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BO CO

THC TP K THUT THC PHM

NHM 3

H V TN CC THNH VIN NHM:

1.nga

2. G

3. H

4. G

MC LC:

I. PHN TH NHT:1.M U

a. t vn

b. Mc ch,yu cu

II.TNG QUAN V TI LIUIII. QUY TRNH CNG NGH

IV. PHN TCH QUY TRNH CNG NGH

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V.PHN TCH S LIU

1. Cn bng vt cht

2. Tng kt qu trnh cn bng vt cht

VI. NHN XT

BI S 1

P NC DA

PHN TH NHTM U

1.1. T V N Rau qu l nh ng th c n thi t y u c a con ng i, n cung c p cho con ng i nhi u vitamin

v ch t khong. Nh ng n m g n y cc nh dinh d ng h c c ng cho r ng rau qu cung c p cho con ng i nhi u ch t x c tc d ng gi i c t pht sinh trong qu trnh tiu ho th c n v c tc d ng ch ng to bn do v y

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trong ch n c a con ng i rau qu l thnh ph n khng th thi u v ngy cng tr nn quan tr ng .Vi t Nam l m t n c c i u ki n sinh thi a d ng v i kh h u nhi t i gi ma, nng m quanh n m cng v i s phn ho a hnh t o nn nh ng vng kh h u c th c a m i vng trong c n c. Do c i u ki n kh h u a d ng nh v y nn

cc ngu n nng s n c a n c ta r t phong ph, a d ng nh ng khng ph i u v lc no c ng c th p ng y m c n ph i c s trao i v i nh ng n i khc c c th cung c p nhu c u. Do , vi c ch bi n, b o qu n nng s n trao i gi a cc vng, cc ma

trong n m l v cng c n thi t. Vi t Nam, d a l cy c s n nhi t i tuy

ng hng th 10 v s n l ng trong cc loi cy n qu nh ng v ch t l ng h ng v l i ng hng u v c m nh danh l "vua c a cc loi hoa qu ", m t khc d a cn c tc d ng thanh nhi t, gi i c, phng ch ng b nh ung th , lm p... D a l m t cy n qu c gi tri kinh t cao, m t lo i qu qu trong t p on gi ng cy n

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qu n c ta. Khi phn tch thnh ph n dinh d ng trong qu d a c hm l ng cc ch t nh ng, Protein, VitaminA, B1,B2, C v hm l ng m t s ch t vi l ng nh Ca, Fe v hm l ng vitamin C (60mg trong 100g th t qu ) cao h n so v i cc lo i qu khc [4], trong qu d a cn c ch a enzim Promelin c tc d ng thu phn protein cho nn n d a cn r t t t cho

tiu ho. D a c th d c s d ng n t i ho c c ng c th ch bi n thnh cc s n ph m khc nh m t d a ng, h p d a n c ng, d a l nh ng. Trong , s n ph m n c p d a ang c th tr ng quan tm nhi u nh t c bi t l th tr ng giu ti m n ng

nh EU, Hn Qu c, M , Nh t...v qua qu trnh ch bi n cc ch t dinh d ng t b t n th t v s n ph m c h ng th m c tr ng c a d a qu t i Xu t pht t yu c u th c ti n trn v mu n tm hi u k h n v quy trnh ch bi n s n ph m n c p d a nhm 3 xin trnh by v quy trnh p d a

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1.2 M C CH YU C U a.MC CH-gip sinh vin tim hiu v thc hnh qu trnh ch binnc qu t da-tm hiu cc qu trnh nh hng ti cht lng sn phml qu trnh lc, p v qu trnh n nh trong

PH N TH 2:T NG QUAN V NGUYN LI U V S N PH M

NGUYN LIU

2.1.1.DAc im sinh hc v thnh phn ha hc ca da:V phng din thc vt, da l mtqukp, gm100-150qu nh hp li(mi mt da l mt qu n)phn tht qum chng ta n c l do s pht trin ca cc m gc l

bc, l i v gc vi nhy to thnh. Cc b phn nh cnhhoa, vi nhy ho tn trong mt l trng di l bc c

xem l h mt nmngoi ca qu da.Khi gt chng, tathng phi kha b i. Kch thc v trng lng qu:tythuc vo ging mt v lng phn bn.Trng cngtha,bn cng nhiu phn th qu cng nng Hnh dng qu:dng qu l, hnh tr hay thp ty thuc voging v k

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thut canh tc,chm sc.Trong thi gian hnh thnh v phttrin qu, chm sc km qu s b thp u,b cong ngntrong thi gian qu ang tng trng s lm tng trng

lng qu v qu c dng hnhtr. Mu sc tht qu: tythuc ging v phn no phn bn v cc iu kin sinhthi.Cc sc t vng cam carotenoit quyt nh mu vngca tht qu da, c to ra nhiu trong qu da trng nhit thp v trong mt hn l trng nhit cao vngoi nng.Hng v ca qu: v chua ngt ty thuc vo lng ng,ch yu l ng saccarozav lng acid hu c ch yu lacid citric v maleic.Hng thm ca qu ty thuc vo 2cht

Hnh 2.1. Tri da

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http://www.ebook.edu.vnQu da c v ngt ngon nht khi lng ng tng strong qu khong 12%v lng acid khong 0.6- 0.7%.

chc ca tht qu: tht qu mm hay cng ty thuc chyu vo chn ca qu khi thu hoch cn t l x ty thucch yu vo ging trng.Thnh phn ca da:Cung,u: 13%Mt: 11%V: 18%Li: 12%Tht: 46%Thnh phn ha hc ca qu da

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:Trong qu da chn, ty chng loi, thi v, vng a lc cc thnh phn chnh vi hm lng nh ph lc

Ngoi ra, trong thnh phn protein ca qu da cn c

enzym Bromelin l mt loiemzym thy phn protein.Da l loi qu nhit i c s dng nhiu n ti vch bin hp xut khu.

SN PHM

Nc da p cha nhiu cht hn hp mn tiu hacht mc gi l bromelain .Khi bnh lao tr thnh ph binthay v him t, nc p tri cy ny c tm thyc hiu qu trong vic lm tan cht nhn (lm tan chtm, cht nhy) v tr gip phc hi t cn bnh laotng gy khip s ny.Nc p tri da l mt tc nhn chng vim (gim

sng) c dng h tr lm lnh vt thng sau khiphu thut. Cht bromelain lmt tp hp cc cht men, v cc hp cht khc(peroxidase, acid Phosphatase, cht c ch protease, vcanxi) c tm thy mt cch thin nhin trong tt c cc

b phn ca cy da / thm / khm, nhng ch yu tptrung trong thn cy da

IV.QUY TRNH CNG NGH

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THUYT MINH QUY TRNH CNG NGH

1.DA

l ngun nguyn liu quan trng cung cp lng lnvitamin cn thit cho c th nh vitamin C,vitamin nhm Bnh B1, B2, B3, vitamin E v mt s cht khong alng (nh K,Ca), vilng (nh Fe, Cu, Zn) Da lnguyn liu chnh trong qu trnh ch bin nc p da. Nc vai tr quyt nh cht lng ca sn phm.

CHN DA:

chn ca da khng ch ph thuc vo mu sc cachng. Gai da lc chn c th c mu xanh l cy, muvng hoc mu cam ty theo. Da chn l da c mi thmngt, ch cn cm ngi nh l thy lin. Trnh nhng qu

mm nhn, mt da b thm en hon nng. Nu bn chnda nu th nn chn qu xanh, rn pht huy tc dnghu hiu ca n nh.

Ra sch:* Mcch: loi b tp cht nm bn trong mt da st li

trn b mt da.* Bini chnh:- Vt l:mbo da khng cn mi clo.-Cmquan:da lc ny sch hon ton v c th emS ch

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* Cc yu t nh hng:- H thng c ra phi t yu cu sao cho c th c rasch m khng lm dp da.

- Nc s dng phi t tiu chun nc cp sinh hot

GT V*bin i chnh:.*Cc yu t nh hng: sc,sch ca thit b gt v

phi t yu cu. S thnh tho trong thao tc(nht l thaotc loi b mt khng c lm hao ht nguyn liu nhiu,

phi loi b sch mt da,khng lm dp nguyn liu)Mi tr ng v thit b phi m bo v sinh.

Da gt xong khng c st v xanh, v gt u n thtqu khng p v. Da gt v xong khng c xpchng cc qu ln nhau m phi xp ng tng qu lnbng chuyn chuyn sang b phn ct mt.-Dng dao sc ct mt da. Trc khi ct mt phigtsch nhng ng v xanh cn st li thy r ngmt. Nhng vng c gt sch mt, mt da khugt

v th khngc ct thm. Cc ng ct mt phi theohnh xoy c mt rnh gn nh tam gic. Nhng vt dao ctv sa phi nhn khng c cn su vo gn n li.- Yu cu da sau khi ct phi sch ht mt, ht ng vxanh,ht vt chn qu v vt dp nh. Ch cho php cn

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nhng chm en nh nh u kim v nhng ht nm trongtht da.

PHN TCH S LIU:1. CN BNG VT CHT

-k hiu: Gv:khi lng nguyn liu u vo ca tng qutrnh(g)

Gr;khi lng sn phm u ra ca tng qu trnh

R:t l tn tht ca mi qu trnh(%)

a. Qu trnh ra(1):

Gv1=4110 g

Tn tht 0,4%

Gr1=4110-16,44=4093,56 (g)

b. Qu trnh ct cung gt v(2):

Gv2:4093,56(g)

Gr2:4400(g)

Tn tht:7,5%

c. Qu trnh nghin x(3):

Gv3=4400(g)

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Tn tht: T4=0,5%

Gr3=4400-22=4378(g)

d. Qu trnh (4)Gv,nc qu=4378(g)tn tht=0%Gv4=4378(g)e. Qu trnh lc th v p(5)Gv5=4378(g)Gr5=3799(g)Tn tht 13.22%

2.KT QU QU TRNH CN BNG VTCHT

Qu trnh u vo u ra

Ra 4110 4093,56

Gt v 4093,56 3786,5

Nghin x 3786,5 3767,5

3767,5 3767,5Lc th 3767,5 3269,4

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IV.HIU SUT QU TRNH PNguyn liu =4110(g)Sn phm=3799(g)Hiu sut=3799 4110100=92,4%Hiu sut do qu trnh gt b cung, gt v, b mt nn thtqu b mt nhiu nn hao ht cho qu trnh ny nhiu

NHN XT:

Nc qu lu ngoi khng kh s b c do d dng xyra qu trnh oxi ha

trnh hin tng ny ta trnh s tip xc gia nc quv oxi khng kh

Thanh trng nc qu nhit cao trong thi gian ngn

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BI S 6

CHIN KHOAI TY

GII THIU CHUNG

Khoai ty c c th gii bit n vo th k 18 v nnay n tr thnh cy lng thc quan trng, c ch binthnh nhiu mn n ngon, c gi tr dinh dng cao v cc th gii yu thch.Khoai ty l mt thc phm loi c c rt nhiu tinh bt vinhiu cht dinh dng, c rt nhiu tc dng cho sc khoca chng ta, c bit l ch em ph n. Ta c th ch bin

khoai ty vi nhiu mn n ngon hp dn: khoai ty xo,khoai ty chin, khoai ty luc v khoai ty hm xng lmt mn canh thm ngon vi nhng hng v ring ca n.

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Trong , s n ph m khoai ty chin ang c thtr ng quan tm nhi u nh t Xu t pht t yu c u th c ti n trn v mu n tm hi u k h n v quy trnh ch bi n s n ph m khoai ty chin

I.MC CH V YU CU CHIN:

1.MC CH:Nghin cu qu trnh chin ng thi kho

st nh hng ca cc qu trnh x l n qu trnh chin vcm quan sn phm chin2.YU CU:bit s dng my chin

Bit c nh hng ca cc qu trnh x ln sn phm chin

II.TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU V SN PHM

1.KHOAI TY

Cy khoai ty tn khoa hc l Solanum tuberosum L. thuch Solanaceae, c ngun gc t vng ni Andesca Bolivia v Peru. Th k 16, ngi Ty Ban Nha xmchim Peru. Nm 1541, mt s binh lnh Ty Ban Nha ingang qua mt vng t rng thy th dn trng rt nhiu

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mt loi cy nh, cao 30 - 50cm, l mu xanh, hoa trng,qu nh mng mu tm nht. H tng dn bn x trngcy ly qu v n th th thy ng, cm gic nn nao kh

chu ko di. Ngh rng cy ny c, th dn trng chbin tm vo u mi tn, th l lnh Ty Ban Nha ph tricc cnh ng trng cy ny.Nhng ri t lu sau, cng chnh nhng ngi lnh Ty Ban

Nha chng kin th dn thu hoch cc cy ni trn bngcch nh n ln ch ly chm c di t. n ba ntra, h cho mt s c vo ni nc nu si ln v ly ran mt cch thch th. Lnh Ty Ban Nha thy l cng xinn th thy rt ngon, hi l cy g? Th dn p pap-

pa. Cc c pap-pa chnh l khoai ty.

Ri ngi Ty Ban Nha em chin li phm pap-pa vnc trng. Vo cui th k 16, cy khoai ty nhanh chng

c trng rng ri nhiu nc chu u. C lc, c nin tr thnh mn n thi thng ca nhng ngi quynqu.

- Khi nim:

- MC CH:+ Bo qun rau qu c hiu qu

+ Hn ch tn tht sau thu hoch

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+ S dng thun tin hn

II. NGUYN LIU

1.khoai ty Mt loi thc phm b dng

Hin nay, trn khp th gii, t khoai ty ngi ta chbin ra hng trm mn n khc nhau, thm ngon, r tin, rtb dng. Trong c khoai ty c 2% protein bao gm clysine (mt axt amin thng khng c trong protein thcvt) nn phi hp tt vi ng cc.

Trong protein khoai ty cn c mt s axt amin t do vcc cht kim purin. Gi tr sinh hc ca khoai ty tngi cao ln ti 75% (theo phng php Mittchell). Chtng hp thu chm trong khoai ty em li cm gic no vcung cp nng lng trong mt thi gian di. Cht kali cnhiu trong khoai ty gip cho cc vn ng vin TDTTtng sc mnh c bp.

Ngi ta tnh khong hn 200g khoai ty nng c vcung cp 844 mg kali (gp i 1 qu chui), 28% khu phnst hng ngy, 43% khu phn vitamin C, 35% khu phn

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vitamin B6 v nhiu cht khc nh niacin, thiamin, folat...Khi c khoai ty thi ming lu cha ch bin, vt ct s

b thm en l do cc hp cht polyphenol b men

polyphenol oxydase tc ng. Khoai ty nht d tiu, lnhv cht bt lm gim tiu chy bi vy khoai ty luc,nng, nghin khng mui v ng l mn n rt tt khi bri lon tiu ha hay tiu chy nh

Thnh phn ho hc: Trong c Khoai ty c nhiu cht dinhdng vi hm lng cao so vi nhiu cy loi cc v cythc phm khc. Trong Khoai ty c 75% nc, 2% protid,21% glucid, 1% cellulose, 1% tro, 10mg% calcium, 50mg%

phosphor, 1,2mg% st, 15mg% vitamin C, 0,1mg% vitaminB1, 0,05mg% vitamin B2. Cng cn lu l trong tt c cc

b phn c cy u c cht solanin l mt glucosid c.Cht ny c bit c nhiu trong phn xanh ca cy, nu cmc mm xanh th cc mm ny rt c. Cnh hoa trngti cha 0,2% rutin.

1.1 c im sinh hc, sinh thi ca khoai tyMt nghin cu cho rng sau ng th nhng thc ncacbonhydrate nh khoai ty l mt trong nhng thu tin bn phi mt ti nu mun trng lng cabn gim xung. Nhng tri ngc vi iu ny, mt c

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khoai ty c nu chn ch cha 26 calo v chart nhiu cht dinh dng. Bn s phi ngc nhin vnhng li ch sc khe v cng tuyt vi ca khoai ty.

Thc n gim cn

Khoai ty s cung cp cho c th chng ta ngun nhin liuv nng lng thit yu ngay c khi chng ta ang n king.Vi mt lng cacbonhydrate giu c, chng s gip cungcp nhin liu cho mi hot ng ca c th: di chuyn, suyngh, tiu ha, ti to t bo. V trn ht, chng gip ta nolu.

Tng cng vitamin

Khoai ty c cc thy th Anh v Ty Ban Nha thk XIX n chng bnh Xco-but (bnh v mu do thiuvitamin C). Khoai ty rt giu vitamin C, loi vitamin giptng cng sc khng cho c th. Trung bnh 150g khoaity nguyn v cung cp 27mg vitamin C, p ng gn mtna nhu cu vitamin C hng ngy ca c th.

Khoai ty cng rt giu lng vitamin B, a-xt pho-lic vcc cht khong nh kali, ma-gi v st. Khoai ty thucloi r c, c ngha l chng cha tt c nhng loi vitaminv khong cht cn cho s pht trin ca nhng cy khoaity non.

http://www.vatgia.com/hoidap/quicksearch.php?keyword=T%C3%A2y+Ban+Nhahttp://www.vatgia.com/hoidap/quicksearch.php?keyword=T%C3%A2y+Ban+Nha

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Nh vy, khoai ty thc s cha y cc cht dinhdng ch khng n thun ch l mt loi thc n nht

nho v nhiu tinh bt.

5. Yu cu chn khoai ty

Cch ch n khoai :

- Ch n nh ng c khoai c m ln th y n ng v

ch c.- Trnh ch n nh ng c khoai b su, lm, th i.

- C khoai ty vng s ng t h n khoai ty h i ng mu tr ng.

Nh ng l u khc:

- B o qu n khoai ty n i mt, t i nh ng khng nn b o qu n chung v i c hnh kh.

- Khoai ty c th b o qu n c nhi u tu n. Cc lo i khoai ty ng t nn n trong vng 1 tu n l t t nh t.

- N u c khoai ty xu t hi n mu xanh v , hy g t v khoai v c t ph n b ng mu.

2. Du thc vt

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- Khng phi l 1 nguyn liu chnh nhng khng th thiuc

- l loi du c tinh lc t ngun gc thc vt: da, c,m, u nnh, u phng

- Du cn cho QT chin chn khng v gp phn /h ncht lng khoai ty sy, ngi ta dng du thc vt chin khoai ty

(Du cha omega-3 v omega-6 l 2 loi axit bo khngno, tt hn hn cc axit bo no trong m ng vt, ycng l 2 loi axit bo khng no m c th con ng khngt tng hp c v chng cn gp phn lm gim hmlng cholesterol xu trong mu, c li cho tim v ngnnga x va ng mch)

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QUY TRNH CNG NGH:

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THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

B1. Nguyn liu:

- khoai ty gt v sch

- Tin hnh chn lc v phn loi loi b nhng c khoaity khng t cht lng

- Ch tiu cm quan: khoai ty sch, khng dnh bi bn,khng h, dp v c bt k tp cht g.

B2: Ct

- Sau khi phn loi khoai ty c i ct ta cho p

- Nhng c dp t th tin hnh ct b phn dp, tn dng

ti a nhng phn c th s dngB3: Ra

Nguyn liu sau khi ct ta s c ra sch loi b bibn

B4: Lnh ng

- Trc khi a vo sy chn khng khoai ty c a vo hthng lm lnh lm lnh ng

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- y, noc trong khoai ty s b ng li lm sn cngtrc khi a vo lng sy, ng thi bc ny cn c tcdng rt ngn QT chin chn khng

- T0: khong -28 n -300C

B5: Chin chn khng:

- Cho khoai ty ct vo lng cho ri cho du vo ycho

- Bt cng tc khi ng ( l hi nng ln chuyn hinng qua lm si du trong cho)

- H lng cho cha mt xung cho cha du (khi du si) ng thi khi ng my ht chn khng (nhm ht htlng hi nc to ra trong QTsy).

- iu chnh to : khong 85-1000C tu vo lng nguynliu a vo

- Thi gian sy: 1h30'

- Ngng hot ng b phn cp nhit, ko lng chin rakhi cho nhng vn ht chn khng (khong 5') nhm rt

bt mi hng ca du- Tt my ht chn khng, ly khoai ty ra khi lng, ttmy sy v cho khoai qua my li tm li tm du

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Phng php ny khng lm bin i nhiu v mu sc,hnh dng ca nguyn liu ban u so vi nhiu phng

php khc.

B6: Li tm

- c cho vo my li tm sau khi sy chn khng

- y no li v nhn nt khi ng li tm du

- Thi gian: 5'

- M: tch phn du bm vo sn phm sau khi chin, lmmi mt sau sy kh ro

B7: ngui

- Sau khi li tm xong c a vo phng kn, v sinh v dngqut qut cho mt ngui

- M: trnh hin tng m hi

B8: Bao gi

- Sau khi lm ngui phi cho vo bao b ngay, khng lungoi khng kh trnh ht m tr li v nhim bi

bn.Sn phm sau sy c phn loi gm:- Sn phm chnhkhoai ty c cht lng t y/c, khng bv, khng chy en c ng ti, trng lng mi gi l

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150gram (bo qun bng ti polyetylen), bo qun ni khro

- khoai ty chin khng t yu cu: ph phmB8: Thnh phm

IV. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy

1. Cc yu t k thut

- Thi gian sy

- Nhit sy

- Cch sp xp vt liu: nh hng n s lu thng khngkh

- m tng i ca khng kh: lin quan n kh nngkhuch tn m

- S lu thng khng kh

- dy ca lp sn phm

2. Cc yu t ho hcDo x l ho cht

ngn nga QT oxy ho trong QT sy:

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- S dng ho cht nh: acid citric, acid sunfric, muisunfit, cht to nh tng, CaCl2

+ acid citric: km hm s bin mu khng do enzym+ acid sunfric, mui sunfit: : lm chm v ngn nga phnng to mu

+ Cht to nh tng: ng dng trong thut sy mngtng cht lng sn phm sy

+ CaCl2: lm chm phn ng sm mu, hin tng nh rauqu, tc hi nguyn v cng rau qu

V. Cc thit b dng trong qu trnh

1. My chin chn khng+ Cu to: v ngoi c bao bc bng mt loi thp khng

r, bn trong v chia lm ba phn: phn trn cng l lpchp c gn vi h thng bm ht chn khng nh hthng ng dn; phn lng cho l phn cha nguyn liu chin; phn y l mt bn cha du lin kt vi h thngl hi.+ Nguyn tc hot ng: My sy chn khng tin hnh gia

nhit sy kh nguyn liu trong iu kin chn khng. Thitbi s dng bm chn khng ht kh v ht m.

2. My li tm

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+ Cu to gm 2 phn: phn v bc bn ngoi c bobi mt lp thp khng r c khoang cha; phn bn trongl mt lng cha lm bng thp li c gn vi 1 tr vc th quay trn. Nguyn b phn ny c gn lin vimt ng c in.+ Nguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn liu c t trong khungcha v chuyn ng xoay trn cng vi tr. Khi my hotng vi vn tc quay ln cht lng trong nguyn liu b

tch vng ra khi nguyn liu v va vo thnh v my sau chy xung pha di theo rnh y ra ngoi.

VI. Sn phm

1. nh hng ca sy n cht lng sn phm

a. Cu trc

- NN:

+ Kt tinh xenluloza

+ Hnh thnh sc cng bn trong do chnh lch m

- Tc sy v nhit sy nh hng ln n cu trc

- Hin tng cng v lm gim tc sy v m khng ub. Mi v

- NN: Thnh phn d bay hi b tht thot

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- Bin php

+ S dng SO2, axit sorbic, axit citric ngn nga cc enzym

oxy ha thu phn+ B sung enzym , kch hot enzym t nhin to mi vt cc cht c sn trong thc phm

c. Mu sc

- NN:

+ Thay i c trng b mt gy ra thay i phn x nhsng v mu sc

+ Nhit v s oxy ha gy thay i vi carotenit, clorophyl,enzym polyphenoldazasm mu

- Bin php ngn nga: chn, hp, x l bng axit sorbichoc SO2

- Tc sm mu ph thuc vo hot ca nc v nhit bo qun

d. Gi tr dinh dng

- Mc tn tht ph hp ph thuc nhiu yu t: nguynliu phng php sy.

- NN:

+ Do nhit sy cao

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+ Do thi gian ko di

+ Nc bay hi ko theo cc cht khc

+ Do oxy ho cht bo

e. S hi nguyn sn phm

- Sn phm sau khi chin khng th tr li trng thi banu

NN: Do cc QT ho l,ho sinh u l cc QT bt thunnghch

- Tc thm nc tr li l ch tiu nh gi cht lngsn phm

2.Ch tiu cm quan

- Mu: t nhin, mu vng ca khoai ty chin, khng phima vng ca phm mu

- Mi : C mi c trng ca khoai ty, khng c mi hngca du, khng c mi kht, v l

- v: ngt, khng ng, m (v trong QT sy lm rt bt

nc nn sn phm m hn)- Trng thi: khoai ty gin tan, khng cng

- Hnh dng: khng b bin dng sau khi ch bin, kchthc va phi

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3. Ch tiu ho l

- m

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BI S2

SY C RT

I.M U

Vit Nam l mt trong cc nc c nn sn xut nngnghip lu i trn th gii. Hin nay, nng nghip vn cnchim t trng kh cao trong c cu kinh t nc ta. Mc dvy, ngnh nng nghip vn cha a li hiu qu tngxng vi v tr ca n trong nn kinh t. Nguyn nhn chyu do cc khu thu hoch, bo qun v ch bin nng snti Vit Nam hin nay c thc hin cha khoa hc. iu

lm gim gi tr cc sn phm khi a ra th trng tiuth.

ci thin vn ny c rt nhiu phng php c ara. Trong sy l mt trong nhng phng php thngdng nht. Sn phm sau khi sy c th bo qun lu, vnchuyn d dng, tng cm quan cng nh gi tr kinh t.

Trong cng nghip thc phm, sy bng bng ti l mttrong cc phng php kh ph bin do mang li hiu qukinh t cao, thun tin khi vn hnh v tit kim thi gian.

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Do , ngi ta thng chn thit b sy bng ti trong vicsy cc sn phm rau qu, ng cc,...

Trong phm vi n ny, chng em xin trnh by v quy tcsy c rt bng bng ti vi nng sut nhp liu1.500kg/ngy

II. TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU C RT

2.1. Phn loi khoa hc

Tn khoa hc: Daucus carota L. ssp. Sativus

Gii: Plantae

Ngnh: Magnoliophyta

Lp: Magnoliopsida

Phn lp: Rosidae

B: Apiales

H: Apiaceae

Chi: Daucus

Cc loi c rt l cc cy thn tho sng lu nm. Thn nc mc thng ng, rng rut, kha dc, phn cnh, clng mc ngc. Cc l c cung, mc cch, phin l xlng chim 2-3 ln, cc cht l nh v hp. Cc tn hoa mc

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u cnh hay nch l, dng kp lng lo, nhiu l bc,hnh lng chim, nhiu tia, tri rng hay cong vo sau khi n.

Nhiu l bc con, kha rng ca hay nguyn mp, cc tnnhiu hoa. Cc hoa trung tm thng v sinh vi cc cnhhoa mu ta v ln. Cc rng nh ca i hoa b teo i.Hoatp tnh, mu trng hay vng, hnh tim ngc vi nh cpvo trong, cc cnh bn ngoi ca cc hoa pha ngoi trongtn hoa ln v ta ra.Gc tr hnh nn, vi nhy ngn.Hoa

th phn nh cc loi cn trng.Qu hnh trng, b nn phn sng lng, cha 2 ht

di 3-4 mm; cc gn chnh hnh ch, cng; cc gn ph ccnh, cc cnh vi gai mc; cc ng tinh du nh vi slng l 1 ti cc rnh ct pha di cc gn th cp v 2trn ch ni.Mt ht hi lm ti hnh phng. Cung l non

nguyn hay ch i nh.R c to, di, hnh cc, c nhiumu ty theo tng chng loi; cc loi c rt thng gp cmu , tm, vng, cam, trng.

C rt c ngun gc t khu vc Bc Phi, Ty Nam v chu u, nhng hin nay c gieo trng khp th

gii, ch yu l khu vc n i; thch hp vi cc vng thpc kh hu mt,c ma ma h v u ma thu. Hai chngNantes v Chantenay ca Php c trng ph bin trn thgii v tng i thch hp vi vng nhit i.

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Vit Nam c rt c nhp vo v trng th nghimtrong nhng nm cui th k XIX do ngi Php em tchu u sang. V hin nay c trng nhiu ni nh:Lm ng, cc tnh min Bc, min Trung, mt s tnhthuc min ng Nam B.

1.2.Thnh phn dinh dng v cng dng:

1.2.1. Gi tr dinh dng ca c rt:

C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau trng rng ri vlu i nht trn th gii.Trong c c rt c protein, lipid,cacbonhydrat, mt s vitamin B, C, E, c bibeetj l tinvitamin A; c 15 acid amin trong c 9 loi thit yu mtrong c th ngi khng sn xut c, giu mui khong

Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu,... Trong 100g c rt ti thng

cha 88,55 nc v cung cp gi tr nng lng l 48calorie. Cc thnh phn quang trng khc bao gm:

. 1g cht m

. 0,2g cht bo

. 9g cht ng bt

. 24mg phospho

. 2,4mg Natri

. 289mg Kali

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. 80mg Canxi

. 24mg Magie

. 0,75mg St

. 0.45mg Mangan

. 12400UI carotene

. 0,05mg vitamin B1

. 0,04mg vitamin B2 . 1,1mg vitamin PP

. 13mg vitamin

1.2.2 Cng dng ca c rt:

C rt l mt trong nhng loi rau qu nht c ccthy thuc trn th gii nh gi cao v gi tr dinh dngv cha bnh i vi con ngi.Ngi La M gi c rt ln hong ca cc loi rau. C rt giu ng v cc loivitamin cng nh nng lng. Cc dng ng tp trung lp v v tht nc ca c, phn li rt t.

ng trong c rt ch yu l ng n (nhfructose v glucose) chim ti 50% tng lng ng chatrong c, l loi ng d oxi ha di tc dng ca

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enzyme trong c th; cc loi ng nh levuloze vdextroze c hp th trc tip.

Trong c rt c rt nhiu vitamin C, D, E v ccvitamin nhm B. Ngoi ra, n cn cha beta carotene, saukhi vo c th, cht ny s chuyn ha dn thnh vitamin A.Beta carotene c cu trc ha hc v hot tnh sinh hctng t vitamin A nhng ngi n c d tr khpcc m cn vitamin a c d tr gan. So vi vitamin A

th carotene it c hi hn, v n c chuyn dng theonhu cu ca c th v t b ph hy hn. Mt s nh khoahc khuyn co nn dng carotene hn l vitamin A.

Ngi ta thng s dng c rt di dng ti nsng (lm gi, trn du dm) hay xo, nu canh, hm tht.

Hoc dng c rt p ly dch, phi hp vi cc loi hoa qukhc lm nc gii kht hoc nc dinh dng.

Tht c, dch (nc p c rt) v ht non cn cdng lm thuc. C rt c cc tnh cht: b, giu chtkhong, lm tng lng hng cu, tng s min dch tnhin, l yu t sinh trng, kch thch s tit sa, lm cho

cc m v da tr li. N cn gip lc mu, lm long mt,tr ho, li tiu, tr giun v lin so.

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C rt cha nhiu pectin nn c tc dng iu ha nhung rut, ht cc cht c trong rut, to lp bng bo vnim mc rut.

Cc carotenoid rt tt cho s tng trng ca tr tnh cho n khi dy th nu trong ch n c b sung crt.

Ngoi ra, c rt cn c tc dng phng chng bnhqung g, nht l chng kh mt dn n m la. C likhuyn ngi lm vic nhiu bng mt, nht l vo ban mnn n nhiu c rt.

Vic dng c rt sng hay chn cng c kin tringc. Theo cc chuyn gia i hc Tng hp Arkansas(M) n c rt chn hm lng dinh dng cao hn so vi

c rt sng (tng 34%). Trong ch bin thc phm nn phihp vi gan mt s ng vt (g, ln) c s phi hp 2loi vitamin A; ng vt v thc vt, tc dng dc l tthn (khi nu nn dng du thc vt v vitamin A tan trongdu...).

C rt qu nhng cng khng nn lm dng, dng babi, ty thch m nn cn c vo nhu cu ti thiu hng cabeta carotene.

1.3.Phn b thi v:

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C rt cng c trng nhiu nc ta. Hin nay, ccvng trng rau ang trng ph bin 2 loi c rt: mt loi cc mu ti, mt loi c mu ng sang mu da cam.

Loi v (c rt ) c nhp trng t lu, chyu l ging Vn c (min Bc) v Lt (min Nam).

N c c to nh khng u, li to, nhiu x, hay phnnhnh, km ngt, kh nng thch ng t ai v thi tit tthn ging ngoi nhp

Loi v mu ng mu da cam l c rt nhaaoj caPhp (c rt Tim-Tom) sinh trng nhanh hn loi trn; t lc trn 80%, da nhn, li nh, t b phn nhnh nhng curhi ngn, mp hn, n ngon. Cc ging ngoi nhp khcgm c: NC, Nans, Nataise Amelirec,... ca Php; PS ca

M, ging 555 ca Thi Lan... y l cc ging lai F1, uth ln nht l nng sut cao, c to, u, t x, ngt, cth trng a chung.

Thi v:

. V sm trn cc chn t cao, gieo ht t thng 7,thng 8; thu hoch thng 10, thng 12.

. V chnh: gieo ht thng 9, thng 10 thu hochvo thng 12, thng 1. y l thi v cho nng sut cao v

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iu kin nhit thch hp cho ton b thi gian sinhtrng v pht trin ca c rt.

. Ngoi ra cng c th trng thm v mun: gieo htvo thng 12, thng 1 thu hoch vo thng 3, thng 4.

C rt c trng ph bin vi ging a phng (chyu l ging Lt) c thi gian sinh trng 95-100 ngy,kch thc 18-22cm x 2,5-3cm, mu nht, nng suttrung bnh 20-25 tn/ha v cc ging ca Php nh

Nantaise, Seamllienee, Tim-Tom c c to, kch thc 22-25x 3-3,5cm, c tim nng tng mnh sn lng trong tnglai.

C rt sn sng thu hoch sau khi gieo ht ging 90ngy nhng tip tc ln ln v m rng sau . Thu hoch

khi r c kch thc tt nhng vn cn mm. C rt c thc lu tr trn t trong sut nhng thng ma ng. Nuc rt ly khi t qu lu hoc cho php chn nu, r trnn dai, nhiu g v c th gy.

Vn bo qun c rt cng nh cc loi rau c khctng i kh v y l thc phm ti, rt d b thi ra,h hng, nm mc, vi khun d pht trin (do nc chimgn 90%). Trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm hin nay,ngi ta i hi cng cao v bo qun. C rt nhiu cch

bo qun thc phm, y i vi c rt ta dng phng

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php sy. Vi phng php ny s bo qun c rt c luhn, d dng trong qu trnh vn chuyn, ng dng nhiutrong qu trnh ch bin cc sn phm n lin.

TNG QUAN V PHNG PHP SY

2.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh sy:

Sy l s bc hi nc ca sn phm bng nhit nhit thch hp, l qu trnh khuch tn do chnh lch m b mt v bn trong vt liu, hay ni cch khc do chnhlch p sut hi ring phn b mt vt liu v mi trngxung quanh.

2.2. Phn loi qu trnh sy:

Ngi ta phn bit ra 2 loi:

. Sy t nhin: nh tc nhn chnh l nng, gi...Phng php ny thi gian sy di, tn din tch sn phi,kh iu chnh v m cui cng ca vt liu cn kh

hn, ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit kh hu.

. Sy nhn to: qu trnh cn cung cp nhit, ngha lphi dng n tc nhn sy nh khi l, khng kh nng,

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Phng php sy tng si: ngun nhit t khngkh nng nh qut thi vo bung sy mnh v lm silp ht, sau mt thi gian nht nh, ht kh v c tho rangoi.

Phng php sy phun: c dng sy cc snphm dng lng.

Bc x: s dn truyn nhit bc x t vt liu nng

n vt liu m.Phn loi theo tnh cht x l vt liu m theo bung

sy:

Sy m: vt liu ng yn hoc chuyn ng quabung sy nhiu ln, n khi hon tt s c tho ra.

Sy lin tc: vt liu c cung cp lin tc v schuyn ng ca vt liu m quan bung sy cng xy ralin tc.

Phn loi theo s chuyn ng tng i gia dngkh v vt liu m:

Loi thi qua b mt.

Loi thi xuyn vung gc vi vt liu

QUY TRNH CNG NGH

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3.1:s quy trnh cng ngh

s quy trnh cng ngh

3.2:thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh

Nguyn li u

Phn lo i

C t cu ng

R a l n m t

C o v

R a l n 2

Ch n (h p)

S y kh

C t l t

Thnh ph m

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Chn mua nhng c c rt c mu ti sng, cng chc,thng v trn lng. Nu c c rt cn cnh l th chn loi

c cnh l cn ti xanh v m t. Khng mua loi mm, kh t, nt n hay cong quo. C rt c mu camcng m th cng cha nhiu beta carotene. Nhng c crt nh, non thng mm v v du hn nhng c rt chnli thng ngt, chc v y hng v hn.

C c rt d gi hay non, nu li gia cng nh th cngngt. Nguyn nhn v ng ca c rt tp trung lpngoi. V vy, nu thy nhng c c rt c nhiu cnh l gc hay phn vai to dy th thng c li qa to gia vlt hn.

3.2.1:ra ln mt:

mc ch:nhm loi tr mt s tp cht c hcnh:t, ct, bi bn v phn no lm gim vi sinh vt ngoiv nguyn liu cng nh thuc bo v thc vt.

C rt sau khi ct cung c cho vo cc bn chanc dung dch nc javen(nng 20-50 ppm).Sau chuyn qua b chy trn ra li cho ht t, bi v vc

javel cn bm li trn nguyn liu.

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Nc ra cng nh nc dng trong khi ch bin(nhchn, pha ch)phi l nc dng cho thc phm, m bochie tiu theo quy nh.Nc phi trong, khng mu, khngmi v.

3.2.2. Co v v ra ln 2:

i vi mt s rau qu c v mng nh khoai ty, crt, mn, i ta c th dng dung dch kim bc v. Chtkim s dng ph bin l NaOH c tinh khit t 95% trln. Cng c th dng Na2CO3, tuy c tc dng km hn,nhng ra li th chng sch hn NaOH.

Thi gian ngm ra nguyn liu ph thuc vo nng v nhit ca dung dich NaOH. Tc dng bc v tc khi no ra xi, lc v nguyn liu bong trc ra d

dng.Nng NaOH thng s dng 1,5 2%. Qu xanh,

kch thc ln, cn nng cao hn qu chn, kch thcnh. Nhit dung dch NaOH cng cao th tc dng bc vcng mnh, nhng khng nn qu cao, s lm chn mmnguyn liu.Thi gian ngm ko di t vi giy n vi

pht. Gia nguyn liu v dung dich ngm cng cn phi cmt t l xc nh.

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Sau khi ngm trong dung dch NaOH, nguyn liuc ra li trong nc lun lu loi b v lm sch

NaOH bm vo nguyn liu. Nguyn liu sau khi ra phim bo sch NaOH, th li bng cch nh vi git

phenolphtalein khng thy xut hin mu hng.

3.2.3. Ct lt:

to cm quan cho sn phm cng nh tng hiuqu cho qu trnh sy, c rt thng c ct thnh ltmng hay thnh si dy 2 mm bng cc my ct. Yu cuca sn phm sau qu trnh ct phi ng u v kch thc,khng b dp nt, gy, nt,...

3.2.4. Chn (hp):

Trc khi sy thng chn rau qu trong nc nng

hoc hp bng hi nc nhm bo v phm cht sn phmv rt ngn thi gian sy. Khi chn, do tc dng ca nhit vm nn tnh cht ha l ca nguyn liu b bin i c licho s thot m khi sy; cc vi sinh vt b tiu dit v hthng men (enzyme) trong nguyn liu b bt hot trnh gyh hng sn phm.

i vi rau qu giu glucide (khoai ty, khoai lang,...):chn lm cho hoa qu tng xp, do s thy phn cc cht

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pectin lm cho lin kt gia cc mng t bo b ph v. Tinhbt b h ha khi chn cng lm tng nhanh qu trnh sy.

i vi rau qu c cha sc t (c rt, u h lan,mn,...): chn c tc dng gi mu, hn ch c hintng bin mu hoc bc mu.

i vi rau qu c lp sp mng trn b mt (mn,vi,...): chn lm mt lp sp ny, to ra cc vt nt nh li titrn b mt, do gia tng qu trnh trao i m gia quvi mi trng xung quanh, dn n rt ngn thi gian sy.

Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian chn, hp, unnng: trong qu trnh chn, hp, un nng ngoi mc chv hot enzyme, cn phi m bo cht lng sn phm,nn thc phm phi c gia nhit nhanh.Do , vic la

chn nhit v thi gian ph hp cho mi loi nguyn liuc ngha rt quan trng v thi gian gia nhit ph thucvo cc yu t:

* Loi nguyn liu

* Kch thc nguyn liu

* Nhit gia nhit

* Phng thc gia nhit

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Thng thng, c rt thng c chn nhit 90 C trong thi gian 2 pht. Sau khi chn, hp xong cn lmngui nhanh.

3.2.5. Sy kh:

i vi cc nguyn liu rau qu, ngi ta thng pdng phng php sy i lu. Khng kh nng c dnglm tc nhn sy c nhit , m thch hp, chuyn ngchy trm ln vt sy bay hi ri i theo tc nhn sy rangoi. Khng kh c th chuyn ng cng chiu, ngcchiu hoc ct ngang dng chuyn ng ca sn phm.

Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sy:

Nhit sy:

Rau qu l sn phm chu nhit km: trn 90 C thng fructose bt u b caramel ha, cc phn ng to ramelanoidin, polime ha cc hp cht cao phn t xy ramnh. Cn nhit cao hn na, rau qu c th b chy.Do vy, sy rau qu thng dng ch sy n ha. Tytheo loi nguyn liu, nhit sy khng qu 80-90 C.

Qu trnh sy cn ph thuc vo tc tng nhitca vt liu sy. Nu tc tng nhit qu nhanh thi b mtqu b rn li v ngn qu trnh thot m. Ngc li, nu tc tng chm th cng thot m yu.

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m khng kh:

Mun nng cao kh nng ht m ca khng kh th

phi gim m tng i ca n xung. Sy chnh l binphp tng kh nng ht m ca khng kh bng cch tngnhit .

Thng thng khi vo bung sy khng kh co m10-13%. Nu m ca khng kh qu thp s lm rau qunt hoc to ra lp v kh trn b mt, lm nh hng xun qu trnh thot hi m tip theo. Nhng nu m qucao s lm tc sy gim.

Khi ra khi l sy,khng kh mang theo hi m carau qu ti nn m tng ln (thng thng khong 40-60%). Nu khng kh i ra c m qu thp th s tn

nng lng; ngc li, nu qu cao s d b ng sng,lm h hng sn phm sy. Ngi ta iu chnh m cakhng kh bng cch iu chnh tc lu thng ca n vlng rau qu ti cha trong l sy.

Lu thng ca khng kh:

Trong qu trnh sy, khng kh c th lu thng tnhin hoc cng bc.Trong cc l sy, khng kh lu thngt nhin vi tc nh, do vy thi gian sy thng ko dilm cht lng sn phm sy khng cao. khc phc

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nhc im ny, ngi ta phi dng qut thng gicng bc vi tc trong khong 0,4-4 m/s trong cc thit

b sy. Nu tc gi qu ln s gy tn tht nhit lng.

dy ca lp sy:

dy ca lp rau qu sy cng nh hng n qutrnh sy. Lp nguyn liu cng mng th qu trnh sy cngnhanh v ng u, nhng nu qu mng s lm gim nngsut ca l sy. Ngc li, nu qu dy s lm gim s luthng ca khng kh, dn n sn phm b m hi dohi m ng li.

Thng thng nn xp lp rau qu trn cc thit bsy vi khi lng 5-8 kg/m2 l ph hp. i vi nguynliu c rt ta chn ch sy 70-75 C trong thi gian 2

gi cho thit b sy.3.2.6. ng gi v bo qun thnh phm:

Sau khi sy xong, cn tin hnh phn loi loib nhng c th khng t cht lng (do chy hoc chat m yu cu). Loi kh tt c chung vo khay

hoc chu ln iu ha m.Sau qut cho ngui hni ri mi ng gi.

KT LUN

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