If you can't read please download the document
Upload
dinhdung
View
225
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
CNG NGH PHN MM
TC V PHN TCH & C T YU CU
Bi 2:
Thi gian: 9 tit
KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
Ging vin: ThS. Dng Thnh Pht
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.thayphet.net
Tel: 0918158670
facebook.com/DuongThanhPhet
mailto:[email protected]://www.thayphet.net/
2
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
NI DUNG
1. Tng quan
2. Qu rnh phn tch
3. Xc nh yu cu
4. M hnh ha yu cu h thng
3
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.1. TNG QUAN V C T YU CU
Gm cc cng on nh l nghin cu kh thi, phn
tch m hnh, c t yu cu.
c phi hp gia nhm pht trin phn mm v
khch hng
ng vai tr c bit quan trng trong tin trnh pht
trin phn mm.
L bc hnh thnh d n phn mm, trng nhm
thit k v ngi phn tch h thng phi bit c
nhu cu ca ngi t hng.
4
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
Cc yu cu cn c thu thp y v c
phn tch rng v su.
Cng c s dng ch yu giai on ny l cc s
phn nh r cc i tng: lu , s dng d
liu, mng, thc th-quan h, s cu trc phn
cp, ... (Xem thm Ph lc C Phn B)
2.1. TNG QUAN V C T YU CU
5
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2. QU TRNH PHN TCH
2.2.1. Phn tch phm vi d n
2.2.2. Phn tch m rng yu cu nghip v
2.2.3. Phn tch yu cu bo mt
2.2.4. Phn tch yu cu tc
2.2.5. Phn tch yu cu vn hnh
2.2.6. Phn tch kh nng m rng yu cu
2.2.7. Phn tch yu cu sn dng
2.2.8. Phn tch yu t con ngi
2.2.9. Phn tch yu cu tch hp
2.2.10. Phn tch thc tin nghip v tn ti
2.2.11. Phn tch yu cu kh nng v quy m
6
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.1. PHN TCH PHM VI D N
Thut ng phm vi ch trch nhim d n phi
thc thi.
Xc nh phm vi d n bng cch nh r qu trnh
nghip v m phn mm s x l.
Mt gii php nghip v lun c:
Phn trin khai phn mm: Trong yu cu
nghip v ca khch hng c hin thc ha
thnh phn mm c th,
Phn thc hin bi con ngi hay chng trnh:
L giai on vn hnh s dng h thng.
7
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.1. PHN TCH PHM VI D N
8
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.1. PHN TCH PHM VI D N
Vic nh ranh gii gia hai phn ny l xc nh quy
trnh trch nhim v:
Chia trch nhim thnh nhng nhim v con
a ra tng v bao nhiu m-un chng trnh
khc nhau yu cu,
Xc nh bao nhiu vng a l lin quan (chi
nhnh vn phng),
c lng s ngi dng phn mm, thi gian
phn mm c duy tr,
Bit c tnh chnh xc ca yu cu phn mm,
Hiu khch hng mong i d n c trin khai.
9
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.1. PHN TCH PHM VI D N
Ti thi im , s c tng v phm vi d n.
Cn cn nhc ln ca d n i vi thi gian v
rng buc ngn sch m bo tnh kh thi.
Nu d n qu ln v thi gian v chi ph, cn trao i
vi khch hng thng lng.
Nu phn tch c tt c tnh hung giai on u,
m bo nhiu hn cho s thnh cng ca d n.
10
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.2. PHN TCH M RNG YU CU NGHIP V
Xc nh yu cu nghip v:
Mi d n s c mt hay nhiu yu cu nghip v,
gi l tc v, lin quan n vic m t cng vic c
th trong nghip v.
Mt tc v c chia nh thnh nhiu phn cho n
khi mi phn m t c cng vic chnh xc.
Khi mc ca thnh phn chia nh di mc ti
thiu, s c xc nh li trnh t thnh phn.
11
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.2. PHN TCH M RNG YU CU NGHIP V
Xc nh yu cu nghip v
12
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.2. PHN TCH M RNG YU CU NGHIP V
Xc nh yu cu cht lng:
Mi d n c cc yu cu lin quan n kh nng p
ng nhanh, bo mt, ph thuc, d dng
Rng buc thi gian v ti chnh lm cho d n kh c
th din ra hon tt trn vn.
iu quan trng quyt nh s hon tt trn vn l
da trn mc chp nhn ca cht lng tha mn
nhu cu ca khch hng.
13
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.2. PHN TCH M RNG YU CU NGHIP V
Phn tch c s h tng hin hnh:
Gii php PM a vo - nu ph hp vi c s h
tng - s ph hp hn l thay th h thng hin hnh.
Khi a gii php, th vic tng thch vi c s h
tng hin hnh s m bo kh thi, v d n cn lm
vic trn phn cng v phn mm hin c.
Nu bit c HH ang c ci trn my ca
ngi dng, loi mng ang s dng, v nhng phn
mm khng tng thch vi chng trnh mi, hoc
bit c thng tin cu hnh ca my ch,.. s gip
vic phn tch chnh xc v hiu qu hn.
14
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.2. PHN TCH M RNG YU CU NGHIP V
Phn tch nh hng k thut:
Nu cn m rng chc nng cho h thng hin hnh
Thng mong mun thay i c h thng c, nhng
nn lu n vic ci thin h thng c v tch hp
d dng hn h thng mi.
V d: Chc nng ca chng trnh k ton lu tr d
liu nh trn MS Access. to d liu truy xut hiu
qu hn v tha mn yu cu ca gii php mi, mi
chuyn ton b d liu sang SQL Server.
15
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.2. PHN TCH M RNG YU CU NGHIP V
Phn tch nh hng k thut:
Vic nh hng trc s gip tit kim thi gian
nh: Qua thi gian tm hiu s khc bit v giao tc,
bo mt, v nhng chc nng khc ....
Nn tm hiu th tc chuyn i DL t k thut c
sang k thut mi, c k hoch bo lu khi vic thc
hin ny b li.
Cn m bo nhng tc ng s chuyn i trn mi
thnh phn ca h thng.
Khi h thng cung cp cho ngi dng kh nng lu
tr, truy xut d liu hay thng tin ring t, ta cn c
bin php m bo an ton nhng d liu ny.
16
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.3. PHN TCH YU CU BO MT
Xc nh cc vai tr ngi dng trong phn mm
Ton b phn mm khng ch c mt mc bo mt:
Ngi dng cui ch cn quyn truy xut gii hn.
Qun tr h thng, ngi thao tc cp nht, v ngi
dng c quyn truy cp cao hn mi cp .
X l bo mt phn mm l k thut dng cp
quyn s dng vi mc bo mt khc nhau.
Lu : Cn nhn bit lp vai tr (role) chnh ca nhng
ngi dng, sau gn tn vai tr v gn mc ti
thiu c th truy xut n mi vai tr. Mi lp vai tr nn
c va ) mc quyn truy xut n cng vic ca h.
17
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.3. PHN TCH YU CU BO MT
Xc nh mi trng bo mt phn mm(tt):
Khi ngi dng mun s dng cc chc nng lin
quan, phi thc hin ng nhp, nhm kim sot ti
nguyn chia s nh tp tin, dch v h thng, CSDL.
Mc kim sot ca phn mm c gi l ng cnh
bo mt.
Cn lm vic vi cc ngi dng khc, cp quyn
truy xut ph hp vi chc nng.
bo mt ca phn mm khng b gii hn bi ngi
dng.
18
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.3. PHN TCH YU CU BO MT
Xc nh nh hng bo mt:
Nu t chc ca KH c sn c ch bo mt, th h
thng nn iu chnh cho ph hp vi c ch c.
Nu ang thc hin h thng bo mt mi, cn phn
tch tc ng ca h thng trn h thng hin ti:
H thng mi c lm hng chc nng ca phn
mm hin ti?
H thng mi c i hi phi h tr thm ng nhp
m rng?
H thng mi c hn ch mt s ngi dng nhng
ti nguyn m h c quyn truy cp trc y?
19
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.3. PHN TCH YU CU BO MT
K hoch vn hnh:
Khi t chc ca khch hng thay i nhn s. Nhng
thao tc ny i hi hiu chnh CSDL bo mt.
Nu ngi dng c nhiu v tr khc nhau, cn ln k
hoch ti to CSDL bo mt, tt c thng tin bo
mt c lu gi mi ni.
Vic cn c ln trin khai nhm to thun li l
ngi dng c th ng nhp bng thng tin c lu
v tr gn hn so vi v tr gc.
Lu : Cn lp k hoch cho iu kin khn cp thc
hin nu CSDL bo mt b ngt hay nu vic to bn sao
b hng.
20
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.3. PHN TCH YU CU BO MT
K hoch kim sot v ng nhp:
Mt h thng bo mt tt khng thc hin theo c ch
x l th ng, m c chc nng tr gip kim sot
hot ng cho vn bo mt, th hin file nht k
Cc thao tc ca h thng c ghi nhn cc s kin
lin quan n bo mt h thng, ghi nhn khi ngi
dng ng nhp hay truy xut n mi ti nguyn.
Lu : Nu ch n thun lu tr nht k h thng th iu
khng c ngha. Cn lp k hoch kim sot nht k
thng xuyn phn tch v pht hin nhng nghi ng
v a ra nhng ngh.
21
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.3. PHN TCH YU CU BO MT
Xc nh mc yu cu bo mt:
Vic trin khai bo mt cho PM vi mc nhiu t
cn c cn nhc da trn tnh hiu qu v chi ph.
Nu h thng khng lu tr DL c tnh nhy cm cao,
cch tt nht trin khai vic bo mt l lu tr
thng tin v s xc thc ca ngi dng.
Nu lu tr cc thng tin cn cho bo mt, chi ph cho
vic bo mt c bit cng cn c kim chng.
Trong thc t, t c h thng t c 100% bo mt.
Cn xc nh ri ro bo mt (l t l % tng ng
kh nng bo mt m h thng kh t c) chp
nhn c da trn d liu nhy cm ca h thng.
22
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.3. PHN TCH YU CU BO MT
R sot bo mt hin ti:
Cn tun th yu cu bo mt ca PM khi phn tch
chnh sch bo mt hin ti, xc nh c vic bo
mt c t n nhng nhu cu ca h thng
Tho lun vn vi ngi ph trch h thng bo
mt ca t chc tm ra gii php mang li li ch
cao t trin khai m rng bo mt.
23
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.4. PHN TCH YU CU TC
Tc x l ca phn mm c th l yu cu kh khn
cho nhm pht trin phn mm.
Nu phn mm c thit k tt, chng c th thc thi
nhanh hn.
Thut ng tc thng c dng ng ngha vi s
phn hi lin quan n thi gian x l phn hi li
hnh ng ca ngi dng.
Thi gian phn hi trung bnh ca phn mm l c
tnh quan trng, cn c kt hp cht ch vi cc yu
cu khc trong giai on thit k.
24
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.4. PHN TCH YU CU TC
Lu :
Trong PM dng phn tn, khi ni v tc , cn nhn
mnh s khc bit quan trng khi phn mm c c
nhu cu cao hay trung bnh.
Ti mt s thi im (ti hay cui tun), phn mm
ch phc v s lng nh ngi dng, th tc s
trn trung bnh. thi im khc s lng ngi
dng tng cao, tc ca phn mm s c thay
i.
V vy, trong phn mm phn tn, mc tiu tc
gm c tc trung bnh v cao.
Nhiu phn mm chy chm bi thit k thiu st, c
th do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh tng thch gia
phn cng v cc yu t khc.
25
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.4. PHN TCH YU CU TC
Cn nhn bit v yu cu tc ca phn mm trc :
Tn sut giao dch: Vic cung cp dch v ph thuc
vo s ngi dng trong mt khong thi gian. S
giao tc mi pht l o tc ca h thng CSDL.
Bng thng: S phn hi nhanh/chm ca PM xc
nh mc bng thng mng cao/thp (megabit/giy).
Kh nng cha: Mc lu tr (b nh chnh, ph) lun
sn sng p ng i vi phn mm l vn lu
tm quan trng cho tc chung ca phn mm.
Mc i hi s dng b nh ca phn mm s
gy ra nhng khc bit ln cho tc ca chng.
26
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.4. PHN TCH YU CU TC
Nt tht: Mi h thng u c phn gii hn tc
(nu CPU c tc nhanh cng khng ci thin nu
phi ch DL t cng thc thi qu chm). Lc ny,
tc cng l nt tht. Cn nhn bit nt tht ca
ci thin chng nhm nng cao tc . Vic nhn
bit nt tht c th thc hin bng cng c bo co
h thng Windows NT Performance Monitor.
27
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.5. PHN TCH YU CU VN HNH
Khi vn hnh phn mm, chi ph trin khai v chi ph
vn hnh l vn quan trng cn c xem xt cn
thn vi hng gii quyt nh sau:
Chi ph trin khai c th c gim bt bng cch
phn phi trc tuyn hay phn mm nhng th tc t
ng ci t, v thao tc vn hnh c th t ng ha
bng cc quy trnh tin hc.
Chi ph vn hnh c th c tit gim theo nhiu
cch, nhng cch tt nht l m bo chng trnh
c kim th v chy kim tra (debug) y trc
khi a vo trin khai, iu s gip tng cht
lng ca phn mm v gim li hay hng hc xy ra
trong lc vn hnh nn gim chi ph bo tr giai on
vn hnh.
28
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.5. PHN TCH YU CU VN HNH
Ngoi ra, trong trng hp phn cng, phn mm l
thnh phn c mua ch khng c pht trin, ta
c th nhn s chp thun vn hnh t nh xng
hay ngi y thc ca sn phm.
Vn hnh sn phm trung gian tit kim chi ph thu
nhn vin mi hay hun luyn li nhn vin c duy
tr mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca h thng.
Gim chi ph vn hnh i hi s t tha mn li
nhun trong thi ngn i vi nhng li ch trong
tng lai.
Gim chi ph vn hnh lu di thng i hi u t
n u trong t ng ha phn cng v phn mm.
29
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.6. PHN TCH KH NNG M RNG YU CU
Theo din tin thi gian, nhng yu cu ca gii php
ban u s dn thay i.
Ngi dng cn nhng chc nng mi, cc quy lut
t ra ban u s b sa i, dn n c phn cng
phn mm cng cn thay i theo.
Phn mm thit k tt l phn mm c kh nng m
rng c v c th uyn chuyn ci thin m khng
phi xy dng li hon ton.
Kh nng m rng ca phn mm t l nghch vi
lng cng vic cn hon thnh thm nhng c
trng mi v c th t c thng qua nhng
ngha khc nhau.
30
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.6. PHN TCH KH NNG M RNG YU CU
C ba cch t n nhng kh nng hn nh l:
Lu tr thng tin v quy tc nghip v vo c s d
liu hn l lp trnh biu din chng trong i tng
nghip v.
Theo , nu s chc nng hay th tc ca phn
mm ban u cn thay i, n c th thay i trong
c s d liu m khng cn thay i m ngun
chng trnh.
t m ngun vo trong on m kch bn (script)
c lm r hn khi bin dch chng trnh; on
script c th b thay i mt cch d dng khng i
hi bt k bin dch hay ci t li tp tin nh phn.
31
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.6. PHN TCH KH NNG M RNG YU CU
Chia phn mm thnh nhng i tng thnh phn
vi tng nhim v ring l.
Nu nhng yu cu ca cc nhim v c bit thay
i, i tng tng ng c th b thay i v bin
dch li m khng gy nh hng bt k i tng
khc cng nh c thm vo d dng.
Phng php ny vi cc i tng nghip v u
im nhiu hn hai phng php trn trong khi vn
m bo tt kh nng m rng.
32
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.7. PHN TCH YU CU SN DNG
Cc phn mm lun c thit k thc thi u n
hng ngy, cn thit cho s thnh cng ca DN v
cn c mc sn sng cao trnh cc bo tr, sa
cha, pht sinh khng theo k hoch.
Vi nhng PM c tnh sn sng, chng khng
c gy ra li. Bt k thnh phn no b hng/
khng sn sng th nn khi ng li ngay khi c th.
Vic bo tr c k hoch cng tc ng n tnh sn
sng ca phn mm.
Mt my ch cha cc phn mm l tng lun c
bn sao lu c th khi ng khi my ch bo tr.
Phn mm c sn sng cao cn c cch lun
phin kt ni mng trong trng hp mng WAN,
LAN ngng hot ng
33
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.7. PHN TCH YU CU SN DNG
Lu :
Tnh sn sng lin quan n nghip v. Tnh sn
sng ca phn mm cng cao, gi tr ca phn mm
cng cao.
Vi nhng h thng trng yu, gi tr i vi t chc
bt k thi im no hon ton ph hp v dn n
iu chnh chi ph thit k 100% cho vn phn
mm sn sng.
Phn mm khc n gin cn tr nn sn sng hu
ht mi lc
34
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.8. PHN TCH YU T CON NGI
Phn quan trng trong thit k phn mm chnh l
phn lin quan n yu t con ngi.
Ta nn xc nh nhng kinh nghim s dng phn
mm m ngi dng cn c.
Vi bt c phn mm no, c kinh nghim ngi
dng cng tt th chi ph ch to cng cao.
Ta bt u vi vic nh ngha mc tiu ca ngi
dng, qua xc nh c cc dng ngi dng vi
nhng nhu cu c bit lin quan, qua ta c th
sa i phn mm thch ng nhng nhu cu .
35
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.9. PHN TCH YU CU TCH HP
Trong gii php giao tip vi phn mm k tha,
vic truy xut CSDL hin c, hay chuyn i DL c
sang khun dng mi, cn k hoch tch hp thng
qua nhng cng c c sn (ODBC) hay xy dng tin
ch chuyn i.
Khi nhu cu pht sinh ln hn, CSDL cn thit k li
da trn CSDL hin hnh.
Vn ny cn c thc hin cn thn v c th
ph v tt c m ngun ca CSDL hin ti.
Trc khi ci tin CTDL cn m bo cc m ngun
hin ti c th truy xut n CSDL. Tt c m ngun
hin ti phi c sot li, c th vit li.
36
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.10. PHN TCH THC TIN NGHIP V TN TI
Phn nh ngha trong quy tc nghip v c lin quan
n s hiu bit ng cnh trong thao tc ca nhng
quy tc .
Hiu c nhng nghip v ca DN, s trnh c sai
st v c th tm c cch tt hn cho vic hin thc,
ngn nga cc li tm thng.
Hiu c cu trc t chc v s nghip v ca
doanh nghip l yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca
bc phn tch yu cu v xy dng phn mm. Nu
khng hiu s t chc, th khng c c cc thit
k ph hp cho phn mm hay cho qu trnh hin thc
ng. S t chc cn gip tm kim c nhiu
thng tin hu ch lin quan.
37
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.10. PHN TCH THC TIN NGHIP V TN TI
c phn mm tt t pht trin n lc s dng, cn
bit v h thng mng v chnh sch h tng :
Bit c ngi chu trch nhim bo tr, bo mt, tnh
ton vn, kh nng phn hi tng tc trn mng,
Hc nhng tin trnh, chnh sch lin quan trn phn
mm mi.
Tm ra cch kim sot cht lng v chun b dch v
kim th, c th trin khai phng php c bit (thit
k, trin khai thc t) nhm m bo hin thc ph hp
vi ngn sch pht trin.
Cn tun th nguyn tc ct li Nhn bit nhu cu
khch hng v c gng thc hin chng, l cch
gip ta xy dng thnh cng phn mm phn mm.
38
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.2.11. PHN TCH YU CU KH NNG V QUY M
S thnh cng ca phn mm s thu ht ngi dng.
Nu trn mi trng mng th tng s lng. Nn khi
thit k PM phi ch n quy m.
nng cao kh nng phc v, l nng cp c s h
tng (CPU nhanh, nhiu RAM,...) c pha ngi dng
v pha h thng (my ch).
Gii php khc l pht trin PM dng phn tn c
th hot ng trn nhiu my ch cng lc, gip kim
sot v p ng vic phn phi ti nguyn v thi gian
x l c hp l hn.
Tuy nhin, iu ny lm gia tng ng k tnh phc tp
ca h thng, nn chin lc thit k cn c cn
nhc theo hng p ng kh nng cao v quy m
ln cho phn mm.
39
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3 . XC NH YU CU
Mc tiu ca vic xc nh yu cu:
Ta cn xc nh tht chnh xc v y cc yu cu
t ra cho phn mm s c xy dng.
Kt qu nhn c sau giai on xc nh yu cu
Danh sch cc cng vic (lin quan n nhng chc
nng ca phn mm) s c thc hin trn my tnh,
Nhng m t chi tit v cc cng vic ny khi c
trin khai vn hnh trong th gii thc,
Thng tin khi qut v cc hot ng trong th gii
thc.
40
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.1. YU CU V M T YU CU
Yu cu: L cng vic mun thc hin, xut pht t
thc t ch khng thun ty tin hc.
M t yu cu: L m t y cc thng tin lin quan
n cng vic tng ng, dng lm c s nghim
thu v nh gi phn mm khi c chuyn giao.
Cc yu cu ca phn mm cn c m t tht r
rng, c th, y v chnh xc, trnh hiu nhm gia
ngi thc hin phn mm v khch hng, gy nhiu
lng ph cng sc v chi ph.
41
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.1. YU CU V M T YU CU
Khi xc nh yu cu phn mm, cc thng tin cn lu :
Tn cng vic ng vi tng yu cu: Cn xc nh c
th, trnh dng cc tn chung chung, m h (nh
Qun l c gi l chung chung, m h nn c th
hn nh ng k mn sch, Gia hn th c gi,
Tr sch)
Ngi hoc b phn s thc hin cng vic: Cn xc
nh chnh xc ngi dng. Nhng ngi dng c vai
tr v cng vic tng t nhau s c xp vo cng
loi. Cng mt cng vic c th c nhiu loi ngi
dng khc nhau; mt loi ngi dng c th thc hin
nhiu cng vic khc nhau.
42
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3 .1. YU CU V M T YU CU
Thi gian v a im thc hin cng vic: Cn xc nh
chnh xc a im, thi im tin hnh cng vic.
Cch thc tin hnh cng vic cng vi cc quy nh lin
quan: L phn chnh yu khi tin hnh m t yu cu.
Cn c bit quan tm n mt s yu t sau:
Cc quy nh cn kim tra khi thc hin vic ghi nhn
thng tin (nh quy nh: ch cho mn sch i vi
nhng c gi c th c gi cn hn, s sch ang
mn cha n 2 v khng c sch mn qu hn)
Cc quy nh, cng thc tnh ton khi thc hin vic
tnh ton. V d: quy nh: mi ngy tr tr pht 1500
ng/ngy. T ngy tr tr th 10 tr i s pht 5000
ng/ngy, thu hi th c gi 2 tun.
43
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.2. PHN LOI YU CU
Cc yu cu c phn loi nh th hin trn s sau:
Yu cu
(1) Yu cu chc nng (2) Yu cu phi chc nng
(3) Yu cuchc nng-nghip v
(4) Yu cuchc nng-h thng
Lin quan n ngi dng
Lin quan n chuyn vin tin hc
(5) Lu tr
(6) Tra cu
(7) Tnh ton
(8) Kt xut
(9) Lu tr
(10) M phng
(11) T ng
(12) Phn quyn
(13) Sao lu
(14) Tnh tin ha
(15) Tnh tin dng
(16) Tnh hiu qu
(17) Tnh tng thch
(18) Ti s dng
(19) Bo tr
44
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.2. PHN LOI YU CU
c t chi tit tng loi yu cu:
(1) Yu cu chc nng: DS cng vic c thc hin
trn my tnh cng vi cc thng tin m t tng ng.
(2) Yu cu phi chc nng: Cc yu cu lin quan n
cht lng phn mm, l s rng buc cch thc thc
hin cc yu cu chc nng.
(3) Yu cu chc nng nghip v: Cc chc nng phn
mm tng ng vi cng vic.
(4) Yu cu chc nng h thng: Cc chc nng phn
mm pht sinh thm khi thc hin cng vic hoc cc
chc nng khng tng ng vi bt k cng vic no.
45
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.2. PHN LOI YU CU
(5) Chc nng lu tr: Tng ng vi cng vic ghi
chp(km theo cc quy nh). V d: Ghi nhn vic cho
mn sch ca mt th vin theo quy nh mn
(6) Chc nng tra cu: Tng ng vi cng vic tm
kim, theo di hot ng v xem thng tin v mt i
tng. V d: Tm v xem tnh trng sch
(7) Chc nng tnh ton: Lin quan vic tnh ton (quy
nh/ cng thc). V d: Tnh tin pht tr sch tr theo
quy nh pht ca th vin.
(8) Chc nng kt xut: Tng ng vi vic lp bo co
(theo biu mu). V d: Lp bo co thng k v s lt
mn sch theo loi trong nm.
46
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.2. PHN LOI YU CU
(9) Chc nng mi trng: nh cu hnh thit b, thi
gian, nhn s(S nhn cng, loi my in, )
(10) Chc nng m phng: M phng hot ng ca th
gii thc. V d: M phng qu trnh hot ng ca
chc nng hay thao tc x l
(11) Chc nng t ng: T ng thng bo, nhc nh
ngi dng. V d: Nhc nh th th gi giy bo i
sch mn qu hn.
(12) Chc nng phn quyn: Phn quyn s dng cho
cc loi ngi dng. V d: Phn quyn ngi dng: (i)
Qun tr h thng: c quyn s dng tt c cc chc
nng; (ii) Th th: ch dng cc chc nng lin quan
n vic cho mn v tr sch; (iii) c gi: ch s
dng chc nng tra cu.
47
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.2. PHN LOI YU CU
(13) Chc nng sao lu: Sao lu, phc hi d liu.(vd:
Sao lu thng tin SV ra trng, phc hi li khi cn)
(14) Tnh tin ha: L cc yu cu lin quan n vic
cho php ngi dng thay i li cch m t ca yu
cu chc nng (quy nh, quy tc tnh ton). V d: Cho
thay i quy nh v s sch mn ti a, mc pht khi
tr tr.
(15) Tnh tin dng: L cc yu cu lin quan n hnh
thc giao din, th hin t nhin, d s dng, d hc,
y thng tin V d: Giao din nhp phiu mn
hay tr sch dng form, nhp th hin bng sng v
bo li khi s liu nhp sai.
48
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.2. PHN LOI YU CU
(16) Tnh hiu qu: L yu cu lin quan n thi gian
thc hin cc chc nng, dung lng lu tr, chi ph s
dng ti nguyn h thng nh s dng ti u cc khng
gian, thao tc thc hin nhanh (VD: Thi gian tra cu
sch, tra cu c gi khng qu 10 giy.
(17) Tnh tng thch: Cc yu cu lin quan n vic
chuyn i d liu gia phn mm ang xt v cc
phn mm khc, s nht qun gia cc mn hnh trong
h thng (Vd: Cho nhp thng tin sch mi t tp tin
hay t thit b c m vch)
(18) Tnh ti s dng: Do chuyn vin tin hc m trch
(19) Tnh bo tr: Do chuyn vin tin hc m trch, l
cc yu cu cho php thay i m khng lm nh
hng n phn mm
49
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.2. PHN LOI YU CU
Nghin cu
kh thiXc nh
yu cuPhn tch
yu cuc t
yu cu
Bo co
kh thi
M hnh
h thngTi liu nh
ngha yu cu
Ti liu
yu cu
Ti liu c t
yu cu
Hiu min
ng dngThm nh
yu cu
t u tin
Gii quyt
mu thun
Phn hoch
Thu thp
yu cu
c t
50
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3. CC BC XC NH YU CU
Qu trnh thc hin xc nh yu cu:
Gm 2 bc chnh:
Bc 1: Kho st hin trng, kt qu nhn c l
bo co hin trng.
Bc 2: Lp danh sch cc yu cu, kt qu nhn
c l danh sch cc yu cu s c thc hin
trn my tnh.
51
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3. CC BC XC NH YU CU
i tng tham gia xc nh yu cu:
Gm 2 nhm ngi lun phi hp cht ch:
Chuyn vin tin hc: L nhng ngi hiu r v kh
nng ca my tnh. H phi tm hiu tht chi tit v
cng vic ca chuyn gia nhm trnh s hiu nhm
cho nhng bc phn tch sau ny.
Chuyn gia: L nhng ngi hiu r v cng vic ca
mnh. H cn lng nghe kin ca cc chuyn vin tin
hc m bo cc yu cu ca h l c th thc
hin c vi chi ph v thi gian hp l.
52
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.1. KHO ST HIN TRNG
Cc hnh thc thc hin ph bin:
Quan st: Theo di cc hot ng din ra th gii
thc c lin quan, c th ghi m, ghi hnh i vi
nhng tnh hung mang tnh phc tp, quan trng, cn
s chnh xc cao. V d: Quan st thao tc cho mn
sch ca mt th th ti mt th vin,
Phng vn trc tip: T chc phng vn bt u t
cp lnh o dn xung cc v tr cng vic. C th s
dng cc bng cu hi c sn cc cu tr li cho i
tng c phng vn la chn
Thu thp thng tin, ti liu: Cc cng thc tnh ton,
quy nh; cc bng biu, mu giy t c t nhiu lin
quan. V d: Phiu mn sch ti th vin.
53
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.1. KHO ST HIN TRNG
Quy trnh thc hin:
Tm hiu tng quan v th gii thc: Quy m hot
ng v cc hot ng m n v c tham gia.
Tm hiu hin trng c cu t chc: Tin hnh kho
st hin trng cn hiu r c cu t chc cc b phn,
c bit l 2 yu t: Trch nhim v quyn hn. Vic
hiu r c cu t chc s gip xc nh b phn no
s s dng phn mm c th ln k hoch tip tc
kho st chi tit hn b phn . Cn s dng cc s
v li c cu t chc.
54
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.1. KHO ST HIN TRNG
Tm hiu hin trng nghip v: Hin trng ny thng
xy ra ra ti cc v tr cng vic. Vi b phn c
chn kho st chi tit, ngi thc hin kho st cn
lp danh sch cc cng vic m b phn ny ph
trch, sau tm hiu cc thng tin chi tit cho tng
cng vic (thng tin m t yu cu phn mm). Vic
tm hiu da trn cc sau: Thng tin u vo, Qu
trnh x l, Thng tin kt xut.
Tin hnh xp loi nghip v vo 4 loi sau nhm
trnh thiu xt khi tm hiu cc thng tin: Lu tr, tra
cu, tnh ton, tng hp/thng k.
55
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
Lp danh sch cc yu cu cu theo cc bc sau:
Xc nh yu cu chc nng nghip v
Cch tin hnh: Chuyn gia xut v chuyn vin tin
hc s xem xt li
Bc tin hnh: Xc nh cc cng vic m ngi
dng s thc hin trn phn mm theo tng loi cng
vic sau: Lu tr, Tra cu, Tnh ton, Kt xut
56
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
Cc biu mu c m t chi tit ngay sau bng quy
nh/Cng thc
Lp bng yu cu chc nng nghip v, bng quy
nh/cng thc v cc biu mu.
57
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
V d: Xt phn mm qun l th vin
(i) Bng yu cn chc nng
58
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
(iii) Bng Quy nh/ Cng thc lin quan
59
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
60
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
61
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
62
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
63
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
Xc nh yu cu chc nng h thng v yu cu cht
lng:
Cch tin hnh: Chuyn vin tin hc v chuyn gia
cng xut v xem xt cc yu cu.
Bc tin hnh
Bc 1: Xem xt cc yu cu chc nng: phn quyn,
sao lu, phc hi, nh cu hnh h thng,
Bc 2: Xem xt cc yu cu chc nng h thng
chuyn bit: yu cu v cng vic mi, ch c th tin
hnh khi thc hin trn my tnh
Bc 3: Xem xt cc yu cu v cht lng theo tng
loi tiu chun sau: Tin ha, Tin dng, Hiu qu,
Tng thch.
64
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
Sau lp bng yu cu tng ng theo mu sau:
65
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
V d: Xt phn mm qun l th vin (c xy dng
nhm phc v cho 4 b phn l: c gi, th th, ban gim
c v qun tr h thng).
(i) Bng yu cu chc nng h thng:
66
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.3.3.2. LP DANH SCH CC YU CU
(ii) Bng yu cu v cht lng h thng:
67
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4. M HNH HO YU CU H THNG
Cc m t yu cu trong giai on xc nh yu cu
ch trnh by ch yu cc thng tin lin quan n vic
thc hin cc nghip v, cha th hin r nt vic thc
hin cc nghip v ny trn my tnh.
M t thng qua cc vn bn d gy ra nhm ln v
khng trc quan.
V d: Xt yu cu lp phiu mn sch, yu cu ny
ch m t biu mu v quy nh lp phiu v cha th
hin cch thc lp phiu trn my tnh.
68
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4. M HNH HO YU CU H THNG
Khi thc hin m hnh ha yu cu h thng, ta cn quan
tm n:
Mc tiu: Hiu chi tit hn v ng cnh vn cn gii
quyt mt cch trc quan v bn cht nht v cc
thng tin ct li trong yu cu.
Kt qu: thu c m hnh m t ton b hot ng
ca h thng.
K thut phn tch: Cch tin hnh thu thp c
nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng, t trnh by li
nhu cu ri chi tit ha chng bng c t chc nng
v c t d liu thng qua phn tch gc nhn, i
tng, d liu thu thp c cc bc trn.
69
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.1. CC NGUYN L M HNH HA
Trc khi i vo tm hiu cc phng php biu din
bng m hnh, cn xem qua mt s nguyn l phn tch.
Nguyn l Phn tch 1: M hnh ha Min thng tin
Hiu v biu din c min thng tin lin quan:
nh danh d liu (i tng, thc th),
nh ngha cc thuc tnh, thit lp cc mi quan h
gia cc d liu
70
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.1. CC NGUYN L M HNH HA
Nguyn l Phn tch 2: M hnh ha Chc nng
Bn cht ca phn mm l bin i thng tin, nn ta cn:
nh danh cc chc nng (bin i thng tin)
Xc nh cch thc d liu (thng tin) di chuyn trong
h thng
Xc nh cc tc nhn to d liu v tc nhn tiu th
d liu
71
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.1. CC NGUYN L M HNH HA
Nguyn l Phn tch 3: M hnh ha Hnh vi
Phn mm (h thng) c trng thi (hnh vi), nn ta
cn:
Xc nh cc trng thi h thng. V d: giao din
ha
Xc nh cc d liu lm thay i hnh vi h thng.
V d: bn phm, chut, cc cng thng tin
72
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.1. CC NGUYN L M HNH HA
Nguyn l Phn tch 4: Phn hoch M hnh
Ta cn lm mn, phn hoch, biu din m hnh cc
mc khc nhau:
Lm mn cc m hnh d liu
To cy (m hnh) phn r chc nng
Biu din hnh vi cc mc chi tit khc nhau
Nguyn l Phn tch 5: Tm hiu Vn bn cht
Ta ch xt bn cht ca yu cu v khng quan tm
n cch ci t.
73
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.2. S PHN R CHC NNG (FDD)
S ny (FDD, Function Decomposition Diagram) cho
ta biu din cc chc nng thng qua vic m t cc
tnh cht ca u vo v u ra, nhm:
(i) Gip xc nh c phm vi ca h thng,
(ii) Gip phn hoch c h thng chc nng,
(iii) Gip to nn tng cho thit k kin trc h
thng
74
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.2. S PHN R CHC NNG (FDD)
V d: S phn r chc nng
75
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.2. S PHN R CHC NNG (FDD)
76
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.3. M HNH BN MU (PROTOTYPE)
Khi xc nh yu cu, nhm pht trin phn mm
da trn cc tng/yu cu ca khch hng
a ra bn thit k s b vi cc mn hnh giao
din, t tin hnh m phng hay gi lp s b
mt s chc nng.
y l bc ci t bn mu u tin chuyn cho
ngi s dng.
Bn mu ny ch nhm m t cch thc phn
mm hot ng cng nh cch ngi dng tng
tc vi h thng v gip ngi dng c th hnh
dung c giao din ban u ca yu cu m h t
ra.
77
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.3. M HNH BN MU (PROTOTYPE)
M hnh ny cng cn c s h tr gia k s phn
tch v k s thit k phn mm khi phi hp thc
hin.
Ngi s dng khi xem xt bn mu s a ra kin
ng gp v phn hi thng tin ng hay khng
trn phng n thit k ca bn mu hin c.
Nu ngi s dng ng vi bn mu a th
ngi pht trin s tin hnh ci t thc s.
Ngc li c hai phi quay li giai on xc nh yu
cu.
Cng vic ny c lp li lin tc cho n khi ngi
s dng ng vi cc bn mu do nh pht trin
a ra.
78
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.4. S LUNG D LIU (DFD)
L m hnh cho php xem s lung d liu bn
trong h thng v cch thc d liu c x l bn
trong h thng vi nhiu mc chi tit khc nhau.
S ny c nhiu bin th m rng khc nhau. (xem
ti liu v PT&TK H thng Thng tin).
79
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
PP phn tch HT hnh thnh gia thp nin 80 da trn
tng lp trnh HT, hon thin v nay rt ph dng,
da trn cc khi nim:
i tng (Object): gm d liu v th tc tc ng
ln d liu ny.
ng gi (Encapsulation): kh nng hn ch tc ng
trc tip ln d liu ca i tng m phi thng qua
cc phng php trung gian.
Lp (Class): l nhm cc i tng c chung mt cu
trc d liu v cng mt phng php.
K tha (Heritage): tnh cht k tha l c tnh cho
php nh ngha mt lp mi t cc lp c bng
cch thm vo nhng d liu mi, cc phng
php mi c th k tha nhng c tnh ca lp c.
80
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
M hnh nm bt yu cu hng i tng bng UML:
Mc ch ca hot ng nm bt yu cu l xy dng
m hnh h thng bng cch s dng cc ca s dng
(use case). Cc im bt u cho hot ng ny kh a
dng:
T m hnh nghip v (business model) cho cc phn
mm nghip v.
T m hnh lnh vc (domain model) cho cc phn mm
nhng.
T c t yu cu ca h thng nhng c to bi
nhm khc v hoc dng cc phng php c t khc
(th d hng cu trc).
T im no nm gia cc im xut pht trn.
81
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
M hnh ca s dng (Use Case Diagram):
M hnh ny gm cc thnh phn:
Actor: ngi/ h thng ngoi/ thit b ngoi tng tc
vi h thng
Use-case: cc chc nng c ngha ca h thng cung
cp cho cc actor (i) Lung cc s kin (flow of
events), (ii) Cc yu cu c bit ca use-case
c t kin trc
Cc thit k mu giao din ngi dng
82
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
83
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
M hnh phn tch hng i tng vi UML:
Mc ch ca hot ng phn tch yu cu l xy dng
m hnh phn tch vi cc c im:
Dng ngn ng ca nh pht trin miu t m hnh
Th hin gc nhn t bn trong h thng
c cu trc t cc lp v cc package phn tch
c dng ch yu cho nh pht trin hiu cch to
hnh h thng
Loi tr mi chi tit d tha, khng nht qun
Pht ha hin thc cc cht nng bn trong h thng
nh ngha cc dn xut use-case, mi dn xut use-
case cp phn tch miu t s phn tch 1 use-case
84
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
M hnh phn tch:
M hnh ny bao gm:
Cc lp (class) phn tch: lp bin, lp thc th, lp
iu khin
Cc dn xut use case cp phn tch: cc lc lp
phn tch, cc lc tng tc, lung s kin, cc
yu cu c bit ca use-case
Cc gi (package) phn tch
c t kin trc.
Ta cn tham kho ti liu mn PTTK HT cho cc dng
m hnh HT cho tng giai on pht trin phn mm.
85
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
86
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
87
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.5. M HNH HNG I TNG
88
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
2.4.6. MINH HA T YU CU SANG M HNH HA
V d 1: Xt phn mm qun l th vin vi 4 yu cu: Lp
th c gi, Nhn sch, Cho mn sch, Tr sch.
Giai on 2: M hnh ha yu cu
S lung d liu cho cng vic lp th c gi
D1: Thng tin v th c gi cn nhp
D4: Thng tin v th c gi cn lu tr trn kho
D5: Thng tin trn th c gi (trong th gii thc)
X l th c gi: Kim tra tnh hp l ca th trc ghi nhn
v in
Qun l c gi
My inLp th
c gi
D1
D5D4
89
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
S lung d liu cho cng vic nhn sch
D1: Thng tin v th sch cn nhp
D4: Thng tin v sch cn lu tr trn kho
X l nhp sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca sch
trc khi lu vo kho
Qun l sch Nhn schD1 D4
2.4.6. MINH HA T YU CU SANG M HNH HA
90
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
S lung d liu cho cng vic cho mn sch
D1: Thng tin v c gi v sch mun mn
D3: Thng tin c s dng cho vic kim tra quy
nh mn sch
D4: Thng tin v vic mn sch
X l cho mn sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca vic
mn, lu vo kho
Th th
Cho mn sch
D1
D3 D4
2.4.6. MINH HA T YU CU SANG M HNH HA
91
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
S lung d liu cho cng vic tr sch
D1: Thng tin v c gi v sch tr
D3: Thng tin s dng cho vic kim tra quy nh tr
sch
D4: Thng tin v vic tr sch
X l tr sch: Kim tra tnh hp l ca vic tr sch,
lu vo kho.
Th th
Tr sch
D1
D3 D4
2.4.6. MINH HA T YU CU SANG M HNH HA
92
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
92
TM TT
Trnh by nhng khi nim v Cng ngh Phn mm nh:
Qu trnh Phn tch (Phm vi d n, M rng Yu cu Nghip
v, Yu cu Bo mt, Yu cu Tc , Yu cu Vn hnh, Kh
nng M rng Yu cu, Yu cu Sn dng, Yu t Con ngi,
Yu cu Tch hp, Thc tin Nghip v tn ti, Kh nng v
Quy m)
Xc nh Yu cu (M t yu cu, Phn loi yu cu, bc xc
nh)
Cc nguyn l M hnh ha
S phn r chc nng (Function Decomposition Diagram,
FDD)
M hnh bn mu (Prototype)
S lung d liu (Data Flow Diagram, DFD)
M hnh hng i tng
93
http://www.thayphet.net C
N
G N
GH
P
H
N M
M
93
BI TP
1. Ph lc A trang 170
2. Ph lc B trang 179