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7/27/2019 Bo co Thc tp ti cng ty c phn ha cht Vit Tr

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BO CO THC TP TI CTY CPHN HA CHT VIT TR 2010

SINH VIN VC LNG CN IN HA K51 1

LI MU

Thc tp k thut l mt yu cu bt buc i vi sinh vin trng i Hc BchKhoa H Ni trong nm th4 ti nh trng. Mt mt l yu cu nhng mt khc y cngl giai on ht sc quan trng, gip sinh vin thc tp lm quen vi cng vic thc t.Trong thi gian thc tp, sinh vin c thhc hi thm nhiu iu, ng thi cng pht hinra nhng im yu cn trong kin thc v khnng ca mnh t bsung v b pchng trc khi ri khi ghnh trng.

a im t thc tp kthut l Cng ty Cphn Ha cht Vit Tr trc thuc Tng

Cng ty Ha cht Vit Nam.Ni dung bo co gm cc phn:

Phn 1: Gii thiu chung vcng ty.

Phn 2: Trnh by vcng nghsn xut.

A. Phn xng Xt.

B. Phn xng Clo.

Phn 3: Hthng xl mi trng.

Phn 4: Nhn xt v kin nghvi cng ty.

Mc d cgng tm hiu, xem xt v tham kho ti liu do cng ty cp nhng dothi gian c hn, ni dung cn tm hiu li rt rng cng vi trnh c hn nn bi bo cokh trnh khi sai st v nhm ln. Em rt mong cc thy c gio trong bmn v nhngngi quan tm gp v ph bnh bi bo co ca em c hon thin hn.

Em xin chn thnh cm n!

I.GII THIU CHUNG :1 . Lch spht trin :

WWW.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM

WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/DAYKEM.QUYNHON


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CNG TY CPHN HA CHT VIT TR

a ch: PhSng Thao - phng ThSn - thnh phVit Tr - tnh Ph Thin thoi: (0210) 911513

Fax: (0210) 911512

Email: [email protected]

* Chtch hi ng qun tr:Nguyn Quc Tun* Gim c:o Quang Tuyn

Nh my Ho cht Vit Tr thuc Tng cc Ho cht ( Nay l Cng ty Ho cht Vittr thuc Tng Cng ty Ho cht Vit Nam BCng Thng) l nh my sn xut Hocht cbn bng phng php in ho u tin ca nc ta . Nh my c Chnh phquyt nh cho xy dng nm 1958 v chnh thc hot ng tthng 4 nm 1961.

- Ngy 19-5-1961 nh my ra mXt u tin vi cng sut 1920 t/nm

- Thng 7 - 1961 a phn xng thuc trsu 666 i vo sn xut.

- Thng 8 -1961 nh my mcng on sn xut axit HCl

- Thng 12 - 1961 mPVC u tin ra i.

Sau ba nm xy dng, nh my hon thnh ton bcc hng mc cng trnh a vo

sn xut v lm lct bng khnh thnh ngy 18 thng 3 nm1962.

Khi mi ra i cng nghsdng 58 thng in phn Hooker 5m2 in cc Grafit, dngin phn I = 3000A, cng sut sn xut ca nh my kh khim tn:

NaOH 100% 1900 t/n Axit HCl 31% 1020 t/n

Cl2lng 145 t/n 666 12/13 % 200 t/n

Cl2kh 872 t/n PV 350 t/n




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C

- Nm 1974 nh my m rng nng cng sut ln 4500 t/n v c trang b hin i hntrc.

- Ngy 22/10/1976 nh my chnh thc khnh thnh ton bdy chuyn cng ngh cci tin mrng. Dy chuyn cng nghc cng sut nhsau:

NaOH 100% 4500 T/n Axit HCl 31% 4000 t/n

Cl2lng 155 t/n 666 12/13 % 1510 t/n

Cl2kh 1300 t/n PVC 500 t/n

Sau khi mrng sdng 58 thng in phn Hooker 10M2 in cc Grafit, dng inin phn I = 7500 A.

Nm 1993 nh my thay thton bthng in phn in cc Grafit bng in ccTitan nng cao cht lng ca sn phm Xt ng thi gim thiu nhim mi trng.Tng s thng l 44, dng in t 11000 A- 14500 A, vn duy tr cng sut 6500 T

NaOH/nm.

Nm 1995 nh my i tn thnh Cng ty Ho Cht Vit tr thuc Tng cng ty Hocht - Bcng nghip.

Nm 2004 Cty ci to m rng u t28 thng in phn nng s thng in phnlm vic ln 72 thng, nng cng sut ln 9000 Tn/nm.

Nm 2005 thc hin chtrng CPH DNNN Cng ty ho cht Vit tr chuyn thnh

Cng ty CPhn Ho cht Vit Tr.Thng 1 nm 2006 Cty chnh thc i tn thnh Cng ty cphn ha cht Vit Tr

trc thuc Tng Cng ty Ha Cht Vit Nam.

Cng ty CP Ha Cht Vit Tr l cng ty chuyn sn xut ha cht cbn. Sn phmtruyn thng ca Cng Ty gm: NaOH , Clo lng , axit HCl , Dch ty Javen , Na2SiO3(lng). Ngoi ra Cng ty cn pht trin cc sn phm cho nhu cu thtrng nh: Bt git,NPK, ZnCl2, BaCl2, CaCl2... nhm cung cp cc ha cht phc vcho cc ngnh kinh t

quc dn nh: Giy, chbin, thc phm, x l nc, cc cht ty ra v cc ngnh khcphc vnng nghip, quc phng.




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Trong nhng nm gn y Cng Ty CP Ha Cht Vit Tr thng xuyn t mc tngtrng t10% ti 15%, tng mc thu np ngn sch v githu nhp n nh, m bo isng cho CBCNV Cng ty.

CCU TCHC :




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2. Cc loi sn phm :

2.1.Xt lng NaOH (Liquid Sodium Caustic):

- Hm lng:




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NaOH 30% Na2CO3 1% Fe2O3 0,01% NaCl 5%

- Cng sut: 10.000 tn/nm

- ng dngSodium hydroxide c sdng rt rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc

nhau :* Trong CN Ho cht, Dc : Sn xut cc sn phm hoc bn sn phm cha gc

Sodium nh: Sodium phenolate (sn xut thuc Aspirin), Sodium hypochlorite (Javen ) lmcht ty trng , khtrng.

* Trong CN Giy: lm ho cht xl i vi g, tre ,na.. sn xut Giy theophng php Sulphate v Soda.

*Trong sn xut tsi nhn to: dng phn huligin l cht c hi thng i km vicellulose trong bt g.

*Sn xut cc cht ty git : dng thuphn cht bo trong du mng thc vt lm x phng. Sodium hydroxide v cc hp cht Natri l nhng thnh phn quan trng

trong sn xut cc cht ty git .*Trong CN Dt nhum : Dng lm cht phn hupectins , sp trong qu trnh xl

vi th , lm tng bng v hp thmu cho vi nhum.*Trong CN Du kh : iu chnh pH cho dung dch khoan loi bsulphur , cc

hp cht sulphur v cc hp cht axit trong tinh chdu m.*Trong CN thc phm : loi bcc axit bo trong qu trnh tinh chdu thc vt v

ng vt trc khi dng cho sn xut thc phm . Pha chdung dch ra chai l, thit btrong cc nh my bia . Pha chdung dch kim xl rau hoa qutrc khi chbin hoc

ng hp*Trong CN Nc : iu chnh PH v ti sinh nha trao i ion .Ngoi ra cn c

dng trung ho v khcn trong ng ng .

2.2 Clo Lng: Cl2 (Liquid Chlorine)

- Hm lng:

Cl2 99,5% H2O trng lng 0,06%




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- Cng sut: 3.000 tn/ nm

- ng dng* Dng ty trng trong cng nghip Giy , Dt .

* Dng st trng nc , bnh vin , nh vsinh * Dng sn xut nhiu cht ha hc , sn xut axt HCl , cht hu cc Clo v cc

dung mi hu ckhc .*Dng trong thc hnh phng th nghim .

2.3. Axit Clohydric (hydro Chloric)

- Hm lng:

HCl = 31,5 0,5% Fe 30 ppm Cl2 40ppm SO 24 0,03%


- ng dngHydrochloric acid c sdng rt rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nhau

:* Trong CN Ho cht : L nguyn liu cho sn xut cc sn phm hoc bn sn phm

cha gc Clo nh: BaCl2, CaCl2nha PVC* Trong CN thc phm : l nguyn liu quan trng trong qu trnh chbin nc chm

, bt ngt* Trong CN du m.

* Trong CN ckh, luyn kim , min : xl bmt kim loi trc khi mhochn

* Trong Xl nc .Ngoi ra Hydrochloric acid cn c pha long vi nng thch hp sdng trong migia nh nh: lm cht ty cn , khtrng cho cc thit btrong nh bp, nh tmlm mibmt cc ng boxy ho hoc cc men , s

2.4 Javen NaClO




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- Hm lng:

Clo hu hiu: 80 5 g/l

Kim d: 5 2 g/l


- ng dng

* c sdng lm cht ty mu, vt mc, mc, nha cy cho dng bng vi si.

Ty trng men s

*Dng trong khtrng lm sch nc sinh hot, st trng nh , bnh vin, nh v

sinh.

2.5. Canxi Clorua: CaCl2

- Hm lng:

CaCl295%

Tp cht khng tan: 0,5% max

pH dung dch 10%: 7,5 - 8- Cng sut: 5.000 tn/nm

- ng dng- Canxiclorua khan dng cho in phn sn xut canxi kim loi v iu chcc hp

kim ca canxi- Vi tnh ht m ln ca canxiclorua cho php dng n lm tc nhn sy kh v cc

cht lng .

- Nhit ng c thp ca cc dung dch CaCl2cho php chng lm cht ti lnhtrong cc hthng lnh... gim bt tnh n mn ca CaCl2thng bxung xa, sa viv cc Crmt, Bicromt .

- Do p sut hi thp ca cc hyrt v cc dung dch nc Canxiclorua nn cdng hn chbi ng x.

- Canxiclorua cn dng dit ctrn ng st, cht keo ttrong ha dc v dcphm.

c dng rt nhiu trong cng vic khoan du kh .




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2.6 Thutinh lng(Sodium Silicate or water glass)

- Hm lng:

Ttrng: 1,4 - 1,42 modun:2,5 - 3,2

Hm lng: SiO2: 29 32%


- ng dngChto xi mng chu axt, sn silict, men lnh , chto cc hp cht silict rng

phc vcho vic lc cc hp cht khc

Chto vt liu chu nhit, cch m, cht cch in, cht bc que hn invt liu xy dng , keo dn , cht n , giy carton, , cc in cc dng kim loi nh, cccht khng thm kh , cht n hoc sdng dng tm lm vt liu chng n mn .

2.7. Km Clorua (Zinc Chloride):

ZnCl2: 500 tn/nm.

2.8. Bt git (Detergent): 5.000 tn/nm.

2.9. Phn bn tng hp NPK (NPK Fertilizer): 20.000 tn/nm.

3. Btr mt bng v sdy truyn cng nghsn xut :

Hnh v( trang bn )

4.Ni quy an ton lao ng :

Ni quy an ton lao ng do cng ty chnh thc ban hnh da trn nhng quy nh vanton lao ng nh nc ban hnh, c sa i bsung cho ph hp vi c th sn xutca cng ty. Ni quy ca cng ty c mt sch sau:

An ton lao ng khi tip xc vi ha cht.- Ha cht tn ti 3 thrn, lng, kh. Vi c th sn xut ca cng ty th

ha cht tn ti thlng v kh l chnh.




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- Ha cht bhp thvo cthqua 3 con ng: H hp (chnh), tip xc vtiu ha.

- Nu tip xc vi mi trng ha cht lu di c thgy nhim c hthngi vi cth(lm gim ton bchc nng ca cth). tnh trng tip xc

nng hn c nguy cgy ung th.Bin php phng nga: C 4 nguyn tc

- Loi tr trit, tiu cc yu t nguy him. Thay th bng cc loi ha chtkhc t c hi hn.

- Quy nh khong cch, che chn, lm bin bo cho nhng nguy cmt anton.

- Thng gi, trang bphng tin lm gim nh hng ca ha cht.- Trang bcc phng tin c nhn.

An ton phng chy cha chy.- Kh H2rt nh, tc bt chy rt ln (xp xtc nh sng), chy trong

cc mi trng O2, khng kh u cho nhit rt cao (1500-1600oC), kh

chy khng cho ngn la v c khnng to thnh hn hp n.- 3 yu tduy tr schy l: ngun nhit, cht bt chy, kh O2.

Bin php phng chy cha chy:

- Tun thcc quy nh van ton phng chy cha chy do nh nc quynh.

- Khi xy ra chy, bin php cn lm l cch ly hoc lm thiu ht 1 trong 3yu tgy chy vi im xy ra chy.An ton in.

- Cc nguy cgy mt an ton vin l: bin git, cthbt chy in,ha hon, chy ndo chp in.

Bin php phng nga: C 8 bin php.

- Cch in cc thit b.- Lp ro chn, treo cao, t bin bo ni c in i qua.- C thit b, phng tin bo hc nhn.- Bo vni t.- Bo vni khng hoc ni t lp li (ni t bng nhiu cc).- Ct in bo v(automat, cu ch, rle t).- Hthp in p trnh phng in (trong mt strng hp c bit).- Cn bng in th.




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II. CNG NGHSN XUT :A.PHN XNG XT :1. Cng on ho tan, tinh ch:

1.1 Quy trnh sn xut :

Mui nguyn liu tkho cha c cu 101 vo phu 102 a vo bng ti 103 vthng ho tan 104, y c ho tan thnh nc mui th. Nc hi thu tthng cha 126v nc mui nht tthng 125 c bm ho tan 123 bm vo thit bho tan. Vic khngchnhit ca thit bho tan oc tin hnh bng cch phun hi nng trc tip qua vnhhi nng ca thit b. Nc mui th c chy xung blng sb( ), ri chy trn vo btinh ch(124 ), Ti y ngi ta bxung Na2CO3v NaOH xy ra cc phn ng kt ta tpcht Ca2+,Mg2+ .tng nhit qu trnh phn ng ngi ta dng kh nn sc u cc b,sau c bm lng trong (110) bm qua thit bgia nhit ( 109) qua tch bt i vo thit

blng trong (111 ).Ty nc mui c nng ln nhit 45 55 oC cng cc cht trlng PAM ( polyacrilamit) hoc h tinh bt sau khi ho theo t l cng c trn ln vonc mui th i vo lng trong. Nc mui trong c tho qua van xung thit blc ()ri chy vbcha 5 ngn ().c bm () bm ln thng cha. Tthng cha nc muit quy cch c bm cp (_) bm sang thng cao vin gii cp cho bnh in phn vc hi lu 1 phn nc mui vb(). Thit blc m c xi ra bng bm () ht ncmui t trong bcha () bm ngc ra ht cn bn v c cho vo bnh cha ncmui tp. Sau li c bm ra bn bm quay li thng cha nc ra bn v c ra

bng nc cng nghip. Nc mui trong c bm ra bn qua van tho sang thng cha




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nc ra bn, cn b NaCl < 15 g/l c tho qua van y bthi btrc tip xung rchthi.

1.2 Thng ha tan :* Cu to thng ha tan :

(Hnh vtrang bn)

1. Thng ha tan : c lm bng thp c phlp keo eboxy chng n mn2. ng a dung dch ha tan vo3. a phn phi dung dch ha tan mui4. Ca sa cha v lm vsinh5. Vnh ai gia nhit, dng hi nng tng khnng khy trn v khnng ha tan ca

dung dch.

6. Bng ti vn chuyn mui nguyn liu tkho vo thng ha tan7. Mng chy trn c li chn rc.

Thng ho tan c lm bng thp, l thit bhnh tr.

Thng sthng:

Thtch V=10 m3. Chiu cao h=4750 mm. ng knh thit b1600 mm.

Nguyn l lm vic:

Mui nguyn liu c bng ti a vo y thit bvi chiu cao tng mui 2.5m.Phi khng chchiu cao tng mui ng quy nh nhm m bo vmt tip xc pha giamui nguyn liu v nc ho tan.

Nc ha tan gm nc ra bn v nc mui hi thu hoc mt phn nc cngnghip c bm ho tan bm qua vi phun y thng qua tng mui ln ming thng.

Nc mui bo ho chy qua ming chy trn xung bcha nc mui th. tng tc ho tan v hiu sut ho tan ngi ta gia nhit nc ho tan ln n 50 50C. Bng cch sc




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hi nng trc tip qua vnh phn phi hi nng t vng quanh thit b. Rc v cc tp chtchc c gili trong thit bnhli chn rc trn ming thit b. Phn y thit bcccn bn, t, khng tan c nh kvsinh thi bqua ca sa cha y thit b.

1.3 Cc chtiu khng chkthut :Chiu cao tng mui trong thng ha tan l 2.5 m.

Cht lng nc mui th:

NaCl: 315 3 (g/l) NaOH: 0,06 0,15 (g/l)

Na2CO3: 0,25 0,5 (g/l) Nhit ha tan: 45 55C

1.4. Cc scbt trhng, nguyn nhn v cch xl.

STT Hin tng Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc

1

Nng nc mikhng nngln c

- Thng ho tan c nhiu

rc.

- Nc vo thung hokhng u gy ho tan ccb.

- Ct mui trong thngho tan thp

- Chiu cao tng muikhng u.

- Lm v sinh thng ho

tan.

- Kim tra v sinh ng viphun nc ho tan mui.

- Khng chchiu cao tngmui trong thng ho tanng quy nh.

- iu chnh vtr cho muinguyn liu vo.

2

Qu lngxt trong btinh ch qucao.

- Cht lng mui c sthay i ln vhm lngMgO,CaO.

-Hm lng MgO trongmui nguyn liu qu thp

-a nhiu NaOH xung

- Tnh ton li cc loinguyn liu cho ph hpvi cht lng mui nguynliu.

-Dng axit HCl trung ho

lng xt cao trong b tinh




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btinh ch.

- a qu nhiu lng xtxung btinh ch.

- Van nhp nc hi thuvo bm h.

ch.

- Rt bt lng mui th vthng ra bn hoc hi thuri ho tip.

- Pht hin van hv bo ckh xl van.

3

Qu trnh xa trong btinh ch qucao.

- Cht lng mui c sthay i ln v hm lng

cao.- a qu nhiu lng xa xung btinh ch.

- Van nhp dch x a vobm ho tan h.

- Tnh ton li lng x acho ph hp vi cht lng

mu

i nguyn liu.

- Rt bt lng mui th vthng cha ra bn hoc xa ri ho tip.

- Pht hin van h bo ckhi sa cha.

4

Qu lng xa, xt thptrong b tinhch.

-Mui nguyn liu c s

bin ng v hm lngCaO, MgO.

-Hm lng CaO trongmui nguyn liu qu cao

- a khng lng hithu hoc x a vo btinhch.

- Tnh ton li lng xt, x

a cn thit cho qu trnhtinh ch ph hp v chtlng mui nguyn liu.

- Rt bt lng mui thv thng ra bn hoc hithu ri ho tip.

- a lng xoda bt vo

b tinh ch vi lng thchhp theo tnh ton.

Bm ncmui i trong

- Van y btc bn rc

- Bm bhkhng kh ltvo

- chn h,np chn hng

-Thng van y.

-Kim tra chhv lm kn

-Chn li bm hoc sit chtthm np chn




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5 khng ln. - Bnh gung bm b tcrc

- Thn bm v ng nhpkhng dch

-Mbm ly rc ra.

- Kim tra v mi bm li..

6

Hm lngmui trong

nc muith thp.

-Khng ch chiu caotng mui khng t yucu.

-Nhit ha tan khng

t yu cu ho

c khng chi nng phi ha ngui.

-Lu lng bm ha quln.

Khng ch chiu cao tngmui ng quy nh.

2. Dy chuyn cng ngh

Cng on lng trong:

Nhim vca qu trnh ny l lc v loi bcc tp cht chc c trong nc muith c nc mui trong hp quy cch. ng thi thu nhn bn mui t thng lngtrong nc mui, tin hnh khbn SO4

2-, thu hi mui p ng lng nc mui ra bncho nhu cu ha tan tinh chnc mui.

2.1. Phng php lng, lc:

- Lng d

i tc d

ng c

a tr

ng l

c, l

ng gin ti

p.

- Lc: nhthit blc loi m, lm vic lin tc.

in phn Bcha Thng lc

Nc muisau tinh ch

Gia nhit Mng trn Thng lng




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2.2. Thng lng :

*Cu to:(hnh v)

Thng lng trong lm bng thp, l thit bhnh tr, y l hnh nn.

Cc thng sthng:

Thtch V = 160m3. ng knh = 6000 mm. Chiu cao: H = 8050mm. Ca nc mui vo:Dy80. Ca nc mui trong ra: Dy80. Ca tho bn:Dy80. Ming ng lm vsinh:Dy400. ng trung tm: 460 v 1200

* Nguyn l lm vic ca thit blng trong :

Nc mui th ( huyn ph ) c gia nhit ti nhit quy nh, bsung chtkeo tv lin tc i vo thit b lng (1) qua ng phn phi (2). Huyn ph c chuynng theo phng tip tuyn ca ng (2), chuyn ng trong ng trung tm (3), qua bphnn nh dng (4) v i xung phn di ca thit blng trong. Ti y sy ra qu trnh phnring h: cc ht rn lin kt thnh hp thln ri lng xung y thit bv c nh ktho ra. Cn nc mui trong c tp trung vo cc ng gp v lin tc rt ra khi thit b.

thi bn lng thit btrit hn ngi ta dng kh nn sc.

khng nh hng ti qu trnh lng,vn tc dng ca nc trong thit blng cnduy tr sao cho n khng ln hn tc lng ca cc ht nhnht cn lng. i vi dungdch nc mui vn tc dng nc mui cn khng chtrong gii hn = 0,50,8 m/h. Qutrnh lng trong cc ht phn tn mn chu nh hng ln ca cc iu kin ngoi cnh: nhit, thnh phn, tnh cht pha rn, lu lng huyn ph, nht l vma ng thit blng cnc bo n tt nhm n nh chnhit ca thit bv toan thdung dch. Thng thng

nhit n nh gi tr550

20

C v nhit u ra khng chnh lch qu 20

C so vinhit u vo.Khi nc mui i vo trong thit bnu nc mui khng n nh hay




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bo n khng u cc vng khc nhau ca thn thit bu gy nn chnh lch nhit gia cc vng ca ni bdung dch. iu dn ti chuyn ng i lu nhit gia ccvng ng thi tng cng chuyn ng ca cc ht rn mn lm ph vchlm vic cathit b.

Sbt n ca thnh phn pha rn, tnh cht ca pha rn, lu lng huyn ph, thodch khng u trn ton mt thong ca thit bu gy ra chuyn ng i lu gia ccvng cht lng khc nhau, lm ph vchlm vic ca thit b.V vy thit blng cnphi bo n tt, duy tr nghim tc chnhit, thnh phn v tnh cht pha rn, lu lnghuyn ph v rt nc trong u trn mt thit b. Vic tho bn khng trit khi thit bsgy tch tbn lm ngp ming ng trung tm cng nh hng ln ti slm vic cathit blng trong v nng sut ca thit b.

2.3 Chtiu khng chkthut:

Nhit nc mui vo thng lng trong 55 3 oC

3. Cng on ra bn :

3.1Thit b(hnh v)3.2 Trnh tthao tc:

Trc khi nhn ca phi xem xt bo biu, tnh trng lng, trong cc bra bn vnng mui trong cc btheo trnh tcao, trung bnh, thp.

Khi vn chuyn dch ra bn u vn hnh bng bm ht dch qua phao ni.

i vi dng in l 11500 A

Bm ht nc ra bn ca bcha nc mui c nng cao vbcha nc ra bn

Bm ht nc trong ca bc nng trung bnh sang bra bn mui c nng cao.

Bm ht nc trong ca bc nng thp sang bra bn mui c nng trung bnh.

Dng khi nn sc tt ccc gc bri ng kh nn yn tnh thc hin qu trnh lng

Mnc cng nghip vo bc nng thp nht, dung kh nn sc u ri mvan ydng bm ht dch bm vo my lc khung bn..(thi bn vo rnh thi).

Khi thi bn xong th phi hp vi lng trong tho bn vo bvi thtch bn bng b.




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Bm ht nc trong bc nng trung bnh sang bva tho bn, dng kh nn sc kb. Sau yn thc hin qu trnh lng.

Xnc cng nghip vo bc nng trung bnh vi lu lng quy nh. Dng kh nn

sc ton bb, sau yn thc hin qu trnh lng.nh kbm nc ra bn sang cng on ho tan, tnh chtheo yu cu sn xut.

i vi dng in 11500 A.

Dng bm ra bn, bm nc trong ca tng bsang thng cha nc ra bn.

Mnc cng nghip vo cc bho, dung kh nn sc u kton b.

lng, phn tch nng mui.i vi bc nng mui thp sau khi bm ht nc trong th thi bn sau tho bn

vo bvi thtch bn theo quy nh ri mnc cng nghip vo ho, dng khi nn scu kton b, yn thc hin qu trnh lng trong.

3.3. Cc chtiu khng chkthut.Tlthtch gia bn v nc l: 1/41/3

Nng mui trong bn thi : 15 g/l

Thtch bn thi bng thtch bn vo b

Cht lng nc mui cp in phn:

NaCl: 312 318 g/l

NaOH: 0,06 0,15 g/l Na2CO3: 0,25 0,5 g/l SO42-: < 8 g/l cng:


19/87



3.4. Cc sc, nguyn nhn, bin php xl:STT Hin tng Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc

1

Nhit nc muikhng nngln c

-

Mhi nng khng.

- Cc thi ncngng tc

- Kh khng ngngtrong thit bqunhiu

-

Mthm hi nng.- Sa cha cc nc

ngng.

- Thi ht kh khngngng trong thit b.

2

Lu lngnc muivo thnglng thp

- Cnh gung bm btc.

- ng chm gia nhittc.

- Chy bm d phng,bo sa cha.

- Chy gia nhit dphng, bo sa cha.

3

Lp dchtrong bc

- Chnh lch nhit nhp sut ln.

- Cht lng ncmui th khng hpcch.

- Cht lng muinguyn liu xuqu.

- Cht lng dch trlng khng t, lulng khng phhp hoc bginon.

- Gim bt lu lngnc mui th ri cnc vo cht lngnguyn liu p dngcc bin php tngng xl.

- Bsung trc tip chttr lng vo thnglng trong, sc khnn ng u( khng

sc y bn) ri yn thc hin qutrnh lng trong

4

Lp dchtrong bc

- Tlbn trn ncln-thi gian lngtrong khng mbo

- Khng chng tltheo quy nh.

- Duy tr thi gian lngtrong 8h.




20/87




5 Thi bnkhng c

- ng thi btc hocvan thi btc

- M van cn thi bnri dung nc mui

th thng hoctho van l chn ra vsinh sa cha.

6

Cht lng

n

c muikhng tt

- Ct bmang inhiu, khoang ctqu thp.

- Sau khi si ra thigian lc cha nhiunn cha hnh thnhc mng lc, tclc ln

- Thay thng lc mi,bsung ct cho thnglc c.

- ng nh van sutgim tc lc chthi gian nht nhmli bnh thng.

7

Mt ct bnttng ct ri

khi thnhthng.

- Khi si ra khngt, cht bn trongtng lc cn qu

nhiu

- Khng ch lu lngnc vo u, tngthi gian si ra

- Lm phng bmt ct.

8

Thng lcm b tchoc tc qu chm

- Do thng lc ctqu bn.

- Do kt tinh mui.- Ngng lc, v sinh

si ra thng

- Thng nc ngng.

9

Nng nc muitinh ch nhhn nng nc muith

- Thit bgia nhit bthng

- Van mi ca bmh

- Van lin thng vihnc sch khng

kn

- Vn hnh thit b dphng, bo sa cha

- Kim tra li van




21/87




10

Bm ncmui khngln

- ng nhp bmh

- Hcbm ncmui

- Kt tinh nc muitrn ng ngnhp

- Pht hin v x lchh

- Chn li bm- Pht hin ch kt

tinh, chy bm dphng

11

p sut rt

cao nhnglu lngbm thp,khng thyhi lu ncmui

- Van xut ca bm m

qu nh.

- ng ng xut bkttinh mui lm thu hp titdin ng xut hoc lm tchn ng xut.

- M to van xut ca bm

- Nhanh chng pht hinch kt tinh cc b, dngnc ngng thng. Nukhng thng c th phidng my xl.

12 Nc muitinh ch bc

- Cht lng nc mui

lc khng tt.- Trong bnc mui cnhiu kt ta

- Kim tra x l thng lc

- nh k ln lt v sinhcc bnc mui

13

Hm lngmui trongbn thi qucao.

- Lng bn vo bquln.- Tlbn / nc ln hnqui nh.

- Khi tin hnh ra, scbn khng k

- Khng ch ng t lbn/nc theo ng quynh.

Khi ra bn cn sc u k

cc vng trong ton b.

3.5. Mt svn lin quan.

Yu cu mui sau khi lm sch.Nc mui phi trong sut, mi trng trung tnh hay kim nh, nng Ca2+ v

Mg2+khng qu 0,001 (g/l)




22/87



Khi nc mui c nng 7 (g/l) trln th ngi ta cho ion Ba2+vo loi ion SO4.Khi xy ra phn ng:

Ba2++ SO42- BaSO4

Ta s dng Ba2+ tch SO42- v ion ny trong dung dch s nh hng n nng

mui, lm cho mui khng c ln c v SO42-rt mn, bm vo bmt truyn nhit lm

gim nng sut

4. Cng on lc mui bm mui :

tng cng lm sch nc mui, gip cho thit blng trong khi c scc th

nhn nc mui c, sau thit blng trong ngi ta thng lp thm thit blc m.

hnh v

* Cu to:

Hnh tr= 1600 mm, H = 3370 mm. Bn trong c cha cc lp si , ct lm vchngn lc, ta chn lp ct thch anh lc nc mui. trnh ho tan hoc phn ng vicc cu tc trong nc mui lm nh hng n cht lng nc cp cho in phn, cc

lp ct si c thnh phn ct si khc nhau, xp theo nguyn tc cc ht c kch thc ln di y v nhdn ln trn. Cch sp xp nhvy sto ra lp vch ngn lc c rngcao, ng knh lmao qun thay i lin tc gic cc ht vn nhnhng tr lc likhng ln trong qu trnh lm vic do smi mn lm gim dn khi lng v kch thcht m nn cn nh kkim tra v bsung chiu cao tng lp v kch thc, thnh phncht lp lc c btr nhsau:

Cht(mm) 5

Ban u(%) 5.5 29.1 29.7 33.1 2.6Sau 5 thng (%) 7.2 14.8 36.9 27.4 12.4 13

Nguyn l lm vic:

Ban u huyn ph c np y vo thng lc theo mng chy trn vo thit b. Cnduy tr chiu cao ca mc dch ny khng i, trnh si mnh lm nt lp lc, giai on u




23/87



mt sht nhc thchui qua llm c dch nhng cng c mt sht bkt vo lmaoqun hoc mt sht kt dnh vo vi nhau , bt mt phn lmao qun . Kt qucc ht rnnhdn bgili dch lc trnn trong dn. n mt lc no to ra lp mng trn bmtlc lc ny dch lc trnn trong sut . Dch lc c thu vo trong ng gp qua cc lb

tr trn bmt ng gp, qua ming ng xut xung bcha. Tutheo lng pha rn tronghuyn ph , chiu dy lp bn c gi li trn bmt lc, vn tc lc gim xung . nmt lc no trlc ca lp lc qu cao, cn phi ngng li tin hnh ra b khiphc tc lc.

Chu kra ngc vi lc: Nc ra theo ng gp 2 qua cc ltrn bmt ng phnbu trn ton btit din ca thng lc v i ngc ln pha trn , ko theo cc ht rnca lp b trn bmt qua mng vca s6 vthng cha nc ra, ra n khi trong sut.

Lu lng nc si ra khng chsao cho vn tc khng ln hn vn tc lng ca cc htc kch thc nhnht. trnh tri ht ct theo nc ra ra ngoi.

Chiu cao ca cc lp si ct khng , kch thc ht khng ng, bmt ct bntnkhng u n c nh hng n qu trnh lc. Do tc c gim dn theo thi gianlm vic nn cn khng chlu lng nc vo trong thng lc trnh chy trn thng lc.

5. Cng on in gii :

5.1.Nhim v:- Phn ly sn in phn mc thun khit cao nht: dch in gii, clo kh v

hyro kh.- Duy tr chlm vic ca thng n nh lin tc t hiu sut dng in mc cao

nht cho php.- Pht hin kp thi thay thsa cha thng in phn m bo an ton chng sc

xy ra.- Vsinh cng v, bo dng my mc thit bthuc phm vi qun l ca cng v.- Ghi chp kp thi, r rang, chnh xc y cc hng mc bo biu, c thc gi

gn bo biu y , sch s.

5.2. Smt bng phn xng cng on in gii:

Nc mui tcngon ha tan tinh ch




24/87



Nc mui scp trc khi vo cc thng in phn c gia nhit bi thit bgianhit dng tm ln nhit 85 90 oC.

Mt bng cng on in gii c 72 thng in phn ging nhau,chia lm 4 dy, mi dyc 18 thng. Cc thng in phn ging nhau v c mc ni tip vi nhau. Cc ng dnsn phm ca cc thng in phn cdn vng chung cho tng sn phm vchuyn sang cng on khc.

5.3. Thng in phn5.3.1 Cu to

Cu to thng in phn TitanDSA-8.(1)- ng thot kh Cl2 ( 90 ) nhaPVC , hoc nha Palit

(2)- ng phng n( 90 )(3)- ng thot kh H2 89 lm bngthp(4)- thc so mc dch katt t:nha PVC(5)- cnghng thot dch kattlit (bng thp 40)(6)- phu hng dch kattlit nha PVC(7)- Tm ng dng cc gm 13 thanh: 800x400mm/1 thanh.(8)- Chn scch in

(9)- Thp chU (2 nhnh)(10)- Tm thp chu lc

Thng in phn

Xt

( sangcng

on cc)

Hyr

(sang sykh)

Clo

( sangcng onsy kh)




25/87



(11) (15)- giong cao su(12)- ai c gia catt + dng cc ngoi ai c c scch in gia dng ccv m cc(13)- Thn hm catt lm bng thp

(14)- Tm ng m cc vn c trc tip vo thn hm catot(16)- Van np thng vi thn hm catot(17)- Tc o mc dch anolit 40(18)- Ca ly mu Cl2(H2/Cl2)(19)- Ca nhp nc mui 40

- Tng trng lng np thng : 776 Kg- Kch thc bn ngoi thng in phn:

1.76 x 1.05 x 1.98 (m)

-Tng trng lng GW=1.67 tnNp thng c lm bng thp trong c lt cao su, l 1 hnh thang y ln:

13000mm, y nh: 726mm.Cu to cc gc ln cc gc ddn lt cao su.Hin nay cng ty ang sdng loi np compozit Lf hp cht nha PVC bn vngtrong mi trng axit-kim nhng c nhc im l khng chu c nhit cao.

a. Anot:Mi thng in phn gm 13 tm anot c ph li Ti/TiO2 + RuO2 trong TiO2

chim 70 % v RuO230% c nhp tTrung Quc.

- Mi tm A c kch thc

+ Chiu di: 80 (mm)

+ Chiu rng: 40 (mm)

+ Chiu dy: 3 (mm)

- Thanh tip in lm bng ng c bt vt vo y thng in phn dn dngin ty thng vo A, t gia ngn K nhng khng tip xc K.

- Sau mt khong thi gian l 5 nm th lp oxit dn bbong ra ( do bin thnhthng), lc ta phi em sang Trung Quc tin hnh mli.

- u im ca in cc ny so vi in cc cc-bon grafit:

+ C tc n mn nh(10 50 g/nm) nn kch thc ca in cc l n nh




26/87



+ in ththng nh(2,2V)

+ Hiu sut in phn thu c cao (>97%)

+ dn cao

+ Qu thCl2 nh, chkhong 50 (mV)

b. Catot

- L ton bkhung thp lm than c bc xp cch in v nhit v cc tm chia ngnc c lin vo than. Tt ccc tm u c dng li.

- in c dn vo catot theo 2 thanh ng c bt cht vo mt mt ca than

thng, cn mt u ca 2 thanh ng kia th bt vo y ca thng ktip tip in choanot ca thng kia. Do dng in dn vo l dng mt chiu.

- Catot sau c phmt lp aming lm mng ngn, mng c tc dng khng chodung dch tA sang K. Mng c chto bm chc vo catot da vo p lc do mt bmchn khng to ra.

* c tnh kthut ca thng in phn TITAN DSA - 8 Phti dng in cc i : 15000 A/h Din tch cc dng : F=8.32 m2 Mt dng in cc dng: 14.5 18.0 A/dm2 in ththng: 3.16 3.33 V Cc ly gia cc v cc dng : 8.5 mm Chiu rng cc dng: 400 mm Chiu di cc dng: 800 mm Chiu dy cc dng: 33 mm Nhit thng: 900C 950C Hiu sut dng in : 96 %

5.3.2 Nguyn l lm vic:Nc mui c bo ha qua gia nhit cp vo qua ca (19). Sau khi quan st

mc nc mui qua thc o s(17). c dng in mt chiu i qua 2 cc: ccdng c i vo qua tm ng s(7), cc m i vo qua tm ng m cc s(14).Khi tng dng in mt chiu n mt cng cho php. Trong ant v trong katot

xy ra qu trnh in ha dung dch mui n, chia ra lm hai mc dch.Mui dch




27/87



anolit v mc dch catolit do c hai mc dch v schnh lch mc dch thu tnh:cc m catot cho ta sn phm: xt(dch in gii) v c tho qua ca s (5) quaphu s(6) PVC cch in.

Katot cc m cho ta sn phm th 2: kh H2 t vng catlt i ra ca ra,

phng scnthng ngi ta lp mng phng n.Ant cc dng: kh Cl2 c thot ra ca s(1) c bm sy kh Cl2 ht v.

Vai tr v chc nng thit b.

Vai tr v chc nng ca thng Anot TINTANDSA 8 ng vai tr ht sc quantrng trong cng on in phn nc mui ni ring v khu vc in phn Xt Cl2nichung. V vy vcng nghvn hnh lun lun phi tun ththeo quy nh nghim ngt vchtiu khng chkthut ca thng in phn DSA-8.

5.3.3 iu kin vn hnh ca thng in phn:Trc khi mmy cn ch cc iu kin sau:

- Cc thng in phn lp t hon chnh, cc phkin ca thng y , cc tmng ni thng lp chnh xc v tip xc tt.

- ng cng nghlp t xong, thng ra, thi dch thp t yu cu.- Hthng cp in (mt chiu, ng lc, chiu sang) sn sng cp in.- Cc thit b, bm, van, thuphong Cl2, H2y v hon thin.- Phn xng v cc bphn lin quan c in thoi thng tin, cng nhn vn hnh

phi c mt ti cng v.- Cc iu kin trn y th lm cng tc chun bchy my.- Phi cho trm N2t l trc 4 gim bo cung cp kh N2hp quy cch.- Trc khi mmy 2h, bo cng nhn cng vin phn, sy kh kh Cl2, dng N2

thng ton bhng ng H2. Phn tch O2dtrong ng ng, nu nhhn 1%thtch l c v giN2trong ng.

- Trc khi chy my bo cng nhn cng vsy kh Clo:Kim tra thng thuphong ca ng ng Clo chung xem c tt khng. Cho bmht Clo chy trc 30 pht.

- i vi mng mi a vo vn hnh, trc khi mmy 2h bt u cp nc muivo thng in phn. Khi thy nc mui chy trn ming ng xut dch ingii th ly nt cao su nt kn ming ng li.

- i vi cc thng vn hnh, bsung nc mui gia nhit ti mc 160 300mm. Cho nc vo cc thuphong H2v Cl2.

- Kim tra cc cu ng y thng in phn, giong y thng, ng ng dn khClo m bo phi kn, khng r r. Nu r rphi xl ngay trc khi mmy.




28/87



- Kim tra cc ng ng dn kh, dn dch v bphn cch in phi m bo snxut bnh thng.

- Trong trng hp c nghi ng, trc khi mmy 1 gibo cho ha nghim lymu dch dng cc ca cc thng c bit kim tra hm lng st trong .

- Kim tra ln cui trc khi mmy:+ Thng in phn c mt t khng? My mc thit blm vic bnh thng

khng?+ C chno r rkhng? Cc ng ho c iu kin lm vic khng?+ Cp nc mui c bnh thng khng?

Lnh cho cng nhn vo cng vchun bmmy.

5.4. Cc chtiu khng chkthut:

TT Hng mc Chtiu Sln Vtr

1 Nhit nc mui vo thng (oC) 75-85oC Thng xuyn

2 H2/Cl2tng thng %


29/87



10 p sut H2ng chung (mmH2O) 0 5 Thng xuyn

11 p sut Cl2ng chung (mmH2O) -5 -15 Thng xuyn

5.5. Cc sc, nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc:TT Hin tng Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc

1 ng dnnc muibtc

- Trong nc mui cnhiu gc SO4

2- v khi

nhit thp l mui kttinh- Gia nhit nc muiqu cao lm bc hi ncnhiu lm mui kt tinhtrong ng ng

- Thng ng ng dn ncmui, nu thng c phi

ngng in- Bo cng vnc mui xl gc SO4

2-v nng cao nhitnc mui- Gia nhit nc mui ngqui cch

2

ng ngdn ncmui b r,nc muichy ranhiu

- Do lu ngy ng ngb mn.

- Do mi hn khng tt- Do ha cht khc bnvo

Nhanh chng chun bvt tthay th, nng cao mc nc

mui ton bcc thng ln250mm. ng van xut ncmui thng cao vli, nhanhchng thay on ng hng.Nu thng no cn phi bsung nc mui trc tipngay lp tc

3 H2 bchy

- B phn ngt in H2khng sch gy dngin b r.- Cch in ca thngin phn khng tt cb phn b tip t gylu in v chnh lchin thi t qu ln.

- Lin hvi cng on sykh Clo khng chp H2dng ngn la chy ngoing ri dng vi aming hocnt cao su nt li cch ly H2vi khng kh.- Thay ng cao su bchy, vsinh bphn ngt in H2.

- Kim tra in thi t,




30/87



nu ln qu phi xl.

- Khi H2bchy tuyt ikhng c ct dng in 1

chiu hoc khng chp sutH2m

4 Mc dchton bccthng gim

- Mc dch thng cao vnc mui gim.

- ng dn nc mui br

- Bm Clo ht qu m

- Tc gia nhit

- Bo cng on nc muicp nc mui. Thng tcgia nhit

- Kim tra v bt kn vt d

- bo cng on sy kh Clokhng chng qui nh

5 Hm lngH2/Cl2 ccthng ucao

- Hm lng Fe + trongnc mui qu cao

- p sut H2qu ln hocp sut Clo dao ngnhiu

- Thi bnc mui cthaync mui mi hp qui cch

- Bo cng on sy kh Clokhng chng qui nh

6 Lu lngthng inphn c

bit rt ln

- Nu mc dch dngcc khng gim nhanhth do ming xut H2cathng b tc lm H2khng thot ra c honton.

- Nu mc dch dng

cc gim nhanh th domng ngn b rch hocbti ra

- Kim tra xl tc

- Mln nc mui duy trmc dch phn tch hmlng H2/Cl2nu ln hn 3%th ct ngay thng .

7

p sutClo lnhn quinh

- Cng on sy kh csc

- Tc ng thy phong haybphn lm lnh dn ti

Clo btc

- Lin hvi cng on sykh Clo khng chng quinh.

- Kim tra thng cc thy

phong Clo




31/87



8

HmlngH2/Cl2trong thngc bit cao

Nu l thng in phnmi lp th do:

- Mng cch mng qu,

H2khuch tn sang nhiu- Trong khi lp thng haykhi np nc mui lmthng mng cch, dchin gii chy nhiu vc

- Khi lp thng b qun

vt bng st trong thng.

Nu l thng c th do :mng gi, trlc ln nnH2 khuch tn sang phacc dng nhiu

- Nu l thng in phn milp th tip tc phng khngH2nng cao mc nc mui.Nu khng c th thaymng hoc xl ly vt bngst ra.

- Nu l thng cth nng caomc dch nc mui phngkhng H2ti ch. Nu khngc th thay mng cch.

9

B phnngt in

H2 cathng cbit c hintng sibt

Tc ming ng xut dchin phn

Trong ming ng xut dchin phn.

10

p sut H2thng c

bit cao

ng nhnh H2btc -Thng ng nhnh H2

11

p sut H2cao khngn nh

- ng thy phong H2 btc

- Bphn xl H2bsc

- Thng ng thy phong H2

- Lin hvi cng on sykh Clo, nu trong thi gianngn khng xl c thphng khng H2ngay.

in th

thng c

Lp thng khng chnh

xc gy on mch

Tho thng cch ly gia anot

v catot bng vt liu cch




32/87



12 bit thp in

13

p sutClo thngc bit qucao

- Tc ng nhnh Clo

- Trong ng chung Cloca dy thng ng ncnh hng n mingxut Clo ca thng .

- in ththng qu cao,nhit thng qu cao,Clo mang nhiu hi nchoc c s on mch

gia cc cc gy nhit thng cao

- Khng chp Clo ngchung m, ri trang bmt n

vo thng nhnh Clo btc

- Thi nc ng

- Kim tra in ththng qucao hoc qu thp th cho ctthng.

14

in thcc thngin phnu thp

- Vn kkhng chnh xc

-Dng in chnh lu bokhng chnh xc, thphn thc t

- Hiu chnh li Vn k

- Yu cu chnh lu kim trali dng in

15

p sut hinng trongthit b gianhit tngqu mccho php

- Do lu lng ncmui gim hoc b tcnght.

- Do bmt tm trao inhit b cu bn cn trqu trnh trao i nhit

- Do p sut hi ngun

tng t ngt

- Dng vn hnh tm thithit b, chuyn vn hnh tmthi thit bdphng, tmcch thng tc ng ncmui, sau chuyn thit bsang vn hnh bnh thng

- Dng vn hnh thit b,chuyn vn hnh sang thit b

dphng. Sau a thit bvchbo dng.

- Khng chli van hi nngcp vo thit b

-S cch in b kt tinhmui.

- Hoa sen khng phng

- Ra nc ct ri lau kh.

- t hoa sen phng cch

phu mt khong xc nh.




33/87



16

Chnh lchin th

i t quln.

hay chm vo phu.

- B phn ngt in H2khng sch.

- Ming phun nc muikhng tt to ra m.

- C vt dn in l tthng in phn xungt

- B phn chnh lu tipt blu in.

- Tho xung ra sch ri laukh.

- Thay u phun nc mui

khc.- Kim tra v loi b.

- Nu xl nhtrn khnghiu quth do bphn chnhlu blu in cn bo cho hxl.

17

in ththng cao

c bit cao

Nu l thng mi do:

-Dng cc ch tokhng tt

- Tm ng tip xckhng tt.

Nu l thng cdo:-Mng cch qu gi.

i vi thng mi:

-Thay thdng cc mi.Xit cht cc mi tip xc.

i vi thng c:

-Thay thdng cc, nng

cao mc nc mui, thomng em ra hoc thay thmng mi.

18

Nhit tm ngcao

-Cc mi tip xc tmng khng tt.

- Vn cht cc mi tip xc,bi du bo v.

19

p sutbung hinng cathit b dphng tngcao.

Do van hi nng cp vo

thit bbh.

Mnhch van xut nc

ngng tthit bgia nhit dphng n cc tho ncngng xp trong thit bgia nhit dphng vO, sau tm cch lm kn hoc thayvan hi nng vo thit bgianhit dphng.

-Dng in dao ng ln

nhiu ln.

nghcng ty gii quyt:

-Yu cu chnh lu li chnh




34/87



20 Hiu sut

dng inthp.

-Dng in mt chiubo cao hn thc t.

-o th tch dch in

phn khng chnh xc.-Phn ng phdo:

+Nhit in phnthp, Clo tan nhiu trongdch.

+Nc mui hm lngthp.

+Mng cch gi hockhng ch nc muithp qu, nng dchin phn qu cao.

+Khng ch lu lngnc mui khng n

nh.+p sut Cl2, H2 daong qu ln.

-Mt in nhiu do:

+Chn sbv.

+Hoa sen v lch phu,

chm thng.+ng nhnh H2bn.

-in th thng qu thpdo on mch.

xc.

-C thdo phn tch nng khng chnh xc, yu cu

kim tra li.-o thtch in phn chochnh xc.

-Tm cc bin php khc phccth.

+Gia nhit nc mui ngquy nh.

+Bo cng on nc muixl kp thi.

-Bo sa cha gp.

-Khng chmc nc muing quy nh, nu khngc tho ra mng hoc thay

mng cch mi.

-Khng chlu lng ncmui n nh.

-Lin hcng on sy khClo, khng chp sut nnh.

-Tutheo tnh hnh thc tmgii quyt cho ph hp.

-Tho thng in phn cch lyant v catt

in th

-Nhit nc mui thphn quy nh.

-Tip xc khng tt, tm

-Khng chnhit ncmui khng ng.

-Xit cht cc mi tip xc




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21 cc thngin phnu cao.

ng bnng.

-Vn mt khng chnhxc, ampe mt ca chnh

lu chkhng ng

thanh ng.

-Hiu chnh vn k, bo chochnh lu khng chdng

in cho ng

6 Cng on c c xt :6.1 Nhim v:

- a dch in phn c nng 100 130 g/l NaOH c c thnh dung dch cnng 30% NaOH.

- a mui tinh khit tch ra sau khi c c sang cng vlc mui xl.- Nng cao thc trch nhim v tay ngh, phn u hthp tiu hao nng lng,

hi nng, mui cng nghip.- Vsinh, sa chnhng thit b, van thuc phm vi qun l ca cng v.- Ghi chp r rng, chnh xc, kp thi v y cc hng mc ca bng biu. C

thc bo v, gign bo biu y , sch s.

6.2 Dy chuyn cng ngh:

6.3 Ni c c :

6.3.1 Cu to :

Dch sauin phn

trong thngcha

Thit b

gianhit

Hiu

1

Hiu

2

Xyclon

tch mui

Sn

phm




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a. Cu to ca thit bc c (hnh v)

- L loi ng tun hon trung tm

- Phn xng c c c 2 ni chnh. Lm vic xui chiu c cu to ging nhau gm 3phn chnh: bung t, bung bc hi, y nn.

* Bung t:

C dng hnh tr, bng thp

Cc thng sbung t gm c:

Chiu cao: 2000 mm ng knh: 1420 mm dy thnh v: 8 mm Tng din tch truyn nhit : 80 m2. 1 ng tun hon trung tm 500 mm v 224 ng truyn nhit c 57

x 3,5.

Cc ng c lm bng inox. u trn v u di ca cc ng c ghp vi mt sng m bo kn gia ng vi mt sang v ng vi vthit b.

1 ca nhp hi t 280 mm. 1 ca xnc ngng 57 mm 1 ca xkh khng ngng 280 mm.

* Bung bc hi.

C dng hnh tr, c lm bng thp.

Cc thng sca bung bc hi.

Chiu cao: 4300 mm ng knh: 1420 mm 1 ca nhp dch 89 mm,gn ng nhp dch a vo ng trung tm.




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1 ca hi th: 280 mm. 1 btch git v 1 bthu hi git 50mm khng cho xt bc hi

theo hi th.

1 ca o nhit hi th32mm. 2 ca nhp nc ra 57 x 3,5mm. 1 ca o nhit bung bc. 1 ca sa cha bung bc 400 mm 1 ca ly mu 32mm kim tra mu 1 ca tun hon tch mui 108 mm 2 mt knh quan st 50mm

* y nn:

Cc thng s:

Mt ca xut dch 108 Mt ca sa cha y 500

y nn l ni cha mui kt tinh trong qu trnh c c

6.3.2 Nguyn l lm vic:

- Nguyn tc hot ng chung ca hai hiu l: lm vic xui chiu.

- hiu 1 dung dch xt c ln mui c un si nhhi t l hi nc bo ha do

c schnh lch nhit gia chng trao i nhit gin tip. Hi thca hiu 1ngay khi to thnh bht vo hiu 2 do c schnh lch p sut gia hai hiu; mi hiu th dung mi li bay hi mt phn lm cho nng ca dung dch tng dnln v mui dbkt tinh nhiu hn.

- Vic to p sut chn khng cho hiu 2 l iu kin hin quan trng hai hiu lmvic lin tc, ni tip nhau. iu kin th d nhit hi ththiu 1 sang hiu 2c gim ng knhng nhit si ca dung dch li gim nhiu hn mc d nng ca n tng.




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- Hin nay, ngoi 2 hiu chnh th nh my cn c thm 1 hiu phna tng nngsut v hiu quc c.

Hi nng c i vo bung t ca s 2 vo khong trng gia cc ng truyn

nhit. Dch c nhp ca 12 bung bc hi ri vo ng trung tm. Lng nhit c cpcho ng truyn nhit (theo n vthtch) ln hn nhiu so vi ng trung tm v c simnh lit hn to ra schnh lch trng lng ring v dch trn vo ng trung tm i xungdi to ra dng tun hon tnhin lin tc. Hi thc bc ln hiu I v lm hi tcho hiu II. Dch c chuyn tni I sang ni II nhschnh lch p gia 2 ni qua caxut dch 1. Nc ngng trong bung t c thu hi qua ca 14. Nc ngng hiu 2 cko theo 1 lng xt nh c cha vo thng cha nc ngng cp cho l hi. Ncngng hiu I c tho qua gia nhit gia nhit dch in gii trc khi vo ni c c v

sau tho vo thng cha ho mui.hiu II sau khi bc hi nc dch c nng cao hn, nht ln hn, mui kt

tinh nhiu v phi dng bm tun hon tch bt 1 lng mui, dch c tun hon vcas5. Hiu 2 phi to chn khng > 550mmHg, ng vi nhit si ca dch t70-800C.Dch sau khi chuyn thiu 1 sang hiu 2 blnh i do schnh lch nhit stn ra mtlng nhit lm bc hi 1 lng hi gi l qu trnh tbc hi. Hi thhiu 2 c bmtuye ht qua ca s9 v tho vo bthuphong. Ca s4 thng xuyn kim tra ly mucho t yu cu kthut, dch t yu cu c tho qua ca 1 bm vthng lm lnh tchbt mt lng mui ri bm ra thng cha.

Bphn thu hi dch xt, tm chn tch git xt thu hi lng xt bay theo hi th.Ca s10 nhp nc ra hiu khi bmui bm nhiu lm gim nng sut c c. Trongqu trnh c c c lng kh khng ngng c xnh kqua ca s3

6.4. Trnh tthao tc

a. Chun bchy my:

- Kim tra thit b, van, ng ng, dng c o phi t yu cu hot ng bnhthng.

- Cn cvo qu trnh cng nhn phi hp vi cc cng vkhc kim tra cc thitb,van, ng ng c lin quan n cng vmnh phi m bo lm vic tt.

- Mvan xkh khng ngng, mvan nc ngng vo v ra thit b, gia nhit, mvan nc ngng, cc tho nc ngng vo thng cha nc ngng, mvan nc vo bm

Tuye, mvan phng khng hi nc, mvan thi nc ngng trc tip.




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- Chun by dng csa cha, trang bbo hlao ng, dng cphn tch vbo biu ghi.

- Kp trng kim tra sphi hp vi cc cng vkhc.

- Bo iu nhn hi nng.

b. Thao tc chy my:

- Bo trm bm 2 bm nc cp cho Tuye t p sut qui nh

- i cho chn khng hiu 2 tng dn, bo cng vchy bm tin hnh chy bmdch in gii vo hiu 1 di mt knh trn, sau mvan cho dch in gii tun hon vthng cha dch in gii.

- Bo iu nhn hi nng v thi nc ngng. Khi nc ngng thi ht ttmvan hi nng chung; duy tr 10 pht thng hi nng hiu 1 ( p sut Pduy tr= 4 6 at ). Khithy hi bc ra, nhiu th ng van thi chung li. M van xut,nhp ca cc thi ncngng, ng van thi trc tip li, sau mvan thi kh khng ngng ra mt lc ri ngli.

- Khi dch trong hiu 1 si u th mvan qua liu a dch thiu 1 sang hiu 2ti mc qui nh ri ttmvan hi nng ti p sut qui nh.

- Sau khi p sut hi nng hiu 2 tng ln, yn van thi kh khng ngng mt lcri ng li.

- Khi thy hiu 2 xut hin nhiu mui bo cho cng vvn hnh bm chy bm tunhon hiu 2 tin hnh tch mui. iu chnh lu lng dch xt v lu lng bm mui chothch hp, duy tr vic tch mui sao cho bn mui tng i c.

c. Lm vic bnh thng.

- Duy tr p sut hi nng, chn khng ca cc hiu t yu cu ng qui nh.Mc dch qui nh gia 2 mt knh.

- Thng xuyn theo di tnh hnh ca hiu c c, xl kp thi cc hin tng tc,m bo ng qua liu c thng sut.

- Thng xuyn quan st khng chhiu qutch mui, m bo tch mui c. Nutrong ni thy t mui, dch trong th c thngng bm tun hon hiu 2.

- C2h mt ln thi kh khng ngng ca cc hiu c c, ti khi thy hi nng ranhiu th thi.




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- Thng xuyn ch mc dch ca thng trung gian dch xt cha kp thi rt vohiu c c 2.

- Phi khng chcc chtiu kthut, m bo theo qui trnh.

d. Thao tc xut liu:

- Thng xuyn dng bome kkim tra ttrng dch c hiu 2, nu ttrng ca dchc hiu 2 t 38,5 39oB (i vi xt 30%) v 34,5 350B (Vi xt 25%) th tin hnhxut liu.

- Mvan xut liu vo thng trung gian xut liu.

- ng van y xyclon, ng van dch v hiu, m van ht dch gim chn

khng ca hiu 2.

- Bo cho cng vvn hnh bm xut liu.

- Khi xut liu ht dch th ng cht van xut liu, van ly mu.

- Qua liu thiu 1 sang hiu 2 tin hnh c mdch khc.

e. Ngng my

* Ngng my tm thi:- Lin hvi iu bchun btt cng tc ngng my.

- Khi c c hiu 2 t 38,5 39 oB (i vi xt 30%) v 34,5 35oB(i vi xt25%) th ngng qua liu, ngng hi nng vo hiu 1, ngng bm nc cho Tuye, xut liuton bxt c hiu 2, ngng bm tun hon hiu 2.

- Duy tr mc dch bnh thng 2 hiu, sau ngng bm cp dch in gii.

- Khi chy my li, trc ht phi mchn khng hiu 2, a hi nng vo hiu 1(P=12 at), tin hnh mmy bnh thng.

* Ngng my sa cha theo khoch.

- Cn cvo thi gian ngng my bo iu ngng cp hi nng hiu 2. C cdch hiu 2 t n nng cho php th ngng nhp liu v qua liu; gim p sut hi nnghiu xung 1 2 at.




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- Xut liu hiu 2, bm nc( ra hiu 1), sau ngng bm tun hon hiu 2.ng van bn mui ca xyclon. ng liu mt phn nc ra hiu 1 sang hiu 2. Bm ncra 2 hiu.

- Bo iu lin h ngng nc trm 2 v hi nng, m cc van thi kh khngngng. Dng nc ra hiu ra thng cha xut liu, thng lm lnh, thng lng trong,cc van, ng ng

* Ngng my khn cp.

- Nu mt nc, hi, in t ngt hoc c scnghim trng c bit no khngthtip tc sn xut c na th phi ngng my khn cp.

- Bo iu ngng hi nng lp tc, ng thi ng van chung hi nng, mvanthi kh khng ngng ca bung gia nhit

- Ngng nhp liu, qua liu cc hiu c c, ngng bm dch in gii, bm tunhon hiu 2.

- Bo trm bm 2 ngng cp nc cho Tuye.

* Thao tc ra hiu c c

- Khi thy nng sut c c gim, knh nhn mui bo hiu nhiu, p sut hi nnghiu 2 qu cao, chn khng hiu 2 cao th phi tin hnh thao tc ra hiu c c.

- Thao tc ra: Ngng nhp dch vo hiu 1, gim p sut hi nng hiu 1 xung 1 1,5 at, khi dch xt c c t nng xut liu hiu 2. Ngng bm tun hon hiu 2. Bmnc ra hiu 1, ng thi qu liu nc ra hiu 1 sang hiu 2 , bm nc ra hiu 2. Nngdn p sut hi nng ln cho thch hp. Khi thy hiu sch ri th gim p sut hi nng 2hiu, chy bm tun hon hiu 2, a nc ra ra thng cha, qu liu nc ra hiu 1 sanghiu 2 ra xyclon, ng ng tun hon. Sau ng li a ht nc ra 2 hiu ra thng

cha, khi phc sn xut trli.

6.4. Cc chtiu khng chkthut ca cng on c c :

p sut hi nng vo hiu I : 51 at. p sut hi nng vo hiu II : 1,40,6 at chn khng hiu II : 500100mmHg




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Nhit hiu I : 110 130oC Nhit hiu II: 70 85 oC p sut nc to chn khng :3at Mc dch trong hiu : gia hai mt knh Nng xut hin : 410 440 g/l Nhit xt sau lm lnh < 50oC Hm lng Xt trong nc thi: 0,001 g/l. Nc ngng hiu 1 : khng c xt. Hm lng xt trong nc ngng hu 2: 0,002g/l.

6.5. Cc scbt thng nguyn nhn- cch khc phc :

TT Hin tng Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc

1

Nng sut cc thp

- ng ra nhit ca hiu c

b kt tinh mui nhiu,tch mui km.

- p sut hi nng thp.

- chn khng khngt yu cu.

- Dch in gii c nngthp.

- Van nc ca hiu b rr.

- Din tch truyn nhitgim do ng ncngng hoc kh khngngng.

- Lp bo n ca hiu c

- Ra hiu c c , tng

cng tch mui .- Tng p sut hi nng.

-Nng p sut chn khnghiu II.

- Yu cu cc cng vtunth ng quy trnh , nngcao nng dch in giing quy nh.

- Kim tra cc van , x kthi ht nc ngng, khkhng ngng trong hiu .




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bhhng

2

Khng khngchc mcdch trong nic

-Van nc bh.

-Nc trn vtuye.

- Kim tra van h v timcch xl van cho kn li.

- V sinh ng baromet chothot ht nc.

3 Nc ngnghiu 1 c xt

- Do thit b gia nhit bthng.

- Ty mc c th tiptc sn xut hoc ngngmy sa cha.

4 chnkhng hiu

hai thp

-Thit b, ng ng, van,bch c lin quan bh.

-Lng nc cp cho tuyekhng , nhit ncqu cao.

-ng ng chn khng btc hoc ng h chn

khng hng.

- p sut hi nng hiu 1qu cao.

- Thit b tp bt b tcmui

- Kim tra, pht hin chbhv tm bin phpgii quyt chh.

-Kim tra van nc v botrm bm 2 tng p sutnc cp cho tuye.

-Dng nc thng ng

ng chn khng, thayng h chn khngkhc.

- Gim p sut hi nngng quy nh.

-Dng nc ngng ra.

,

5

Hm lngxt trongnc ngnghiu 2 quln

- Mc dch hiu 1 qucao.- Thit b gia nhit b

thng.

- Mchn dch hiu 1 bri

- Duy tr mc dch hiu 1ng quy nh.- Ty tnh hnh c th

tip tc sn xut hocdng my sa cha

- Ngng my sa cha.




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6

ng qua liubnght tc

- ng ng hoc vanbtc mui

- Ty van qua hiu btt- y hiu c, hoc

ng ng b vt lchn tc.

- Dung dch in giithng ra.

- Ngng my sa chavan.

- Ngng my toong tc.

7 Xyclon tchmui khngtt

- Van y xyclon btc.- p sut lm vic ca

xyclon khng t.

- Hm lng mui rntrong huyn ph thp.

- Thng tc van yxyclon.

- Tho cng v chybm nng p sut.

- Tm thi dng tunhon tch mui.

8 - Tc aphun do rc

- Cn Canxibm vo thn

Ltuye khng to c chn khng

Nc lm lnh thp, uphun rng

- Ngng c c tho kimtra vsinh thng tc rchoc cn bm bn bm

vo, c b cn Canxibm vo thn tuye nul phun rng cho thayu phun khc.

7. Cng on loc mui :7.1 Dy truyn cng ngh:

Bn tcao v(313) c tho xung thng to huyn ph (3141,b), ti y bn muic bxung thm dch in gii ti nng huyn ph thch hp ri dung bm (329a,b)cp my lc li tm (330a.b)

Dch nc ci thu c sau li tm i vo thng lng (333a) ti y mui lt qua li tmc lng xung y cn phn dch trong i sang thng cha (333b) c bm bm v




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301c. Lng pha nng trong thng (333a) c nh kkhuy u ri dung bm huyn ph(334a,b) bm vthng to huyn ph (314a,b) hoc bm vthng lm lnh (320) .

B mui ra khi thit b li tm i xung thit bha tan (331), ti y mui kt tinh

c ha vi nc ngng bng ccu khuy trn thy lc. Bm (332) c nhim vto nglc khuy trn. Nc mui ha tan c chy trn ti thng cha (316a), v c nh kbm cp ti cng on ha tan tinh ch.

7.2. Quy trnh thao tc

7.2.1. Kim tra trc khi chy my

a. My li tm

- Kim tra an ton vin iu kin vn hnh cha?

- ng cp huyn ph vo, cc ng nc ra, lm mt thng sut khng btc.

- Cc bulong (chn b, st xi) khng blng, tt cu c vn cht.

- Kim tra mc du trong kt trong phm vi cho php

- Dy ai c iu kin lm vic khng? Qu cng, trng hoc cng khng u

- Ly tay xoay nhtrng quay, kim tra xem c quay trn tru, c vt g cn khng.- ng in cho ng cbm du, ng cli tm xem c hin tng bt thng g khng.Chiu quay c ng khng.

b. Thng chun bhuyn ph

- Chy thkhuy khng ti, kim tra ng c, gim tc, khuy lm vic c rung n, tingku c khc lhay khng.

c. Kim tra cc thit bkhc

- Kim tra cc bm li tm bao gm: an ton in, khp ni pu li, chp bo him, ng ng,van v cc cng vc lin quan

7.2.2. Chy my

a. To huyn ph va vi

- ng in cho my khuy lm vic

- Tho bn mui xung thng to huyn ph n mc mt knh quan st di.




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- Bsung dch in gii xung n mc 2/3 chiu cao thng.

- Kim tra sbtlrn lng: Chkhuy u mc mu vo cc, lng sau khong 5 phtquan st tlrn/ lng nu cha t th bsung thm dch in gii hoc bn mui cho ng

chtiu kthut.- Gii hn mc huyn ph trong thng: mc knh quan st trn.

b. Bm li tm (Bm huyn ph, bm ha mui v bm dch)

* Chy bm

- Mi bm

+ M

van nhp, xu

t b

m

ui h

t kh trong bu

ng b

m.

+ ng van nhp, xut bm.

+ Mvan lm mt cchn.

- ng in ng c.

- T tmvan nhp, van xut v khng chcho bm lm vic chn nh v trongphm vi dng in nh mc.

* Ngng bm

- ng van xut, nhp bm.

- ng ct in ng c.

- ng van lm mt cchn.

c. Bm cp huyn ph my li tm.

- Mmy+ ng: van cp my li tm.

+ M: Van tun hon vthng to huyn ph.

+ Thao tc theo trnh tchy bm phn b.

- ng my.

+ ng: van xut, van tun hon vthng to huyn ph.+ M: Van nc ngng thng ra ng ng.




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+ Lm theo trnh tngng bm phn b

d. Chy my li tm

- Kim tra mt ln na my li tm theo cc bc chun btrn.

- ng cu dao vo tin iu khin.

- Bt cng tc ng cbm du, kim tra xem trng quay trong chuyn ng tnh tin cu, vng mc hay c ting ku lg khng. Sau iu chnh sln y ca trng quaytrong mc 75 80 ln/pht. Quan st chkhng ti Ibm du 5A l t yu cu.

- Bt cng tc ng cmy chnh.

- Khi my t tc n nh quan st dng in ng cchnh, khi dng n nh th tinhnh cc thao tc theo trnh t:

+ Gim mca van tun hon, quan st ng ho p n my khi P = 0,8 1,2

at l t.

+ Mvan nc cng nghip vo phu hng mui mc thch hp (lng nc vn chuyn ht lng mui li tm ra)

+ Mdn van cp huyn ph vo my, cn cmc to b mui trn trng quay,mc sch, kh, lng b mui ra iu chnh mca van cho ph hp.

+ Mnh2 van nc ra trong trng quay (khong 1/4 mvan).

+ Khi nhit u ln khong 400C th mvan lm lnh u

e. Chy bm ha tan

- Mmy

+ Mvan nhp nc ngng, van nhp thng ha mui.


- iu chnh hha tan.

+ Khng chvan nc ngng sao cho ha tan ht lng mui li tm ra v m bonng mui ng chtiu kthut.

+ nh k kim tra ttrng nc mui bng ttrng k.

+ Quan st biu hin nc mui trong thng ha.




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+ Nc c mu trng c, vn llng Lng nc ngng mvo ha nh

+ Nc c mu trong sut Lng nc ngng mvo ha qu ln

- ng my+ Thao tc theo trnh tngng bm phn b

+ ng: van nc ngng, van nhp thng ha mui

f. Chy bm dch ci

- Khi mc dch trong thng cha (333b) ln mc trn ca thc o tin hnh bm cp dchnc ci ra 301c.

- Khi mc dch trong thng cha (333b) xung mc di ca thc o, tin hnh dng bm.

- Yu cu:

+ Thao tc chy v dng bm theo mc b.

+ Lu mng van chnh xc trn hng ng nhp, xut (trnh nhm ln).

g. Chy bm nc mui

- Khi mc dch trong thng cha (316a) ln mc trn ca thc o tin hnh bm cp ncmui sang cng on ha tan tinh ch.

- Khi mc dch trong thng cha (316a) xung ti mc di ca thc o, dng bm cpnc mui.

- Yu cu

+ Thao tc chy v dng bm theo mc b

+ Lu mng van chnh xc trn hng ng nhp, xut (trnh nhm ln)

h. Bm bn mui ti thng lng nc ci (333a)

- Mmy

Cn cmc dch trong tng thng to huyn ph, quyt nh bm bn mui vothng no. Thc hin theo trnh tsau:

+ Bt my khuy. khuy u bn mui trong thng (333a)

+ Mvan y thng lng.




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+ M: van vthng to huyn ph (khi sdng bm huyn ph), mvan xut bmdch.


- ng my

Sau khi ht ht lng bn mui y cn ( mc dch xung ht chiu cao phn tr)th dng bm:

+ Thao tc theo trnh tngng bm phn b

+ M: van nc ngng thng ra ng ng.

+

ng: vany thng l

ng, van n

c ng

ng, t

t khu

y thng l

ng

- Tt ng ckhuy thng.

7.3. Chtiu khng chkthut

1

`

Thng to huyn ph ng c

khuy

I1.2= 5 6 A

Tlpharn (%):

50 60

2 Bm huyn ph (duy tr trong khong) I1= 6 7 A I2= 8

P xut = 0,8 1,2 Kf/cm2

3 My li tm

ng cbm du

I = 5 8 APdu= 5 20 Kf/cm

2

mc du: trong phm vi mtknh quan st

ng cli tm I = 10 20A

4 Bm dch ci I 4,7 A

5 Bm thu hi I 4,7 A

6 Bm ha tan I 6 7 A




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7 Nng mui sau ha tan NaCl 275g/l; (d =1,17 1,2)[NaOH] 2,5 g/lKim tra trng lng k: 1ln/h

8 ng ckhuy thng lng dch nc ci : I 5A9 Rt bn mui trong thng lng dch nc ci: 6 ln/ca

7.4. Sc- nguyn nhn- cch khc phc

TT Sc Nguyn nhn Cch khc phc1 Cc sci vi

bm li tm- Xem phn thao tc vnhnh bm li tm

- Xem phn thao tcvn hnh bm li tm

2Trng quay trongy khng u

- Lu lng huyn ph cpvo my khng n nh.- Van nc ra mqu nh,hoc mt nc.- Nhit du qu cao.

- Duy tr p sut bmn nh- Mthm van ncra kim tra ngunnc cp

3 Bm du xut hinting ku l - Du c bt, van tit luchia p lc qu thp - Thay du mi iuchnh p lc

4 My chy rung

- Tm li lc bhng.- Huyn ph qu long, bmng khng u.- Huyn ph qu c, bphn bkhng u trntrng quay.- Cc bulong st xi chn bblng hoc t

- Thay tm li lc- iu chnh nng huyn ph cho ph hp- Vn cht cc bulongchn b, bo sa cha

5 Trng quay bkt cting ku l

- Trc chnh bmn phatrc, pha sau vmy blng, tt xung.

- Thay mi- iu chnh li vmy

6Cng dng inng cchnh caoqu, dy curoa tamgic c ting rt.

- Dy curoa cng qu.- Trc ca mng gp v trcca trng quay khng trngnhau.

- iu chnh dy cu-roacho thch hp- Thng tc b muitrn mng gp

7 Bn mui theo dch

- Hng li lc- Huyn ph qu long, tob lc mng

- Thay li lc- iu chnh nng huyn ph ng yu




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nc ci nhiu - Cht qu nh cu kthut- Phi thm bn muic cht ln vo thngto huyn ph.

8 Nng sut khng t

- Huyn ph qu long- Lu lng vo my qunh- Tn sut y thp.

- iu chnh nng huyn ph cho ngyu cu kthut.- iu chnh lnghuyn ph cp vo mycho thch hp.- Tng tn sut y camy ph hp.

9 B mui tch ra bt

- Vi nc ra trng quay

ngoi lp t khng ng vtr.- Nc ra mqu ln.- Tn sut y qu nhanh.

- iu chnh li vtr

vi nc ra- Gim lng nc ra- iu chnh gim btsln y.

10 Nng nc muiqu thp hoc qucao

- Lng nc ngng hamui mqu nhhoc quln

- iu chnh lngnc ngng vo hathch hp

11

Nng NaOH

trong n

c mu

i haqu cao hoc quthp

- To huyn ph qu choc qu long, bn mui

long.- Nc ra qu nhhoc quln.- Lu lng huyn ph cpvo qu nhhoc qu ln.

- Sl li huyn phcho ng yu cu k

thut.- iu chnh lng

nc ra thch hp- iu chnh lu lnghuyn ph cp vo mythch hp.

12 Mui kt tinh tithng cha dchnc mui trunggian (316a) qunhiu.

- Nc mui ha qu boha.- Mnc mui vo hamui nh, mui ht khngtan ht btri theo ncmui ra thng.

- Mnc ngng chytrn ra thng, dng khnn sc u cho nkhi ha tan ht. Bmcp sang nc mui

13 Khng ht c bnmui trong thnglng dch nc ci

- thi gian gia 2 ln rtbn qu lu, bn mui blng cht.

- Tc ng ng tythng vbm.

- Bt my khuy khuyu.- Mvan nc ngngthng tc ng ng.- Mvan xut linthng nn ngc huynph vthng lng,

quan st thy thngra n thng th ng




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van.

8. Cng on lm lnh lng trong :

8.1.Nhim v:

- Lm lnh v lng trong dung dch xt sau c c, loi tch mui v bm xt thnhphm ra thng cha.

- a bn mui lng trong cc thng cha ti thng cao vbn mui.8.1. Trnh tthao tc.

a.Chun bchy my

- Kim tra cc thit b, van, ng ng, dng co phi t yu cu hot ng bnh thng.Nu hhng cn bo sa cha kp thi.

- Chun bmi iu kin mmy bnh thng: dy cu-roa my khuy, du hp gim tc.

b. Thao tc xut liu- Khi xut liu c hai mc c th bt u chy my lm lnh thng xut liu lm lnh(320a,b). ng in chy ng cmy khuy. Mi khi xut liu thm vo thng (320a,b) thmto dn van nc vo lm lnh cho ph hp vi lng xt c trong thng.

- Khi thng (320a,b) y dch vn tip tc lm lnh thm 1h na th dng li

- Ngng my khuy, ng nhvan nc vo lm lnh. yn cho mui lng xung, thigian lng khng t hn 1h.

- Sau thi gian lng tin hnh bm chuyn sang thng lm lnh xt thnh phm (321a,b) vbm bn mui vthng cha bn mui (313).

- Nu lp mui y cao hn van hng thng xut liu lm lnh (320a,b) th tho mui bmtrc. Trc khi bm mui cn xt xem thng cha bn mui (313). Sau mvan xut lnthng (313), chy bm bn mui ri mvan y thng xut liu lm lnh (320a,b) v vannhp ca bm bm bn mui ln thng cha bn mui (313) cho ti khi tng mui thphn van hng thng xut liu lm lnh (320a,b).




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c. Thao tc lm lnh xt thnh phm

- ng van y thng xut liu lm lnh (320a,b). M van hng thng (320a,b), m vannhp bm chuyn thng (322), bm dch vthng lm lnh xt thnh phm (321a,b).

- ng dng in chy my khuy, mnc lm lnh vo ng xon. Thng xuyn kim tranhit dch xt hon thnh n khi nhit t < 500C th ngng khuy. ng nhvannc. 2h cho lng mui sau mvan hng thng lm lnh dch hon thnh (321). Mvan nhp bm (322) bm xt ra thng cha (323)

- Khi bm ht xt trong thng (321), bn mui phn y c bm ln thng cha bnmui (313). Thao tc nhbm bn thng (320).

d. Thao tc ra thit blm lnh

- Khi bm ht dch v mui cc thng (320a,b) hay thng (321a,b) th tin hnh cc thaotc ra thit blm lnh.

- Ra thng xut liu (320a,b): Bm nc ra liu hoc mvan dch in gii tun hon vothng (320a,b) ti khi ngp ng xon lm lnh, chy my khuy 5 10 pht. Khi thy mui

tan ht, khng cn bm trn thnh thng v ng xon lm lnh th ngng khuy ri dngbm lm lnh bm dch thng cha dch in gii (301).

e. Thao tc chy bm

- Chy bm dch in gii cp cho c c:

+ Mvan xut thng cha dch in gii.

+ Mvan nhp ca bm.

+ ng in cho bm chy. Mvan xut ca bm.

- Cng vi cng vc c mvan xnc ngng trc tip ca bung gia nhit, khi hi n th mvan nhp xut cc tho nc ngng. ng van xnc ngng trc tip

f. Chy my bnh thng

- Thng xuyn kim tra theo di tnh hnh lm vic n nh ca cc bm, bsung dubi trn cho cc bm, chn cc bm trong cng v.

- Chy bm, khng chlu lng bm tun hon tch mui theo yu cu ca cng vcc.




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- Tip nhn dch in gii vo cc thng cha dch in gii. Duy tr mc dch thng cham bo cung cp n nh cho cng on c c.

- Phi hp chy bm vi cng vc c liu xt c, ra ng ng v bm dch thiu 1

sang hiu 2.g. Thao tc ngng my.

- ng van hi nng ca thit bgia nhit nc mui.

- Bo cng v ha tan tinh chngng bm nc mui sang.

- Sau khi ngng cho nc mui vo ng van cht trlng.

-

ng van nhp n

c mu

i c

a thi

t b

gia nhi

t n

c mu

i.

8.2. Cc chtiu khng chkthut

- Nhit xt sau lm lnh: < 500C ( khi xut ra thng cha)

- Cht lng xt c: 30% NaOH (410 440 g/l)

- NaCl: 70 g/l

- Na2CO3: 1%

8.3. Hin tng bt thng nguyn nhn cch khc phc


1

Nhit xt gim

chm

- Mui kt tinh bm nhiutrn bmt trao i nhit.- Cn bn trong ncbm trn bmt trao inhit.

- Nc lm lnh c nhitqu cao.

- Dung dch in gii thngra sch slp mui kt tinhbm trn b mt trao inhit.- nh k ty cn bm trn b

mt trao i nhit bngphng php c hc hay




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- Lu lng nc lmlnh yu.

bng cc ha cht ty cn.- Bo cho iu kim trangun cp cho lm lnh mbo nhit thng

- Bo cho iu trmbm cung cp nc chosn xut.

2 Xt lm lnh cnng thp hntrc lm lnh

- Thit b lm lnh, ngxon lm lnh br thng- Van dch in gii hocvan nc br

- Kim tra, pht hin chthng bo cho phn xngsa cha- Kim tra x l hoc thayvan.

3 Bm bn muikhng ln

- Bn mui ng chc

ng, van, dn bn mui.- C vt l ri vo thngcha lm kt tc van,ng ng.

- Dung dch in gii

thng ra.- Kim tra pht hin chtc,ty tnh hnh c thtm binphp xl.

B. Phn xng Clo.




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1. Cng on lm lnh v sy kh clo:1.1 Mc ch lm lnh, sy kh :

Kh Clo sau khi in phn c nhit cao ti 90oC, v mang theo mt lng nc rtln v cc tp cht.a vo sdng nht thit kh Cl2cn phi lm lnh, sy kh tch hthi nc v lm sch cc tp cht.Nhim vc t ra nhvy l theo yu cu ca lmgim tc n mn thit b, ng ng ca kh Cl2m.

Phn ng : Cl2+ H2OHCl + HClO

to mi trng n mn thit bv ng ng.

Kh Clo vo thit bha lng, y gp nhit thp hi nc sng bng cng vi

Clo to HydratClo gy tc ng ng.

Clo m vo l hp thnh axit HCl y hi nc skt hp vi kh HCl to thnhaxit HCl gy n mn thnh l v ng ng dn.

qu trnh sy kh t hiu qucao v gim tiu hao axit ta tin hnh lm lnh Cloxung 1215oC tch mt lng hi nc ln ra khi Clo m.

1.2. Scng ngh:

Kh Cl2tcng on in gii n nh thp lm lnh Titan. Kiu ng chm tin hnhlm lnh ln th1 bng nc cng nghip hnhit kh Cl2xung 5560

oC ri tip tcvo nh thp lm lnh Titan kiu ng chm tin hnh lm lnh ln th2 bng nc 5oC ttrm ng lnh cp tip tc hnhit kh Cl2xung 12 15

oC. Sau kh Cl2c avo thp sy kh kiu a lsi bt sy bng axit H2SO492 94 %. Sau khi sy kh, khCl2ra khi nh thp sy vo y thp m kiu m tch m axit H2SO4ko theo tthp

sy kh. Cui cng kh Cl2c bm Nash tun hon bng axit H2SO498% ht v nn khCl2qua thit bphn ly dch kh, i n thng hon xung tch m axit ri a i sdng.

Kh Cl2tcng onin phn

Thit bphnly lng - kh

My nn

i phnphi Clo ti

ha lng

Tch m

axt

Thp syThp lmlnh 2

Thp lmlnh 1




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Axit H2SO4ty thp phn ly xung ng xon rut g c lm lnh v tun hon trlibm Nash.

Thit blm lnh kh Cl2dng nc cng nghip lm lnh, nc vo tpha di

i ln pha ngoi chm ng ngc chiu vi dng kh Cl2trong ng, ri xung cng thi.Thit bTitan kiu ng chm c lm lnh bng nc 5oC ttrm ng lnh cp n

ri hi lu trli trm ng lnh.

Nu nhit vma ng tng i thp ca mi trng, c thsdng nc cngnghip cho thit bTitan kiu ng chm thay cho nc 5 oC.

Kh Cl2 t in gii mang nhiu hi nc, trong qu trnh lm lnh, hi nc Cl2ngng ttrong thit bsc thi y thit bqua 1 ct nc nht nh thng c ct pca kh Cl2ngay ctrong trng hp bo p.

Cht dng sy kh ngay sau khi lm lnh l H2SO496 % dng chn khng hocbm Nash Cl2ht.Axit tthng 424 dng bm 425 bm ln cao v409 ty cc thng caov cha axit cp cho bm Nash . Do khi thay axit trong bm hoc axit thi ra trong bmc a v409a vi nng 94 % ri cp cho thp sy kh si bt ttrn nh thp chydng xung v ngc vi dng Cl2i tdi i ln trn, sau khi ht m kh Cl2axit blongdn n nng 84 96 % chy qua bom kvo thng cha axit long a i ni khc

sdng li. Cn ng axit c 96% cp cho bm Nash tun hon. Khi nng gim n92 94% th thi v404b cp cho thp sy.

Nc 5oC cp cho 2 thp lm lnh (402ab) sau khi trao i nhit li tun hon trvbcha nc 5oC ng lnh theo chu trnh kn.

Trng hp xy ra mt in t ngt, lng kh Cl2do dn p thi qua thy phong(434) c gili trong thp cha (435).

1.3.Thp lm mt :

Cng ty ang sdng phong php lm lnh gin tip lm lnh Clo, v Clo l kh cnu lm lnh trc tip th Clo sha tan trong nc gy tn tht Clo v nhim.

1.3.1 Cu to :

Hnh v( trang bn ..)

- ng chm lm bng titan c kch thcl 25x1,5. Din tch lm lnh l 30m2. Mithp c 109 ng thp titan.




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- c im : chu n mn Clo m, khngchu n mn Clo kh.

- Hoa bn trn v di bng titan dy 2mm.Hoa bn trn cnh vi thn thp.

- Thn thp lm bng thp.- Np trn v di lm bng nha PVC.

1.3.2 Nguyn l :

- Kh Clo m ttrn i xung trong cc ng chm, Nc tdi i ln pha ngoi ngchm, ngc chiu vi Clo.

- Nc c nhim vthu nhit ca kh clo m .- Clo vo lm lnh (401) l 7580oC , vo lm lnh (402a,b) l 40oC, ra thp lm lanh

(402a,b) l 1215oC.- Nc ngng tchy xung y thp v chy ra ngoi qua thy phong ct nc khi p

sut nc thng p sut nhp Clo.

1.4. Thp sy Clo

1.4.1 Cu to :

( hnh vtrang bn )

1: Ca nhp kh Clo

2: Thn thit b

3: a ( dng hoa bn)

4: ng chy chuyn

5: Ca xut kh Clo

6: Ca nhp H2SO4

7: Phu

8: Ca xut H2SO4




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- a c dng hoa bn c ( mt sng ) 250 x 2400, c lm bng snh v thy tinh.

Mt sng bng Tephlong l2,5 x 250mm.

- Thp c chia lm 6 on, c ni vi nhau bng phng php xm, dng vt liu

mm bt kn. Vi vt liu bt kn gm: Nha ng (10%) + du my (6%) + vi trng(15%) + aming si (69%).

- Thp c 5 tm hoa bn trong : 4 tm di c hiu qu, cn tm trn cng dng ngn bt.

- Chiu cao dch phong H2SO4ca mi tm bn hoa bn ktdi ln trn l 70, 60,40, 30 mm. khc phc lp dch phong ca H2SO4l chnh p ming ng xut nhp caton thp 300 350 mm. Th trong cng on sdng 2 tthp sy kh si bt, cu to ca

2 thp tng i ging nhau. Chc hoa bn hai thp l khc nhau.

+ Mt loi dy 12mm sp xp theo hnh tam gic u, l ca ha bn l 3mm;

khong cch gia cc lt= 7 mm khoan y trong phm vi 250. Loi ny dng khi chyton bsthng in phn theo thit k.

+ Mt lai lm bng vt liu tephlong dy 14 mm, lca hoa bn 2,5mm , sp xptheo hnh lc gic u trong phm vi 200mm bc gia 2 llin nhau

t = 7mm. Hoa bn ny dung cho khi mi chy my, sthng in phn t.- Hoa bn c lp tht ngang bng.

1.4.2 Nguyn l lm vic.

- y l thit bkiu a lc ng chy chuyn vi nguyn tc trao i nhit trc tip vngc chiu. Trong , kh Cl2i t di ln qua cc l ca a v phn tn vo lp

H2SO4cng ang chuyn ng ttrn xung sau khi lng H2SO4 lng y a v chnqua ng chy chuyn xung a di.

- Trong qu trnh sy thp sy phi sut hin 3 lp si bt : lp bt ln, lp bt nh, lpm. Chiu cao lp bt nhgia thn thp phi t t100200mm. Hiu qusy caohay thp l phthuc vo lp bt ny.

- Yu cu tc i trong tho phi n nh t1111,4m/s. Lu lng kh phi v nnh v thtrn ng sut chung ta lp 1 van hi lu vng nhp clo vo y thp.

- Nu tc dng kh nh, lp bt khng thnh , axit chy qua lhoa bn tn axit m hiuqukhng cao.

- Nu tc kh ln lp bt bph v, Clo em theo axit ln trn.




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1.5. Cc chtiu khng chkthut.

- p xut Cl nhp vo ng chung: -15 -10 mmH2O - p xut Cl xut ng chung: 0,8 0,2 Kgf/cm2 - Thun Clo xut ng chung: 90 %V - Thun Clo chnh lch so vi Clo bnh qun in phn : 2%V - Hm lng H2trong Cl2: < 0,8 %. - Hm n trong Cl2kh: 0,05 % khi lng. - Nhit Clo xut thp lm lnh 2: 14 2oC. - Nng axit H2SO4nguyn liu : 97,5 % (khi lng) - Nng axit H2SO4thi bm: 94 1 % ( khi lng) - Dng in mt: 25 35 A - Dng in mtcc bm tun hon: 6,5 7,5 A

Thp sy si bt: Nhit on thp sy gia: 47 3oC Chiu cao si bt on thp sy gia : 1/2 2/3 chiu cao on thp. Nng axit H2SO4 thi thp: 80 85 % tng ng d = 1,74 0,01

(kg/dm3).




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1.6. Cc scbt trhng, nguyn nhn v cch xl.


1

p sut xut

btt thp

- H thng ng dn b r,thng ( kcchn bm).

- Hng nhp vo bm btc.

- Lng axit tun honkhng , khe h giacnh gung v cc linhkin ng bqu ln.

- Ti trng dng in tt

- Pht hin chr, thng khc phc.

- Thng ra chtc.

- iu chnh li lu lng

axit tun hon cho thch hp- Cn chnh hoc thay thchi tit.

- Lin h vi chnh lukim tra dng in.

2p sut tngt tng

- ng ng dn kh btc

- Scha lng HCl

- Pht hin ch tc x lthng tc vsinh.

- Lin hvi i phn phin nh cn bng Clo.

3Thn bmnng

- Lng dung dch tunhon qu t

- Hm lng nc trongclo vo bm qu cao

- Nhit axit tun honcao

- iu chnh li lu lngaxit tun hon cho ph hp

- Kim tra li h thng lmlanh sy kh kh clo

- M tng thm lu lngnc vo lm lnh

4C chn b sh

- L xo cchn khng kn.

- Mt gng cchn nghoc tnh bhng.

- iu chnh li p chtca l xo cchn.

- Tho khc phc phngca mt gng cchn hocthay mi.




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5trc my bnng

- Du bi trn khng hoc bin cht.

- Hng bi, lng ca bi

hoc trc bcong.

- Bsung hoc thay du m

- Tho kim tra khc phchoc thay th.

6Ting n ltrong my

- Lng axit tun honqu nhiu hoc qu t.

- Bnh gung b lnghoc v.

- iu chnh li lng axittun hon cho ph hp.

- Tho kim tra lp v iuchnh li.

7

Cng dng intng cao hocdao ng

- Lng axit tun hon

qu nhiu ho

c qu t.

- Khe hgia bnh gungvi cn bm qu nh gyra ma st trc hng vgy ln va chm gia bnhgung v vmy

- iu chnh li lng axit

tun hon cho ph hp.

- iu chnh li khe hchoph hp.

- Thay trc mi.

8p sut clong nhpdao ng

- C nc ng trong h

dn .- Nhit clo qu thpdi 100C.

- Thp tch m v thp sytc ng thi axit

- Kim tra, thng thi nc

ng.- Kim tra nhit clo,gim nc lm lnh, nngnhit Clo.

- Thng tc ng thi axit

9

Nhit clotng ln khincho nhit thp sy tngtheo.

- Nc lm lnh cpkhng hoc tng dng

in phn m khng tnglng nc lm lnhtng ng.

- B mt truyn nhit cathp, trong v ngoi ngchum bbn hoc tc 1 sng chum lm gim kh

nng truyn nhit.

- Tng lng nc lm lnhthch hp.

- M van x cn phnthp bung trao i nhitsi ra thot bn.

- Khng c phi v sinhthp.




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10p sut nhpdng

- Sc ht ca bm gimhoc lng chy bmcha bm h ht kh

vo.- Thy phong thiu nchoc mt nc, in giikhng bt kn nt ng trnnp thng in phn.

- Hng hoc hng ng.

- iu chnh lng axitH2SO4 tun hon nh ampek xc nh khi phcsc ht ca bm xen tnglng chy bm.

- Kim tra nc thyphong, kim tra in gii btkn nht l i vi thngngng lm vic.

- Trt kn ng h.

11Thun clothp

- Khng kh lt vo hthng trc bm.

- Do khng ch p sutnhp vo m qu.

- Kim tra pht hin d hbt li.

- Phn tch tng on xcnh lr.

- Khng ch p sut nhpkho theo ng quy trnh

12Hm mtrong clokhng t

- Nhit Clo qu ln

- Nng axit H2SO4avo thp sy qu thp, lulng axit vo thp qu t.

- Chnh lch p sut sykhng ng vi ch tiu

khng chkthut

- Gim nhit Clo xung- Kim tra nng axit,tng lu lng axit vo thpv kim tra nng axitthi ng quy nh.

- Xc nh nguyn nhn cth tng hoc gim lu

lng axit tun hon v khclo vo thp.




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13

Khng toc tng sisi bt trn b

mt a l,axit chy nhgit trn mta

- Lu lng clo i trongthp nh

- Chiu cao ng chytruyn trn mt a b ttkhng ng quy nh

- Miu chnh van hi lukt hp vi chy thm bmlm tng lu lng kh quathp

- Kim tra chiu cao ngchy trn, nu b tt phidng chuyn thp sacha

14

Hm mtrong clokhng t(i vi thpsy si bt)

- Cc tng si si bt km,thp sy lm vic km,axit chy git khng quang chy truyn

- Nhit clo vo thpqu cao

- Nng axit vo thpthp hn quy nh, lulng axit vo thp nh

- Khng ch khi phc lich si si thch hp cc tng

- Khng ch li h thngcp clo vo thp ng ccchtiu kthut

- Cp axit vo thp ng chtiu k thut v lu lngph hp

15

p sut nhpClo dao ngmnh, cctng si trongthp chao o

- Cc ltrn cc mt sngbbt nhbt 1 phn hocbbt kn 1 sl

- Hi lu mqu ln

- Lc cn axit cp thp sylm vic km. Chuyn thpsy, vsinh thp bn

- ng nhbt van hi lun khi thp lm vic nnh

16p sut Clodao ng lnhoc m vt

- Dng in 1 chiu gim,dng in khng n nh

- Mt in 1 chiu I = 0

- Khng ch van tun hon

Clo

- Thc hin ng quy trnhdng bm Clo khn cp

17Kh Clo x rangoi thnglm kn

- Do nng dch ingii trong thng ha tanqu thp

- Bsung dch in gii vothng lm kn (436) t nnng xt theo quy nh




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18

p sut nhp

Clo qu cao,do mt int ngt

- Do mc thy phong (434) thng gom kh (435)v thng lm kn (436) lnhn theo quy nh (150-50-70 mm)

- Do ng khng ht ccvan nhp, tun hon, hilu khi mt in t ngt

- Kim tra, x l mc thyphong ca cc thit bngquy nh.

- Thao tc ng nhanh vanhi lu; van tun hon vvan nhp

1.7. An ton cng nghip vsinh cng nghip

- Trc khi cha axit H2SO4vo bnh, thit b, thng, thp phi kim tra xem sch nccha, m bo khng br r.

- Khng thi axit H2SO4ra mt bng sn bi, phi a vo hthng thi trnh hng cngtrnh ngm.

- Ngi thao tc phi mang y trang bbo hlao ng, knh, ng, gng tay, mt n.

- Khng hm lng H2/Cl2cao qu qui nh phng n, nht l thp lm lnh axit 430.

- Vsinh mi trng, hm lng Cl2trong khng kh di 1 mg/cm3

- Khng nhit Clo tng qu qui nh lm bin dng cc loi thit bphi kim loi ttnht l ng nha PVC v gy ra nhiu ri lon khc.

- Khng va p vo thit bphi kim loi nhthp sy v cc thp lm lnh, lp v ni ngvo cc thit bny phi trnh co ko gy hng thit b.

- Tho ra thit bng ng phi trit , thot H2SO4v Cl2trc khi lm

- Mt in t ngt bm phi lp tc tch ngun in, sau mi tip tc lm cc thao tckhc.

- Ln ca phi tnh to, khng ung ru say trong gilm vic, khng ri khi cng vkhimy ang vn hnh.

- Tun thqui nh kthut ban hnh.

- Gign vsinh thit b, nh xng lun lun gn gng, sch p

- Khi axit thng cha 432 n mt knh trn th dng bm 428a bm ra thng cha 433




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2. Cng on lm lnh ha lng Clo.

2.1 Scng ngh

Kh Clo tcng on sy kh vo thit bhon xung (701) c lp sv bng thy tinh

tch m axit v cn bn. Tp cht c lng xung phn y ca hon xung, nh kvsinh tho b. Kh Clo sch vo i phn phi (702). Sau Clo ti phn phi (702) ccp cho l hp thnh HCl, sn xut nc Javen, hoc ha lng cn bng sn xut trongdy chuyn.

Kh Clo sau i vo thit bha lng. Trong thit bha lng c 13 gin ng xonrut g v 3 gin ng hi NH3l tc nhn lm lnh c nhng chm trong cht ti nhit ldung dch CaCl230%. Kh Clo trao i nhit vi dung dch CaCl2( c nhit to= -40 -35o

C ), qua thnh ng xon rut g, nhit gim dn v kh Clo cha ha lng chy vo thitbphn li kh lng (707), Clo lng c a xung thng cha (708 abcd). Kh Clo khngha lng v kh Clo bo ha thng cha c a vi phn phi Clo (703) v c cpcho l hp thnh HCl hoc sn xut Javen. Dung dch CaCl2 tun hon nh cnh khuy(706) v c NH3lng trung gian bc hi ( lin tc c cp ttrm ng lnh). Thu nhitgin nh nhit . Lng kh NH3to thnh c my nn (501) ca trm ng lnhht vthc hin qu trnh ha lng.

2.2. Thit bha lng Clo

2.2.1 Cu to :

- Thit b lm vic theo nguyn tc trao i nhit kiu gin tip thng qua tc nhntrung gian l CaCl2 c gi l cht ti nhit vi tc nhn lnh l NH3.

hnh v( trang bn )

Kh Cl2tcngon sy kh

Thngcha

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