theo nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L Sa- t- li-, mun cho cn bng chuyn dch v pha to thnh amoniac cn phi h nhit v tng p sut. Tuy nhin, nu nhit thp qu th phn ng xy ra rt chm v nu p sut cao qu th i hi thit b cng knh v phc tp. Trn thc t, ngi ta thng thc hin phn ng nhit khong4505000C, p sut khong200300atmv dng cht xc tc l st kim loi c trn thmAl2O3,K2O,... lm cho cn bng nhanh chng c thit lp. cc iu kin nh trn, hiu sut chuyn ha thnhNH3cng ch t ti2025%.Hn hp khN2vH2(t l mol1:3) c nn p sut cao v a vo thp tng hp. Trong thp ny, amoniac c to thnh cc iu kin nhit , p sut v cht xc tc thch hp nu trn. Hn hp kh i ra t thp tng hp (gm cN2,H2vNH3) c dn n thp lm lnh. y, kh amoniac ha lng v c tch ring ra, cn hn hp khN2vH2cha phn ng c a tr li thp tng hp. B. MUI AMONI I- TNH CHT VT L Mui amoni l nhng tinh th ion, gm cation amoni (NH+4) v amoni gc axit. Tt c cc mui amoni u d tan trong nc v khi tan in li hon ton thnh cc ion. IonNH+4khng c mu.II- TNH CHT HA HC1. Tc dng vi dung dch kimDung dch m c ca mui amoni tc dng vi dung dch kim khi un nng s cho khNH3bay ra.Th d:

(NH4)2SO4+2NaOHt02NH3+Na2SO4+2H2O

NH+4+OHNH3+H2O

IonNH+4nhngH+cho ionOH, vy trong dung dch ionNH+4l mt axit.Phn ng ny c s dng nhn bit ionNH+4Ngoi ta, mui amoni cn c th tham gia phn ng trao i vi dung dch cc mui khc.2. Phn ng nhit phnKhi un nng, cc mui amoni d b nhit phn hy, to ra cc sn phm khc nhau. Sn phm ca s phn hy c quyt nh ch yu bi bn cht ca axit to nn mui.Mui amoni cha gc axit khng c tnh oxi ha khi un nng b phn hy thnh amoniac.Th d:Tinh thNH4Clc un nng trong ng nghim s phn hy thnh khNH3v khHCl:

NH4Cl(r)t0NH3(k)+HCl(k) Khi bay ln ming ng nghim gp nhit thp hn, hai kh ny ha hp vi nhau to li tinh thNH4Clmu trng bm ln thnh ng.Cc mui amoni cacbonat v amoni hirocacbonat b phn hy chm ngay nhit thng, gii phng khNH3v khCO2Th d:(NH4)2CO3NH3+NH4HCO3 NH4HCO3NH3+CO2+H2O Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng muiNH4HCO3 lm xp bnh.* Mui amoni cha gc ca axit c tnh ha nh axit nitr, axit nitric khi b nhit phn cho raN2,N2O(init oxit) v nc.Th d:NH4NO2t0N2+2H2O NH4NO3t0N2O+2H2ONhng phn ng ny c s dng iu ch cc khN2vN2Otrong phng th nghim.

pht pho 1.Tnh cht vt l K hiu: P Khi lng nguyn t: 31 vC S th t:15 Cu hnh electron: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 L nguyn t rt ph bin trong t nhin chim khong 0,12% v tri t Pht pho c vai tr quan trong vi s sng ca ng thc vt.N chim khong 1,16% khi lng c th ca chng ta. Ngoi ra pht pho cn c nhiu 1 s loi thc n nh phomat, lng trng, u Pht pho c mt s loi th hnh : pht pho , trng v en A.Pht pho trng l mt khi trong sut trng ging sp, nng chy 44 C v bay hi 287 C.N rt c v c mi ti Di tc dng ca nhit ,nh sng pht pho trng chyn dn thnh pht pho c to nn khi un nng pht pho trng 220 n 370 C hoc khi c thy ngn xc tc.L cht bn dn nng chy gn 1000 C di p sut 1800atm. Bn hn pht pho v trng l cht dng polyme khng c, khng tan trong bt k dung mi no c

b.Tnh cht ha hc 1.Tc dng vi oxy 4P + 5O2 d -> 2P2O5 4P + 3O2 thi -> 2P2O3 Ngoi ra cn c th oix ha pht pho to ra ozon P + O2 -> PO + O O2 + O -> O3 2.Tc dng vi hidro 2P + 3H2 -> 2PH3 3.Tc dng vi dung dch kim P4 + 3KOH + 3H2O -> PH3 + 3KH2PO2ng dung: lm dim, pho, sn xut thuc n Trong cng nghip: s dng lm phn bn, thuc tr su3.iu ch 1.Trng thi t nhinC trong khong vt apatit (3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2), phtphorit (Ca3(PO4)2)2.iu ch trong cng nghipNung hn hp qung phtphorit, ct, than cc 1200 C trong l inCa3(PO4)2+3SiO2+5C--->3CaSiO3+2P+5CO(Hi P thot ra ngng t khi lm lnh, thu P trng dng rn D. Hp cht ca pht pho 1. Tnh cht vt l a.Axit phtphoric l cht rn kt tinh khng mu,nng chy 42,5 C, b chy nc trong khng kh m tan trong nc.L axit c mnh trung bnh b.Axit pht phoro L cht dng tinh th khng mu, nng chy 74 C chy ra trong khng kh m v d tAn trong nc.n 200 C n phn hy thNH H3PO4 v pht phin. L axit c manh trung bnh,l cht kh mnh khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha xy ra chm v phc tp c.Axit hypo pht phoro c cng thc cu to u c nhm P-OH2.Tnh cht ha hcI) HNO3* Tnh axit :Axit nitric phn li thanh H+ v NO3-Axit nitric lm qu tm ha , tc dng oxit bazo , bazo , mui ca axit yu to ra mui nitratCuO + 2HNO3 --> Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

* Tnh oxi haa) Vi kim loiPhn ng oxi ha hu ht cc kim loi , k c cc kim loi c tnh kh yu nh Cu , Ag ... tr Au v PtCu + 4HNO3 ( c ) --> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O3Cu + 8 HNO3( long ) --> 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4H2O8Al + 30HNO3 ( long ) --> 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O4Zn + 10HNO3( rt long ) --> 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

* Fe , Al b th ng trong dung dch HNO3 c , nguib) Vi phi kim :Axit nitric d985c c th oxi ha c nhiu phi kim nh C,S,PS + 6HNO3 ( c ) -(t)--> H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O

c) Vi hp cht3H2S + 2HNO3 ( long ) --(t)--> 3S + 2NO + 4H2O

II) H3PO4a) C tnh oxi ha -kh

Khc vi nito , photphi mc oxi ha +5 bn hn . Do vy , axit photphoric kh b kh , khng c tnh oxi ha nh axit nitric

b) Tc dng bi nhitKhi un nng n 200 - 250C , axit photphoric mt bt nc , bin thnh axit diphotphoric ( H4P2O7 )

2H3PO4 --(t)--> H4P2O7 + H2OTip tc un tip 400 - 500C axit diphotphoric li tip tc mt nc nn to thnh axit metaphotphoric :

H4P2O7 --(t)--> 3HPO3 + H2Oc) Tnh axitAxit H3PO4 l axit ba ln axit , c mnh trung bnh .Nc 1 : H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- K1 = 7,6.10^-3Nc 2 : H2PO4- H+ + HPO4(2-) K2 = 6,2.10^-8Nc 3 : HPO4(2-) H+ + PO4(3-) K3 = 4,4.10^-13

* DD axit photphoric c tnh cht nh axit tc dng qu tm ha , oxit bazo , bazo , mui , kim loi

Khi tc dng oxit bazo , bazo ty theo lng cht tc dng m axit photphoric to ra mui trung ha , mui axit hoc hn hp muiH3PO4 + NaOH --> NaH2PO4 + H2OH3PO4 + 2NaOH --> Na2HPO4 + 2H2OH3PO4 + 3NaOH --> Na3PO4 + 3H2Ong dng v iu ch

Axt phtphoricm c, c th cha ti 70% - 75% P2O5l rt quan trng i vi ngnhnng nghipdo n c dng sn xut phn bn. Nhu cu ton cu v phn bn dn ti s tng trng ng k trong sn xut phtphat (PO43-) trong na sau cath k 20. Cc s dng khc cn c:Cc phtphat c dng trong sn xut cc loithy tinhc bit c s dng trong cc loin hi natri.Tro xng,phtphat canxi, c s dng trong sn xut s.Tripolyphtphat natric sn xut t axt phphoric c s dng trongbt git mt s quc gia, nhng li b cm mt s quc gia khc. Axt phtphoricc sn xut t phtpho nguyn t c s dng trong cc ng dng nh cc ung chasa. Axt ny cng l im khi u ch to cc phtphat cp thc phm. Cc ha cht ny bao gmphtphat mncanxic dng trongbt nvtripolyphtphat natriv cc phtphat khc ca natri. Trong s cc ng dng khc, cc ha cht ny c dng ci thin cc c trng ca tht hayph mt ch bin. Ngi ta cn dng n trong thuc nh rng.Phtphat trinatric dng trong cc cht lm sch lm mm nc v chng n mn cho cc ng ng/ni hi. Phtpho c s dng rng ri sn xut cc hp cht hu c cha phtpho, thngqua cc cht trung gian nhclorua phtphovsulfua phtpho. Cc cht ny c nhiu ng dng, bao gm cc cht lm do, cc cht lm chm chy,thuc tr su, cc cht chit v cc cht x lnc. Nguyn t ny cng l thnh phn quan trng trong sn xutthp, trong sn xutng thaucha phtpho v trong nhiu sn phm lin quan khc. Phtpho trng c s dng trong cc ng dngqun snhbom la, to ra cc mn khi nh trong cc bnh khi vbom khi, v trongn la. Phtpho c s dng sn xut cc v bao dim an ton, pho hoa v nht lmtamphtamin(C10H15N). Vi mt lng nh, phtpho c dng nh l cht thm vo cho cc loi bn dn loi n. Phtpho P32v phtpho P33c dng nh l cc cht pht hin du vt phng x trong cc phng th nghimha sinh hc

Asenhay cn gi lthch tn[5], mtnguyn t ha hcc k hiuAsvs nguyn t33. Asen ln u tin cAlbertus Magnus(c) vit v n vo nm 1250[6]. Khi lng nguyn t ca n bng 74,92. V tr ca n trong bng tun hon c cp bng m bn phi. Asen l mt kimgy ng c kht ting v c nhiu dngth hnh: mu vng (phn t phi kim) v mt vi dng mu en v xm ( kim) ch l s t m ngi ta c th nhn thy. Ba dng c tnh kim loi ca asen vi cu trc tinh th khc nhau cng c tm thy trong t nhin (cc khong vt asensensu strictov him hn l asenolamprit cng parasenolamprit), nhng ni chung n hay tn ti di dng cc hp cht asenua v asenat. Vi trm loi khong vt nh th c bit ti. Asen v cc hp cht ca n c s dng nh lthuc tr dch hi,thuc tr c,thuc tr suv trong mt lot cchp kim.Trng thi xi ha ph bin nht ca n l -3 (asenua: thng thng trong cc hp cht lin kim loi tng t nh hp kim), +3 (asenat (III) hay asenit v phn ln cc hp cht asen hu c), +5 (asenat (V): phn ln cc hp cht v c cha xy ca asen n nh). Asen cng d t lin kt vi chnh n, chng hn to thnh cc cp As-As trong sulfua hng hong(-As4S4) v cc ion As43-vung trong khong coban asenua c tn skutterudit. trng thi xi ha +3, tnh cht ha hc lp th ca asen chu nh hng bi s c mt ca cp electron khng lin kt.Asenhay cn gi lthch tn,Asen l mt kim gy ng c kht ting v c nhiu dng th hnh : mu vng v mt vi dng mu en hoc xm. Asen v hp cht ca n c s dng nh l thuc tr dch hi, thuc tr c, thuc tr suAsen v tnh cht ha hc rt ging vi nguyn t ng trn n lphtpho. Tng t nh phtpho, n to thnh cc xt kt tinh, khng mu, khng mi nhAs2O3vAs2O5l nhng cht ht m v d dng ha tan trong nc to thnh cc dung dch c tnh axt.Axt asenic (V), tng t nh axt phtphoric, l mt axt yu. Tng t nh phtpho, asen to thnh hirua dng kh v khng n nh, larsin(AsH3). S tng t ln n mc asen s thay th phn no cho phtpho trong cc phn ng ha sinh hc v v th n gy rang c. Tuy nhin, cc liu thp hn mc gy ng c th cc hp cht asen ha tan li ng vai tr ca cccht kch thchv tng ph bin vi cc liu nh nh l cc loi thuc cha bnh cho con ngi vo gia th k 18.Khi b nung nng trong khng kh, n bxi ha to ratrixt asen; hi t phn ng ny c mi nh miti. Mi ny cng c th pht hin bng cch p cc khong vt asenua nhasenopyritbng ba. Asen (v mt s hp cht ca asen)thng hoakhi b nung nng p sut tiu chun, chuyn ha trc tip thnh dng kh m khng chuyn qua trng thi lng. Trng thi lng xut hin p sut 20 tmtphe tr ln, iu ny gii thch ti sao im nng chy li cao hn im si[7]. Asen nguyn t c tm thy nhiu dng th hnh rn: dng mu vng th mm, do nh sp v khng n nh, v n lm cho cc phn t dng t din As4tng t nh cc phn t ca phtpho trng. Cc dng mu en, xm hay 'kim loi' hi c cu trc kt tinh thnh lp vi cc lin kt tri rng khp tinh th. Chng l cccht bn dncng vi nh kim.T trng ringca dng mu vng l 1,97 g/cm; dng 'asen xm' hnh hp mt thoi nng hn nhiu vi t trng ring 5,73 g/cm; cc dng kim khc c t trng tng t.Nm 2005,Trung Qucl nh sn xut asen trng hng u, chim gn 50% sn lng th gii. Sau lChilevPeru, theo bo co caKho st a cht Vng quc Anh.Asenopyritmt cch khng chnh thc gi l mispickel (FeAsS) lkhong vtcha asen ph bin nht. Khi b nung nng trong khng kh, asen thng hoa dng xt asen (III) li cc xt st.

Cc hp cht quan trng nht ca asen l xt asen (III), As2O3, ('asen trng'),opimentsulfua vng (hayth hong) (As2S3) vhng hong (As4S4),lc Paris,asenat canxi,asenat hir ch. Ba hp cht cui cng tng c s dng trong nng nghip lm thuc tr su v thuc c. Th hong v hng hong trc y c dng lm thuc mu trong hi ha, hin nay b b do c tnh v kh nng phn ng ca chng. Mc d asen i khi c tm thy nh l asen t nhin trong thin nhin nhng ngun kinh t chnh ca n l khong vtasenopyritni trn y; n cng tm thy trong cc asenua kim loi nhbc,cban(cobaltit: CoAsS v skutterudit: CoAs3) hayniken, hay nh l cc sulfua, v xi ha nh l cc khong vt asenat nhmimetit, Pb5(AsO4)3Cl verythrit, Co3(AsO4)2. 8H2O, v him hn l cc asenit ('arsenit' = asenat (III), AsO33-ch khng phi asenat (V), AsO43-).

Ngoi cc dng v c nh ni trn, asen cng tn ti trong nhiu dng hu c trong mi trng. Asen v c v cc hp cht ca n, khi i vochui thc n, c trao i tch cc thnh dng t c hn ca asen thng qua qu trnhmethyl ha. V d,Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, mt loi nm mc sinh ra mt lng ng ktrimethylarsinnu asen v c tn ti. Hp cht hu casenobetaintm thy trong mt s hi sn nh c v to, cng nh trong nm n vi hm lng ln. Nhu cu trung bnh ca ngi l khong 10-50g/ngy. Gi tr khong 1.000g l vic tiu th khng bnh thng v c v nm. Nhng y c rt t nguy him trong vic n c do hp cht asen trong c l gn nh khng c hi.Asenat hir ch tng c s dng nhiu trong th k 20 lmthuc tr sucho cc loi cy n qu. Vic s dng n i khi to ra cctn thng noi vi nhng ngi phun thuc ny. na cui th k 20,asenat methyl mononatri(MSMA), mt dng hp cht hu c t c hi hn ca asen thay th cho vai tr ca asenat hir ch trong nng nghip.Cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh nhm V: Atimon.Antimon(ting Latinh:Stibium, ngha l "du ch thp", v Latinh trung c:Antimonium) l mtnguyn t ha hcvi k hiuSb) cs nguyn t51. L mt kim, antimon c 4 dngth hnh. Dng n nh nht ca antimon l dng kim mu trng-lam. Cc dng mu vng v en l cc phi kim khng n nh. Antimon c s dng trong mi lp chng chy,sn,gm,men, mt lot cchp kim,cng nghip in t,cao su.Tnh cht.

Antimon dng nguyn t l mt cht rn kt tinh d nng chy, cng mu trng bc c tnh dn in v dn nhit km v bay hi nhit thp. L mt kim, antimon tng t nh kim loi b ngoi v nhiu tnh cht c l, nhng khng phn ng nh cc kim loi v mt ha hc. N cng b tn cng bi ccaxtv cchalogentheo phn ng xi ha-kh. Antimon v mt s hp kim ca n l bt thng ch chng gin n ra khi ngui i. Antimon v mt ha a l c phn loi nh la ng(chalcophile), thng xut hin cnglu hunhv cckim loi nngnhch,ngvbc.

c tnh v ph bin ca antimon trong lp vTri tnm trong khong 0,2-0,5ppm.

ng dngAntimon c s dng ngy cng gia tng trong cng nghip bn dn sn xut ccit, cc thit b pht hin bng tiahng ngoiv cc thit b dnghiu ng Hall. dng hp kim, n tng mnh cng v sc bn c hc cach. ng dng quan trng nht ca antimon l tc nhn lm cng trong ch lm cc loic quy. Cc ng dng bao gm: c quy Hp kim chng ma st Hp kim c ch in n cho ccv kh cm tayvn la Lp bc cho si cp Dim Cc loi thuc phng tr sinh vt nguyn sinh k sinh Hn ch Hn thic mt vi loi thic hn "khng ch" cha 5% Sb Cc vng bi chnh v ln trongng c t trong(di dng hp kim) tng c dng iu trbnh sn mng(hay bnh Schistosoma, ngy nayPraziquantell loi thuc thay th c s dng rng khp) c dng trong cc my in kiu linCc hp cht ca antimon trong dng ccxt,sulfua, antimonat natri, triclorua antimon c dng lm cc vt liu chng chy, mengm,thy tinh,sn,s. Trixt antimon l hp cht quan trng nht ca antimon v s dng ch yu trong cc vt liu ngn la. Cc ng dng ngn la bao gm cc th trng nh qun o v chi tr em, cc lp bc gh ngi trong t v my bay. N cng c dng trong cng nghip sn xut composit si thy tinh nh l ph gia cho nha polyeste cho cc mt hng nh lp che bc ng c my bay hng nh. Nha ny s bt chy khi c la nhng n s b dp tt ngay khi la b loi b. Sulfua antimon l mt trong cc thnh phn cadim an ton.Trong thp nin 1950, cc ht nh hp kimch-antimon c s dng lm cc pht v cc thu cho cctranzito bin hp kimkiu NPN.Sulfua t nhin ca antimon, gi lstibnit, c bit n v s dng t thi k c i nh lthucvm phm. Stibnit vn cn c s dng mt vi quc gia ang pht trin nh l thuc. Antimon tng c s dng iu trbnh sn mng. Antimon t gn n vi cc nguyn tlu hunhtrong mt vi loienzymnht nh m c c th ngi ln sinh vt k sinh u cn. Mt lng nh c th git cht sinh vt k sinh m khng gy ra cc thng tn cho bnh nhn. Antimon v cc hp cht ca n c s dng trong mt vi loithuc th ynh Anthiomalin hay thiomalat antimon liti, c dng nh l tc nhn iu ha v lm mt lng ng vt nhai li (tru, b). Antimon c hiu ng nui v iu ha cc mkeratin(sng) ha, t nht l ng vt. Thuc gy nn Tartar l mt loi thuc c cha antimon c dng nh l thuc chng sn mng. Cc diu tr ch yu c s tham gia ca antimon gi lthuc antimon.Cc loi dc phm da trn antimon nh Allopurinol, Meglumin, cng c coi l cc loi thuc cn dng iu trst rui ct(do sinh vt nguyn sinh chiLeishmaniagy ra) gia sc. Khng may, mc d c ch dn iu tr thp, nhng thuc ny thm thu km qua xng ng, ni m mt s sinh vt gy bnh Leishmania sng, v v th vic cha tr bnh c bit khi ni tng l rt kh.ng tin lm t antimon do tnhQu Chu(Trung Quc) pht hnh nm 1931. Loi tin ny khng ph bin, do qu mm v nhanh mn khi lu thng. Sau ln pht hnh u tin ngi ta khng sn xut n na.[2]

Cc nguyn t phn nhm chnh nhm V : BitmutBitmutl mtnguyn t ha hctrongbng tun honc k hiuBivs nguyn t83. N l mtkim loi yugin, nng, kt tinh mu trng nh hng, c ha tr ch yu l +3 v c cc tnh cht ha hc tng t nhasenvantimon. Trong s cc kim loi th n l cht c nghch tln nht v ch cthy ngnl c dn nhitthp hn. Cc hp cht ca bitmut khng lnchi khi c s dng trongm phmv mt s ng dngy hc.Cc c trng ni bt

Tinh th BitmutN l mtkim loigin vi sc hng v cc vt xn ng nh nhiu mu. Trong s cckim loi nng, bitmut l bt thng do c tnh ca n thp hn nhiu so vi ca cc nguyn t cn k trong bng tun hon nhch,talivantimon. Thng thng, n cng c coi l nguyn t cng vn nh nng nht, nhng hin nay ngi ta bit rng iu ny khng hon ton ng (xem di y). Khng c kim loi no lnghch tt nhin nhiu hn bitmut (khc vi tnhsiu nghch t). iu ny din ra trong dng t nhin ca n v n ctr khngcao. Trong s cc kim loi, n c dn nhitkm, ch hn thy ngn v l kim loi chiu ng Hallcao nht. Khi chy vixy, bitmut chy vi ngn la muxanh lamvxtca n to ra khi mu vng. t lu, trn c s l thuyt ngi ta cho rng bitmut l khng n nh, nhng ch n nm2003th iu ny mi c chng minh khi cc nh nghin cu tiInstitut d'Astrophysique SpatialeOrsay,Php o c cchu k bn rtheophn r alphaca Bi209l 1,91019nm, iu ny c ngha l bitmut l mt cht phng x rt chm, vi chu k bn r gp c hng t lntui v trm hin nay ngi ta c tnh. Do chu k bn r qu ln ny, bitmut c th coi l n nh v khng phng x. Cc thc phm thng thng, cng nh c th ca chng ta cha mt lng ng kC14c tnh phng x gp hng nghn ln so vi bitmut. Tuy nhin, tnh phng x l s quan tm ca gii khoa hc do bitmut l mt trong t cc nguyn t m tnh phng x c d bo trc trn l thuyt, trc khi c pht hin trong phng th nghim.ng dngxyclorua bitmutc s dng nhiu trongm phm.Subnitrat bitmutvsubcacbonat bitmutc s dng trong y hc.Subsalicylat bitmut(Pepto-Bismol) c dng lm thuc chng bnhtiu chy.[1]Mt s ng dng khc l: Nam chmvnh cu mnh c th c lm ra t hp kimbismanol(MnBi). Nhiu hp kim ca bitmut cim nng chythp v c dng rng ri pht hin chy v h ngn chn ca cc thit b an ton chy n. Bitmut c dng sn xut thp d un. Bitmut c dng lm cht xc tc trong sn xut si acrylic. N cng dc dng trongcp nhit in(bitmut c m in cao nht). Vt chuyn ch cc nhin liuU235hay U233cho ccl phn ng ht nhn. Bitmut cng c dng trong ccque hn. Mt thc t l bitmut v nhiu hp kim ca n gin n ra khi chng ng c li lm cho chng tr thnh l tng cho mc ch ny. Subnitrat bitmut l thnh phn camen gm, n to ra mu sc ng nh ca sn phm cui cng. Bitmut i khi c dng trong sn xut ccvin n. u th ca n so vi ch l n khng c, v th n l hp php tiAnh sn bn cc loi chim vng m ly.Nhng nm uthp nin 1990, cc nghin cu bt u nh gi bitmut l s thay th khng c hi cho ch trong nhiu ng dng: Nh ni trn y, bitmut c s dng trong cc que hn; c tnh thp ca n l c bit quan trng cho cc que hn dng trong cc thit b ch bin thc phm. Mt thnh phn camengm s. Mt thnh phn trongng . Thnh phn trong thp d ct cho cc chi tit c chnh xc cao ca my mc. Mt thnh phn ca du hay mbi trn. Vt liu nng thay ch trong cc ch li ca li nh c.Tinh th

Tinh th bitmut tng hpMc d khng c nhn thy nhiu trong t nhin, nhng bitmut c tinh khit cao c th to thnh cctinh th l cc trng. Cc vt to ra trong phng th nghim y mu sc ny ni chung c bn cho nhng ngi c s thch su tp k d.