Bao Cao Ttdkt

TH NGHIM 1: XC NH M V HT M CA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM.

1. Mc ch th nhim:- Xc nh m v ht m ca t- Tnh ton cc thng s lin quan2. C s l thuyt2.1. Khi nim. m ca t (W) l lng nc cha trong t, c tnh bng phn trm. Nht thit phi xc nh m ca t trng thi t nhin. ht m (Wh) l lng nc cha trong t trng thi kh gi (phi trong khng kh), c tnh bng phn trm.Ch : tnh chnh xc c m v ht m th ngi ta phi sy kh t n khi lng khng i. Qu trinh sy kh t n khi lng khng i c tin hnh cho n khi nhn c s chnh lch gia hai ln cn sau cng khng ln 0.02g. Php cn khi lng c tin hnh vi chnh xc n 0,01g trn cn k thut.2.2. Phng php th nghim v cch tnh ton. m ca t W xc nh c tnh bng % theo cng thc (1): ht m ca mu t Wh, biu din bng %, c tnh theo cng thc (2):

Trong : m: khi lng ca cc nhm, tnh bng gam; m0: khi lng ca t c sy kh n khi lng khng i v cc nhm, tnh bng gam; m1: khi lng ca mu t m v cc nhm, tnh bng gam; m2: khi lng ca mu t trng thi kh gi v cc nhm, tnh bng gam.3. Chun b mu v thit b th nghim.3.1. Chun b mu. Chn phn mu t co tinh ai din cho toan mu t. Tin hnh ct mu, gt b phn bn ngoi m bo mu gi nguyn tnh m ban u, sau b vo l ng mu, nh lng khi lng t c sy ln hn 10g3.2. Thit b th nghim. T sy iu chnh c nhit n 3000C Cn k thut c chnh xc n 0,01g Cc nhm: 1 cc nh, 1 cc ln. Dao thi hoc dao cung.

Hnh 2: Cn k thutHnh 1: T sy

Hnh 3: Cc nhmHnh 4: Dao cung

4. Trnh t th nghim4.1 Xc nh m M t s b v tn mu t, mu sc trng thi. Cn khi lng ca hp nhm bng cn k thut Ly mu t c khi lng khong 15g cho vo hp nhm Cn khi lng ca hp nhm c cha mu t m. B hp nhm c cha mu t m vo t sy v sy vi nhit theo iu 1.5 Mi cc (hoc hp) cha mu t phi c sy t nht hai ln theo thi gian quy nh di y: Sy ln u trong thi gian: 5 gi i vi t st v st pha; 3 gi i vi t ct v ct pha; 8 gi i vi t cha thch cao v t cha hm lng hu c ln hn 5%. Ln sy li 2 gi i vi t st, st pha v t cha thch cao hoc tp cht hu c; 1 gi i vi t ct v ct pha. Tuy nhin do iu kin ca phng th nghim nn bi th nghim ny ta ch sy mt ln. Sau khi sy, cn khi lng ca hp nhm v mu t kh.

4.2 Xc nh ht m Chn mu th nghim t trong mu t trng thi kh gi (phi kh trong khng kh) c nghin nh trong ci s v cho qua ry c ng knh l 1mm. Sau bng phng php chia t, ri mu t thnh mt lp trn t giy dy hoc trn mt tm g mng; dng dao rch 2 ng vung gc vi nhau chia b mt lp t ra thnh bn phn tng ng; ly mu th nghim trong 2 phn i xng nhau Sau khi trn u. Cn khi lng ca hp nhm bng cn k thut Ly khong hn 15g t t mu trung bnh qua phng php chia t cho vo hp nhm ri em cn v sy. Sau khi sy, cn khi lng ca hp nhm v mu t kh.

5. Kt qu th nghimQua cc bc tin hnh trn ta c c bng s liu:

Bng 1: Biu ghi mS hiu mu:M t mu: Bn st hu c mu xm xanh en trng thi chy

TTK hiu bKhi lng bm (g)Khi lng t m + b m1 (g)Khi lng t kh+ b m0 (g) mW (%)

1Z159,3029,319,24101,21

2K2611,8932,5522,398,46

Trung bnh99,84

Ngy TN:Ngi TN:

Bng 2: Biu ghi ht mS hiu mu:M t mu: Ct pha mu xm trng trng thi do.

TTK hiu bKhi lng bm (g)Khi lng t m + b m2 (g)Khi lng t kh+ b m0 (g) ht mWh (%)

1Z59,4629,3429,310,15

2Z289,4331,8631,840,09

Trung bnh0,12

Ngy TN:Ngi TN:

Nhn xt: Bn st hu c c m rt cao, m trung bnh gn 100%i vi ct pha, ht m ca chng rt nh.

TH NGHIM 2: XC NH KHI LNG RING CA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM.

1. Mc ch th nghim:Xc nh khi lng ring ca mu t em th nghim2. C s l thuyt2.1. Khi nim Khi lng ring ca t () l khi lng ca mt n v th tch phn ht cng, kh tuyt i, xp cht st khng l rng. = Trong :mh khi lng phn ht cng ca mu, tnh bng gam ;Vh th tch phn ht cng ca mu, tnh bng cm3; V mt tr s, khi lng ring bng t s gia khi lng phn ht cng ca mu t sy kh n khi lng khng i nhit t 100 n 105oC vi th tch ca chnh phn ht cng .Ch : khi lng ring ph thuc ch yu vo thnh phn khong vt ca t. Khi lng ring tng ln khi trong t cha nhiu khong vt nng.2.2. Phng php th nghim v cch tnh ton. TH NGHIM ny ta khng th tnh trc tip khi lng ring m tnh gin tip qua cng thc:

Trong : (g): khi lng bt t kh tuyt i(g): khi lng ca bnh t trng cha y huyn ph;(g): khi lng ca bnh t trng cha y nc;(g/cm3): khi lng ring ca nc nhit phng th nghim. Khi lng bt t kh tuyt i m0 c tnh bng cng thc:

Vi:(%) l ht m.m1 l khi lng ca t trng thi kh gi (Lu : xc nh khi lng ring ca t khng cha mui, phi dng nc ct; xc nh khi lng ring ca t c cha mui phi dng du ha. bi th nghim ny ta ch xc nh khi lng ring ca t khng cha mui) Php cn xc nh khi lng ring phi c tin hnh trn cn k thut vi chnh xc n 0,01g. i vi mi mu t cn tin hnh hai ln th song song. Chnh lch kt qu gia hai ln th song song khng c ln hn 0,02 g/cm3. Ly tr s trung bnh ca hai ln th nghim song song lm khi lng ring ca mu t.3. Thit b th nghim Nc ct. Cn k thut chnh xc 0.01g . Bnh t trng c dung tch khng nh hn 100cm3. Ci v chy . Ry li N02 (kch thc ry 2mm) .Hnh 5: Bnh t trng

T sy chnh nhit . Bnh ht chn khng . T trng k Phu nh. Nhit k . Hp nhm4. Trnh t th nghim. Ly khong 100g t c hng kh gi cho vo ci, dng chy nghin nh . em t nghin cho qua ry N02, ch ly phn t lt qua ray i tin hnh th nghim. Ly mt phn t xc nh ht m Ly khong 15-20g t lt qua ray ng knh 2mm,dng phu nh cho vo bnh t trng bit trc khi lng.Cn bnh t trng v lng t trong mnh tr cho khi lng bnh, ta c c khi lng t kh lm th nghim trong bnh c khi lng l m0 nc ct vo na th tch bnh t trng,gi bnh trong tay, lc u, em ht bt kh trong bnh chn khng . Sau 30 pht, tip tc nc ct vo bnh cho n vch chun y np bnh li, dng khn lau kh bnh v mp trn c bnh v ng np li tip tc ht chn khng . Sau 15 pht ly bnh t trng ra ngoi,dng cn k thut cn khi lng ca bnh t trng sau khi y kn np c khi lng l m2. (cha t,bnh ,np bnh v nc). Tip tc tin hnh lp li cc bc trn nhng khng cho t vo bnh t trng. Cn khi lng ta c m3 (nc , bnh , np).5. Kt qu th nghimQua cc bc th nghim trn ta c kt qu th nghim c ghi li bn sau.

Bng 3: Biu ghi ht m

S hiu mu:M t mu:


1H3712,4227,5427,480,40

2Z394,6521,7121,680,18

Trung bnh0,29

Ngy TN:25/02/2013Ngi TN:Nhm 4

Bng 4: Biu ghi khi lng ring

S hiu mu:M t mu:

TTKH bnhKL bnhmb (g)KL bnh + t kh gi mb (g)KL t kh gi m1 (g)KL t kh tuyt i m0 (g)KL bnh + nc + tkh gi m2 (g)KL bnh + ncm3 (g)Khi lng ring (g/cm3)

1B235,5552,6317,0817,01149,97139,692,53

2TyNB37,1754,2617,0917,06150,25139,662,64

Khi lng ring trung bnh tb=( 1- 2)/ 2= (2,53 2.64)/2 = 2,585g/cm3

TH NGHIM 3: XC NH KHI LNG TH TCH CUA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Mc ch th nghimXc nh khi lng th tch ca mu t em th nghim.2. C s l thuyt2.1 Khi nim Khi lng th tch ca t m w (gi tt l khi lng th tch): l khi lng ca mt n v th tch t c kt cu v m t nhin, tnh bng g/cm3.w = Trong :m: Khi lng ca mu t tnh bng g;v th tch ca mu th nghim, tnh bng cm3. Khi lng th tch ca ct t c (cn gi l khi lng th tch kh): l khi lng ca mt n v th tch t kh (k c l rng) c kt cu t nhin, tnh bng g/cm3.2.2 Phng php th nghim v tnh ton. i vi cc loi t khng thay i th tch khi sy kh, th c th xc nh trc tip khi lng th tch ca ct t bng cch cn mu t kh tuyt i (sy 1050C n khi lng khng i). i vi t b co ngt khi sy kh th khi lng th tch ca ct t c tnh ton theo cng thc:d = Trong : d : Dung trng khw: Dung trng t nhinW : m ca mu t tnh bng phn trm. Khi lng th tch ca t w tnh bng g/cm3, theo cng thc :w=Trong :m1 - khi lng dao vng c dt v cc tm y, tnh bng gam;m2- khi lng dao vng, tnh bng gam,m3- khi lng cc tm y, tnh bng gam,v - th tch ca mu t trong dao vng, tnh bng centimt khi Cn c vo thnh phn v trng thi ca t, cc phng php th nghim sau y c dng xc nh khi lng th tch ca t:- Phng php dao vng;- Phng php bc sp;- Phng php o th tch. Phng php dao vng c tin hnh nh dao vng bng kim loi khng r, p dng cho t dnh d ct bng dao, khi ct khng b v v trong cc trng hp th tch v hnh dng ca mu ch c kt cu khng b ph hoi v m t nhin ti hin trng, cng c th dng phng php dao vng. Phng php bc sp dng xc nh khi lng th tch ca t dnh c c ht khng ln hn 5mm, t kh ct bng dao vng, khi ct d b v vn, nhng t c th t gi nguyn |c hnh dng m khng cn hp cng. Phng php o th tch bng du ho dng xc nh khi lng th tch cho cc loi t dnh, t than bn, t c cha nhiu tn tch thc vt t phn hu hoc kh ly mu theo hai phng php trn. Phng php ny bao gm vic xc nh th tch ca mu t c khi lng bit trong mi trng cht lng (du ho) nh dng c o dung tch.2.3 Yu cu Php cn xc nh khi lng t m v t kh c tin hnh vi chnh xc n 0,1% khi lng ca mu th nghim trng thi m. S ln xc nh song song khi lng th tch cho mi mu t nguyn trng c quy nh tu thuc vo mc khng ng nht ca loi t, nhng mi trng hp khng c t hn hai. Sai lch kt qu gia cc ln xc nh song song i vi t ng nht khng c quy ln hn 0,03g/cm3. Trng hp t bo ho v t khng ng nht th s chnh lch ny cho php vt qu 0,03g/cm3, nhng khi thuyt minh gi tr trung bnh cng, phi vit km theo cc gi tr bin. Tr s trung bnh cng ca kt qu cc ln xc nh song song |c ly lm khi lng th tch ca mu t nguyn trng. Cc kt qu tnh ton c biu din vi chnh xc n 0,01g/cm3. Cc kt qu xc nh khi lng th tch phi km theo phng php xc nh, cu trc v trng thi ca t th nghim (t t nhin c kt cu nguyn hay t p; m , v.v...).3. Thit b th nghim Dao vng. Thc kp. Dao ct c li thng. Cung dy thp c tit din ngang < 0.2 mm ct mu t. Mu t. Cn k thut c chnh xc n 0,01g. Hp cc nhm c k hiu. T sy.Hnh 7: Thc kpHnh 6: Dao vng

4. Quy trnh th nghim: Dng thc kp o ng knh trong (d) v chiu cao (h) ca dao vng : tnh ton ca dao vng bng cm3 vi chnh xc n s l th hai.V = Cn xc nh khi lng (m) ca dao vng. Dng dao thng gt bng mt t v t u sc ca dao vng ln ch ly mu. Dng dao thng ct gt phn t tha nh ln trn ming dao vng Lau sch t bm trn dao vng, sau cn dao vng c mu t. Sau khi cn xong, ly mu t trong dao vng cho vo cc hp nhm c khi lng bit trc khi em sy kh xc nh m ca t.5. Kt qu th nghim.Qua cc bc tin hnh trn ta c c bng s liu.Bng 5: Biu ghi ht m

S hiu mu:M t mu:


1H3612,4929,4321,294,49

2TyNA9,3328,0819,0592,90

Trung bnh93,70

Ngy TN:Ngi TN:

Bng 6: Biu ghi khi lng th tch

S hiu mu:M t mu:

DAO VNGKL cc tm yKL dao vng c t +cc tm yKL th tchKL th tch kh

KHD (mm)h (mm)v (cm3)m2 (g)m3 (g)m1 (g)w (g/cm3)d (g/cm3)

14,0063,7024,5078,0877,990,00191,811,460,75

Nhn xt : t c m kh ln 93,70%, t c trng thi do mm vi w =1,46 (g/cm3)

TH NGHIM 4: XC NH THNH PHN HT CA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM.

1. Mc ch th nghim- Xc inh thnh phn ht ca t- Xc nh cc h s Cu v Cc- Xc nh tnh cp phi v phn loi t2. C s l thuyt2.1 Khi nim Thnh phn ht ca t l hm lng cc nhm ht c ln khc nhau trong t c biu din bng t l phn trm so vi khi lng ca mu t kh tuyt i ly phn tch. Xc nh thnh phn ht l phn chia t thnh tng nhm cc c ht gn nhau v ln v xc nh hm lng phn trm ca chng.2.2 Phng php th nghim v tnh ton Thnh phn ht ca t ct c xc nh bng phng php sng (ry), theo hai cch:- Khng ra bng nc (ry kh) phn chia cc ht c kch thc t 10 n 0,5mm- C ra nc (ry t), phn chia cc ht c kch thc t 10 n 0,1mm. Thnh phn ht ca t loi ct v t loi st c xc nh bng phng php t trng k khi phn chia cc ht c kch thc t 0,01 n 0,002 mm v bng phng php ry vi cc ht ln hn 0,1mm. Vic ly mu t th nghim c thc hin theo TCVN 2683: 1991 t xy dng. Phng php ly, bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun mu. Mu xc nh thnh phn ht cn c:a) Nghin nh trong ci s bng chy c u bc cao su, tch cc ht c kch thc ln hn 0,1mm;b) un si trong nc sau khi c nghin nh v thay th tng thnh phn phc cht trao i ca t bng ion NH4+ tch cc ht c kch thc nh hn 0,1mm.i vi t c huyn ph (th vn) b kt ta, khi th nghim phi un si mu trong nc v thay th tng phn phc cht trao i ca t bng ion Na+ Thnh phn ht ca t c xc nh t cc mu trng thi kh gi, c nghin nh trong ci s bng chy c u bc cao su, hoc trong my nghin khng lm v ht. Ch thch:i vi bn, t than bn v than bn, cho php xc nh thnh phn ht t cc mu c m t nhin. Khi xc nh thnh phn ht ca t ct bng phng php ry c ra nc, phi dng nc my, nc ma hoc nc sng c lc sch; cn khi xc nh thnh phn ht ca t loi st bng phng php t trng k, phi dng nc ct. Khi xc nh thnh phn ht ca t bng phng php t trng k, phi gi cho bnh ng huyn ph khng b rung, khng chu nhng tc ng khc, khng b nh hng ca nng v nhit cao. Cc php cn trn cn k thut phi c tin hnh vi chnh xc n 0,01g; cn cc mu t c khi lng 200g v ln hn cho php tin hnh vi chnh xc n 1g. Cc php cn trn cn phn tch phi c tin hnh vi chnh xc n 0,001g. Mi mu t xc nh thnh phn ht ch cho php tin hnh th nghim mt ln.S lng mu phn tch l nhim v nghin cu quyt nh. i vi nhng cng trnh quan trng, khi chn cp phi ht, chn t lm vt liu p, v. v. th cn phi tin hnh th nghim song song xc nh thnh phn ht. Vi hm lng ca nhm ht t hn l0%, sai s c php gia hai ln l 1%, vi hm lng nhm ht trn 10%, c php di 3%.3. Thit b th nghim Theo phng php ry kh cn: B ry (c ngn y) c kch thc cc l: 10 - 5 - 2 - 1 0.5 0.25 mm. Cn k thut c chnh xc n 0,01g. Ci s c chy bc cao su. Hp nhm v thau nh ng t.

Hnh 8: B ry

Theo phng php t trng k cn thm cc dng c sau: B ry (c ngn y) c kch thc l: 10 - 5 - 2 - 1 - 0.5 - 0.25 - 0.1mm. ng o. Que khuy.T trng k. ng h bm giy. Bnh ng nc. Phu. T sy iu chnh c nhit .4. Quy trnh th nghim. Phng php ry kh M t s b v mu t thi nghim. Ly mu t trung bnh, cn khi lng ca n. phn t nghin vo ry trn cng ca b ry c cht thnh ct theo th t tng dn kch thc l k t y tr ln. B ry s c lc bng tay. Sau phn ht trn ry ta cho vo ci nghin nhng khng c p nt lm mt tch cht ca ht. Sau tip tc cho ln ry lc tip Ta lc cho n khi em tng ry ra lc trn 1 t giy m khng thyc t ra na th t yu cu Cn ring tng nhm ht t yu cu cn li trn cc ry v lt xung ngn y. Sau cng li tng cc thnh phn c ht t trn cc ry. Nu sai lch ca khi lng qu 1% th phi tin hnh phn tch li. Phng php t trng k Ly mu t chn trn u v ho tan hon ton vi nc ct sau cho thm nc vo v khuy c huyn ph. Cho huyn ph qua ry 0,1mm. Phn lt qua ry em vo ng o sau thm nc ct vo ng o n khong mt lt th ngng, phn cn li cho vo hp nhm v em i sy kh trong t sy iu chnh c nhit , sau khi sy xong th tin hnh xc nh thnh phn ht ging vi phng php ry kh (bc ny lc th nghim khng lm). Dng nhit k o nhit huyn ph trong ng o c t1. Dng que khuy huyn ph trong ng o khong mt pht (c hai giy ko ln y xung hai ln), ghi im thi khuy v sau 20 giy th nh t trng k vo trong huyn ph ( t trng k ni t do) v khng c chm vo thnh ng o. Tin hnh c s trn t trng k sau 30 giy, 1 pht v 5 pht t khi thi khuy. Ly t trng k ra khi huyn ph v cho vo ng ng nc ct. Khuy li huyn ph ln th hai, sau o nhit t2. Cho t trng k vo trong huyn ph v tin hnh c s trn t trng k sau 15 pht, 30pht, 90 pht, 120pht.5. Kt qu th nghimChn bn s liu:- Th nghim ray khTh nghim ray tNhn xt:

TH NGHIM 5: XC NH SC CHNG CT CA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Mc ch th nghimXc nh sc chng ct ca mu t em th nghim2. C s l thuyt2.1 Khi nim: Sc cng ct ca t () l phn lc ca n i vi ngoi lc ng vi lc t bt u b ph hoi v trt ln nhau theo mt mt phng nht nh. Sc chng ct ca cng mt loi t s khng ging nhau, ty theo trng thi vt l ca n (mc ph hoi kt cu t nhin, cht, m), cng nh iu kin th nghim (phng php th nghim, c cu my mc, kch thc mu th nghim). S ph hoi bt u xy ra khi ng sut tip vt qu sc chng ct bn trong khi t (tg + C ).Ch : nhn c kt qu tin cy nht, th nghim xc nh sc chng ct phi tin hnh trong iu kin gn ging vi iu kin lm vic ca t di cng trnh hoc trong thn cng trnh.2.2 Phng php th nghim v tnh ton. Sc chng ct ca mu t l ng sut tip tuyn nh nht, c tnh theo cng thc:

Vi ng sut ny, mu t b ct theo mt mt phng nh trc di p lc thng ng V theo cng thc:

Trong :P v Q ln lt l lc php tuyn v lc tip tuyn vi mt ct, tnh bng Niutn;F l din tch mt ct, tnh bng centimt vung. Quan h gia sc chng ct v p lc thng ng trn mt phng ct c biu din bng phng trnh:

Trong : l gc ma st trong ca t;C lc dnh n v ca t loi st, hoc thng s tuyn tnh ca t loi ct, tnh bng Niutn trn mt vung hay (KG/cm2)

xc nh gi tr tg v C ca t, cn phi tin hnh xc nh ng vi t nht l 3 tr s khc nhau ca i vi cng mt phng php th nghim.Ch thch : tm gi tr tnh ton tg v C ca t thuc mt lp, cn phi c t nht 6 ln xc nh cho mi gi tr V i vi cng mt phng php th nghim.3. Thit b th nghim Cc my ct: My ct c lc tc dng trc tip. My ct c lc tc dng gin tip. Hp ct gm phn di ng v phn khng di ng. Tm nn truyn lc. ng h o bin dng ng v bin dng ngang c chnh xc 0,01mm. Dao vng ct, nn ca my ng lc. My dng nn Cc loi qu cn tng lc 0,251Kg/cm3, 0,51Kg/cm3, 1Kg/cm3 Dao thi4. Trnh t th nghim M ta s b mu t thi nghim. Dng dao vng ly mu t (ch mt trn v mt di ca dao vng phi c gt phng, ngang mp vi dao vng v xung quanh phi c lau sch). em dao vng n my chun b ct, t di khun ca my ming thm, ri n giy thm, chnh khun ca my khp vi dao vng, t dao vng v khun ln my cho mu t ri xung vng trn ca my, t ming giy thm ln b mt mu, sau t tip ming thm ln trn, sau cng y np li, c nh mu vo my bng hai inh kim loi. Dch chuyn thanh nn ca my n st hp ng mu ri iu chnh ng h ca my v "0". Sau t ti ln np hp ng mu ri iu chnh thng bng pha di sao cho n nm ngang. Ly hai inh kim loi c nh mu ra ri quay tay quay truyn lc cho thanh nn tc ng vo my. Khi kim ng h khng tng, ta ghi li gi tr trn ng h o. Thay ti trng v lp li cc bc trn.5. Kt qu th nghimQua cc bc tin hnh trn ta c c bng s liuBng 9: Biu ghi ct phng

S hiu mu:M t mu

TTKH dao vngCp p lc P (kPa)S c HR (mm)H s vng lcCr 9kPa/mm)Sc chng ctmax (kPa)

124100250,01470,3896

220200450,01470,6174

34300560,01470,8453

c =0,1617kPa =0.13055o =0,0023radtan =0,0023

Ghi tn biu , n v ca cc trc.

TH NGHIM 6: XC NH GII HN CHY CA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Mc ch th nghimTh nghim dng tnh ton mt s ch tiu nh ch s do, st.. nh gi trng thi ca t v phn loi t.2. C s l thuyt2.1Khi nim Gii hn chy (WL) ca t tng ng vi m m t loi st c kt cu b ph hoi chuyn t trng thi do sang trng thi chy. Gii hn chy c c trng bng m ca bt t nho vi nc m qu di thng bng hnh nn di tc dng ca trng lc bn thn sau 10 giy s ln su hn 10mm.2.2 Phng php th nghim v tnh ton Gii hn do, tinh bng %, c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :m0(g): khi lng ca cc nhm;m1(g): khi lng ca mu t m v cc nhm;m2(g): khi lng ca mu t c sy kh n khi lng khng i v cc nhm.

3. Chun b mu v thit b th nghim.3.1 Chun b mu. Nu mu c hong kh trong t nhin, dng phng php chia t ly khong 300g t, cho qua ry 1mm loi b cc di tch thc vt ln, a t lot qua ry vo bt trn u vi nc ct n trng thi nh h c. Nu l t m t nhin, ly khong 150cm3 cho vo bt nho k (c th cho thm t nc ct nu cn). Dng tay nht b ht ln hn 1mm hoc dng ry 1mm loi tr.3.2 Thit b th nghim. Mi cn Khun hnh tr kim loi ng mu th nghim. Cn k thut chnh xc 0.01g. T sy. Dao. Cc nhm. ng h bm gi4. Quy trnh th nghim M t s b mu v tn mu t, mu sc v trng thi. Cho t vo khun nhng khng c nn v bn trong khng c c l rng. t qu di ln khun sao cho mi qu di va chm mu t, mi cn thng bng, th nh cho mi cn t ln vo mu t theo tc dng ca trng lc. Sau 10 giy nu mi cn ln cha c 10mm hoc ln su hn 10mm th m ca t cha t ti gii hn chy hoc vt qu gii hn chy nn phi lm li n khi t yu cu (mi cn ln vo mu t ng 10mm). Cho mu vo cc nhm (c khi lng l m(g)), mi cc cho khong t 15 20g t t khun c m t yu cu, cn c khi lng m1(g). Cho hai cc em vo t sy trong 8h nhit 1050C, sau ly hai cc cha mu sy em cn khi lng c mo(g).5. Kt qu th nghim.Qua cc bc tin hnh trn ta c c bng s liuBng 10: Biu ghi gii hn chy

S hiu mu:M t mu: t loi st, mu xm.

TTK hiu bKL b m (g)KL t m + bm1 (g)KL t kh + bmo (g)Gii hn chyWL (%)Gii hn chy TBWLtb (%)

121TYN9,4132,8125,0050,1049,74

2H912,4928,0722,9249,38

Sai s: Nhn xt: Mu t l t st pha nn c gii hn chy tng i ln

TH NGHIM 7: XC NH GII HN DO CA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Mc ch th nghim Xc nh gii hn do v nh gi tnh do ca t Kt hp vi kt qu ca th nghim gii hn chy tnh ra ch s do (Id) v ch s st (B).2. C s l thuyt2.1 Khi nimGii hn do (Wp) ca t tng ng vi m m t loi st c kt cu b ph hoi chuyn t trng thi cng sang trng thi do. Gii hn do c c trng bng m ca t sau khi nho trn u vi nc v ln thnh que c ng knh 3mm, th que t bt u rn nt v t thnh nhng on ngn c chiu di t 3 n 10mm.2.2 Phng php th nghim v tnh tonGii hn do, tinh bng %, c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :m0(g): khi lng ca cc nhm;m1(g): khi lng ca mu t m v cc nhm;m2(g): khi lng ca mu t c sy kh n khi lng khng i v cc nhm.3. Chun b mu v thit b th nghim3.1. Chun b mu Phn mu t xc nh gii hn do phi c tnh cht cho ton mu t. Nu mu t c hong kh trong iu kin t nhin, dng phng php chia t ly khong 300g t, loi b cc di tch thc vt ln hn 1mm ri cho vo ci s v dng chy co u boc cao su nghin nh. Cho t nghin qua ry 1mm v loi b phn trn ry. a t lt qua ry ng vo bt, rt nc ct (hoc nc ngm ni ly mu) vo bt ng t, dng dao trn u cho n trng thi nh h c. Sau o, t mu thi nghim vao binh thuy tinh, y kin trong khoang thi gian khng it hn 2 gi trc khi tin hanh thi nghim. Nu l t m t t nhin, ly khong 150cm3 cho vo bt, nho k. Co th dung tay loi b cc phn ht v tn tch thc vt c ng knh ln hn 1mm hoc dung ry 1mm loai tr. Sau o, t mu thi nghim vao binh thuy tinh, y kin trong khoang thi gian khng it hn 2 gi trc khi tin hanh thi nghim.3.2. Thit b th nghim Tm knh nhm: dung ln mu t. T sy iu chnh c nhit : sy kh mu t phuc vu cho qua trinh tinh m. Dao: nho trn u mu t trong bat s.Hnh 9: Chn s v ci

Hp nhm c ghi k hiu: hai cai, dung ng mu t. Cn k thut c chnh xc n 0,01g. Bt st trng men hoc s: ng mu t trong qua trinh nhao trn. Chn s v ci.4. Quy trnh th nghim M t s b mu v tn mu t, mu sc v trng thi. Dng dao nho k mu t c chun b vi nc. Sau ly mt t t v dng mt phng trong lng bn tay hoc cc u ngn tay ln t nh nhng trn knh nhm cho n khi thnh que trn c ng knh bng 3mm. Nu vi ng knh que vn cn gi c lin kt v tnh do, th em v n thnh hn ri tip tc ln n chng no que t t ng knh 3mm nhng bt u b rn nt ngang v t n gy ra thnh nhng on nh di 3-10mm. Nht cc on ca que t va t b vo hp nhm cho ti khi no khi lng t trong hp t ti thiu 10g. em hp nhm c cha t va cn c i sy kh nhit 1050C v trong 8h.5. Kt qu th nghimQua cc bc tin hnh trn ta c c bng s liuBng 11: Biu ghi gii hi do

S hiu mu:M t mu: t loi st, mu trng.

TTK hiu bKL b m (g)KL t m + bm1 (g)KL t kh + bmo (g)Gii hn doWp (%)Gii hn chy TBWPtb (%)

1A46,4116,4715,3412,6511,72

2A156,4015,2414,3810,78

Nhn xt: Rt kh trong vic xc nh gii hn do v nhiu nguyn nhn, nh sai s trong vic ln thnh que nhTH NGHIM 8: XC NH TNH NN LN CA T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Mc ch th nghimXc nh tnh nn ln ca t trong phng th nghim2. C s l thuytKhi nim: Tnh nn ln ca t l kh nng gim th tch ca n (do gim rng) di tc dng ca ti trng bn ngoi. Vic xc nh tnh nn ln bao gm: h s nn ln, moun tng bin dng, h s c kt ca t c kt cu nguyn hoc ch b, m t nhin hoc bo ha nc. Ti trng tc dng ln mu theo tng cp v phi bo m thng ng. Tri s cac cp tai phu thuc vao tinh cht cua t a va yu cu thc t cua cng trinh trong tng trng hp cu th. Cp tai nho nht phai nho hn tai trong thin nhin, cp tai ln nht phai ln hn tai trong cua cng trinh. Thng thng thi: i vi t loai set trang thai deo chay va chay, dung cac cp tai nh sau: 0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 (Kgf/cm2). i vi set, set pha trang thai deo mm deo cng, dung cac cp tai nh sau: 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 (Kgf/cm2). i vi t cng va t na cng, dung cac cp tai sau: 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 (Kgf/cm2). 3. Chun b mu v thit b th nghim3.1. Chun b mu: i vi mu nguyn trang, cho mu t vo dao vng, dng dao con v cung dy thp gt bng mt trn v mt di theo mp dao. Nhng ch lm trn mt phi c lp y bng t d ca mu t chn (khng ly t c ln sn si) v lau sch dao vng c mu t. i vi mu t khng nguyn trang, ta phai tin hanh tng m hoc ha m cua mu t en gia tri cn thit. Sau o, nhi t vao dao vong theo tng lp va m cht chung, gat bo phn tha, lau sach dao vong.3.2 Thit b th nghim My nn vi cc b phn ch yu sau Hp nn. Bn my. B phn tng ti vi h thng cnh tay n. Dao vng bng kim loi khng g. ng h o bin dng c khc vch n 0,01mm. Tm nen. Dao got t. Giy thm, thm. Cung dy thp ct gt t. Bnh ng nc ct. Cc loi qu cn. a thm,giy hut nc. Tu sy iu chinh c nhit . Cn ky thut chinh xac n 0.01g.

4. Quy trnh th nghim M ta s b mu t thi nghim v tn, mau sc va trang thai. Vi khng co tin hanh thi nghim nn khng m ta mu trong bai nay. Cn mu t trc khi tin hanh thi nghim nen lun. Ly hp nn ra khi bn my v lp mu vo. t hai t giy thm c lm m trc ln hai mt mu t. t mu gia tm thm v tm nn truyn ti trng. Lp ng h o bin dng v iu chnh v s 0. Cho thm nc ct vo hp nn nu cn lam bao hoa t. Theo di bin dng nn trn ng h o bin dng. Do ta tin hanh thi nghim nen nhanh nn ta c s trn ng h o bin dng theo thi gian t sau: 2, 4, 6, 8 gi tng ng vi cc cp ti: 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0 Kgf/cm2. Sau khi tin hanh xong thi nghim ta cn lai khi lng cua mu t.

5. Kt qu th nghim.Chn bng s liu vo

TH NGHIM 9: XC NH M CHT TIU CHUN TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Mc ch th nghimXc nh m cht tiu chun ca mu ( t loi ct v t loi st tr than bn, t than bn v bn)2. C s l thuyt Khi nim cht tiu chun l cht ng vi khi lng th tch kh (ct t) ln nht ca mu t sau khi c m nn theo nhng iu kin nu trong tiu chun ny.ng vi khi lng th tch kh ln nht c lng ngm nc thch hp. m tt nht ca t l lng ngm nc thch hp cho s nn cht c th t c khi lng th tch kh ln nht khi m nn tn t cng nht.3. Chun b mu v thit b th nghim 3.1 Chun b mu Ly mu th nghim theo TCVN 2683: 1991 "t xy dng, Phng php ly, bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun mu. Khi mu t c m t nhin ln hn khng nhiu so vi m tt nht, th trc khi th nghim, phi lm kh t bng cch phi nng gi hoc sy kh nhit nh hn 500C. Ri mu t lm kh trn nn bng phng, dng v bng g p vn t v dng chy cao su nghin nh ri cho qua sng 5mm. Phn trn sng c tip tc nghin cho n khi khng c kh nng tc nhng hp th t na th thi. Ch thch: Cn chn mt t t i din cho mu xc nh khi lng ring, ch s do v thnh phn ht. C th xc nh lng cha P theo kt qu phn tch thnh phn ht. Chn khong 15 kg t qua sng 5mm, chia ra 4 phn, mi phn hn 2,5kg, cho vo cc khay v phun vo lng nc khc nhau c m t 5 n 30% (trong c hai tr s m ln hn v hai tr s m nh hn m tt nht). i vi t loi ct, ln th nghim u tin bt u m 5% v nhng th nghim tip theo s tng ln t 1 n 2% cho mi ln. Nu m t nhin ca t thp hn quy nh ni trn (cho ln th nghim u tin) th phi thm nc vo cho . m ca t phi c xc nh trc khi m nn.Trc khi th nghim, mu t phi c trn u v k, sau , mu trong bnh kn hoc bng vi thm nc t nht 1 gi sau khi trn.Mu s dng sau ln th nghim u tin phi lm ti vn v trn k nh trn. Khi s chnh lch khi lng gia hai ln th nghim vt qu 10g th phi iu chnh li m cho bng m quy nh i vi ln th nghim u tin, sau mi tnh ton lng nc phun thm vo cho thch ng vi ln tip theo. Sau khi thm nc, phi trn li cho u v trong bnh kn hoc vi thm nc t nht 15 pht mi ly ra th nghim. i vi t stLn th nghim u tin bt u t m 10%, nhng ln tip theo s tng ln t 2% (i vi t pha st) n 5% (i vi t st). Sau khi cho thm nc, phi trn k v trong bnh kn hoc ph vi thm nc t nht 15 pht mi ly ra th nghim. Mu s dng li sau ln th nghim u tin phi m bo nh mu cha th nghim v sau phun thm nc vo phi kn t nht 15 pht.

3.2 Thit b th nghim Ci m nn v cn dn ba bng kim loi Cn k thut c chnh xc 0,01kg , T sy iu chnh c nhit ; Hp nhm hoc cc thy tinh c np xc nh m , Dao gt t; Khay trn t, c kch thc khong 40 x 60cm;. Vi ph t;4. Quy trnh th nghim t ci dm nn trn nn cng v bng phng. Ly t chun b mi khay cho vo ci thnh ba lp, mi lp chim khong mt phn ba th tch ca ci m. Dng ba nng 2,5kg cho ri t do cao 30cm m ring cho tng lp. Khi m m, phi cho bn ri t do v phn b u trn mt t. S ln p cho mi lp quy nh theo loi t.- i vi t ct v ct pha: p 25 ba.- i vi st ct pha v st c ch s do nh hn 30: p 40 ba;- i vi t st c ch s do ln hn 30: p 50 ba. Ch thch:1. i vi thit b m loi B th khi m c 5 ba, phi thay i cn dn ba theo v tr u nhau trn b mt ca mi lp.2. trnh phn lp v to iu kin tip xc tt gia cc lp, phi dng do rch b mt ca lp m, trc khi cho thm t vo ci m lp tip theo.3. Khi m nn lp th ba, mu t sau khi m s ba ch c nh cao hn mp ct khng qu 0,5cm.4. Khi m nn theo phng php Proctor ci tin, dng ba nng 4,5KG, cho ri t do cao 45cm; nng lng dm n v t ti 25KG.cm/cm3. Mi ci c m thnh 5 lp; s ln p cho mi lp l 55 nht ba.Vt lm lc o phi ly t d lp y li. Khi m xong, cn thn tho phn ni bn trn ca ci v dng dao gt b phn t tha cho phng. Khi gt bng, do trong t c nhiu ht th, trn b mt mu c th c nhng vt lm. Lc phi ly t d lp y li. Tho ci ra khi v em cn t cng ci vi chnh xc n 1 gam. Sau xc nh khi lng ca t m. Khi lng ca t m tnh theo cng thc:

Trong : l khi lng th tch ca t ng vi m W;tnh bng gam trn centimt khi;

khi lng t m W tnh bng gamV l th tch ci m, tnh bng centimt khi.Ch thch: Mi ln th nghim phi xc nh m ca t. i vi t loi ct cn ly mu xc nh m trc khi m nn; i vi t st sau khi cn xong ly t phn gia ca mu t m xc nh m. 4.5. Tip tc th nghim nh vy vi t nht nm ci t chun b. Nu thy khi lng th tch t m tng dn v sau gim dn th thi. Nu cha t, phi ly t lm li t u, hoc lm thm vi cc m khng ch thch hp. Khi m, ng vi mt tr s m no thy c du hiu thot nc ra t ci th cho php dng li. Tnh ton kt qu v v biu .

Khi lng th tch kh () c xc nh theo cng thc:

Trong :W l m ca t, tnh bng phn trm;

l khi lng th tch ca t m, tnh bng gam trn centimt khi. Dng s liu th nghim tnh ton v v ng cong quan h gia m v khi lng th tch kh ln giy k ly. nh cao nht ca ng cong c to ng vi khi lng th tch kh ln nht v m tt nht ca t

5. Kt qu th nghimChn kt qu th nghim vo

TH NGHIM 10: PHN LOI T TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM

1. Mc ch th nghim2. C s l thuyt3. Chun b mu v thit b th nghim4. Quy trnh th nghim5. Kt qu th nghim.

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