Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Bilge SÖZEN 1 Sevgi ŞAR 21 Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, 06100, Ankara, TÜRKİYE, [email protected]
2 Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Management, 06100, Ankara, TÜRKİYE, [email protected]
The books, articles and documents which are related to the subject are the data of this study. For this aim, written materials about the History of Turkish PharmacyEducation were collected.
This study analyses the compiled materials and 3 books written after thefoundation of the Republic of Turkey which are still used in the lectures today at faculties of pharmacy as a basis of the history of pharmacy books.
The Name of the School Opening YearMekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane 1839Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Mülkiye-i Şahane 1867Haydarpaşa Askeri Sağlık Mektebi 1876Şam Tıbbiye Mektebi (in Damascus) 1903Eczacı Mekteb-i Alisi 1908
Abdülmecid in Galatasaray School of Medicinehttp://www.istanbul.edu.tr/itf/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=622&Itemid=200
The Name of the School Opening Year LocationAnkara University Faculty of Pharmacy 1960 Ankaraİstanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy 1963 İstanbulHacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy 1967 AnkaraGazi University Faculty of Pharmacy 1971 AnkaraAnadolu University Faculty of Pharmacy 1971 EskişehirMarmara University Faculty of Pharmacy 1971 İstanbulEge University Faculty of Pharmacy 1973 İzmirAtatürk University Faculty of Pharmacy 1999 ErzurumMersin University Faculty of Pharmacy 2000 Mersinİnönü University Faculty of Pharmacy 2002 MalatyaYeditepe University Faculty of Pharmacy 2002 İstanbulErciyes University Faculty of Pharmacy 2003 KayseriKaradeniz Tecnical University Faculty of Pharmacy 2004 Trabzonİstanbul Medipol University Faculty of Pharmacy 2010 İstanbulYeni Yüzyıl University Faculty of Pharmacy 2010 İstanbulBezmialem Vakıf University Faculty of Pharmacy 2010 İstanbul
NAŞİT RİFAT BAYLAV (1903-1982)Baylav graduated from Istanbul Eczacı Mektebi in 1923. He became
an associate professor on Pharmacognosy and Toxicology in 1933and studied at Istanbul University between 1924-1944.
He was specifically interested in Pharmacognosy and History ofPharmacy. Baylav has many articles about herbal medicine and bookstitled Fatih Sultan Mehmet Devrinde Tıp Eserleriyle İlaçlar (1953) andEczacılık Tarihi (1968). He wrote a play titled Karagöz Eczanede 11.
HISTORY OF PHARMACYHistory of Pharmacy is the first book on history of pharmacy in Turkey.
It has 119 chapters and 540 pages. The book was published in 1968 byYörük Publishing House in İstanbul. It covers the history of pharmacyfrom ancient times onwards. In addition to that, in his book, Baylavalso told about the Medieval Medicine, School of Medicine in Salernand Alexandria, and Razi’s, Biruni’s, İbn-i Baytar’s and İbn-i Sina’s contributions tomedicine. The book presents information and documentations regarding many subjectsabout pharmacy, education and regulations in Ottoman Empire and Turkish Republic.
A symbol on the wall of a pharmacy in Ephesus, Turkey
http://lh5.ggpht.com/_nq0MYBlSdtY/R93tccNKh8I/AAAAAAAABTo/Z7jJWCGkeOc/Ephesus-Pharmacy.jpg
BEDİİ NURİ ŞEHSUVAROĞLU (1914-1977)Şehsuvaroğlu graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of
Medicine in 1939. He began his academic life in 1950 and became anassociate professor in 1955, professor of History of Medicine andDeontology in 1962.
He gave “History of Pharmacy and Deontology” lectures between1968-1977 in Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy. His publicationsare related with cultural, social and historical themes in general 12, 13.
HISTORY OF PHARMACY LECTURESHistory of Pharmacy Lectures contains 4 chapters and 421 pages. It
was published in 1970 by Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy. Thebook describes pharmacy practice in chronological order with regard toseparate regions. It also includes information about many activeingredients and drugs. Şehsuvaroğlu also told, in his book, about theprogress of Turkish pharmaceutical industry which began with Paris award winner “Pertev Şurubu” and tablets produced by Wieting Pasha in Gülhane until the first Turkish pharmaceutical factory by Eczacıbaşı.
ÖMER TURHAN BAYTOP (1920-2002)Baytop graduated from Istanbul University Pharmacy School
in 1945. He received his doctoral degreein pharmacy in 1949, associateprofessor in 1953 and professor in 1963.
Although he was a pharmacognogist, he was interested in the historyof pharmacy as well. He established The Museum of Turkish Historyof Pharmacy in 1960 and gave History of Pharmacy and Deontologylesson between 1984-1996 in Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy 14.
THE TURKISH HISTORY OF PHARMACYThe Turkish History of Pharmacy has 11 chapters and 410 pages.
Baytop wrote the book in 1985 and its second edition which is prepared for printing by Afife Mat was published in 2001 byIstanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy. The development of pharmacy from ancient times, scholars of medicine from Galen toİbn-i Sina, pharmacy education from the Ottoman period into theTurkish Republic, regulations about pharmacy and pharmacist’s associations aredescribed in the book. Baytop told about the Pharmacy Fest which has been celebratedsince 1968 on the anniversary of Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane’s opening on May 14.
40th 40th InternationalInternational CongressCongress on on HistoryHistory of of PharmacyPharmacy, , SeptemberSeptember 1414--17, 2011, Berlin 17, 2011, Berlin -- GERMANYGERMANY
Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane(İhsanoğlu, Ekmellettin (2006), Osmanlılarda Sağlık 1, Sayfa 72, İstanbul, 2006)
The first civilian Pharmacy School in the Ottoman Empire was opened in 1 March1867 in Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şâhâne . Language of education was Turkish and the duration of education was 3 years. The students took theircertificates after 3 years pharmacy internship 1, 3, 4, 5 .
The pharmacy and dentistry classes weredisintegrated from the medical school in 1908and were renamed as “Darülfünun-u Osmâni TıpFakültesi, Eczacı ve Dişçi ve Kâbile ve HastabakıcıMektepleri” 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7. 1346 pharmacists were graduated from these schools between1872-1909 7. Pharmacy education in Turkey went through a change after theproclamation of the Turkish Republic. From 1924 onwards, high school graduateswere accepted to the School of Pharmacy 1, 2, 4, 8. The duration of education gotprolonged into 4 years in 1938. The School of Pharmacy operated under the Facultyof Science between 1933-1944 and under the Faculty of Medicine between 1944-1963.
Private pharmacy schools were founded in Turkey between 1963-1969. However, these schools were nationalized in 1971 and they were converted into faculties of pharmacy with a legislation in 1983.Table 2. Current Faculties of Pharmacy in Turkey
MATERIALS AND METHOD
INTRODUCTIONPharmacy education in Turkey is examined in two periods: the period of Ottoman Empire and the period of the Turkish Republic. Pharmacy education in the Ottoman Empire
began in 1839 at “Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane”. The education and teaching continue at 16 different faculties of pharmacy at present. The history of pharmacy lectures, which is an important part of pharmacy education, in the curriculum in Turkey dates back to 1945. The first book that was used as a reference
material for the lectures is "History of Pharmacy" compiled by Naşit Baylav in 1968. This book is followed by "History of Pharmacy Lectures" written by Bedii Şehsuvaroğlu in1970 and "The Turkish History of Pharmacy" complied by Turhan Baytop in 1985.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONThe results of the present study are summarized as follows:
History of Pharmacy and Deontology is given 1 hour per week for one semester (at 1st grade at Istanbul University, 2nd grade at Ankara University, 3rd grade at Hacettepe University, 4th grade at Ege, Marmara and Gazi Universities) at the majority of thecurrent faculties of pharmacy in Turkey. The content of this lecture is similar in allfaculties except for certain nuances.History of Pharmacy and Deontology lectures and the three books given above providethe pharmacy students with an opportunity to learn about the history of the profession.HISTORY OF PHARMACY AND
DEONTOLOGY EDUCATION IN TURKEYNumerous historical heritages in Turkey include many
pharmaceutical objects, too. For this reason, History of Pharmacyhas a special importance in Turkey. However, there is no documentabout the “History of Pharmacy” and “Deontology” lectures forpharmacy students during the Ottoman Empire. Deontology wasfirst offered at the programs of the Pharmacy School in the 1938-1939 academic year. “History of Pharmacy” is added to the programin 1945 as a lesson with the title of “History of Medicine andDeontology” 6,9,10. The books that are used as reference materials forthese lectures are History of Pharmacy, History of Pharmacy Lecturesand The Turkish History of Pharmacy.
Apart from the above, new faculties of pharmacy at İzmir Katip Çelebi, Başkent, İstanbul Kemerburgaz and Mevlana Universities are being planned.
REFERENCES1. Asil E., Özçelikay G. (2000), Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Eczacılık, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Sağlık Hizmetleri Sempozyumu Kitabı, (Prepared byBilal Ak, Adnan Ataç), Ankara, 203-213.2. Baylav N. (1968), Eczacılık Tarihi, İstanbul.3. Baytop T. (1985), Türk Eczacılık Tarihi, İstanbul.4. Baytop T. (2000), Türk Eczacılık Tarihi Araştırmaları, İstanbul. 5. Şehsuvaroğlu B. (1970), Eczacılık Tarihi Dersleri, İstanbul.6. Baytop T. (1995), Eczaneden Eczaneye, İstanbul.7. Maskar Ü. (1957), Türkiye’de Sivil Eczacı Mektebinin Açılışından Bugüne Kadar Geçirdiği Safhalara ve Son Yıllardaki İnkişafına Toplu Bir Bakış, İstanbul.8. Kocaer R. (1949), Türkiye Eczacılar Almanağı 1949, İstanbul.9. Baytop T. (1992), Eczacılık Deontolojisi, İstanbul.10. Erdemir A.D. (1995), Tıp Tarihi ve Deontoloji Dersleri, İstanbul. 11. Baytop T. (2001), Türk Eczacılık Tarihi, (Prepared by: Afife Mat), İstanbul.12. Cantay G. (1993), Prof. Dr. Bedii Nuri Şehsuvaroğlu’nun Türk Tıp Tarihi ve Deontoloji Bilimine Katkıları, 3. Tıp Tarihi Kongresi, İstanbul.13. Şan A. (2010), Simkeşhane-i Amirane’nin Kurtarıcısı Prof. Dr. Bedii Nuri Şehsuvaroğlu, http://www.orhankemalkutup.gov.tr/tarih.html (Accessed: 10 August 2011).14. Günergun F. (2005), Biyografi Prof. Turhan Baytop, http://www.bilimtarihi.org/bilimadamlari/turhanbaytop/biyografi.htm (Accessed: 10 August 2011).
PHARMACY EDUCATION IN TURKEYPharmacy education first began in the Ottoman
Empire with the Pharmacy Class at Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-iAdliye-i Şâhâne which was founded in 14 May 1839by the Austrian Dr. Charles Ambroise Bernard (18081844).
Internship at a pharmacy for 6 years and qualifying atthe enterance exam were the prerequisites of enrollment to a Pharmacy Department.
Education at the Pharmacy Department lasted for 2 years at the beginning but aftera while it was prolonged into 3 years. The medium of education was in French 1, 2.Table 1. Pharmacy Schools in the Ottoman Empire
