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Q.1 Describe modern Indian society.
Ans. At once a stable society, comfortably couched in time-worn
traditions, and a chaotic
crucible of new ideas, modern India is distinguished by
diversity and united by patriotism.
There are countless issues that divide the country, including
socioeconomic factors such ascaste and access to basic needs and
education; regional variations like the dozens of official
languages and various different cuisines; religious differences
that divide communities and often
create distinct neighborhoods; and the deep gender inequality
that transcends even the division
between urban and rural populations. And yet there are many
factors uniting the country. Even in
terms of language, English and Hindi are common to most of
urbanized India, at least at a basic
level. And although major urban areas have been joined by roads
(no matter the quality of these
roads), the democratizing power of the Indian rail system is not
to be underestimated. A shared
history of colonialism, active media, a sprawling government
bureaucracy, and an engaged
political body help create a cohesive Indian society. And, of
course, there is the fact that Indian
people are, by and large, incredibly warm and welcoming.
Astrology
Modern India may be known for technology, but this doesn't
negate the prevalence of
superstitious tradition, and many Indians won't make decisions
about business, love, or family
without consulting the heavens or the cards. Marriages, if not
made in heaven, should at least be
consecrated on an auspicious dateon days deemed extra-auspicious
for weddings, huge
numbers of concurrent ceremonies occur.
Urban versus Rural Society
Possibly the biggest difference in India is one that tourists
rarely experience: the division
between rural and urban life. India's cities are fueled by labor
and resources from India'svillagesthe majority of the country's
population still subsists on an agrarian lifestyle and
economyyet city and small-town life is worlds apart from the
fields and dirt roads of the rest of
India. While in the cities, access to electricity is frustrated
by unannounced cuts and load-
shedding, only about half of rural Indian households have any
access to power at all. Education
and potable water are also often elusive commodities outside of
India's cities and towns. Idyllic
glimpses of rural life are visible from the road or
trainyellow-blossomed mustard fields in north
India, coconut plantations along the coast, tractors loaded
impossibly high with bales of cotton or
other goodsbut the realities of rural life are something a
traveler will rarely get the chance to
see. Interestingly, socioeconomic divisions of caste or
occupationthough certainly still
presentare less stark in rural areas than in urban ones.
Rich, Middle Class, Poor
India's cities are microcosms and melting pots. A small,
privileged elite drives (or is chauffeured)
between the air-conditioned high-rises of south Mumbai, the
gated colonies of south Delhi, the
exclusive resorts of Goa, and similar areas. The denizens of
this privileged group frequent five-
star restaurants, luxury boutiques, and private clubs. But this
is just a tiny segment of society.
A large and rapidly growing middle class fuels urban economy,
powering the country's
information-technology hubs. More professionalized and better
educated than their parents,
members of the urban middle class also feed a mushrooming
consumer-goods-and-services
sector. Spending money is proof of success, and lavish weddings
replete with yards of brocade,
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miles of fairy lights, tons of gold jewelry, and bushels of
fresh-cut flowers are not uncommon.
Coffee shops and fast-food outlets cater to and are staffed by
members of middle-class society.
In stark contrast to the rich and the middle-class, India's
populated areas are also home to
millions of urban poorfrom migrants who set up house in
tarpaulin shelters while employed in
construction and infrastructure projects to low-income families
living in slum coloniescharacterized by open sewers. Many urban
migrants live a double lifecatering to the wealthy
and middle class so they can send money to their families back
in the village. Besides domestic
help, low-income jobs include a wide range of workersincluding
porters, cycle-rickshaw drivers,
salesmen of cheap goods, and more.
Gender Roles
Across all walks of life, women and men lead very different,
often divergent, lives. While women
work the fields and provide manual labor on construction sites
right alongside men, these are
roles born out of economic necessity. Middle-class and even
elite women have less occasion to
work outside of the home; although wealthier families may
educate daughters as much as sons,
the focus for women is squarely on marriage and raising
children. Cutting across economic
distinctions is a preference for boysin some states female
infanticide is still a serious problem,
and it is illegal for doctors to disclose the sex of fetuses.
Some villages have such a shortage of
marriageable women that they have had to bring in brides from
other regions of Indiaa practice
that rubs against the older tradition of marrying within one's
caste and culture.
Marriage
Arranged marriages take place all across Indian society.
Although the government prohibits child
marriage, betrothals and weddings at a very young age still do
take place in more remote areas.
These days, however, the culture of dating also thrives in
India's big cities. Couples can be seen
everywhere in Delhi and Mumbai, flaunting their sexual freedom
on the dance floors of clubs,sharing coffee and moony looks across
a caf table, or surreptitiously canoodling under a tree in
a public parkoften the most convenient meeting ground for poorer
youngsters from more
conservative families. Online dating is less of a casual affair
than in the west, and dating sites are
used predominately by middle-class families looking to set up
marriages.
Caste
Marriage classifieds (listings of eligible men and women, living
in India or abroad, searchable by
caste, religion, profession, and education, etc.) are only one
of the many societal phenomena in
which caste figures prominently. Caste in India can be as
innocuous as a shared community
history, signified by a particular last name, or as insidious as
a derogatory slur. Although
technically abolished, in practical terms caste identity still
plays an important role in modern
Indian society, particularly in politics. There is raging
debateakin to but far more polarizing than
the American debate over affirmative actionover quotas for
historically disadvantaged castes in
government jobs or school admissions, for example, that plays
out on the political stage both
nationally and locally.
Politics
India's parliamentary democracy is rife with corruption and
strange liaisons, and the average
Indian is either actively cynical or openly engaged with
politicsand sometimes both. A
multiparty system means that there are significant blocs of
special-interest parties besides the
dominant Congress Party and BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party).
Unfortunately, some of these
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parties mine religion to garner support, which can have the
result of turning whole communities
against each other.
Religion
Religion plays a large part in modern Indian society, and
worship is an important component:
people often pray regularly in temples, mosques, gurdwaras, and
churches, but may also havefamily shrines at home, composed of
icons, portraits, and statues. Ritual fasting is a regular
occurrence in many religions, whether weekly for some very pious
Hindus or yearly during
Ramadan for devout Muslims. Religious conventions can often
bleed into cultural ones,
influencing diet, neighborhood, occupation, and clothing
choice.
Clothing
Clothing in modern Indian society is a signifier of many
thingsgender, region, wealth, and
professionin addition to occasionally indicating religion. In
general, men usually wear trousers
or jeans with shirts or T-shirts. In south India and in rural
areas, native forms of dresslong
pieces of cloth calledlungisor dhotisare wrapped around the
waist and legs, but loose-fitting
pajama-type outfits are more common. These are topped with an
undershirt, called a banyan,
and perhaps a tunic or kurta. Headgear can also be an indicator
of religion or region. Rajasthani
men are known for their bright, coiled turbans (and grandiose
mustaches), Sikh men sweep their
long hair into streamlined turbans, and Muslim men usually wear
skull caps when praying. Poorer
or rural women of all religions tend to cover their heads with
thin scarves, and urban Muslim
women may keep their heads covered and wear body-covering robes
as well. Traditional wear
for women includes the more typically north Indian tunic or
shirt, called a kurta or kameez. This is
paired with loose pants, or salwar, gathered at the ankle.
Skirts (lehengas) with blouses (cholis)
are also popular, particularly as wedding wear. Saris, yards of
cloth that can be tied many
different ways around a petticoat and blouse, are worn all over
India and come in many
regionally and seasonally specific textiles and patterns. Urban
women are quite comfortable in
jeans and other Western wear, though exposing too much leg or
cleavage in public is frowned
Q.2
Explain the process of passing Ordinary Bills in the
Parliament before it is formed into laws.
Ans.There are three stages through which a bill has to pass in
one house of the Parliament.The
procedure is similar for the State Assemblies.
First reading - introduction stage[edit]
Any member, or member-in-charge of thebillseeks the leave of the
house to introduce a bill. If
the bill is an important one, the minister may make a brief
speech, stating its main features. After
the bill has been introduced, the first reading is deemed to be
over. Therefore, in the first stage,
only the principles and provisions of the bills are
discussed.
Second reading - discussion stage[edit]
This stage concerns the consideration of the bill and its
provisions and is further divided into
three stages.
First stage
On a date fixed for taking up consideration of the bill, there
takes place a generaldiscussion when only the principles are taken
up for discussion. At this stage, three
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options are open to the house. The bill may be straightaway be
taken into considerationor it may be referred to any of theStanding
Committeesor it may be circulated for thepurpose of eliciting
general opinion thereon
Second stage, that is, discussion on the report
The next stage consists of a clause-by-clause consideration of
the bill as reported by the
committee. When all the clauses have been put to vote and
disposed of, the secondreading of the bill is over.
Third stage
Changes or amendments to the bill can be made only in this
stage. Amendmentsbecome a part of a bill if they are accepted by a
majority of the members present andvoting.
Third reading - voting stage[edit]
The next stage is the third reading. The debate on the third
reading of a bill is of a
restricted character. It is confined only to arguments either in
support of the bill or for
its rejection as a whole, without referring to its details.
After the bill is passed, it is
sent to the other house. If the number of votes in favour and
against the bill are
same, then the Presiding officer (Speaker of the Lok Sabha or
the Chairman of the
Rajya Sabha or anyone who is acting on their behalf) of the
house get a chance to
cast his/her vote which is referred to as a Casting Vote Right.
If the number of votes
against the bill is greater, the house/government will
dissolve.
Bill in the other house[edit]
After a bill, other than a money bill, is transmitted to the
other house, it goes through
all the stages in that house as that in the first house. But if
the bill passed by one
house is amended by the other house, it goes back to the
originating house. If the
originating house does not agree with the amendments, it shall
be that the two
houses have disagreed.the other house can keep a money bill for
14 days and
ordinary bill for three months . if it fails to return the bill
within the fixed time then the
bill is deemed to be passed by both the houses and then the bill
is sent for
president's approval.
Joint-session of both houses[edit]
Main article:Joint session
In case of a deadlock between the two houses or in a case where
more than six
months lapse in the other house, thePresidentmay summon, though
is not bound
to, a joint session of the two houses which is presided over by
theSpeaker of the
Lok Sabhaand the deadlock is resolved by simple majority. Until
now, only three
bills: theDowry Prohibition Act(1961), theBanking Service
Commission Repeal
Bill(1978) and thePrevention of Terrorist Activities Act(2002)
have been passed at
joint sessions.[1]
President's approval[edit]
When a bill has been passed, it is sent to thePresidentfor his
approval. The
President can assent or withhold his assent to a bill or he can
return a bill, other than
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amoney billwhich is recommended by president himself to the
houses, with his
recommendations. If the President gives his assent, the bill is
published inThe
Gazette of India[2]
and becomes an Act from the date of his assent. If he
withholds
his assent, the bill is dropped, which is known aspocket
veto.The pocket veto is not
written in the constitution and has only been exercised once by
PresidentZail Singh:
in 1986, over the postal act where the government wanted to open
postal letters
without warrant. If the president returns it for
reconsideration, theParliamentmust
do so, but if it is passed again and returned to him, he must
give his assent to it. In
the case of aConstitutional Amendment Bill,the President is
bound to give his
assent. In case of the State Governments, the consent of the
State's Governor has
to be obtained.[
Q.3
Write a short note on Indias role with the various
principal organs and specialized agencies in the
UnitedNations.
Ans.3ndia was a founding member of the United Nations, joining
in October 1945, two years
before acquiring independence from theBritish Raj.[9]
By 1946, India had started raising
concerns regardingcolonialism,apartheidandracial
discrimination.From early 1947-1948, India
took an active part inDrafting of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.Dr (Mrs).Hansa
Mehta,a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led
the Indian delegation, had made
important contributions in drafting of the Declaration,
especially highlighting the need for
reflectinggender equalityby changing the language of
theUniversal Declaration of Human
Rightsfrom 'all men are created equal'(Eleanor
Roosevelt'spreferred phrase) to 'all human
beings'.[10][11]
In 1953, the chief delegate of India at the time,Vijaya Lakshmi
Panditwas elected the first
womanPresident of the UN General Assembly.India supported the
struggle towards global
disarmament and the ending of thearms race,and towards the
creation of a more equitable
international economic order. India had a mediatory role in
resolving the stalemate over prisoners
of war in Korea contributing to the signing of
thearmisticeending theKorean Warin
1953.[12]
India chaired the five-memberNeutral Nations Repatriation
Commissionwhile theIndian
Custodian Forcesupervised the process of interviews and
repatriation that followed. India thenwent on to chair the three
international commissions for supervision and control for
Vietnam,
Cambodia, and Laos established by the1954 Geneva Accordson
Indochina. India also had an
active role to play in theSuez Crisisin 1956 with the role
ofNehru,both as Indian Prime minister
and a leader of theNon Aligned Movementbeing significant. Indian
historian Inder Malhotra
wrote that "Now Nehruwho had tried to be even-handed between the
two sidesdenounced
Eden and co-sponsors of the aggression vigorously. He had a
powerful, if relatively silent, ally in
the US presidentDwight Eisenhowerwho went to the extent of using
America's clout in the IMF
to make Eden and Mollet behave".[13]
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ehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_Aligned_Movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana_Rifleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana_Rifleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Nations_Supervisory_Commissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_racehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_men_are_created_equalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_Mehtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_Mehtahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawmaking_procedure_in_India#cite_note-india_times-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zail_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_vetohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawmaking_procedure_in_India#cite_note-Amendments_to_Sebi_Act_gets_Presidential_assent-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_bill
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Charterprovisions onNon-Self-Governing Territorieswere given a
new thrust when the UN
adopted the landmark 1960Declaration on the Granting of
Independence to Colonial Countries
and Peopleswhich was co-sponsored by India. The following year,
theSpecial Committee on the
Implementation of the Declaration on Decolonizationwas
established to study, investigate and
recommend action to bring an end to colonialism, it was chaired
by India for the first time. India
played a leading role in the formation of a Sub-Committee
against Apartheid set up by
theGeneral Assembly.When theConvention on Elimination of all
forms of Racial
Discriminationwas adopted in 1965, India was among the earliest
signatories, however it does
not recognize competence under article 14 and it does not
consider itself bound by article 22.
India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic
concerns of developing countries
in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference
on Trade and Development
and the 1992Conference on the Environment and Developmentin Rio
de Janeiro.[14]
It has been
an active member of theGroup of 77,and later the core group of
theG-15nations. Other issues,
such as environmentally sustainable development and the
promotion and protection of human
rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign
policy in international forums.
UN Security Council[edit]
Countries which host an Indian diplomatic mission.
Ac tivit ies dur ing 1947-1962[edit]
Despite its anti-status quo stand on many global issues, India's
attitude toward the basic
structure of the U.N was fundamentally conservative.[15]
It accepted the organization and
distribution of power in the U.N, as both a guarantee of Indian
sovereignty and as a check on the
numerical superiority of the U.S and its western coalition.
India supported the charter provisions
for a Security Council veto for the great powers, opposed the
U.S initiative to circumvent the veto
through theUniting for PeaceResolution,
dismissedHammarskjld'snotion of a "U.N presence"
as interventionist and opposed all efforts to conduct U.N
directedplebiscitesas tests of
opinion.[16]
India's procedural conservatism was based both on its commitment
to national sovereignty and
its desire to protect Indian interests. Its experience with the
U.N had not always been positive. In
the early years after independence, a whole range of issues,
which had their origins in the
partition of the Indian subcontinent between India and Pakistan,
came before the U.N. These
issues included the disputed princely states
ofJunagadh,HyderabadandKashmir,which were
ultimately incorporated into the Indian Union through the use of
military force.
[17][18]
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g/wiki/Group_of_15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discriminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Committee_on_Decolonizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Self-Governing_Territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter
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The most persistent of these disputes was theKashmir
conflict.Nehru's faith in the UN and
adherence to its principles proved costly on some occasions due
to the power play inherent in
the organization. This was seen by his decision to refer
Pakistan's intervention ('invasion') in
disputed Kashmir to the UN Security Council in January
1948.[19]
The United Kingdom, which
was hoping to avoid being seen as unfriendly to a Muslim state
after thecreation of Israel,used
pressure tactics on its allies France, Canada and the US to
support the Pakistani viewpoint that
Kashmir's accession to India was disputable and had to be put to
the test of
aplebiscite.[20]
Nehru's hope that the UN would unconditionally instruct Pakistan
to vacate the
one-third portion of Kashmir that the Pakistani tribesmen and
army had occupied fell flat in the
face of geopolitical maneuverings and cross-issue linkage. To
this day, Indian strategic
commentators and critics of Nehru bemoan his cardinal mistake of
taking the Kashmir dispute to
a UN that was packed with pro-Pakistani partisan powers.[21]
According to columnistBrahma
Chellaney,'Nehru did not appreciate that the UN was an
institution of power politics, not an
impartial police force'.[22]As if a double reminder were needed
that India was small fry in a UN
dominated by crafty Great Powers divided into two ideological
camps, New Delhi was
disappointed to find that Security Council members the US,
United Kingdom and France tried to
prevent it from forcibly absorbing thePortuguese colony of Goain
1961.[23]
But for theSoviet
Unionvetoin favor of India,Goacould have become enmeshed in
another Kashmir-like
stalemate for decades, buffeted by the changing winds of Great
Power alignments and
preferences that were paralyzing and hijacking the
UN.[19][24]
Washington Post reported that "India was offered a permanent
seat on the council 55 years ago,
in 1955. But that offer, made by the United States and the
Soviet Union, was declined by India'sfirst prime
minister,Jawaharlal Nehru.Nehru said the seat should be given to
China
instead.".[25]
The required council seat was then held by Taiwan (ROC). This
report, however, is
factually incorrect as Prime Minister Nehru categorically denied
receiving any such offer, formal
or informal, as stated by his reply to a short notice question
in theLok Sabhaon 27 September
1955 stating that "There has been no offer, formal or informal,
of this kind. Some vagu e
references have appeared in the press about i t which have no
foun dat ion in fact. The
com posit ion o f the Securi ty Counci l is prescribed by the UN
Charter, according to w hich
certain specif ied nat ions h ave permanent seats. No change or
addit ion c an be made to
this w ithout an amendment of the Charter. There is, therefore,
no quest ion of a seat being
offered and India decl ining it . Our declared po l icy is to
supp ort the admiss ion of al l
nat ions qual i f ied for UN membership".[26]
Even if India were to accept such offers assuming
they were made, it would have required the United Nations
charter to be amended to include
India in place of Republic of China (Taiwan) in the Security
Council or to expand the Council. It is
not known whether the Taiwanese government representing China's
seat at the time in the
Security Council would have vetoed the amendment or accepted the
amendment under US
pressure as Taiwan was solely dependent on the US for its
protection from mainland China.
Overall the period from 1947-1962 was marked by India's active
interest in all UN activities under
the leadership ofKrishna Menonwho was the Indian Ambassador to
the United Nations from
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1952-1962. Indian leadership and peacekeeping roles in the UN
brought it considerable
recognition and global standing.[27][28]
The Low Profi le Phase from 1962-1976[edit]
India's defeat in theIndo-China War of 1962came as a grave shock
in comparison to its globalaspirations and recognition. Large scale
hostilities and military reverses dealt a shattering blow to
its self-confidence and pride. India was obliged to turn towards
the west for military and political
support. Following the conflict with China, India became
involved intwo wars with Pakistanand
entered a period ofpolitical instability,economic
stagnation,food shortagesandnear-
famineconditions. India's role diminished in the UN which came
both as a result of its image and
a deliberate decision by the post-Nehru political leadership to
adopt a low profile at the UN and
speak only on vital Indian interests.[29]
This change in policy was implemented during the 1965
debate on Kashmir in the Security Council when Indian Foreign
MinisterSwaran
Singhdramatically stormed out of the session in response to the
intemperate languageofZulfikar Ali Bhutto,Pakistan's Foreign
Minister.
[30]In his book "India's Changing Role in the
United Nations"Stanley Kochanek shows how 'bilateralismbecame
the guiding principle of
Indian foreign policy', relegating the UN to just an 'arena for
maintaining such
contacts'.[31]
Further theSoviet Union'sbacking became far more important than
a slow and
indecisive UN Security Council when India obtained itsgreatest
strategic victoryby breaking up
Pakistan into two and carving out independent Bangladesh in the
year 1971.
In 1974 India tested itsfirst nuclear device,the aftermath of
which resulted in a nuclear embargo
by US and Canada. Soon after the UN'snon-proliferation
agendabecame another irritant that
forced New Delhi to view some units of the organization with
distaste as fronts for imposing
discriminatory regimes instead of promoting universal
disarmament.[19]
From the very beginning it
has refused to lend its support to theNuclear non-proliferation
Treatywith India's then External
Affairs Minister and laterPresident,Pranab Mukherjeein a visit
to Tokyo in 2007 commenting
that: "If India did not sign the NPT, it is not because of its
lack of commitment for non-
proliferation, but because we consider NPT as a flawed treaty
and it did not recognize the need
for universal, non-discriminatory verification and
treatment."[32]
In short, the 1960s as a whole
saw major changes in the global system but a general decline in
UN activities.
Seeking of Permanent Seat inUNSC[edit]
Indiahas been elected seven timesto the UN Security Council.
Only three countries have served
longer than that (Japan,Brazil,and Argentina), except for
thePermanent Five,and Colombia
has served the same amount of time.
India has been seeking a permanent seat on theUnited Nations
Security Councilas a member of
theG4,an organisation composed of Brazil,Germany,Japan, and
India, all who are currently
seeking permanent representation. According to their proposal
the UN Security Council should
be expanded beyond the current fifteen members to include
twenty-five members. If this actually
happens, it would be the first time permanent Security Council
status is extended to aSouth
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s_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_and_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_and_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-sreeramchaulia1-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Proliferation_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhuttohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaran_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaran_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_shortageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_stagnationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_instabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pak_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-China_War_of_1962http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_and_the_United_Nations&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations#cite_note-27
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Asiannation and supporters of the G4 plan suggest that this will
lead to greater representation of
developing nations rather than the current major powers.
India makes a number of claims to justify its demand. India has
the world'ssecond largest
populationand is the world's largestliberal democracy.It is also
the world'stenth largest
economyandthird largestin terms ofpurchasing power parityas of
2012.[33]
Currently, India
maintains the world's third largestarmed force.[34]
India is the third largest contributor of troops
toUnited Nations peacekeepingmissions with 7,860 personnel
deployed with ten UN
Peacekeeping Missions as of 2014 after Bangladesh and
Pakistan,[35][36]
all three nations being
inSouth Asia.India has contributed nearly 160,000 troops, the
largest number from any country,
participated in more than 43 missions and 156 Indian
peacekeepers have made the supreme
sacrifice while serving in UN missions. India has also provided
and continues to provide eminent
Force Commanders for UN Missions.[35]
Although the U.S. and other permanent Council members were not
very supportive of expandingthe Security Council, in his visit to
IndiaPresidentObamahas offered his support for India to
become a permanent member of the Council. However the reaction
from other Council members
are not very clear, particularly from China. Thus it is
uncertain whether the demands by G4
nations will be implemented anytime soon.
Q.4
Explain the benefits ofsubsidies.
Ans.4Subsidies involves the government paying part of the cost
to the firm. This reduces
the price of the good and should encourage more consumption. A
subsidy shifts thesupply curve to the right.
What is Justification for Subsidising goods with positive
externalities?
In a free market, people ignore the positive externalities of
consumption, e.g. when
cycling to work, you dont consider the reduction in pollution
your decision creates. In a
free market, there is under consumption of good with positive
externalities because
people usually ignore the external benefits their decisions
make.
Examples of goods with positive externalities in societies
Health carefree universal health care can ensure everyone gets
vaccinated; this
prevents the spread of infectious disease, which benefits
everyone. In other words, you
have a personal benefit from other people being healthy.
Collecting refuse and litterIf litter is picked up it benefits
everyone else who can
enjoy a more beautiful environment. It also helps improve public
health.
Education.If the long-term structurally unemployed workers gain
useful training and
education, it enables them to find work. This has benefits for
other people in society -
The government receives more tax revenue and pays less
unemployment benefit.
There is also a less tangible benefit of a more cohesive
society.Diagram showing market failure when there is a positive
externality
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The free market equilibrium is at Q1. because S=D. People
maximise their welfare
where private marginal benefit = private marginal cost.
But, social efficiency occurs at Q2 (where SMB = SMC),
therefore, at the free market
equilibrium, the social marginal benefit is greater than the
social marginal cost. Society
would benefit from increasing output until Q2.
To increase consumption and production, the government can offer
a subsidy to reduce
the price and increase quantity.
Q.5
Give a detailed account of an episode when the CAG
has demonstrated activism
Ans.5
After judicial activism, it can well be said India is now
going
through CAG activism. General public is welcoming it but
the ruling UPA and the private sector is fuming. The
countrys government audit machinery which has entered
the private sector domain now, has assumed the position of
the Election Commission during the 1990s when T N
Seshan headed and electrified it. It is another matter that
the Comptroller and Auditor General of India Vinod Rai
shuns publicity unlike the wily former CEC.
Rais CAG has been in the limelight ever since he highlighted the
Rs1.76 lakh crore notional loss in
the 2G spectrum scam and continues to occupy headlines for
having exposed corruption in
Commonwealth Games and Adarsh housing society in Mumbai, not to
speak of oil ministry favouring
Reliance Industries when it allowed one of the worlds top
private sector companies to raise cost of
developing the nation's largest gas fields by 117 per cent.
Union ministers M Veerappa Moily and Kapil Sibal have criticised
the CAG. Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh surprised observers when he lashed out at the auditor. But
experts beg to differ. Said P V
Indiresan, former director, Indian Institute of Technology,
Madras while talking to Deccan Herald: It is
good that it has woken up. The CAG is the accuser. It does not
have the authority to prosecute - only
the government has that authority. What a pity that we have no
independent
Q.6Discuss in detail employment status in
India.
Ans.6 A significant change in inequality in income and wealth is
possible only in a
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longer term perspective. Employment structure of an economy is
the normal instrument
that can cause a change in inequality either way, i.e. an
increase or a decrease in the
inequality. Other economic instruments such as target group
policies and programmes
have a short term impact, but the redistribution through
employment is sustainable.
Since
the governments function within the administrative and fiscal
constraints, the target
group
programmes normally have a marginal impact on income
redistribution. Income of labour
enables flow of resources across income classes of people and
across the social and
ethnic groups. Flows of income across locations are influenced
both by assets available
and by other modes of creating employment opportunities.
However, income generated
by employment of migrant labour, facilitates flow of resources
across regions for a given
regional distribution of capital assets. Employment and equity
of income across classes
of
people and across regions are, therefore, closely related to
each other in the long term.
Current Employment and Unemployment Situation
As noted earlier any vision of the future has to be rooted in
the current reality and
policies and processes have to be identified to bridge the gap
between the current reality
and the future vision. It is , therefore, essential to have an
understanding of the broad
employment picture as it exists today, which would also indicate
the directions for
improvement in future. Some aspects of the current employment
scenario are listed
below
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7.32 % of the labour force, in the year 1999-2000, was
unemployed. In
absolute terms the number of unemployed stood at 26.58
million.
Since the above estimates are on Current Daily Status basis, the
number of
unemployed also includes the number of those who are
underemployed in
terms of underutilization of the labour time. But it excludes
such
underemployed who are working at very low levels of income
and
productivity.
Among the employed, the proportion of poor is as high as in
the
population at large, suggesting a large proportion of workers
engaged in
subsistence employment.
Only about 8 % of the total employment is in organized sector.
More than
90 % are engaged in informal sector activities, which is,
largely outside
the reach of any social security benefits and also suffers from
many 2
handicaps in form of limited access to institutional facilities
and other
support facilities.
The educational and skill profile of the existing workforce is
very poor.
