Biochemistry a - Lesson 1-6 (Shjasha)

7/17/2019 Biochemistry a - Lesson 1-6 (Shjasha)

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01: – 1

, ,2011

01: –

– -1014

. ,

,,–85 , .

•–

"".

•– .

• –

.

•

–

.

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.

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,

.

, .

,

. ––

.

15% , ; ,

7% 3% .

:

•

• ,

•

• ,

• – .



2 '-

, ,2011

)Mulder(,1830– ,

–.,-1838,)Berzelius(

Protein, " ."

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–

. ,

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104.5.

SP3

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. ,

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, .

,

– .

–

,

.

,

.

. : –

; , -.



01: – 3

, ,2011

–

0.0965,

0.177–

.

)-20'

(.

,

-0.29.

,

– 25

3.4.

,

.

OH, )

(;

)RCOR'(, )RCOOH(, )RNH2(.

, :

,) (

.

–)OH-

()H3O+

(.

)H+

(.

, .

.

)55M( K,

)Kw(

,10-14

.

OH-

, 10

-7 7)pH=-log10[H

+].( -OH;



4 '-

, ,2011

0)1M(; ,

– )1-( 10M.

14 , -1M.

-pKa .

–-

-, .

, 1M 1M –

. - -pKa

- .

pH ;

-, -pH

.

,pH=pKa.



01: – 5

, ,2011

-,

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.

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,.

k )ε(,

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,

.

.

– .

– r ,

r .

,r

.

r,

.

1

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.



6 '-

, ,2011

" "

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, ;

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.

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01: – 7

, ,2011

–

.

, .

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?

-heme .

-20 ;

)COOH( )NH2.(

, ,

.

R.

20 -R

– .

–

1920 – R

.

.

,

CORN – ,R. CORN

L ,

.

– , .

. – , –

.



8 '-

, ,2011

,,R., ,

- R. :

•– .

•– / , .

• ,.

• ,.

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:,

,

,

,

.

– – .

, , ,

R .

. R .

:,

.

R

.,

–

)OH

-NH .(



01: – 9

, ,2011

-

• –

: .

R OH.

.

• –

: .

– -

NH2.

.

•

– :,

.

,

.

.

S-S

.



10 '-

, ,2011

02: – –

, , , , R.

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,

.

–

• ),

(

270.

)(

;

.

,

.

.

,

270.

•

; ,

–

,

.

S-S

, -

SH )

(, S-S.

.



02: – – 11

, ,2011

:, .

pH. ,

, pH

.

,

,pKa=6.0.

pH

.

, pKa10.5-

12.5.

.

: .

-pKa 3.9-4.1,

.

; –

" "

.



12 '-

, ,2011

)Hydropathy(

, ) (

.

, .

; .

)Amppolytes(

)Zwitterion(,-.

pH,

– .

-pK1) -pK (,

. -Fully Protonated,

.



02: – – 13

, ,2011

-pH, pK1-pK2) -pK (,

-pH

. Half Protonated, 0.

-pH -pK2, Fully Deprotonated

2

.

pI–- 0,

. .

, - -pH -0,pI.

;

) (

, .

.

,

. pI

.

2 " : " R.



14 '-

, ,2011

-pKa .

pKa,,,, ;

,

,.



02: - 15

, ,2011

02: -

; :

• – . ,

.

• – . – ,

.

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.

• – .

.

–

–

.

;

, .

;

.

: ;

, , .

.

, ATP) (–

,

.



16 '-

, ,2011

)(

.

, .

, ,

SP2

SP3

, .

)

(, .

,

– .

.

,

;

.

.

––

. –

–

,

.

Ramachandran

' 118-119.



02: - 17

, ,2011

–

,, .

) .(

) (

) .(

.

R.

)Linus Pauling & Robert Corey(

-1951. 360° 5.6.

– , .

.

.

, )On

n+4.(

: , R

– .

.

5 10;

.



18 '-

, ,2011

03:

–

– ,

N C. , ,

– .

.

, n n+4.

, .

;

,

)beta sheet.(

.

, )

(-) .( -

, ,

-.

:

.

.



03: 19

, ,2011

-

-)(3.47

4.6.

.

-)(

3.25

,

-.

.

, ,

.

– 23

, .

, .

.

- .

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Beta-Turn) .(

.

, . , ,

, .

.



20 '-

, ,2011

)i-i+3(.

. 4

.

; ,

,

.

,

–

,

.

) (

.

, ,

, .

.

, ,

;

. ,

.

;

.



03: 21

, ,2011

–

. 0–

,

.

;

,

.

.

) ( )

( ;

,

.

) (

, .

: -, .

,

20 200 .



22 '-

, ,2011

–

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;

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""

.

.

,

.

– .

. -

, ) (,

.

• – ,, -–

.

• .

•

.



03: 23

, ,2011

.

,

3

,

.

;

:

, .

, –

/ . .

, –

.

.

3 -, . ,, ) .( .



24 '-

, ,2011

) RNA.( .

,

.

-," .

.

.

:

.

,

.

;

.

.



03: 25

, ,2011

; ,

, -

,

–

.

, ; ,

,

.

,

;

-

.

,

,-

.

;

. – –

)Anfinsen(.

:

, .98% ,

; , ,

.



26 '-

, ,2011

RNA.

- .

;

)urea(

)mercapto-

ethanol(,

- .

-

.

-

,

.

- ,

.

,

. ,

,

.

-100%.

–

,

.

–

– 100%



03: 27

, ,2011

- ,

, , .

- .

: – .

,

, .

.



28 '-

, ,2011

04:

–

; ,

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;

.

-,

.

. , ;

.

– , , – .

.

: •–

, .

.

• – ) (,

. .

•– ,

- .



04: 29

, ,2011

, ;,

–

. , -heme . .

• , .

• .

• .

.

. ,

. –

.

• , .

• , .

– - .

, -S-S

; , ,

- .



30 '-

, ,2011

–

,

– -

.

- – .

)( ).(

,

--.

–

,, – -.

,

– . ,

.

-heme.,

,

)(.

, , - )

,,-, (. ,

, -

. ,

.

,

.

• .

– .

• – –

.

• – ,

-. .



04: – 31

, ,2011

04: –

; ,

– .

. ; ,

) .( .

• .

• ase.

• , , –

.

• ) .(

•-)Oxidoreductases(– / ) /

.(,Alcohol

Dehysdrogenase

.

•)Transferases(–

.

Hexokinase–

ATP.

•)Hydrolases(–

.

Arginase,

.



32 '-

, ,2011

•)Lyases(–

. Citrate Lyase,

.

•)Isomerases(–

–

.

Phosphoglycermutase

. – –

.

•)Ligases(– . Pyruvate carboxylase,

.

) .(

!

, :

• –

.

• , ,

.

.

•

.

• – .



04: – 33

, ,2011

A B,

AB,

.

100,

100.

,

-7 –10

. ,

– .

,

100.

– 100

1000.

.

-A-B -B-A? . ,

. AB .

, .

, B A , -B-A

-A-B)B A

.(

– .



34 '-

, ,2011

; .

, ;

,

,

–

,

.

.

• .

•

, . • -16 .

• -5.7-' .



05: – 35

, ,2011

05: –

, , . .

–

.

300-400 ,

. , ,

.

, .

. , ,

– .

,

. 4

–

–

.

, :

• )Lock and Key(–

,

.

. ,

.

, ,

.

4 .



36 '-

, ,2011

• )Induced Fit(–

;

,

,

.

:

–

,

.

–Carboxypeptidase A– ,

. ,

. ,

,

.

–

;

.

.

) ( .

) .(



05: – 37

, ,2011

–

-

, ,

.

.

.

.

;

,

.

, ,

127 -.

2.+ ,

–

72, 196 69.

.

.

145248 ,

– .

.

– 270,127–

. ) (

. .



38 '-

, ,2011

,

.

, . ,

– .

145

)

(,

;

,

–

.

127

–

.

Ser-Protease

,

;

-.

-

.

–

. , –

–

, - .

. : ,

.



05: – 39

, ,2011

. .

., .

: , . ,

, .

–

. ,

.

.

:

.

.

• – , .

• – .

• –

.

, A-B,

A-B) .( ,,

. )( .

– .

:

-)k 1(, )k -1(,

)k 2(.

ESE+S.

-ESE+P.

–

.

5

.

5 : ; .



40 '-

, ,2011

,

–

– , .

– -

-,

:

• ES .

• , – ,

–k -2– .

• – – .

.

• steady state . .

;

,

.

–

.



06: 41

, ,2011

60:

K1

.

, , .

-

:

•

)0( .• .

• – ES .

.

–1,1--2– . :

V0=k 2[ES]=(k 2[Et][S])/([S]+Km),Km=(k -1+k 2)/k 1,

.

:Vmax=k2[Et].

- :

V ]S.[

.

• ,-Km, ]S[

.

• ,

.



42 '-

, ,2011

Km=[S]. -Vmax

.

Km

?Km,

. Km .

Km

. .

– ,

k 2 . ,

k2 Km k-1 /k1.

,Km=Ks.

, k 2>>k -1, -Km

.

Vmax

, .

.Vmax –

.

.



06: 43

, ,2011

, , .

Km , ;k 2

.

-Km

.

-Vmax;

,

.

-

;

VmaxKm.

-Km,

– -)Lineweaver-

Burk Equation(.

1/V 1/[S].

-

X1/V=0

--1/Km.

Y 1/V=1/Vmax.

VmaxKm.



44 '-

, ,2011

–

:

•

.

•Km– k2<<<k-1.

-50

Km 10-4

.

•Vmax

.

•- .

, . , : ,.

, -

Km , ,

, , .

. ,

;

.

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• –

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, –

"" .

• – ,

) (.

.

,

– –

.



06: 45

, ,2011

. - , . ,

.

,

. ,, –

.

,

.

.

, ,

.

• - ,

.

• ,

k 2.



46 '-

, ,2011

-

-.

Km –

. -Km ,

.

Km

,

.



06: 47

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., .

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• –

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Documents

Biochemistry a - Lesson 1-6 (Shjasha)