Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (2) - यूरोप में समाजवाद एवं रुसी क्रान्ति

8/13/2019 Bharat Aur Samkaleen Vishva (2) -

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;wjks i es a lektokn ,oa :lh Øka fr 25

;w jks i es a lektokn ,oa :lh Øka fr

1 lkekftd ifjorZ u dk ;q x fiNys vè;k; es a vkius i + z Qka lhlh Øka fr os Q ckn ;w jks i es a iS Qyrs tk jgsLora =krk vkS j lekurk os Q 'kfDr'kkyh fopkjks a os Q ckjs es a i<+ kA i + z Qka lhlh Øka fr us lkekftd la jpuk os Q {ks =k es a vkew y ifjorZ u dh la Hkkoukvks a dk lw =kikr dj fn;k FkkA tS lk fd vki i<+ pq os Q gS a ] vBkjgoha lnh ls igys i + z Qka l dk lekt eks Vs rkS j ij ,LVs V~ l vkS j Js f.k;ks a es a c¡Vk gq vk FkkA lekt dh vkfFkZ d vkS j lkekftd lÙkk ij oq Qyhu oxZ vkS j ppZ dk fu;a =k.k FkkA ys fdu Øka fr osQ ckn bl la jpuk dks cnyuk la Hko fn[kkbZ ns us yxkA ;w jks i vkS j ,f'k;k lfgr nq fu;k os Q cgq r lkjs fgL lks a es a O;fDrxr vfèkdkjks a os Q Lo:i vkS j lkekftd lÙkk ij fdldk fu;a =k .k gks & bl ij ppkZ fNM+ xbZ A Hkkjr es a Hkh jktk jkeeks gu jkW ; vkS j Ms jks f”k; ks us i + z Qka lhlh Øka fr os Q egÙo dk mYys [k fd;kA vkS j Hkh cgq r lkjs yks x Øk a fr i'pkr ;w jks i dh fLFkfr;ks a os Q ckjs es a py jgh cgl es a dw n iM+ sA vkxs p ydj mifuos 'kks a es a ?kVh ?kVukvks a us Hkh bu fopkjks a dks ,d u;k :i iz nku djus es a ;ks xnku fn;kA

exj ;w jks i es a Hkh lHkh yks x vkew y lekt ifjorZ u osQ i{k es a ugha FksA

bl loky ij lcdh vyx&v yx jk; FkhA cgq r lkjs yks x cnyko os Q fy, rks rS ;kj Fks ysfdu og pk grs Fks fd ;g cnyko èkhjs&èkhjs gksA ,d [ks ek ekurk Fkk fd lekt dk vkew y iquxZ Bu ”k:jh gSA oqQN ^#f<+ oknh*(Conservatives) Fks rks oqQ N ^mnkjoknh* (Liberals) ;k ^vkewy ifjorZ uoknh* (Radical, jS fMd y ) lekèkkuks a os Q i{k es a FksA ml le; os Q lanHkZ es a bu 'kCnks a dk D;k er yc Fkk\ jktuhfr dh bu èkkjkvksa es a D;k I +kQoZ Q Fks vkS j dkS u&dkS u lh ckr s a Fkha tks leku Fkha \ ;gk¡ ges a è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd bu 'kCnks a dk vFkZ g j dky vkS j ifjos 'k es a ,d gh ugha gks rkA

bl vè;k; es a ge mUuhloha 'krkCnh dh oq QN egÙoiw .kZ jktuhfrd

ija ijkvks a dk vè;;u djs a xs vkS j ns [ks a xs fd mUgks a us ifjorZ u os Q la nHkZ es a D;k vlj MkykA blos Q ckn ge ,d ,s lh ,s frgkfld ?kVuk ij viuk è;ku os a Qfær djsa xs ftles a lekt os Q jS fMdy iq uxZ Bu dk ,d xa Hkhj iz ;kl fd;k x;kA :l es a gq bZ Øka fr osQ iQyLo:i lektokn chloha lnh dk Lo:i r; djus okys lcls egÙoiw .kZ vkS j 'kfDr'kkyh fopkjks a dh Ü k` a [kyk dk fgLlk cu x;kA

1-1 mnkjoknh] jS fMdy vkS j #f<+ oknh

lekt ifjorZ u os Q leFkZ dks a es a ,d lew g mnkjokfn;ks a dk FkkA mnkjoknh ,s lk jk"Vª pkgrs Fks ftles a lHkh èkeks ± dks cjkcj dk lEeku vkS j txg feysA 'kk;n

vè;k; 2

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26 Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o

vki tkurs gks a xs fd ml le; ;w jks i os Q ns 'kks a es a iz k;% fdlh ,d èkeZ dks gh ”;knk egRo fn;k tkrk Fkk (fcz Vs u dh ljdkj ppZ vkW I + kQ ba XyS a M dk leFkZ u djrh Fkh] vkW fLVª ;k vkS j Lis u] oSQFkfyd ppZ os Q leFkZ d Fks)A mnkjoknh lew g oa 'k&vkèkkfjr 'kkldks a dh vfu;a f=kr lÙkk os Q Hkh fojksèkh FksA os ljdkj os Q le{k O;fDr ek=k os Q vfèkdkjks a dh j{kk os Q i{kèkj FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd ljdkj dks fdlh os Q vfèkdkjks a dk guu djus ;k mUgs a Nhuus dk vfèkdkj ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g lew g iz frfufèkRo ij vkèkkfjr ,d ,s lh fuokZ fpr ljdkj os Q i{k es a Fkk tks 'kkldks a vkS j vI + kQljks a os Q izHkko ls eq Dr vkS j lq iz f'kf{kr U;k;ikfydk }kjk LFkkfir fd, x, dkuw uks a os Q vuq lkj 'kklu&dk;Z pyk,A ij ;g lew g yks dra =koknh* (Democrat) ugha FkkA ;s yks x lkoZ HkkS fed o;Ld erkfèkdkj ;kuh lHkh ukxfjdks a dks oks V dk vfèkdkj ns us os Q i{k es a ugha FksA mudk ekuuk F kk fd oks V dk vf/dkj os Qoy la ifÙkèkkfj;ks a dks gh

feyuk pkfg,A blos Q foijhr jS fMd y lew g os Q yks x ,s lh ljdkj os Q i{k es a Fks tks ns 'k dh vkcknh os Q cgq er os Q leFkZ u ij vkèkkfjr gksA bues a ls cgq r lkjs yks x efgyk erkfèkdkj vka n ks yu os Q Hkh leFkZ d FksA mnkjokfn;ks a os Q foijhr ;s yks x cM+ s ”keha nkjks a vkS j la iUu m|ks xifr;ks a dks iz kIr fdlh Hkh rjg os Q fo'ks "kkfèkdkjks a os Q f[kykI + k Q FksA os futh la ifÙk os Q fojksèkh ugha Fks ys fdu os Qoy oq QN yks xks a os Q ikl la if Ùk os Q la os a Qæ.k dk fojksèk ”k:j djrs FksA

#f<+ oknh rcdk jS f Mdy vkS j mnkjoknh] nks uks a os Q f[kykI + kQ FkkA exj i + z Qka lhlh Øka fr os Q ckn rks #f<+ oknh Hkh cnyko dh ”k:jr dks Lohdkj djus

yxs FksA iq jkus le; e s a ] ;kuh vBkjgoha 'krkCnh es a #f<+ oknh vkerkS j ij ifjorZ u os Q fopkjks a dk fojksèk djrs FksA ys fdu mUuhloha lnh rd vkrs&vkrs os Hkh ekuus yxs Fks fd oq QN ifjorZ u vko';d gks x;k gS ija rq og pkgrsFks fd vrhr dk lEeku fd;k tk, vFkkZ r~ vrhr dks iw jh rjg Bq djk;k u tk, vkS j cnyko dh iz fØ;k èkheh gksA

i + z Qka lhlh Øka fr os Q ckn iS nk gq bZ jktuhfrd mFky&iq Fky os Q nkS jku lkekftd ifjorZ u ij o s a Qfær bu fofoèk fopkjks a os Q chp dkI + kQh Vdjko gq ,A mUuhloha lnh es a Øka fr vkS j jk"Vª h; dk;ka rj.k dh fofHkUu dks f'k'kks a us bu lHkh jktuhfrd èkkjkvks a dh lhekvks a vkS j la Hkkoukvks a dks Li"V dj fn;kA

1-2 vkS |ks fxd lekt vkS j lkekftd ifjorZ u

;s jktuhfrd #>ku ,d u, ;q x dk |ks rd FksA ;g nkS j xgu lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZ d cnykoks a dk FkkA ;g ,s lk le; Fkk tc u, 'kgj cl jgs Fks] u,&u, vkS |ks fxd {ks =k fodflr gks jgs Fks] js yos dk dkiQh foLrkj gks pq dk Fkk vkS j vkS |ks fxd Øka fr la iUu gks pq dh FkhA

vkS |ks xhdj.k us vkS jrks a &vknfe;ks a vkS j cPpks a ] lcdks dkj[kkuks a esa yk fn;kA dke os Q ?ka Vs ;kuh ikyh cgq r ya ch gks rh Fkh vkS j e”knw jh cgq r de FkhA cs jks ”kxkjh vke leL;k FkhA vkS |ksfxd oLrq vks a dh ek¡x es a fxjkoV vk

u, 'kCn

erkfèkdkj vka nks yu % oks V Mkyus dk vfèkdkj

ikus os Q fy, pyk;k x;k vka nksyuA































































































































tkus ij rks cs jks ”kxkjh vkS j c<+ tkrh FkhA 'kgj rs ”kh ls clrs vkS j iQS yrstk jgs Fks blfy, vkokl vkS j lkI + kQ&lI + kQkbZ dk dke Hkh eq f'dy gks rk tk jgk FkkA mnkjoknh vkS j jS fMdy] nks uks a gh bu leL;kvks a dk gy [kks tus dh dks f'k'k dj jgs FksA

yxHkx lHkh m|ks x O;fDrx r LokfeRo es a FksA cgq r lkjs jS fMdy vkS j mnkjokfn;ksa os Q ikl Hkh dkiQh la ifÙk Fkh vkS j muos Q ;gk¡ cgq r lkjs yks x

ukS djh djrs FksA mUgks a us O;kikj ;k vkS |ks fxd O;olk;ks a os Q ”kfj, èku&nkS yr bdV~Bk dh Fkh blfy, og pkgrs Fks fd bl rjg os Q iz ;klks a dks ”;knk ls ”;knk c<+ kok fn;k tk,A mUgs a yxrk Fkk fd vxj e”knw j LoLFk gks a vkS j ukxfjd i<+ s&fy[ks gks a ] rks bl O;oLFkk dk Hkjiw j ykHk fy;k tk ldrk gSA;s yks x tUetkr feyus okys fo'ks "kkfèkdkjks a osQ fo#¼ FksA O;fDrxr iz ;kl] Je vkS j m|e'khyrk es a mudk xgjk fo'okl FkkA mudh ekU;rk Fkh fd ;fn gjs d dks O;fDrxr Lora =krk nh tk,] xjhcks a dks jks ”kxkj feys] vkS j ftuos Q ikl iw ¡ th gS mUgs a fcuk jks d&Vksd dke djus dk ekS dk fn;k tk, rks lekt rjDdh dj ldrk gSA blh dkj.k mUuhloha lnh os Q 'q k#vkrh

n'kdksa es a lekt ifjorZ u os Q bPNq d cgq r lkjs dkedkth L=kh&iq #"k mnkjoknh vkS j jS fMdy lew gks a o ikfVZ;ks a os Q bnZ &fxnZ xks yca n gks x, FksA

fp=k 1 & mUuhloha 'krkCnh osQ eè; esa yanu osQ xjhcksa dh n'kk mlh le; osQ ,d O;fDr dh nf"V ls -

Ïks r % gsujh esg~;w ] yanu yscj ,sUM yanu iq vj] 1861





































fØ;kdyki

fØ;kdyki

;w jks i es a 1815 es a ftl rjg dh ljdkjsa cuha muls Nq Vdkjk ikus os Q fy, oq QN jk"Vª oknh] mnkjoknh vkS j jS fMdy vkanksyudkjh Øka fr osQ i{k es a FksA i + z Qka l] bVyh] teZ uh vkS j :l es a ,s ls yks x Øka frdkjh gks x, vkS j jktkvks a osQ r[rkiyV dk iz;kl djus yxsA jk"Vªoknh dk;Z drkZ Øka fr os Q ”kfj, ,s ls ^jk"Vª ks a * dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrs Fks ftues a lHkh ukxfjdks a dks leku vfèkdkj iz kIr gks a A 1815 os Q ckn bVyh os Q jk"Vª oknh fxlsIis esf”kuh us ;gh y{; iz kIr djus osQ fy, vius leFkZ dks a os Q lkFk feydj jktk os Q f[kykI + kQ lkf”k'k jph FkhA Hkkjr lfgr nq fu;k Hkj os Q jk"Vª oknh mldh jpukvks a dks i<+ rs FksA

1-3 ;w jks i es a lektokn dk vkuk

lekt osQ iq uxZ Bu d h la Hkor% lcls nw jxkeh n` f"V iz nku djus okyh

fopkjèkkjk lektokn gh FkhA mUuhloha lnh osQ eè; rd ;w jksi esa lektokn ,d tkuk&i gpkuk fopkj FkkA mldh rjI + kQ cgq r lkjs yks xks a dk è;ku vkdf"kZ r gks jgk FkkA

lektoknh futh la ifÙk os Q fojksèkh FksA ;kuh] os la ifÙk ij futh LokfeRo dks lgh ugha ekurs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd la ifÙk os Q futh LokfeRo dh O;oLFkk g h lkjh leL;kvks a dh tM+ gSA os ,s lk D;ksa ekurs Fks\ mudk roZ Q Fkk fd cgq r lkjs yks xks a os Q ikl la ifÙk rks gS ftlls nwljks a dks jks ”kxkj Hkh feyrk gS y s fdu leL;k ;g gS fd la ifÙkèkkjh O;fDr dks flI + kZ Q

vius I + kQk;ns ls gh e ryc jgrk gS_ og muos Q ckjs esa ugha lks prk tks mldh la ifÙk dks mRik nu'khy cukrs gS a A blfy,] vxj la ifÙk ij fdlh

,d O;fDr os Q ctk; iw js lekt dk fu;a =k.k gks rks lk>k lkekftd fgrks a ij ”;knk vPNh rjg è;ku fn;k tk ldrk gSA lektoknh bl rjg dk cnyko pkgrs Fks vkS j blosQ fy, mUgks a us cM+s iS ekus ij vfHk;ku pyk;kA

dks bZ lekt laifÙk os Q fcuk oS Qls py ldrk gS\ lektoknh lekt dk vkèkkj D;k gks xk\

lektokfn;ks a os Q ikl Hkfo"; dh ,d fcYoqQy fHkUu n f"V FkhA oq QN

lektokfn;ks a dks dksvkW ijsfVo ;kuh lkew fgd m|e os Q fopkj es a fnypLih FkhA ba XyS a M os Q tkus&ekus m|ks xifr jkW cVZ vks os u (1771&1858) us ba fM;kuk (ves fjdk) es a u;k leUo; (New Harmony ) os Q uke ls ,d u;s rjg os Q leq nk; dh jpuk dk iz ;kl fd;kA oq QN lektoknh ekurs Fks fd os Qoy O;fDrxr igydneh ls cgq r cM+ s lkew fgd [ks r ugha cuk, tk ldrsA og pkgrs Fks fd ljdkj viuh rjI + kQ ls lkew fgd [ksrh dks c<+ kok nsA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] i + z Qka l esa yqbZ Cyka d (1813&1882) pkgrs Fks fd ljdkj i¡w thoknh m|eks a dh txg lkew fgd m|eks a dks c<+ kok nsA dksvkW ijs fVo ,sls yks xks a os Q lew g Fks tks fey dj ph”ksa cukrs Fks vkS j eq ukI + ks Q dks iz R;s d lnL;

}kjk fd, x, dke os Q fglkc ls vkil es a ck¡ V ys rs FksA

eku yhft, fd futh la ifÙk dks [kRe djus vkS j

mldh txg lkewfgd LokfeRo dh O;oLFkk ykxw

djus os Q loky ij vkios Q bykos Q es a ,d cS Bd cq ykbZ

xbZ gSA fuEufyf[kr O;fDr;ksa os Q :i esa ml cS Bd es a

vki tks Hkk"k.k ns axs og fy[ksa %

Ø ,d xjhc [ks frgj e”knwj

Ø ,d ea >kS yk HkwLokeh

Ø ,d x` gLokeh

futh la ifÙk os Q ckjs es a iw¡ thoknh vkS j lektoknh

fopkjèkkjk os Q chp nks va rj crk,¡A































































































dkyZ ekDlZ (1818&1882) vkS j i + z Q s Mfjd ,a xs Yl (1820&1895) usbl fn'kk es a dbZ u, roZ Q is'k fd,A ekDlZ dk fopkj Fkk fd vkS |ks fxd lekt îw¡ thoknh* lekt gSA I + kS QfDVª ;ks a es a yxh iw ¡ th ij iw ¡ thifr;ks a dk LokfeRo gS vkS j iw ¡thifr;ks a dk equkI + kQk e”knw jks a dh es gur ls iS nk gks rk gSAekDlZ dk fu"d"kZ Fkk fd tc rd futh iw ¡ thifr blh rjg eq ukI + ks Q dk lap; djrs tk,¡xs rc rd e”knw jksa dh fLFkfr es a lq èkkj ugha gks ldrkAviuh fLFkfr es a lq èkkj ykus os Q fy, e”knw jks a dks iw ¡ thokn o futh laifÙk ij vk/kfjr 'kklu dks m[kkM+ iQs a duk gks xkA ekDlZ dk fo'okl Fkk fd [kq n dks iw ¡ thoknh 'kks "k.k ls eq Dr djkus os Q fy, e”knw jksa dks ,d vR;a r fHkUu fdLe dk lekt cukuk gks xk ftles a lkjh laifÙk ij iw js lekt dk ;kuh lkekftd fu;a =k.k vkS j LokfeRo jgs xkA mUgksa us Hkfo"; osQ bl lekt dkslkE;oknh (dE;q fuLV) lekt dk uke fn;kA ekDlZ dks fo'okl Fkk fd

iw ¡ thifr;ks a os Q lkFk gks us okys l a ?k"kZ es a thr va rr% e”knwjks a dh gh gks xhAmudh jk; es a dE;q fuLV lekt gh Hkfo"; dk lekt gksxkA

1-4 lektokn os Q fy, l eFkZ u 1870 dk n'kd vkrs&vkrs le ktoknh fopkj iwjs ;w jks i es a iS Qy pq os Q FksAvius iz ;klksa es a leUo; ykus o s Q fy, lektokfn;ks a us f}rh; ba VjuS 'kuy osQ uke ls ,d va rjkZ "Vªh; la LF kk Hkh cuk yh FkhA

baXyS a M vkS j teZ uh os Q e”k nw jks a us viuh thou vkS j dk;Z fLFkfr;ks a es a lqèkkj ykus os Q fy, laxBu cuku k 'kq : dj fn;k FkkA ladV os Q le; viuslnL;ks a dks enn ig¡ q pkus os Q fy , bu laxBuks a us dks "k LFkkfir fd, vkS j dke os Q ?ka Vks a es a deh rFkk er kfèkdkj os Q fy, vkok”k mBkuk 'kq : dj fn;kA teZ uh es a lks 'ky Ms eks oz S QfV d ikVhZ (,lihMh) os Q lkFk bu la xB uks a os Q dkiQh xgjs fj'rs Fks vkS j la lnh; pq ukoks a esa os ikVhZ dh enn Hkh dj rs FksA1905 rd fcz Vs u osQ lektokfn; ks a vkS j VªsM ;w fu;u vkanks yudkfj;ks a us ys cj

ikVhZ os Q uke ls viuh ,d vyx ikVhZ cuk yh FkhA i + z Qka l es a Hkh lks 'kfyLV ikVhZ os Q uke ls ,s lh gh ,d ikVhZ dk xBu fd;k x;kA ys fdu 1914 rd ;w jks i es a lektoknh dgha Hkh ljdkj cukus es a dke;kc ugha gks ik,A la lnh; jktuhfr es a s muos Q iz frfufèk cM+ h la [;k esa thrrs jgs] mUgks a us dkuw u cuokus es a Hkh vge Hkw fedk fuHkk;h] exj ljdkjks a

esa #f<+ okfn;ks a ] mnkjokfn;ks a vkS j jS fMdyks a dk gh ncnck cuk jgkA

fp=k 2 & ;g isfjl dE;wu] 1871 d k ,d fp=k gSA bl fp=k es a ekpZ vkS j ebZ 1871 os Q chp gq , tuf onzksg dks n'kkZ ;k x;k gSA ;g ,s lk nkS j Fkk tc isfjl dh uxj ifj"kn ~ (dE;w u) ij e”knwjksa ] vke yks xks a ] is 'ks ojks a ] vkS j jktuhfrd dk;Z dr kZ vks a dks ys dj cukbZ xbZ tu ljdkj* us dC”kk dj fy;k FkkA ;g mFky&iqFky i + z Qk¡ lhlh ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa osQ izfr c<+rs vla rks"k os Q dkj.k iS nk gqbZ FkhA ;|fi îsfjl dE;wu* dks varr% ljdkjh Vq d fM+;ks a us oq Qpy Mkyk ysfdu nq fu;k Hkj osQ lektokfn;ks a us lekto knh Økafr dh iwoZ ihfBdk os Q :i esa bldk tedj t'u euk;kA isf jl dE;wu dks nks vkSj ph”kks a dh otg ls vkt Hkh ;kn j[kk tkrk g S % ,d] e”knw jks a os Q yky >a Ms dk mn; blh ?kVuk ls gq vk Fkk & dE; q ukMks ± (Øka frdkfj;ks a ) us vius fy, ;gh >a Mk pquk Fkk_ nks] ekls Z;sl * osQ fy,] tks bl ?kVuk osQ ckn is fjl dE;w u vkS j eq fDr la ?k"kZ dk izrhd cu x;kA mYys [kuh; gS fd bl xhr dks ewyr% 1792 es a ;q ¼ xhr os Q :i esa fy[kk x;k FkkA (lkS tU; % ya nu U;w ”k] 1871)































































































































2 :lh Økafr

fp=k 3 & ls aV ihVlZc xZ fLFkr foaVj iSysl osQ OgkbV gkWy esa ”kkj fu dksyl II , 1900-

vus Z LV fyixkVZ (1847&1932) }kjk fpf=krA

fp=k 4 & 1914 dk ;wjksi-

ekufp=k esa :lh lkezkT; vkS j igys egk;q¼ esa 'kkfey ;w jks ih; ns 'kksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gS A

;w jks i osQ lcls fiNM+ s vkS |ks fxd ns 'kks a es a ls ,d] :l es a ;g lehdj.k myV x;kA 1917 dh vDrwcj Økafr osQ ”kfj, :l dh lÙkk ij lektokfn;ks a us dC”kk dj fy;kA iQjojh 1917 es a jkt'kkgh os Q iru vkS j vDrw cj dh ?kVukvks a dks gh vDrw cj Øka fr dgk tkrk gSA

,s lk oS Qls gq vk\ Øka fr os Q le; :l os Q lkekftd vkS j jktuhfrd gkykr oS Qls Fks\ bu lokyks a dk tokc <w ¡<+ us os Q fy,] vkb,] Øka fr ls oqQN lky igys dh fLFkfr;ksa ij u”kj Mkys a A

2-1 :lh lkez kT;] 19141914 es a :l vkS j ml os Q iw js lkez kT; ij ”kkj fudks yl II dk 'kklu FkkA ekLdks osQ vklikl i M+ us okys Hkw {ks =k os Q vykok vkt dk fI + kQuySa M] ykrfo;k] fyFkq vkfu;k] ,Lrksfu;k rFkk iks yS a M] ;woz s Qu o cs yk:l os Q oq QN fgLls :lh lkez kT; osQ va x FksA ;g lkez kT; iz 'kka r egklkxj rd iQS yk gq vk Fkk vkS j vkt os Q eè; ,f'k;kbZ jkT;ks a os Q lkFk&lkFk tkW ftZ ;k] vkes Z fu;k o v”kjcS ”kku Hkh blh lkez kT; os Q va rxZ r vkrs FksA :l es a xz hd vkW Fkks Z MkWDl ppZ ls mith 'kk[kk : lh vkWFkks Z MkW Dl fØf'p;S fuVh dks ekuus okys cgq er

:lh lkezkT;

LohMu

u k W o s Z

mÙkjh lkxj

ba Xy S a M Ms uekoZ Q

gkW yS a M cs fYt;e

i + z Qkal fLoV~ ”kjyS a M vkW fLVª ;k&ga xjh

:ekfu;k dkyk lkxj

cq Yxkfj;k

vkW Vks eu lkez kT; ;w uku

vYckfu;k

bVyh ekW UVs us xz ks

teZ uh

vVyka fVd egklkxj

Lis u Hkw eè; lkxj

i q r Z x k y

osaQnzh; 'kfDr;k¡ fe=k 'kfDr;k¡ rVLFk jkT; ,sls rVLFk jkT; tks ckn esa osaQnzh; 'k fDr;ksa ls tk feys ,sls rVLFk jkT; tks ckn esa fe=k 'kfDr;ksa ls tk feys



































































































esa FksA ysfdu bl lkez kT; os Q rgr jgus okyks a es a oS QFkfyd] iz ks VsLVs a V] eq fLye vkS j ckS ¼ Hkh 'kkfey FksA

2-2 vFkZ O;oLFkk vkS j lekt chloha lnh dh 'kq #vkr es a :l dh vkcknh dk ,d cgq r cM+ k fgLlk [ks rh&ckM+ h ls tq M+ k gq vk FkkA :lh lkez kT; dh yxHkx 85 iz fr'kr turk vkthfodk osQ fy, [ks rh ij gh fuHkZ j FkhA ;w jks i os Q fdlh Hkh ns 'k es a [ks rh ij vkfJr turk dk iz fr'kr bruk ugha FkkA mnkgj.k os Q rkS j ij] i + z Qkal vkS j teZ uh es a [ks rh ij fuHkZ j vkcknh 40&50 iz fr'kr ls ”;knk ugha FkhA:lh lkez kT; osQ fdlku viuh ”k:jrksa os Q lkFk&lkFk ck”kkj os Q fy, Hkh iSnkokj djrs FksA :l vukt d k ,d cM+ k fu;kZ rd FkkA

m|ks x cgq r de FksA ls a V ih VlZ cxZ vkS j ekLdks iz eq [k vkS |ks fxd bykos Q FksA gkyk¡fd ”;knkrj mRiknu dkjhxj gh djrs Fks ys fdu dkjhxjks a dh odZ 'kkW iks a os Q lkFk&lkFk cM+ s&c M+ s dy&dkj[kkus Hkh ekS tw n FksA cgq r lkjsdkj[kkus 1890 os Q n'kd esa p kyw gq , Fks tc :l os Q jsy us VooZ Q dksiQS yk;k tk jgk FkkA mlh le; :lh m|ks xks a es a fons'kh fuos'k Hkh rs th lsc<+ k FkkA bu dkjdks a os Q pyrs oq QN gh lkyks a es a :l os Q dks ;yk mRiknu esa nks xq uk vkS j LVhy mRiknu esa pkj xq uk o` f¼ gq bZ FkhA lu~ 1900 rd oq QN bykdksa es a rks dkjhxjks a vkS j dkj [kkuk e”knw jks a dh la [;k yxHkx cjkcj gkspq dh FkhA

”;knkrj dkj[kkus m|ks xifr ;ks a dh futh la ifÙk FksA e”knw jks a dks U;w ure osru feyrk jgs vkS j dke dh ikyh os Q ?ka Vs fuf'pr gks a & bl ckr dk è;ku j[kus os Q fy, ljdkjh foHkkx cM+ h I + kS QfDVª ;ks a ij u”kj j[krs FksAys fdu I + kS QDVª h ba Lis DVj Hkh fu;e ks a osQ mYya ?ku dks jks d ikus es a ukdke;kc FksA dkjhxjks a dh bdkb;ks a vkS j o dZ 'kkWiks a es a dke dh ikyh iz k;% 15 ?ka Vs rd f[ka p tkrh Fkh tcfd dkj[kku ks a es a e”knw j vkerkS j ij 10&12 ?kaVs dh ikfy;ks a es a dke djrs FksA e”kn w jks a os Q jgus os Q fy, Hkh dejks a ls ys dj MkW feZ Vjh rd rjg&rjg dh O; oLFkk ekS tw n FkhA

lkekftd Lrj ij e”knwj c¡ Vs gq , FksA oqQN e”knw j vius ew y xk¡ oks a os Q

lkFk vHkh Hkh xgjs la ca èk cuk, gq , FksA cgq r lkjs e”knwj LFkk;h :i ls'kgjks a es a gh cl pq os Q FksA muos Q chp ;ks X;rk vkS j n{krk os Q Lrj ij Hkh dkiQh I + kQdZ FkkA ls aV ihVlZ cxZ osQ ,d èkkrq e”knw j us dgk Fkk % ^èkkrq dehZ e”knw jks a esa [kqn dks lkgc ekurs FksA muos Q dke es a ”;knk iz f'k{k.k vkS j fuiq .krk dh ”k:jr tks jgrh Fkh---A* 1914 es a I + kS QDVª h e”knwjks a esa vkS jrksa dh la[;k 31 iz fr'kr Fkh ysfdu mUgs a iq #"k e”knw jks a os Q eq dkcys de os ru feyrk Fkk (enks ± dh ru[okg osQ eq dkcys vkèks ls rhu&pkSFkkbZ rd)Ae”knw jks a os Q chp ekS tw n I + kQklyk muos Q igukos vkS j O;ogkj es a Hkh lkI + kQ fn[kkbZ ns rk FkkA ;|fi oq QN e”knw jks a us cs jks”kxkjh ;k vkfFkZ d la dV os Q le;

,d&nw ljs dh enn djus os Q fy, la xBu cuk fy, Fks ys fdu ,s ls la xBu cgq r de FksA

fp=k 5 & ;q¼ ls igys lsaV ihVlZc xZ esa csjks”kxkj fdlku -cgq r lkjs yks x èkekZ FkZ ya xjks a es a [kkuk [ kkrs Fks vkS j [kLrkgky edkuks a esa jgrs Fks A

fp=k 6 & Økafr&iwoZ :l esa ,d MkWfeZVjh esa cus cadj esa lksrs e”knw j -os ikfy;ksa es a ckjh&ckjh ls lksrs Fks vkS j ifjokj dks lkFk ugha j[k ldrs Fks A












































































































































Ïksr d bu foHks nks a os Q ckotwn] tc fdlh dks ukS djh ls fudky fn;k tkrk Fkk ;k mUgs a ekfydks a ls dks bZ f'kdk;r gks rh Fkh rks e”knw j ,dtq V gks dj gM+rky Hkh dj nsrs FksA 1896&1897 os Q chp diM+ k m|ks x es a vkS j 1902 es a èkkrq m|ks x es a ,s lh gM+ rkysa dkI + kQh cM+ h la [;k es a vk;ks ftr dh xb±A

ns gkr dh ”;knkrj ”kehu ij fdlku [ks rh djrs FksA ys fdu fo'kky la ifÙk;ks a ij lkearks a ] jkt'kkgh vkS j vkW Fkks Z MkW Dl ppZ dk dC”kk FkkA e”knw jksa dh rjg fdlku Hkh c¡ Vs gq , FksA fdlku cgq r èkkfeZ d LoHkko os Q FksA bDdk&nq Ddk vioknks a dks Nks M+ fn;k tk, rks os lkea rks a vkS j uokcksa dk fcYoq Qy lEeku ugha djrs FksA uokcks a vkS j lkea rks a dks tks lÙkk vkS j gS fl;r feyh gq bZ Fkh og yks dfiz ;rk dh otg ls ugha cfYd ”kkj os Q iz fr mudh fu"Bk vkS j lsokvks a os Q cnys es a feyh FkhA ;gk¡ dh fLFkfr i+z Qka l tS lh ugha FkhA felky os Q rkS j i j] i + z Qka lhlh Øka fr os Q nkS jku fcz Vuh os Q fdlku u

os Qoy uokcks a dk lEek u djrs Fks cfYd mUgksa us uokcks a dks cpkus os Q fy, ckdk;nk yM+ kb;k¡ Hkh yM+ ha A blos Q foijhr] :l os Q fdlku pkgrs Fks fd uokcks a dh ”kehu Nhud j fdlkuks a os Q chp ck¡ V nh tk,A cgq èkk og yxku Hkh ugha pq dkrs FksA db Z txg rks ”keha nkjks a dh gR;k Hkh dh tk pq dh FkhA1902 es a nf{k.kh :l es a ,s lh ?kVuk,¡ cM+ s iS ekus ij ?kVha A 1905 es a rks iwjs :l es a gh ,s lh ?kVuk, ¡ ?kVus yxha A

:lh fdlku ;w jks i os Q ckdh fdlkuks a os Q eq dkcys ,d vkS j fygk”k lsHkh fHkUu FksA ;gk¡ os Q f dlku le;≤ ij lkjh ”kehu dks vius dE;w u (ehj ) dks lkS a i nsrs Fks vkS j fiQj dE;w u gh iz R;s d ifjokj dh ”k:jr os Q

fglkc ls fdlkuks a dks ”kehu ck¡ Vrk FkkA

2-3 :l es a lekto kn

1914 ls igys :l e s a lHkh jktuhfrd ikfVZ ;k¡ XkSjdkuw uh Fkha A ekDlZ os Q fopkjks a dks ekuus okys lektokfn;ks a us 1898 es a jf'k;u lks 'ky Ms eks oz S QfVd odZ lZ ikVhZ (:lh lkek ftd yks drka f=kd Jfed ikVhZ ) dk xBu fd;k FkkA ljdkjh vkra d os Q dkj .k bl ikVhZ dks xS jdkuw uh la xBu os Q :i es a dke djuk iM+ rk FkkA bl ikVhZ dk ,d v[kckj fudyrk Fkk] mlus e”knw jks a dks la xfBr fd;k Fkk vkS j gM+ rky vkfn dk;Z Øe vk;ks ftr fd, FksA

oq QN :lh lektokfn;ksa dks yxrk Fkk fd :lh fdlku ftl rjg le;≤ ij ”kehu ck¡ Vrs gS a mlls irk pyrk gS fd og LokHkkfod :i ls lektoknh Hkkouk okys yks x gS a A blh vkèkkj ij mudk ekuuk Fkk fd :l es a e”knw j ugha cfYd fdlku gh Øka fr dh eq [; 'kfDr cus a xsA os Øka fr dk us r` Ro djs a xs vkS j :l ckdh ns 'kks a osQ eq dkcys ”;knk tYnh lektoknh ns'k cu tk,xkA mUuhloha lnh os Q vkf[kj esa :l os Q xz keh.k bykdksa es a lektoknh dkiQh lfØ; FksA lu~ 1900 es a mUgks a us lks 'kfyLV jsoyw'kujh ikVhZ (lektoknh Øka frdkjh ikVhZ ) dk xBu dj fy;kA bl ikVhZ us

fdlkuks a os Q vfèkdkjks a os Q fy, la ?k"kZ fd;k vkS j ek¡ x dh fd lkea rks a os Q dC”ks okyh ”kehu iQkS ju fdlkuksa dks lkS a ih tk,A fdlkuks a os Q loky ij

ml le; osQ lektoknh dk;ZdrkZ vysD”ksaMj 'Y;kfIudkso osQ oDrO; ls irk pyrk gS fd cS BosQa

oSQls vk;ks ftr dh tkrh Fkha %^,d&,d dkj[kkus vkSj nqdku es a tk&tkdj iz pkj fd;k tkrk FkkA vè;;u pØ Hkh pyk, tkrs Fks---A la ca fèkr (vfèkÑr eq íks a os Q) ekeyks a ij dkuw uh cS Bos a Q Hkh cqykbZ tkrh Fkha ] ys fdu bl xfrfofèk dks e”knw j oxZ dh eq fDr os Q O;kid la ?k"kZ esa cM+h fuiq.krk ls fijks fn;k tkrk FkkA xSjdkuw uh cSBos aQ --- ”k:jr os Q oDr I + kQkS ju vk;ksftr dj yh tkrh Fkha ys fdu yap os Q nkS jku] 'kke dks] iQkVd os Q ckgj] ;kMZ es a ;k dbZ ea f”kyk bekjrks a dh lhf<+ ;ks a es a O;ofLFkr <a x ls cS Bos a Q vk;ks ftr dh tkrh Fkha A lcls tkx:d e”knw j njok”ks osQ ikl ^Îyx** dk dke la Hkkyrs Fks vkS j eq gkus ij iw jh HkhM+ bdV~ Bk gk s tkrh FkhA ogk¡ lcos Q lkeus ,d vka nksyudkjh [kM+ k gksrk FkkA ekfyd VsfyI + kQks u ij iq fyl dks bl ck js esa tkudkjh nsrs Fks ysfdu tc rd iq fyl igq ¡pr h Fkh rc rd Hkk"k.k iw js gks pq os Q gks rs Fks vkS j ”k:j h I + kS Qlys ys fy, tkrs Fks---A*

vys D”ks a Mj 'Y;kfI udkso] vkWu fn bZ o vkWiQ 1917-jsfefuls als”k i+ zQkWe n js oyw'kujh vaMjxzkma MA












































































































































fØ;kdyki

lkekftd yks dra =koknh (Social Democrats) [ks ek lektoknh Øka frdkfj;ks a ls lger ugha FkkA ys fuu dk ekuuk Fkk fd fdlkuks a es a ,dtq Vrk ugha gS_os c¡ Vs gq , gS a A oq QN fdlku xjhc Fks rks oq QN vehj] oq QN e”knw jh djrs Fks

rks oq QN i¡ w thifr Fks tks ukS djks a ls [ks rh djokrs FksA bu vkilh foHks nks a* os Q pyrs os lHkh lektoknh vka nks yu dk fgLlk ugha gks ldrs FksA lka xBfud j.kuhfr os Q loky ij ikVhZ es a xgjs erHks n FksA Oykfnehj

ys s fuu (cks Y'ksfod [ks es os Q eq f[k;k) lks prs Fks fd ”kkj (jktk) 'kkflr :l tS ls neudkjh lekt es a ikVhZ vR;a r vuq 'kkflr gks uh pkfg, vkS j viuslnL;ks a dh la [;k o Lrj ij mldk iw jk fu;a =k.k gks uk pkfg,A nw ljk [ks ek (es U'ks fod) ekurk Fkk fd ikVhZ es a lHkh dks lnL;rk nh tkuh pkfg,A

2-4 mFky&iq Fky dk le; % 1905 dh Øka fr

:l ,d fuja oq Q'k jkt'kkgh Fkk A vU; ;w jks ih; 'kkldksa osQ foijhr chloha lnh dh 'kq #vkr es a Hkh ”kkj jk" Vªh; la ln os Q vèkhu ugha FkkA mnkjokfn;ks a us bl fLFkfr dks [kRe djus os Q fy, cM+ s iS ekus ij eq fge pykbZ A 1905dh Øka fr os Q nkS jku mUgks a us la foè kku dh jpuk os Q fy, lks 'ky Ms eks oz sQV vkS j lektoknh Øka frdkfj;ks a dks lkFk ys dj fdlkuks a vkS j e”knw jks a os Q chp dkiQh dke fd;kA :lh lkez kT; osQ r gr mUgs a jk"Vª okfn;ks a (tS ls iks yS a M es a ) vkS j bLyke os Q vkèkqfudhdj.k os Q leFkZ d tnhfn;ksa (eq fLye&cgq y bykdks a esa ) dk Hkh leFkZ u feykA

:lh e”knw jks a os Q fy, 1904 dk lky cgq r cq jk jgkA ”k:jh ph”kks a dh dhers a bruh rs th ls c<+ ha fd okLrfod os ru es a 20 iz fr'kr rd dh fxjkoV vk xbZ A mlh le; e”kn w j laxBuksa dh lnL;rk es a Hkh rs th ls o` f¼ gqbZ A tc 1904 es a gh xfBr dh xbZ vls a cyh vkW i + Q jf'k;u odZ lZ (:lh Jfed lHkk) os Q pkj lnL;ks a d ks I;q fryks o vk;ju oDlZ es a mudh ukS djh ls gVk fn;k x;k rks e”knw jks a us vka nks yu Ns M+us dk ,yku dj fn;kA vxysoq QN fnuks a os Q Hkhrj ls a V ihVlZ c xZ os Q 110] 000 ls ”;knk e”knw j dke os Q ?ka Vs ?kVkdj vkB ?ka Vs fd, tkus] os ru es a o` f¼ vkS j dk;Z fLFkfr;ks a es a lq èkkj dh ek¡ x djrs gq , gM+ rky ij pys x,A

blh nkS jku tc iknjh xS ikW u os Q us r` Ro es a e”knw jksa a dk ,d tq yw l foa Vj iSys l (”kkj dk egy) osQ lkeus igq ¡ pk rks iq fyl vkS j dks lS Dl us e”knw jksa ij geyk cks y fn;kA bl ?kVuk esa 100 ls ”;knk e”knw j ekjs x, vkS j yxHkx 300 ?kk;y gq ,A bfrgkl esa bl ?kVuk dks [kw uh jfookj osQ uke ls ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA 1905 dh Øka fr dh 'kq#vkr blh ?kVuk ls gq bZ FkhAlkjs ns 'k es a gM+rkys a gks us yxha A tc ukxfjd Lora =krk os Q vHkko dk fojksèk djrs gq , fo|kFkhZ viuh d{kkvksa dk cfg"dkj djus yxs rks fo'ofo|ky; Hkh ca n dj fn, x,A odhyksa ] MkW DVjks a ] bathfu;jks a vkS j vU; eè;oxhZ ;

dkexkjksa us la foèkku lHkk os Q xBu dh ek¡ x djrs gq , ;w fu;u vkW i + Q ;wfu;a l dh LFkkiuk dj nhA

u, 'kCn

fuja oq Q'k jkt'kkgh% jktk dk fcuk jks dVks d 'kkluA tnhnh & :lh lkezkT; esa lfØ; eqfLye lq èkkjoknhA okLrfod os ru % ;g bl ckr dk iS ekuk gS fd fdlh O;fDr osQ osru ls okLro esa

fdruh ph”ks a [kjhnh tk ldrh gS a A

:l es a 1905 es a Øka frdkjh m Fky&iq Fky D;ksa iSnk gq bZ

Fkh\ Øka frdkfj;ksa dh D;k ek¡ xsa Fkha\

























































































































1905 dh Øka fr os Q nkS jku ”kkj us ,d fuokZ fpr ijke'kZ nkrk laln ;k M~ ;w ek os Q xBu ij viuh lgefr ns nhA Øka fr os Q le; oqQN fnu rd I + kS QDVª h e”knw jks a dh cgqr lkjh Vªs M ;w fu;us a vkS j I + kS QDVª h des fV;k¡ Hkh vfLrRo es a jgha A 1905 os Q ckn ,s lh ”;knkrj des fV;k¡ vkS j ;w fu;usa vufèkÑr :i ls dke djus yxha D;ks a fd mUgs a XkS jdkuw uh ?kks f"kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa ij Hkkjh ikca fn;k¡ yxk nh xb±A ”kkj us igyh M~ ;w ek dks ek=k 75 fnu os Q Hkhrj vkS j iq ufuZ okZ fpr nw ljh M~ ;w ek dks 3 eghus os Q Hkhrj c[kkZ Lr dj fn;kA og fdlh rjg dh tokcns gh ;k viuh lÙkk ij fdlh rjg dk vaoq Q'k ugha pkgrk FkkA mlus ernku dkuw uks a es a is Qjcny djos Q rhljh M~ ;w ek esa #f<+ oknh jktus rkvks a dks Hkj MkykA mnkjokfn;ks a vkS j Øka frdkfj;ks a dks ckgj j[kk x;kA

2-5 igyk fo'o; q ¼ vkS j :lh lkez kT; 1914 es a nks ;wjks ih; xB ca èkuks a os Q chp ;q ¼ fNM+ x;kA ,d [ks es esa teZ uh] vkW fLVª ;k vkS j rq dhZ (os a Qnz h; 'kfDr;k¡ ) Fks rks nw ljs [ks es es a i + z Qka l] fcz Vs u o :l (ckn es a bVyh vk S j :ekfu;k Hkh bl [kses es a 'kfey gks x,) FksA bu lHkh ns 'kks a os Q ikl fo'k ky oS f'od lkez kT; Fks blfy, ;w jksi os Q lkFk&lkFk ;g ;q ¼ ;w jksi os Q ckg j Hkh iS Qy x;k FkkA blh ;q ¼ dks igyk fo'o;q ¼ dgk tkrk gSA

bl ;q ¼ dks 'kq :& 'kq : es a :fl;ks a dk dkI + kQh leFkZ u feykA turk us ”kkj dk lkFk fn;kA ys f du tS ls&tS ls ;q ¼ ya ck f[kaprk x;k] ”kkj us M~ ;wek es a ekS tw n eq[; ikfVZ ;ks a ls lykg ys uk Nks M+ fn;kA mlos Q iz fr tuleFkZ u de gks us yxkA teZ uh&fo jksèkh Hkkouk,¡ fnuks a fnu cyorh gks us yxha A teZ uh&fojksèkh Hkkoukvks a osQ dkj.k gh yks xks a us ls a V ihVlZ cxZ dk uke cny dj is=kks xz kn j[k fn;k D;ks a fd ls a V ihV lZ cxZ teZ u uke FkkA ”kkjhuk (”kkj dh iRuh&egkjkuh)vys Dlka æk os Q teZ u ew y dk gks us vkS j mlos Q ?kfV;k lykgdkjksa ] [kkl rkS j ls jkliq fru uked ,d la U;klh us jkt'kkgh dks vkS j vyks dfiz ; cuk fn;kA

izFke fo'o;q ¼ os Q îw ohZ eks ps Z * ij py jgh yM+ kbZ îf'peh eks ps Z * dh yM+ kbZ ls fHkUu FkhA if'pe es a lS fud iw ohZ i + z Qka l dh lhek ij cuh [kkb;ks a

ls yM+ kbZ yM+ jgs Fks tcfd iwohZ eks ps Z ij ls uk us dkI + kQh cM+ k I

+ kQklyk r; dj fy;k FkkA bl eks ps Z ij cgq r lkjs lS fud ekS r os Q eq ¡ g ea s a tk pq os Q FksA

ls uk dh ijkt; us :fl;ks a dk euks cy rks M+ fn;kA 1914 ls 1916 osQ chp teZ uh vkS j vkW fLVª ;k es a :lh ls ukvks a dks Hkkjh ijkt; >s yuh iM+ hA 1917 rd 70 yk[k yks x ekjs tk pq osQ FksA ihNs gVrh :lh ls ukvksa a us jkLrs es a iM+ us okyh I + kQlyks a vkS j bekjrks a dks Hkh u"V dj Mkyk rkfd nq 'eu dh ls uk ogk¡ fVd gh u los QA I + kQlyks a vkS j bekjrks a os Q fouk'k ls :l es a 30 yk[k ls ”;knk yks x 'kj.kkFkhZ gks x,A bu gkykr us ljdkj vkS j ”kkj] nks uks a dks vyks dfiz ; cuk fn;kA flikgh Hkh ;q ¼ ls ra x vk pq os Q FksA vc os

yM+ uk ugha pkgrs FksA
































































































































fØ;kdyki

1916 os Q fnu gS a A vki ”kkj dh lsuk es a tujy gS a vkSj iw ohZ ekspsZ ij rS ukr gS a A vki ekLdks ljdkj os Q fy, ,d fjiks VZ fy[k jgs gS a A viuh fjiks VZ es a lq >ko nhft, fd fLFkfr dks lq èkkjus os Q fy, vkidh jk; es a D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

fp=k 7 & igys fo'o;q ¼ os Q nkSjku :lh flikgh -'kkgh :lh lsuk dks :l h LVhejksyj* dgk tkrk FkkA

;g nqfu;k dh lcls c M+h l'kL=k lsuk FkhA tc bl

ls uk us viuh fu"Bk cny dj Øka frdkfj;ks a dks leFkZ u

nsuk 'kq : dj fn;k rks ” kkj dh lÙkk Hkh <g xbZA

;q ¼ ls m|ks xks a ij Hkh cq jk v lj iM+ kA :l os Q vius m|ks x rks oS ls Hkh cgq r de Fks] vc rks ckgj ls feyus okyh vkiw frZ Hkh ca n gks xbZ D;ks a fd ckfYVd leq æ es a ftl jkLrs ls fons 'kh vkS |ks fx d lkeku vkrs Fks ml ij teZ uh dk dC”kk gkspq dk FkkA ;w jks i os Q ckdh ns 'kks a os Q eq dkcys :l os Q vkS |ks fxd midj.k ”;knk rs th

ls cs dkj gks us yxsA 1916 rd js yos ykbus a Vw Vus yxha A vPNh ls gr okys enks ± dks;q ¼ es a >ks a d fn;k x;kA ns 'k Hkj es a e”knw jks a dh deh iM+ us yxh vkS j ”k:jh lkeku cukus okyh Nks Vh&Nks Vh odZ 'kkW Il BIi gks us yxha A ”;knkrj vukt lS fudks a dk is V Hkjus os Q fy, eks ps Z ij Hks tk tkus yxkA 'kgjks a es a jgus okyks a os Q fy, jks Vh vkS j vkVsdh fdYyr iS nk gks xbZ A 1916 dh lfnZ ;ks a es a jks Vh dh nq dkuks a ij vdlj na xsgks us yxsA


































lu~ 1917 dh lfnZ ;ks a es a jktèkkuh is=kks xz kn dh gkyr cgq r [kjkc FkhA ,s lk yxrk Fkk ekuks turk es a ekS tw n fHkUurkvks a dks è;ku es a j[kdj gh 'kgj dh cukoV r; dh xbZ FkhA e”knw jks a os Q DokVZ j vkS j dkj[kkus us ok unh osQ nk,¡ rV ij FksA ck,¡ fdukjs ij iS Q'kus cy bykos Q] foa Vj iS ys l vkS j ljdkjh bekjrs a Fkha A ftl egy es a M~ ;w ek dh cS Bd gks rh Fkh og Hkh blh rjI + kQ FkkA iQjojh es a e”knwjks a os Q bykos Q es a [kk| inkFkks ± dh Hkkjh deh iS nk gks xbZ A ml lky Ba M Hkh oq QN ”;knk iM+ h FkhA Hkh"k.k dks gjk vkS j cI + kZ Qckjh gq bZ FkhA la lnh; iz frfufèk pkgrs Fks fd fuokZ fpr ljdkj cph jgs blfy, og ”kkj }kjk M~ ;w ek dks Hka x djus os Q fy, dh tk jgh dks f'k'kks a dk fojksèk dj

jgs FksA22 iQjojh dks nk ,¡ rV ij fLFkr ,d I + kS QDVª h es a

rkykca nh ?kks f"kr dj nh xbZ A vxys fnu bl I + kSQDVªh os Q e”knwjks a os Q leFkZ u es a ipkl I + kS QfDVª ;ks a os Q e”knw jks a usHkh gM+ rky dk ,yku dj fn;kA cgq r lkjs dkj[kkuks a es a gM+ rky dk us r` Ro vkS j rs a dj jgh FkhaA blh fnu dks ckn es a va rjkZ "Vª h; efg yk fnol dk uke fn;k x;kAvkanksyudkjh turk c Lrh ikj djosQ jktèkkuh os Q chpks a chp&us OLdh iz ks Lis D V&rd vk xbZ A bl le; rd dks bZ jktuhfrd ikVhZ vkanksyu dks lfØ; :i ls la xfBr vkS j la pkfyr u gha dj jgh FkhA tc I + kS Q'kus cy fjgk;'kh bykdks a vkS j ljdkjh bekjrks a dks e”knwjks a us ?ks j fy;k rks ljdkj us dÝ + ;w Z yxk fn;kA 'kke rd iz n'kZ udkjh frrj&fcrj gks x, ys fdu 24 vkS j 25 rkjh[k dks og fiQj b dV~ Bk gks us yxsA ljdkj us mu ij u”kj j[kus os Q fy, ?kq M+lokj lS fudks a vkS j iq fyl dks rS ukr dj fn;kA

jfookj] 25 iQjojh dks ljdkj us M~ ;wek dks c[kkZ Lr dj fn;kA ljdkj os Q bl I + kS Qlys os Q f[kykI + kQ jktuhfrK c;ku ns us yxsA 26 rkjh[k dks iz n'kZ udkjh cgq r cM+ h la [;k es a ck,¡ rV os Q bykos Q es a bdV~ Bk gks x,A 27 dks mUgks aus iq fyl eq [;ky;ks a ij geyk djos Q mUgs a rgl&ugl dj fn;kA jks Vh] ru[okg] dke os Q ?ka Vks a es a deh vkS j yks drkaf=kd vfèkdkjks a os Q i{k es a ukjs yxkrs vla [; yksx lM+ dks a ij tek gks x,A ljdkj us fLFkfr ij fu;a =k.k dk;e djus os Q fy, ,d ckj fiQj

?kq M+ lokj lS fudks a dks rS ukr dj fn;kA ys fdu ?kq M+ lokj lS fudksa dh Vq dfM+ ;ksa us iz n'kZ udkfj;ks a a ij xks yh pykus

3 is=kksxzkn esa iQjojh Øka fr

fp=k 8 & M~;wek esa is=kksxzkn lksfo;r dh cSBd] iQjojh 1917 -

u, 'kCn

rkykca nh% I + kS QDVª h dks LFkk;h :i ls ca n djus os Q fy, ekfydks a }kjk eq [; iQkVd ij rkyk Mky ns ukA

fØ;kdyki ckW Dl 2 ns [ks a vkS j orZ eku oSQys aMj osQ fglkc ls

varjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol dh frfFk dk irk yxk,¡ A





























































































ckWDl 1

fØ;kdyki

ls budkj dj fn;kA xq Llk, flikfg;ks a us ,d js thes a V dh cS jd esa viusgh ,d vI + kQlj ij xks yh pyk nhA rhu nw ljh js ”khes a Vks a us Hkh cxkor dj nh vkS j gM+rkyh e”knw jks s a osQ lkFk vk feysA ml 'kke dks flikgh vkS j e”knw j ,d lks fo;r ;k îfj"kn~ * dk xBu djus os Q fy, mlh bekjr es a tek gq , tgk¡ vc rd M~ ;w ek dh cS Bd gq vk djrh FkhA ;gha ls is =kks xz kn lks fo;r dk tUe gq vkA

vxys fnu ,d iz frfufèkea My ”kkj ls feyus x;kA lS fud deka Mjks a usmls lykg nh fd og jktxíh Nks M+ nsA mlus deka Mjks a dh ckr eku yh vkS j 2 ekpZ dks xíh Nks M+ nhA lks fo;r vkS j M~ ;w ek os Q us rkvks a us ns 'k dk 'kklu pykus os Q fy, ,d varfje ljdkj cuk yhA r; fd;k x;k fd :l osQ Hkfo"; os Q ckjs es a I + kS Qlyk ysus dh f”kEesnkjh la foèkku lHkk dks lkS a i nh tk, vkS j mldk pquko lk oZ HkkS fed o;Ld erkfèkdkj os Q vkèkkj ij

fd;k tk,A iQjojh 1917 es a j kt'kkgh dks xíh ls gVkus okyh Øka fr dk >a Mk is =kks xz kn dh turk os Q gkFk ksa es a FkkA

iQjojh Øka fr es a efgyk,¡

êfgyk dkexkj] vdlj --- vius iq #"k lgdfeZ;ksa dks iz sfjr djrh jgrh Fkha ---A ykW js a”k Vsyhi + Qksu I + kS QDVªh es a] --- ekI + kQkZ oklhysok us yxHkx vosQys gh ,d liQy gM+ rky dks va tke fn;k FkkA mlh fnu lq cg dks efgyk fnol lekjks g os Q

ekS os Q ij efgyk dkexkjksa us iq #"k dkexkjks a dks yky ifV~ V;k¡ ck¡ èkh FkhaA --- blosQ ckn] fefyax e'khu vkW ijs Vj dk dke

djus okyh ekI + kQkZ oklhys ok us dke jks d fn;k vkS j vkuu&iQkuu gM+ rky dk vkg~ oku dj MkykA dke ij ekS tw n e”knw j

mlosQ leFkZ u dks igys gh rS ;kj F ksA --- I + kQksjeSu us bl ckjs es a izca èkdks a dks lw fpr dj fn;k vkSj mlosQ fy, ikojks Vh fHktok;hA mlus ikojksVh rks ys y h ysfdu dke ij ykS Vus ls budkj dj fn;kA tc iz 'kkld us mlls iwNk fd og dke D;ksa ugha djuk pkgrh rks m lus iyV dj tokc fn;k fd ^tc ckdh lkjs Hkw[ks gksa rks eSa vosQys is V Hkjus dh ugha lks p ldrhA** ekI + kQkZ osQ leF kZ u esa I + kS QDVª h osQ nwljs foHkkx es a dke djus okyh efgyk,¡ Hkh bdV~ Bh gks xb± vkS j èkhjs&èkhjs ckdh lkjh vkSjrks a us Hkh dke jksd fn;kA tYnh gh iq #"kksa us Hkh vkS”kkj ”kehu ij Mky fn, vkS j iwjk gq twe

lM+d ij fudy vk;kA*

Ïksr% pkW bZ pS VthZ ] lsfycz sfVax foes u (2002)A

3-1 iQjojh os Q ckn

va rfje ljdkj es a lS fud vfèkdkjh] Hkw Lokeh vkS j m|ks xifr izHkko'kkyh FksAmues a mnkjoknh vkS j lektoknh tYnh ls tYnh fuokZ fpr ljdkj dk xBu pkgrs FksA tu lHkk djus vkS j la xBu cukus ij yxh ikca nh gVk yh xbZ Agkyk¡ fd fuokZ pu dk rjhdk lc txg ,d tS lk ugha Fkk ys fdu is=kksxz kn lks fo;r dh r”kZ ij lc txg ^lksfo;rsa * cuk yh xb± A

viz S y 1917 es a cks Y'ks fodks a os Q fuokZ flr us rk Oykfnehj ys fuu :l ykS V vk,A ys fuu os Q us r` Ro es a s cks Y'ks fod 1914 ls gh ;q ¼ dk fojksèk dj jgs FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd vc lks fo;rks a dks lÙkk vius gkFkks a es a ys ys uh

pkfg,A ys fuu us c;ku fn;k fd ;q ¼ lekIr fd;k tk,] lkjh ”kehu fdlkuka s os Q gokys dh tk, vkS j cS a dks a dk jk"Vª h;dj.k fd;k tk,A bu

Ïks r d vkSj ckW Dl 1 dks ,d ckj fiQj ns [ks aAØ e”knwjks a dh euks n'kk esa vk, ik¡ p ifjorZu

crk,¡A

Ø [kqn dks bu nksuks a ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh izR;{kn'khZ efgyk os Q :i es a ns f[k, vkS j fyf[k, fd igys

okyh fLFkfr ls nw ljh fLFkfr os Q chp D;k cnyko vk;k gSA

u, 'kCn

lks fo;r% :l os Q LFkkuh; Lo'kklh la xBuA




































































































rhu ek¡ xks a dks ys fuu dh ^viz S y Fkhfll* os Q uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mUgksa us ;s Hkh lq >ko fn;k fd vc vius s jS fMdy mís ';ks a dks Li"V djus os Q fy, cksY'ks fod ikVhZ dk uke dE;q fuLV ikVhZ j[k fn;k tk,A cksY'ks fod ikVhZ osQ ”;knkrj yks xks a dks viz S y Fkhfll osQ ckjs es a lq udj dkI + kQh gS jkuh gq bZ A mUgsa yxrk Fkk fd vHkh lektoknh Øka fr os Q fy, lgh oDr ugha vk;k gS blfy, fI + kQygky va rfje ljdkj dks gh leFkZ u fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ys fdu vxys oq QN eghuks a dh ?kVukvks a us mudh lksp cny nhA

xfeZ ;ks a es a e”knwj vka nks yu vkS j iQS y x;kA vkS |ks fxd bykdks a es a I + kS QDVª h des fV;k¡ cukbZ xb± A bu des fV;ksa os Q ekè;e ls e”knw j I + kS QDVª h pykus os Q ekfydks a os Q rkS j&rjhdks a ij loky [kM+ k djus yxsA Vª sM ;w fu;uks a dh rknkn c<+ us yxhA ls uk esa flikfg;ks a dh lfefr;k¡ cuus yxha A tw u es a yxHkx 500 lks fo;rks a us vf[ky :l h lks fo;r dka xz s l es a vius iz frfufèk Hks tsA tS ls&tS ls

varfje ljdkj dh rk dr de”kks j gks us yxh vkS j cks Y'ks fodks a dk izHkko c<+ us yxk] ljdkj v la rks "k dks nckus os Q fy, l[r dne mBkus yxhA ljdkj us I + kS QfDVª ;k¡ py kus dh e”knw jks a }kjk dh tk jgh dks f'k'kks a dks jks duk vkS j e”knw jks a os Q us rkvks a dks fxjÝ + rkj djuk 'kq : dj fn;kA tqykbZ 1917 es a cksY'ks fodks a }kjk vk;ks f tr fd, x, fo'kky iz n'kZ uks a dk Hkkjh neu fd;k x;kA cgq r lkjs cks Y'ks f od us rkvks a dks fNiuk ;k Hkkxuk iM+ kA

xka oks a esa fdlku v kS j muos Q lektoknh Øka frdkjh us rk Hkw fe iq ufoZ rj.k osQ fy, ncko Mkyus y xs FksA bl dke os Q fy, Hkw fe lfefr;k¡ cuk nh xbZ Fkha A lkekftd Øka frd kfj;ks a ls iz s j.kk vkS j iz ks Rlkgu ys rs gq , tqykbZ ls

flra cj os Q chp fdlk uks a us cgq r lkjh ”kehu ij dC”kk dj fy;kA

fp=k 9 & vizSy 1917 esa e”knwjksa dks lacksfèkr djrs ysfuu dh ,d cksY'ksfod Nf o -

fp=k 10 & tqykbZ osQ fnu -17 tqykbZ 1917 dks cksY'ksfod leFkZ d izn'kZ udkfj;ks a ij ls uk }kjk xks yhckjh dk n`';A
































































































ckWDl 2 3-2 vDrw cj 1917 dh Øka fr

tS ls&tS ls varfje ljdkj vkS j cksY'ks fodks a osQ chp Vdjko c<+ rk x;k] ys fuu dks va rfje ljdkj }kjk rkuk'kkgh Fkks i ns us dh vk'ka dk fn[kkbZ ns us

yxhA flra cj es a mUgks a us ljdkj os Q f[kykiQ foæks g os Q ckjs es a ppkZ 'kq : dj nhA lsuk vkS j I + kS QDVª h lks fo;rks a es a ekS tw n cks Y'ks fodksa dks bdV~Bk fd;k x;kA

16 vDrw cj 1917 dks ys fuu us is =kks xz kn lksfo;r vkS j cks Y'ks fod ikVhZ dks lÙkk ij dC”kk djus osQ fy, jkth dj fy;kA lÙkk ij dC”ks os Q fy, fy;kW u Vª kW V~ Ldh os Q us r` Ro es a lks fo;r dh vksj ls ,d lS fud Øka frdkjh lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA bl ckr dk [kq yklk ugha fd;k x;k fd ;ks tuk dks fdl fnu ykxw fd;k tk,xkA

24 vDrw cj dks foæks g 'kq : gks x;kA la dV dh vk'ka dk dks ns [krs gq , izèkkuea =kh os Qjs a Ldh lS fud Vq dfM + ;ks a dks bdV~ Bk djus 'kgj ls ckgj pys

x,A rM+os Q gh ljdkj os Q oI + kQk nkj lS fudks a us nks cks Y'ksfod v[kckjks a os Q nÝ + rjks a ij ?ks jk Mky fn;kA Vs yhI + kQks u vkS j Vs yhxz kI + kQ nÝ + rjks a ij fu;a =k.k iz kIr djus vkS j foa Vj iS ys l dh j{kk djus os Q fy, ljdkj leFkZ d lS fudks a dksjokuk dj fn;k x;kA iyd >i drs Øka frdkjh lfefr us Hkh vius leFkZ dksa dks vkns 'k ns fn;k fd ljdkjh dk;kZ y;ks a ij dC”kk dj ys a vkS j ea f=k;ks a dksfxjÝ + rkj dj ys a A mlh fnu v kWjks jk uked ;q ¼iks r us foaVj iS ys l ij ceckjh 'kq : dj nhA vU; ;q ¼ iks rks a us us ok os Q jkLrs ls vkxs c<+ rs gq , fofHkUu lS fud fBdkuks a dks vi us fu;a=k.k es a ys fy;kA 'kke <yrs&<yrsiw jk 'kgj Øka frdkjh lfefr os Q fu;a =k.k es a vk pq dk Fkk vkS j ea f=k;ks a us

vkReleiZ .k dj fn;k FkkA is =kk s xz kn es a vf[ky :lh lks fo;r dka xz s l dh cSBd gq bZ ftles a cgq er us cks Y' ks fodks a dh dkjZ okbZ dk leFkZ u fd;kA vU; 'kgjks a es a Hkh cxkors a gks us yxhaA nks uksa rjI + kQ ls tedj xks yhckjh gq bZ ] [kkl rkS j ls ekLdks es a ] ys fdu fnla cj rd ekLdks&is=kksxz kn bykos Q ij cks Y'ks fodks a dk fu;a =k.k LFkkfir gks pq dk Fk kA

fp=k 11 & is=kksxzkn esa ysfuu (ck,¡) vkSj VªkWV~Ldh (nk,¡) e”knwjksa osQ lkFk -

:lh Øka fr dh rkjh[k :l es a 1 iQjojh 1918 rd tw fy;u oSQys aMj dk

vuq lj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA blos Q ckn :lh ljdkj us xz s xks fj;u oS Qys a Mj viuk fy;k ftldk vc lc txg bLrs eky fd;k tkrk gSA xzs xksfj;u oS Qysa Mj tw fy;u oSQys aMj ls 13 fnu vkxs pyrk gSA bldk eryc gS fd gekjs oS Qysa Mj os Q fglkc ls îQjojh* Øka fr 12 ekpZ dks vkS j ^vDrwcj Øka fr* 7 uoacj dks la iUu gq bZ FkhA

oq QN egÙoiw.kZ frfFk;k¡

1850&1880 :l es a lektokn ij cgl

1898 jf'k;u lks 'ky MseksozS QfVd o oZQlZ ikVhZ dh LFkkiukA

1905 [kw uh jfookj vkSj 1905 dh Øka frA

1917

2 ekpZ & ”kkj }kjk inR;kxA24 vDrwcj & is =kks xz kn esa cks Y 'ksfod foæksgA

1918&20 x` g;q¼A

1919 dkW feUVuZ dk xBuA

1929 lkewfgdhdj.k dh 'kq #vkrA

u, 'kCn

dkW feUVuZ % dE;q fuLV ikfVZ ;ks a dh va rjkZ "Vª h; laLFkkA ;g 'kCn] ^dE;qfuLV baVju S'kuy*(Communist International) dk la f{kIr :i gSA



























































































































































4 vDrw cj os Q ckn D;k cnyk\

cks Y'ks fod futh la ifÙk dh O;oLFkk os Q iw jh rjg f[kykiQ FksA ”;knkrj m|ks xks a vkS j cS a dks a dk uoa cj 1917 es a gh jk"Vª h;dj.k fd;k tk pq dk FkkA mudk LokfeRo vkS j iz ca èku ljdkj os Q fu;a =k.k es a vk pq dk FkkA ”kehu dks lkekftd la ifÙk ?kks f"kr dj fn;k x;kA fdlkuks a dks lkea rks a dh ”kehuks a ij dC”kk djus dh [kq yh Nw V ns nh xbZ A 'kgjks a es a cks Y'ks fodks a us edku&ekfydks a os Q fy, i;kZ Ir fgLlk Nks M+ dj muosQ cM+ s edkuks a os Q Nks Vs&Nks Vs fgLls dj fn, rkfd cs ?kjckj ;k ”k:jrea n yks xks a dks Hkh jgus dh txg nh tk los QA mUgks a usvfHktkR; oxZ }kjk iq jkuh info;ks a os Q bLrs eky ij jks d yxk nhA ifjorZ u dks Li"V :i ls lkeus ykus os Q fy, ls uk vkS j ljdkjh vI + kQljks a dh ofnZ ;k¡ cny

nh xb± A blos Q fy, 1918 es a ,d ifjèkku iz fr;ks fxrk vk;ks ftr dh xbZ ftles a lks fo;r Vks ih (cq fn;ks uks Odk ) dk pq uko fd;k x;kA

cks Y'ks fod ikVhZ dk uke cny dj :lh dE;q fuLV ikVhZ (cks Y'ks fod) j[k fn;k x;kA uoa cj 1917 es a cks Y'ks fodks a us la foèkku lHkk os Q fy, pq uko djk, ys fdu bu pquko ks a es a mUgs a cgq er ugha fey ik;kA tuojh 1918 es a vls a cyh us cks Y'ksfodks a os Q iz Lrkoks a dks [kkfjt dj fn;k vkS j ys fuu usvls a cyh c[kkZ Lr dj n hA mudk er Fkk fd vfuf'pr ifjfLFkfr;ks a es a pq uh xbZ vlsa cyh os Q eqd kcys vf[ky :lh lksfo;r dkaxzs l dgha ”;knk yks drka f=kd la LFkk gSA ekpZ 1918 es a vU; jktuhfrd lg;ksfx;ks a dh vlgefr os Q ckotw n c ks Y'ks fodks a us cz sLV fyVks OLd es a teZ uh ls la fèk dj yhA vkus okys lkyks a es a cks Y'ks fod ikVhZ vf[ky :lh lks fo;r dka xz s l o s Q fy, gks us okys pqukoks a es a fgLlk ys us okyh ,d ek=k ikVhZ jg xbZ A vf[ky :lh lks fo;r dka xz s l dks vc ns 'k dh la ln dk ntkZ ns fn;k x;k FkkA :l ,d&nyh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk okyk ns 'k cu x;kA Vª s M ;wfu;uks a ij ikVhZ dk fu;a =k.k jgrk FkkA xq Irpj iq fyl (ftls igys

ps dk vkS j ckn esa vks thih;w rFkk ,uosQohMh dk uke fn;k x;k) cks Y'ks fodks a dh vkyks puk djus okyks a dks na fMr djrh FkhA cgq r lkjs ;q ok ys [kd vkS j dykdkj Hkh ikVhZ dh rjI + kQ vkdf"kZ r gq , D;ks a fd og lektokn vkS j ifjorZ u os Q iz fr lefiZ r FkhA vDrw cj 1917 os Q ckn ,s ls dykdkjks a vkS j ys [kdks a us dyk vkS j okLrq f'kYi os Q {ks =k es a u, iz;ks x 'kq: fd,A ysfdu ikVhZ }kjk Fkksih xbZ ls a ljf'ki os Q dkj.k cgq r lkjs yks xks a dk ikVhZ ls

eks g Hka x Hkh gksus yxk FkkAfp=k 13 & ekLdks esa ebZ fnol dk izn'kZu] 1918 -

fp=k 12 & lksfo;r Vks ih (cqfn;ksuksOdk) igus ,d flikgh -















































































































ckWDl 3

fØ;kdyki

vDrw cj Øka fr vkSj :lh xzkeh.k bykosQ % nks n` f"Vdks .k

^25 vDrw cj 1905 dks gqbZ Økafrdkjh mFky&iqFky dh [kcj vxys gh fnu xk¡o es a igq¡ p xbZ A yksxks a us [kwc [kq f'k;k¡ euk;ha A fdlkuksa osQ fy, bldk eryc Fkk eq Ý + r ”kehu vkSj ;q¼ dk [kkRekA --- ftl fnu [kcj feyh mlh fnu teha nkj dh gos yh

yw V yh xbZ] mlosQ [ksr dC”ks esa ys fy, x, vkSj mlosQ fo'kkydk; ckx osQ isM+ dkV dj lkjh ydM+h fdlkuks a osQ chp

ck¡ V nh xbZ A mldh lkjh bekjrs sa rksM+ nh xb± vkSj mldh ”kehu fdlkuks a os Q chp ck¡V nh xbZ tks ,d ubZ lksfo;r f”ka nxh

thus dks rS ;kj FksA*

I + ks Qnks j cs ykso] n fgLVªh vkWiQ , lksfo;r dys fDVo I +kQkeZA

,d ”kehankj ifjokj os Q lnL; us vius fj'rsnkj dks Hks ts [kr es a fy[kk fd mlos Q ifjokj dh tkxhj os Q lkFk D;k gq v k%

^r[rkiyV] fcuk fdlh ijs 'kkuh os Q] [kkeks 'kh ls vkS j 'kka friw oZ d iw jk gks x;k---A 'kq #vkrh fnu cnkZ 'r os Q ckgj Fks--- fe[kkb y

fe[kkbyks fop (tkxhj dk ekfyd) 'kka r Fkk---A yM+ fd;k¡ Hkh---A bles a dks bZ 'kd ugha fd ps ;jeS u dk O;ogkj lgh gS] cfY d

og cM+ h fouez rk ls ckr djrk gSA gekjs ikl nks xk; vkSj nks ?kks M+ s Nks M+ fn, x,A ukS dj ckj&ckj mUgs a ;gh dgrs gS a f d

gekjh fI + kQØ u djsa A ^^mUgs a thus nksA mudh lq j{kk vkSj la ifÙk dk f”kEek gekjs mQij gSA ge muls ekuork Hkjk O;og kj

gh djs axs---A**

---viQokg gS fd dbZ xk¡ oksa es a yks x desfV;ks a dks ckgj fudky dj iw jh tkxhj nksckjk fe[kkby fe[kkbyks fop dks lkS ai uk

pkgrs gS aA irk ugha ,s lk gks xk ;k u gha ] ;k ;g gekjs fy, vPNk Hkh jgs xk ;k ughaA ij ges a bl ckr dk larks"k gS fd ge kjs

yks xksa esa ps ruk gS---A*

ltZ 'es eku] ,dks ”k vkWiQ , usfV o yS a MA Vw ls a pq jh”k vkW iQ , jf'k;u foys t (1997)A

4-1 x` g ;q ¼

tc cks Y'ksfodks a us ”kehu os Q iq u foZ rj.k dk vkns 'k fn;k rks :lh ls uk Vw VusyxhA ”;knkrj flikgh fdlku FksA os Hkw fe iq ufoZ rj.k os Q fy, ?kj ykS Vuk pkgrs Fks blfy, ls uk Nks M+ dj tkus yxsA xS j&cks Y'ks fod lektokfn;ks a ] mnkjokfn;ks a vkS j jkt'kkgh os Q l eFkZ dksa us cks Y'ks fod foæks g dh fuank dhAmuos Q us rk nf{k.kh :l es a bdV~Bk gks dj cks Y'ks fodks a (^js M~ l*) ls yM+ us os Q

fy, Vq dfM+ ;k¡ la xfBr djus yxsA 1918 vkS j 1919 es a :lh lkez kT; os Q ”;knkrj fgLlks a ij lkekftd Økafrdkfj;ks a (^xz hUl*) vkS j ”kkj&leFkZ dks a (ÔgkbV~ l*) dk gh fu;a =k.k jgkA mUgs a i+ z Qka lhlh] ves fjdh] fcz fV'k vkS j tkikuh Vq dfM+ ;ks a dk Hkh leFkZ u fey jgk FkkA ;s lHkh 'kfDr;k¡ :l esa lektokn dks iQyrs&iw Qyrs ugha ns [kuk pkgrh FkhaA bu Vq dfM+ ;ks a vkS j cks Y'ksfodksa osQ chp pys x g ;q ¼ os Q nkS jku ywVekj] MoS Qrh vkS j Hkq[kejh tS lh leL;k,¡ cM+ s iS ekus ij iS Qy xb± A

ÔgkbV~ l* es a tks futh la ifÙk os Q fgek;rh Fks mUgks a us ”kehu ij dC”kk djus okys fdlkuks a os Q f[kykI + kQ dkI + kQh l[r joS ;k viuk;kA mudh bu

xz keh.k bykdks a es a gq bZ Øka fr os Q ckjs es a nks uks a n` f"Vdks .kks a

dks if<+ ,A dYiuk dhft, fd vki bu ?kVukvks a osQ lk{kh gS aA fuEufyf[kr dh u” kj ls bu ?kVukvksa dk

C;kS jk fyf[k, %

Ø ,LVsV ekfyd Ø Nks Vk fdlku Ø i=kdkj

fØ;kdyki Ïks r [k dks ns [ks a vkS j crk,¡ fd :lh Øka fr ij eè; ,f'k;k os Q yks xks a dh iz frfØ;k bruh vyx&vyx D;ksa Fkh\
























































































































Ïksr [k gjdrks a os Q dkj.k rks XkS j&cks Y'ks fodks a os Q iz fr tuleFkZ u vkS j Hkh rs th ls ?kVus yxkA tuojh 1920 rd Hkw riw oZ :lh lkez kT; os Q ”;knkrj fgLlks a ij cks Y'ks fodks a dk fu;a =k.k dk;e gks pq dk FkkA mUgs a XkS j&:lh jk"Vª okfn;ksa vkS j eqfLye tnhfn;ksa dh enn ls ;g dke;kch feyh FkhA tgk¡ :lh mifuos 'koknh gh cks Y'ks fod fopkjèkkjk os Q vuq ;k;h cu x, Fks] ogk¡ ;g enn dke ugha vk ldhA eè; ,f'k;k fLFkr [khok esa cksY'ksfod mifuos'kdks a us lektokn dh j{kk os Q uke ij LFkkuh; jk"Vª okfn;ks a dk cM+ s iS ekus ij dRysvke fd;kA ,s ls gkykr es a cgqr lkjs yks xks a dks ;g le> es a ugha vk jgk Fkk fd cks Y'ks fod ljdkj D;k pkgrh gSA

vka f'kd :i ls blh leL;k ls fuiVus os Q fy, ”;knkrj XkS S j&:lh jk"Vªh;rkvksa dks lksfo;r la?k (;w ,l,lvkj)&fnlacj 1922 esa :lh lkezkT; esa ls cks Y'ksf odksa }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k jkT;&osQ va rxZr

jktuhfrd Lok;Ùkrk ns nh xbZ A ys fdu] D;ks afd cksY'ks fodks a us LFkkuh; ljdkjks a ij dbZ vy ks dfiz ; vkS j l[r uhfr;k¡ & tS ls] ?kqea rw okn dh jks dFkke dh dM+ h dks f 'k'ks a & Fkksi nh Fkha blfy, fofHkUu jk"Vª h;rkvks a dk fo'okl thrus os Q iz ;k l vka f'kd :i ls gh liQy gks ik,A

4-2 lektoknh le kt dk fuekZ .k

x` g ;q ¼ os Q nkS jku cks Y' ks fodks a us m|ks xks a vkS j cS a dks a os Q jk"Vª h;dj.k dks tkjh j[kkA mUgks a us fdlkuka s dks ml ”kehu ij [ksrh dh Nw V ns nh ftldk

lekthdj.k fd;k tk pqdk FkkA ”kCr fd, x, [ksrksa dk bLrseky cks Y'ks fod ;g fn[kkus os Q fy, djrs Fks fd lkew fgdrk D;k gks rh gSA

'kklu os Q fy, os Q a æhÑr fu;kstu dh O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZ A vI + kQlj bl ckr dk fglkc y xkrs Fks fd vFkZ O;oLFkk fdl rjg dke dj ldrh gSA bl vkèkkj ij os i k¡ p lky os Q fy, y{; r; dj ns rs FksA blh vkèkkj ij mUgks a us ia po"khZ; ;ks tuk,¡ cukuh 'kq: dhaA igyh nks ^;ks tukvksa *(1927&1932 vkS j 1933&1938) os Q nkS jku vkS |ks fxd fodkl dks c<+ kok ns us osQ fy, ljdkj us lHkh rjg dh dhersa fLFkj dj nha A os Qa æhÑr fu;ks tu ls vkfFkZ d fodkl dks dkiQh xfr feyhA vkS |ks fxd mRiknu c<+us

yxk (1929 ls 1933 osQ chp rs y] dks ;ys vkS j LVhy os Q mRiknu esa 100 iz fr'kr o f¼ gqbZ )A u,&u, vkS |ks fxd 'kgj vfLrRo esa vk,A

exj] rs t fuekZ .k dk;ks ± os Q ncko es a dk;Z fLFkfr;k¡ [kjkc gksus s yxha A eS XuhVks xks LoZ Q 'kgj es a ,d LVhy la ;a =k dk fuekZ .k dk;Z rhu lky os Q Hkhrj iw jk dj fy;k x;kA bl nkS jku e”knw jks a dks cM+ h l[r f”kanxh xq ”kkjuh iM+ h ftldk urhtk ;s gq vk fd igys gh lky es a 550 ckj dke #dkA fjgk;'kh DokVZ jks a es a ^tkM+ ks a es a 'kkS pky; tkus os Q fy, 40 fMxz h de rkieku ij yks x pkSFkh ea f”ky ls mrj dj lM+ d osQ ikj nkS M+dj tkrs FksA*

,d foLrkfjr f'k{kk O;oLFkk fodflr dh xbZ vkS j I + kS QDVª h dkexkjks a ,oa fdlkuks a dks fo'ofo|ky;ks a es a nkf[kyk fnykus os Q fy, [kkl bartke fd,

vDrw cj Økafr os Q le; eè; ,f'k;k % nks

n`f"Vdks.k

,e- ,u- jkW ; Hkkjrh; Øka frdkjh] eS fDldu dE;q fuLV ikVhZ os Q laLFkkid vkS j Hkkjr] phu o ;w jksi es a dkW feUVuZ os Q ,d iz eq [k us rk FksA 1920 os Q n'kd es a tc :l es a x` g ;q ¼ py jgk Fkk ml le; os eè; ,f'k;k esa FksA mUgksa us fy[kk %êq f[k;k ,d Hkyk&lk cq ”kq xZ Fkk---A mldk lgk;d --- ,d ukS toku --- tks :lh Hkk"kk cks yrk FkkA --- mls s Økafr osQ ckjs es a irk Fkk ftles a ”kkj dks jktxíh ls gVk fn;k x;k Fkk vkS j mu tujyks a dks Hkh [kns M+ fn;k Fkk ftUgks a us fdfxZ ”k ks a dh ekrHkw fe ij dC”kk fd;k FkkA

bl izdkj Økafr dk eryc Fkk fd vc fdxhZ”k (fdfxZ Lrku) yks x ,d ckj fiQj viuh ekr`Hkw fe os Q Lokeh cu x, FksA tUetkr cks Y'ks fod ls yxus okys ;q od us gq adkj yxkbZ ^^ba dykc fta nkckn**A iwjk dchyk mlos Q lkF k ukjs yxkus yxkA*

,e- ,u- jkW ;] es ekW ;lZ (1964)A

^fdxhZ ”k yksx igy h Øka fr (;kuh iQjojh Økafr) ij [kq 'kh ls >we mBs vkSj nw ljh Øka fr dh [kcj ls os

vpa Hks vkS j ng'kr es a Mw c x,A --- igyh Øka fr us mUgs a ”kkj os Q neudkjh 'kklu ls vk”kkn djk;k Fkk vkS j ;s mEehn txk;h Fkh fd --- mUgsa Lok;Ùkrk fey tk,xhA nw ljh Øka fr (vDrw cj Øka fr) fga lk] ywVikV] djks a os Q cks > vkS j rkuk'kkgh lÙkk dh LFkkiuk os Q lkFk vk;hA --- igys , d ckj ”kkj os Q ukS dj'kkgks a osQ Nks Vs ls xq V us fdfxZ ”kks a dk neu fd;k FkkA vc ogh yksx --- mlh O;oLFkk dks vkxs c<+ k jgs gS a---A*

,d d”kkd usrk (1919)] vysD”ks aMj csfuxlu ,oa

pka rky os Qyos Qts] ys ekW oes a Rl us 'kUkkW 'ks ”k ys eq lq yekUl ns :lh] (1960) es a m¼`rA

u, 'kCn

Lok;Ùkrk% viuk 'kklu Lo;a pykus dk vfèkdkjA

?kq ea rw % ,s ls yksx tks fdlh ,d txg Bgj dj

ugha jgrs cfYd viuh vkthfodk dh [kkst es a

,d txg ls nw ljh txg vkrs&tkrs jgrs gS a A

dk;Z fLFkfr;k¡ % dke osQ gkykrA


















































































































































fp=k 17 & rhl osQ n'kd esa ,d dkj[kkus dk Hkkstu d{k -

fp=k 15 & rhl osQ n'kd esa lksfo;r :l osQ ,d L owQy esa i<+rs cPps -cPps lks fo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dk vè;;u dj jgs gSa A

fp=k 16 & igyh iapo"khZ; ;kstuk osQ

nkSjku eSXuhVksxksLdZ dk ,d cPpk -;g cPpk lks fo;r :l os Q fy, dke dj jgk gS A

fp=k 14 & dkj[kkuksa dks lektokn osQ izrhd dh rjg ekuk tkrk Fkk -iksLVj esa fy[kk gS % ^fpefu;ks a ls fudyr k èkq vk¡ gh lksfo;r :l dh lk¡l gSA*

ckWDl 4

;w Øs u os Q ,d xka o es a lektoknh [ks rh ^nks (dC”kk fd, x,) [ksrksa dks ys dj ,d dE;wu cuk;k x;kA dE;wu es a oqQy rs jg ifjokj vkSj lÙkj yks x FksA --- [ksrksa ls gkfly fd, x, Ñf"k midj.kks a dks --- dE;wu osQ gokys dj fn;k x;kA --- lHkh lnL; lkewfgd Hkkstuky; esa [kkuk [kkrs FksA ^lgdkjh lkE;okn** osQ fl¼ka r os Q vkèkkj ij vkenuh dks lcos Q chp ck¡V fy;k tkrk FkkA lnL;ksa os Q Je ls gks us okyh lkjh vk; vkS j dE;w u os Q ikl ekStw n lkjs fjgk;'kh edkuksa vkSj lqfoèkkvks a dk dE;w u osQ lnL; feydj bLrs eky djrs FksA*

I + ks Qnks j cs ykso] n fgLVªh vkWiQ , lks fo;r dys fDVo I +kQkeZ (1955)A













fp=k 18 & lkewfgdhdj.k osQ nkSj dk ,d iksLVj-bles a fy[kk gS % ^ge [ks rh es a deh ykus okys oq Qyd ij okj djs a xs A*

x,A efgyk dkexkjks a os Q cPpks a osQ fy, I + kS QfDVª ;ks a es a ckyokfM+ ;k¡ [kks y nh xb± A lLrh LokLF; ls ok miyCèk djk;h xbZ A e”knw jksa osQ fy, vkn'kZ fjgk;'kh edku cuk, x,A ys fdu bu lkjh dksf'k'kks a os Q urhts lHkh txg ,d tS ls ugha jgs D;ks a fd ljdkjh la lkèku lhfer FksA

4-3 Lrkfyuokn vkS j lkew fgdhdj.k

fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk dk 'kq#vkrh nkSj [ksrh osQ lkew fgdhdj.k ls iS nk gq bZ rckgh ls tq M+ k gq vk FkkA1927&1928 os Q vklikl :l osQ 'kgjks a es a vukt dk Hkkjh la dV iS nk gks x;k FkkA ljdkj us vukt dh dh er r; dj nh FkhA mlls ”;knk dher ij dks bZ

v ukt ugha cs p ldrk FkkA ys fdu fdlku ml dher ij ljdkj dks vukt cs pus os Q fy, rS ;kj ugha FksA

ysfuu os Q ckn ikVh Z dh deku la Hkky jgs Lrkfyu us fLFkfr ls fuiVus os Q fy, dM+s dne mB k,A mUgs a yxrk Fkk fd vehj fdlku vkS j O;kikjh dher c<+us dh mEehn es a vukt ugha cs p jgs gS a A fLFkfr ij dkcw ikus os Q fy, lV~ Vs ck”kh ij va d q'k yxkuk vkS j O;kikfj;ks a os Q ikl tek vukt dks tCr djuk ”k:jh FkkA 1928 es a ikVhZ os Q lnL;ks a us vukt mRiknd bykdks a dk nkS jk fd;kA mUgksa us fdlkuks a ls tcju vukt [kjhnk vkS j ôq Qydksa * os Q fBdkuks a ij Nkis ekjsA : l esa la iUu fdlkuks a dks dq yd dgk tkrk FkkA tc

blos Q ckn Hkh vukt dh deh cuh jgh rks [ks rks a os Q lkew fgdhdj.k dk I + kS Qlyk fy;k x;kA bl iQS lys os Q i{k es a ,d roZ Q ;g fn;k x;k fd vukt dh deh blfy, gS D ;ks a fd [ks r cgq r NkVs&NksVs gS a A 1917 os Q ckn ”kehu fdlkuks a dks lkS a i nh xbZ FkhA iQyLo:i ”;knkrj fdlkuks a os Q ikl Nks Vs [ks r Fks ftudk vkèkq fudhdj .k ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA vkèkqfud [ks r fodflr djus vkS j mu ij e'k huks a dh lgk;rk ls vkS |ks fxd [ks rh djus os Q fy, ^dqydks a dk lI + kQk;k* djuk] fdlkuks a ls ”kehu Nhuuk vkS j jkT; fu;a f=kr ;kuh ljdkjh fu;a =k.k okys fo'kkydk; [ks r cukuk ”k:jh ekuk x;kA

blh os Q ckn Lrkfyu dk lkewfgdhdj.k dk;Z Øe 'kq : gqvkA 1929 ls

ikVhZ us lHkh fdlkuks a dks lkew fgd [ks rks a (dks y[kks t) es a dke djus dk vkns 'k tkjh dj fn;kA ”;knkrj ”kehu vkS j lk”kks&lkeku lkew fgd [ksrks a os Q LokfeRo es a lkS a i fn, x,A lHkh fdlku lkew fgd [ks rks a ij dke djrs FksvkS j dks y[kks ”k os Q equkI + ks Q dks lHkh fdlkuksa os Q chp ck¡ V fn;k tkrk FkkA bl I + kS Qlys ls xq Llk, fdlkuks a us ljdkj dk fojksèk fd;k vkS j os vius tkuojks a dks [kRe djus yxsA 1929 ls 1931 os Q chp eos f'k;ks a dh la [;k es a ,d&frgkbZ deh vk xbZ A lkew fgdhdj.k dk fojksèk djus okyks a dks l[r l”kk nh tkrh FkhA cgq r lkjs yks xks a dks fuokZ lu ;k ns 'k&fudkyk ns fn;k x;kA lkew fgdhdj.k dk fojksèk djus okys fdlkuksa dk dguk Fkk fd os u rks vehj gS a vkS j u gh lektokn os Q fojksèkh gS a A os cl fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls

Ïksr x

1933 es a lks fo;r cpiu osQ LoIu vkSj ;FkkFkZ

fiz ; nknkth dkyhfuu ---

es jk ifjokj cM+ k gS] pkj cPps gS aA gekjs firk vc ugha gS a ] os e”knw jks a os Q fy, yM+ rs gq , ekjs x, Fks ---vkS j es jh ek¡ --- chekj gS aA --- eS a cgqr i<+ uk pkgrk gw ¡ ] ij LowQy ugha tk ldrkA esjs ikl iqjkus tw rs Fks ij vc og brus iQV pq os Q gSa fd dks bZ mudh ejEer ugha dj ldrkA es jh ek¡ chekj gS a ] gekjs ikl u rks iS lk gS vkS j u gh jks Vh_ ij eS a i<+ uk cgq r pkgrk gw ¡A ---gekjs lkeus i<+ us] i<+ us vkSj cl i<+ us dh ftEesnkjh gSA Oykfnehj byhp ysfuu us ;gh dgk gSA ij eq >s Low Qy tkuk Nks M+ uk iM+s xkA gekjk

dks bZ fj'rsnkj ugha gS] dksbZ Hkh gekjh enn ugha dj ldrk] blfy, eq>s I + kSQDVª h esa dke djuk iM+ sxk rkfd esjk ifjok j Hkw [kksa ejus ls cp tk,A fiz ; nknkth] eSa 13 l ky dk gw¡ ] i<+kbZ esa vOoy vkrk gw ¡ vkS j es jh dks bZ [kjkc fjiks VZ ugha gSA eSa ik¡ poha d{kk esa i<+rk gw ¡---A

lks fo;r jk"Vªifr dkfyfuu osQ uke 13 o"khZ ; ,d e”knwj ckyd }kj k 1933 esa fy[kk x;k i=kA

oh- lks dks ykso ( la -)] vkWC'kpsLRoks I OykLr] oh 1930&;s xksnh (e kLdks] 1997)A















































































































































lkew fgd [ks rks a ij dke ugha djuk pkgrs FksA Lrkfyu ljdkj us lhfer Lrj ij Lora =k fdlkuh dh O;oLFkk Hkh tkjh jgus nh ys fdu ,s ls fdlkuks a dksdks bZ [kkl enn ugha nh tkrh FkhA

lkew fgdhdj.k osQ ckotw n mRiknu es a ukVdh; o f¼ ugha gq bZ A cfYd 1930&1933 dh [kjkc I + kQly os Q ckn rks lks fo;r bfrgkl dk lcls cM+ k vdky iM+ k ftles a 40 yk[k ls ”;knk yks x ekjs x,A

ikVhZ es a Hkh cgq r lkjs yks x fu;ks ftr vFkZ O;oLFkk os Q va rxZ r vkS |ks fxd mRiknu es a iS nk gks jgs Hkz e vkS j lkew fgdhdj.k os Q ifj.kkeks a dh vkyks puk djus yxs FksA Lrkfyu vkS j muos Q lg;ks fx;ksa us ,sls vkykspdksa ij lektokn os Q f[kykI + kQ lkft'k jpus dk vkjks i yxk;kA ns'k Hkj es a cgq r lkjsyks xks a ij blh rjg os Q vkjks i yxk, x, vkS j 1939 rd vkrs&vkrs 20yk[k ls ”;knk yks xks a dks ;k rks ts yks a es a ;k Je f'kfojks a es a Hks t fn;k x;k

FkkA ”;knkrj yksxks a us ,s lk dks bZ vijkèk ugha fd;k Fkk ys fdu mudh lq uusokyk dks bZ ugha FkkA cgq r lkjs yks xks a dks ;kruk,¡ ns&ns dj muls bl vk'k; os Q c;ku fy[kok fy, x, fd mUgks a us lektokn os Q fo#¼ lkf”k'k es a fgLlk fy;k gS vkS j blh vk èkkj ij mUgs a ekj fn;k x;kA bues a dbZ izfrHkkoku is 'ks oj yks x FksA

lkewfgdhdj.k osQ fojksèk vkS j ljdkj dh iz frfØ;k dk ljdkjh fooj.k

^bl lky iQjojh os Q nw ljs i[kokM+ s ls ;wosz Qu os Q fofHkUu {ks =kksa es a --- fdlkuks a us cM+ s iS ekus ij foæks g fd , gS a A ;g fLFkfr lkew fgdhdj.k os Q fØ;kUo;u osQ nkS jku ikVhZ os Q f upys dk;Z drkZvks a }kjk ikVhZ ykbu dks Bhd ls ykxw u fd, t kus vkS j xfeZ ;ks a esa gks us okyh dVkbZ dh rS;kfj;ksa dk ifj.kke gSA

cgqr Fkks M+ s ls le; es a mijksDr { ks=kksa esa py jgh xfrfofèk;k¡ vklikl osQ bykdksa es a Hkh iS Qy xbZ gSa A lcls vkØked foæksg lhekorhZ bykdksa esa gq , gSa A

foæks gh fdlkuks a dk ”;knk ”kks j bl ckr ij gS fd lkew fgdhdj.k os Q dkj.k muls Nhu fy;k x;k vukt] eos'kh vkSj vkS ”kkj --- mUgsa ykSVk fn, tk,¡A

1 iQjojh ls 15 ekpZ os Q chp 25] 000 fxjÝ + rkfj;k¡ gks pq dh gS a --- 656 dks e R;qna M fn;k x;k gS] 3] 673 dks Je f'kfojksa es a ca n dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj 5] 580 dks ns'k fudkyk fn;k x;k gS ---A*

;w Øs u jkT; iq fyl iz 'kklu os Q iz eq [k os Q- ,e- dkyZ lu }kjk dE;q fuLV ikVhZ dh os a Qæh; lfefr dks Hks th xbZ fjiks VZ ] 19 ekpZ 1930-

oh- lks dksyks o (la -)] vkW C'kps LRoks I OykLr] oh 1930&;s xks nhA

Ïksr ?k

Ïksr p

;g ,d ,s ls fdlku }kjk fy[kk x;k i=k gS tks lkewfgd [ksr es a dke ugha djuk pkgrkA

mlus ØfLr;kULdk;k xt+ sVk (Ñ"kd lekpkji=k) dks ;g [kr fy[kk FkkA

^ --- eS a LokHkkfod :i ls [ks rh djus okyk fdlku gw¡ A esjk tUe 1879 es a gqvk Fkk --- esjs ifjokj es a 6 lnL; gSa A es jh iRuh dh iSnkb'k 1871 dh gSA esjk cs Vk 16 lky dk vkS j nks cs fV;k¡ 19 lky dh gS a A rhuks a cPps Low Qy tkrs gS a ] es jh cgu 71 lky dh gSA 1932 ls esjs mQij brus Hkkjh dj Fkks i fn, x, gS a fd mUgs a pqdkuk vla Hko gSA 1935 es a rks LFkkuh; vI + kQljks a us dj vkSj Hkh c<+ k fn, --- eS a bruk dj ugha pqdk

ik;k vkS j es jh lkjh la ifÙk oq QoZ Q dj yh xbZ % es jk ?kks M+ k] xk;] cNM+ k] Hks M+] es e us] lkjs vkS t+ kj] I + kQuhZ pj vkS j ?kj dh ejEer os Q fy, j[kh ydM+ h] lc oq QN oq QoZ Q djosQ cs p MkykA 1936 es a mUgksa us esjh nks bekjrs a cs p nha --- dks y[kks ”k us gh mUgs a [kjhn fy;kA1937 es a es jh nks uks a >ks ifM+ ;ks a es a ls Hkh ,d cs p nh xbZ vkS j nw ljh dks t+ Cr dj fy; k x;k ---A*

oh- lksdksyks o (la-)] vkWC 'kpsLRoks I OykLr] oh 1930&;s xks nhA

fp=k 19 & fo'kky lkewfgd I +kQkeks± esa dke djus osQ fy, tqVh fdlku vkSjrsa -














































































































ckWDl 5

cks Y'ks fodks a us ftl rjg lÙkk ij dC”kk fd;k Fkk vkS j ftl rjg mUgks a us 'kklu pyk;k mlos Q ckjs es a ;wjks i dh lektoknh ikfVZ ;k¡ cgq r lger ugha FkhaA ys fdu es gurd'kks a os Q jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh la Hkkouk us nq fu;k Hkj os Q yks xks a es a ,d ubZ mEehn txk nh FkhA cgq r lkjs ns 'kks a es a dE;qfuLV ikfVZ ;ks a dk xBu fd;k x;k & tS ls] ba XyS a M es a dE;q fuLV ikVhZ vkW iQ xz s V fcz Vs u dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ A cks Y'ks fodks a us mifuos 'kks a dh turk dks Hkh muos Q jkLrs dk vuq lj.k djus os Q fy, iz ks Rlkfgr fd ;kA lks fo;r la ?k os Q vykok Hkh cgq r lkjs ns'kks a os Q iz frfuf/;ks a us dkW Ui + z Q s l vkW I + kQ n ihiq y vkWI + kQ fn bZ LV (1920) vkS j cks Y'ks fodks a }kjk cuk, x, dkW feUVu Z (cks Y'ks fod leFkZ d lektoknh ikfVZ ;ks a dk va rjkZ "Vª h; egkla ?k) esa fgLlk fy ;k FkkA oq QN fons f'k;ks a dks lks fo;r la ?k dh dE;q fuLV ;q fuoflZ Vh vkW I + kQ n od Z lZ vkW I + kQ fn bZ LV es a f'k{kk nh xbZ A tc nw ljk fo'o;q ¼ 'kq : gqvk rc rd lk s fo;r la ?k dh otg ls lektokn dks ,d oS f'od igpku vkS j gS fl;r f ey pq dh FkhA ys fdu ipkl os Q n'kd rd ns 'k osQ Hkhrj Hkhs yks x ;g le >us yxs Fks fd lks fo;r la ?k dh 'kklu 'kS yh :lh Øka fr os Q vkn'kks ± os Q v uq :i ugha gSA fo'o lektoknh vka nks yu es a Hkh bl ckr dks eku fy;k x;k Fkk fd lks fo;r la ?k es a lc dq N Bhd&Bkd ugha py jgk gSA ,d fiNM+ k gq v k ns 'k egk'kfDr cu pq dk FkkA mlos Q m|ks x vkS j [ks rh fodflr gks pq osQ Fks vkS j xjhcks a dks Hkks tu fey jgk FkkA ys fdu ogk¡ os Q ukxfjdks a dks dbZ rjg dh vko';d Lora =krk ugha nh tk jgh Fkh vkS j fodkl ifj;ks tukvks a dks neud kjh uhfr;ks a os Q cy ij ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA chloha lnh os Q va r rd ,d lektoknh ns'k osQ :i es a va rjkZ "Vª h; Lrj ij lksfo;r la ?k dh iz fr"Bk dkiQ h de jg xbZ Fkh gkyk¡ fd ogk¡ os Q yks x vHkh Hkh lektokn osQ vkn'kks ± d k lEeku djrs FksA ysfdu lHkh ns 'kks a es a lektokn os Q ckjs es a fofoèk iz dkj l s O;kid iq ufoZ pkj fd;k x;kA

5 :lh Økafr vkSj lks fo;r la?k dk oS f'od izHkko

:lh Øka fr ls iz sfjr gks us okyks a es a cgqr lkjs Hkkjrh; Hkh FksA mues a ls dbZ us dE;q fuLV fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk izkIr dhA 1920 osQ n'kd esa Hkkjr

es a Hkh dE;q fuLV ikVhZ dk xBu dj fy;k x;kA bl ikVhZ os Q lnL; lksfo;r dE;q fuLV ikVhZ os Q la idZ esa jgrs FksA dbZ egÙoiw .kZ Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd

,oa lka LÑfrd O;fDr;ksa us lksfo;r iz ;ks x es a fnypLih yh vkS j ogk¡ dk nkSjk fd;kA :l tkus okys Hkkjrh;ksa es a tokgj yky us g: vkS j

jchUæukFk VSxks j Hkh Fks ftUgksa us lks fo;r lektokn os Q ckjs esa fy[kk HkhA Hkkjrh; ys[ku es a lks fo;r :l dh vyx&vyx Nfo;k¡ fn[kkbZ ns rh Fkha A

fga nh esa vkj-,l- voLFkh us 1920&21 es a jf'k;u js oY;w 'ku] ys fuu] fg”k ykbI +kQ ,s UM fg”k FkkWV~ l vkS j n js M js oY;w'ku uked fdrkcs a fy[kha A muos Q

vykok ,l- Mh- fo|kya dkj us n jhcFkZ vkW iQ jf'k;k rFkk n lks fo;r LVs V vkWiQ jf'k;k uked iq Lros Qa fy[kha A bu fo"k;ks a ij ca xkyh] ejkBh] ey;kye]

rfey vkSj rsyq xq es a Hkh cgq r oq QN fy[kk x;kA

fp=k 20 & baMk s&lksfo;r tuZy dk ysfuu fo'ks"kkad -

nw ljs fo'o;q ¼ o s Q nkS jku Hkkjrh; dE;q fuLVks a us lks fo;r la ?k

osQ fy, tuer fuekZ.k fd;kA


















































































































































Ïksr t

Ïksr N

lksfo;r :l es a ,d Hkkjrh;] 1920

^viuh fta nxh es a igyh ckj ge yks x ;w jks fi;ks a dks ,f'k;kb;ks a os Q lkFk eq Dr Hkko ls feyrs&cfr;krs ns [k jgs FksA tc geus :fl;ks a dks ns 'k os Q ckdh yks xks a os Q lkFk lgt Hkko ls ?kq yrs&feyrs ns[kk rks ges a ;dhu gks x;k fd ge lPph lekurk dh nqfu;k esa vk igq¡ ps gS aA

ges a Lora=krk lgh ek;uksa esa lkdkj gksrh fn[kk;h ns jgh FkhA izfrØkafrdkfj;ks a vkS j lkez kT;okfn;ks a dh gjdrks a ls iSnk gq bZ xjhch os Q ckotw n yks x&ckx igys ls ”;knk [kq 'k vkS j la rq "V fn[kk;h ns jgs FksA Øka fr us mues a vkRefo'okl vkS j fuMjrk Hkj nh gSA ipkl vyx&vyx jk"Vª h;rkvks a os Q yks xks a os Q chp ekuork dk vlyh HkkbZpkjk ;gha lkdkj gksus okyk gSA tkfr ;k èkeZ dh dks bZ lhek mUgs a ,d&nw ljs os Q lkFk ?kq yus&feyus ls ugha jksd jgh FkhA gj tho dks ,d dq'ky oDrk cuk fn;k x;k gSA vki ogk¡ e”knw jks a] f dlkuks a vkSj flikfg;ks a] lHkh dks is'ks oj oDrk dh rjg cgl djrs ns[k ldrs gS a A*

'kkSdr mLekuh] fgLVkWfjd fVªIl vkWI +kQ , jsoY;w'kujhA

:l ls jchUæukFk VS xksj] 1930

êkLdks ckdh ;w jks ih; jktèkkfu; ksa os Q eq dkcys de lkI + kQ&lq Fkjk fn[kkbZ ns rk gSA

lM+d ij Hkkxe&Hkkx esa yxk dksbZ O;fDr cgqr LekVZ ugha yxrkA lkjh txg

e”knw jksa dh gSA --- ;gk¡ vke t urk jbZlks a os Q lk, es a fdlh rjg ncrh fn[kkbZ

ugha ns rhA tks yks x lfn;ksa ls us iF; esa fNis gq , Fks vkt lkeus vk [kM+s gq,

gSa A --- eSa vius ns 'k osQ fdlkuks a vkS j e”knw jksa os Q ckjs es a lks pus yxkA es js lkeus

tks oq QN Fkk mls ns [kdj yxrk F kk fd ;g vjsfc;u ukbV~ l os Q fdlh ftUu dh

djkekr gSA (;gk¡ ) eg”k ,d n 'kd igys ;s Hkh gekjs yks xks a ftrus gh vui<+]

ykpkj vkSj Hkw[ks FksA --- ;s ns [k dj esjs tSls vHkkxs fganq Lrkuh ls ”;knk vpaHkk

vkSj Hkyk fdldks gksxk fd bu yks xks a us brus FkksM+s ls lkyks a esa vKkurk vkS j cslgkjs iu os Q igkM+ dks mrkj isa Qdk gSA*

fØ;kdyki

'kkSdr mLekuh vkSj jchUæukF k VS xksj }kjk fy[ks x,

m¼j.kks a dh rqyuk dhft,A m Ugs a Ïks r x] ?k vkS j p os Q lkFk feyk dj if<+ , vkS j crkb, fd &

Ø Hkkjrh;ks a dks lksfo;r la ?k esa lcls izHkko'kkyh ckr D;k fn[kk;h nh\

Ø ;s ys[kd fdl ph”k dks ugha ns[k ik,\

u, 'kCn iz frØka frdkjh% Øa kfr&fojk s/hA

































































S h f

iz 'u

?1- :l os Q lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkS j jktuhfrd gkykr 1905 ls igys dS ls Fks\

2- 1917 ls igys :l dh dkedkth vkcknh ;w jksi os Q ckdh ns 'kksa osQ eqdkcys fdu&fdu Lrjks a ij

fHkUu Fkh\

3- 1917 esa ”kkj dk ' kklu D;ks a [kRe gks x;k\

4- nks lw fp;k¡ cukb, % ,d lw ph es a iQjojh Øka fr dh eq[; ?kVukvksa vkS j izHkkoksa dks fyf[k, vkS j nw ljh

lw ph es a vDrwcj Økafr dh izeq [k ?kVukvksa vkS j izHkkoks a dks ntZ dhft,A

5- cks Y'ks fodks a us vDrwcj Øka fr osQ I + kQkS ju ckn dkS u&dkS u&ls iz eq[k ifjorZu fd,\

6- fuEufyf[kr os Q ckjs esa la{ks i es a fyf[k, %

Ø dq yd

Ø M~;w ek

Ø 1900 ls 1930 osQ chp efgyk dkexkj

Ø mnkjoknh

Ø Lrkfyu dk lkew fgdhdj.k dk;ZØe

fØ;kdyki

1- dYiuk dhft, fd ,d e”knw j os Q rkSj ij vkius 1905 dh gM+ rky esa fgLlk fy;k gS vkSj mlosQ

fy, vnkyr es a vki ij eq dnek pyk;k tk jgk gSA eq dnes os Q nkS jku vius cpko es a vki D;k dgs a xs\viuk oDrO; rS ;kj dhft, vkS j d{kk es a ogh Hkk"k.k nhft,A

2- fuEufyf[kr v[kckjks a os Q fy, 24 vDrw cj 1917 os Q foæks g os Q ckjs es a 'kh"kZ d lfgr ,d Nks Vh&lh [kcj

rS ;kj dhft, %

Ø i+z Qkal osQ ,d :f<+ oknh v[kckj osQ fy,

Ø fcz Vs u os Q ,d jS fMdy v[kckj os Q fy,

Ø :l osQ ,d cksY'ks fod v[kckj osQ fy,

3- eku yhft, fd lk ewfgdhdj.k gks pqdk gS vkS j vki :l os Q ,d e¡>ksys xsgw ¡ mRiknd fdlku gS a A

vki lkewfgdhdj.k osQ ckjs es a viuh vkifÙk;k¡ O;Dr djrs gq , Lrkfyu dks ,d i=k fy[kuk pkgrs gS aA viuh thou ifj fLFkfr;ksa osQ ckjs es a vki D;k fy[ks axs\ vkidh jk; esa ,sls fdlku dk i=k ikdj Lrkfyu dh D;k iz f rfØ;k gks rh\ f Ø

; k d y

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