Boopendranath Biodiversity 31.12

8/8/2019 Boopendranath Biodiversity 31.12

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Central Institute of Fisheries Technology

Biodiversity is life

Biodiversity is our life


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Fishing Technology Interventions for

Conservation of Biodiversity

Dr. M.R. BoopendranathDr. M.R. Boopendranath

Central Institute of Fisheries TechnologyCentral Institute of Fisheries TechnologyP.O. Matsyapuri, CIFT Junction, CochinP.O. Matsyapuri, CIFT Junction, Cochin--682 029682 029

EE--mail:mail: [email protected]@hotmail.com

National Seminar on

Aquatic Biodiversity and its Conservation31 December 2010, CIFT, Cochin


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Estimates of the total number of species in theworld vary from 5 million to over 50 million (May,1998).

Number of accepted published species in theworld are close to 1,900,000 (Chapman, 2009).

The World Register of Marine Species(WoRMS) listed 2,07,286 valid marine species,as on December 2010.

Fish species listed in FishBase are 31,900 intotal and 2,473 species in India, as on

December 2010


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The most serious threats to aquatic biodiversityare:

Overexploitation

Pollution

Habitat destruction and fragmentation

Invasive alien speciesGlobal climate change

(Jackson et al., 2001; Dulvy et al., 2003; Pandolfi et al., 2003; Adger etal., 2005; Danielsen et al., 2005; Worm et al., 2005; Lotze et al., 2006).


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Overfishing and irresponsible fishing practices

have long been recognized as leading causesthat have reduced biodiversity and modifiedecosystem functioning (FAO, 1995; Jackson et al.,2001; Lotze et al., 2006; Worm et al., 2006).


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Status of world fish stocks (Data source: FAO, 2009)


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Global loss of species from LMEs: Trajectories of collapsed fishand invertebrate taxa over the past 50 years (Source: Worm et al., 2006)


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Fishing down effect is pervasive in worldfisheries, including Indian fisheries (Pauly et al.,2003; Vivekanandan et al., 2005; Bhathal, 2005; Bhathal andPauly, 2008).


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Fishing down marine food webs (Source: Pauly et al., 2003)


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Trends in mean trophic level of landings in India from 1950 to 2000(Bhathal and Pauly, 2008)


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Analysis of data from five ocean basinsrevealed 90% decline in numbers of largepredatory fishes (tuna, blue marlins, swordfishand others) since the advent of industrializedfishing (Myers and Worm, 2003).


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Depleton of predatory fishes (Source: Myers and Worm, 2003)


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Marine biodiversity loss is increasingly

impairing the ocean's capacity to providefood, maintain water quality, and recoverfrom perturbations.

Yet available data suggest that at this point,these trends are still reversible.

(Worm et al., 2006; 2009)


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Major commercial harvesting systems

Trawl nets

Surrounding nets

Gillnets and entangling nets

Hooks and lines

Traps


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Overcapacity in fisheries

There is a critical overcapacity in the worldfishing fleet. Over-fishing can have seriousconsequences for the entire marineenvironment.

Global fishing fleets are estimated to have acapacity 2.5 times greater than the

optimum (Schorr, 2004).


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Overcapacity in Marine Fisheries-India

10998

784

3694

2014

1558

19048

14862

29241

983

14183

8862

5642

58911

75591

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Mechanised trawlers

Mechanised purse seiners

Mechanised gill netters

Mechanised bag netters

Other mechanised boats

Total mechanised boats

Total motorised boats

Optimum fleet size (Kurup and

Devaraj, 2000)

Present fleet size (CMFRI, 2005)


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CCRF and Biodiversity Conservation

The CCRF (FAO, 2005) sets out principles and

international standards of behaviour forresponsible practices with a view to ensuring theeffective conservation, management anddevelopment of living aquatic resources that

give due respect for the ecosystem andbiodiversity.


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Section 6.6 under Article 6 (General principles)Section 6.6 under Article 6 (General principles)

prescribes that selective and environmentally safeprescribes that selective and environmentally safefishing gear and practices should be further developedfishing gear and practices should be further developedand applied, to the extent practicable, in order toand applied, to the extent practicable, in order tomaintain biodiversity and to conserve the populationmaintain biodiversity and to conserve the populationstructure and aquatic ecosystems and protect fishstructure and aquatic ecosystems and protect fish

quality. Where proper selective and environmentally safequality. Where proper selective and environmentally safefishing gear and practices exist, they should befishing gear and practices exist, they should berecognized and accorded a priority in establishingrecognized and accorded a priority in establishingconservation and management measures for fisheries.conservation and management measures for fisheries.States and users of aquatic ecosystems should minimizeStates and users of aquatic ecosystems should minimizewaste, catch of nonwaste, catch of non--target species, both fish and nontarget species, both fish and non--fish species, and impacts on associated or dependentfish species, and impacts on associated or dependentspecies.species.


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SubSub--section 7.2.2 under Section 7.2section 7.2.2 under Section 7.2(Management objectives) of Article 7 (Fisheries(Management objectives) of Article 7 (Fisheries

Management) prescribes that biodiversity ofManagement) prescribes that biodiversity of

aquatic habitats and ecosystems is conservedaquatic habitats and ecosystems is conservedand endangered species are protected.and endangered species are protected.


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SubSub--section 8.4.8 under Article 8 (Fishingsection 8.4.8 under Article 8 (Fishing

operations) prescribes that research on theoperations) prescribes that research on theenvironmental and social impacts of fishing gearenvironmental and social impacts of fishing gear

and, in particular, on the impact of such gear onand, in particular, on the impact of such gear on

biodiversity and coastal fishing communitiesbiodiversity and coastal fishing communitiesshould be promoted.should be promoted.


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Section 12.10 under Article 12 (FisheriesSection 12.10 under Article 12 (Fisheriesresearch) prescribes that States should carry outresearch) prescribes that States should carry outstudies on the selectivity of fishing gear, thestudies on the selectivity of fishing gear, theenvironmental impact of fishing gear on targetenvironmental impact of fishing gear on target

species and on the behaviour of target and nonspecies and on the behaviour of target and non--target species in relation to such fishing gear astarget species in relation to such fishing gear asan aid for management decisions and with aan aid for management decisions and with aview to minimizing nonview to minimizing non--utilized catches as wellutilized catches as wellas safeguarding the biodiversity of ecosystemsas safeguarding the biodiversity of ecosystemsand the aquatic habitat.and the aquatic habitat.


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Responsible Fishing Technologies

to Minimise Biodiversity Loss


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Reducing incidental catch of

non-target species, protected species andjuveniles in trawling


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Generation of bycatch in fish harvesting systems


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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity loss

Size selectivity of fishing systems

Size selectivityFishing system

HighTrapsHighHooks and Lines

HighGill nets

Average to lowEntangling nets

Average to lowTrawls

LowPurse seines

(Hameed and Boopendranath, 2000)


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The shrimp trawl is a non-selective gear thatcommonly has an associated catch of non-targetedorganisms such as finfish and miscellaneousinvertebrates.

Kelleher (2004) has estimated total bycatch discardsin Indian fisheries at 58,000 t, which formed 2% ofthe total landings.

Pramod (2010) recently estimated the bycatch of

Indian trawlers as 1.2 million tBycatch of Indian shrimp trawlers: 70-90%, of whichabout 40% are juveniles (Pillai, 1998)


Trawl bycatch


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Discards - World Fisheries


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0.7

4.4

13.2

90.0

99.2

161.0

207.2

213.0

429.1

1217.9

0 100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Gujarat

West Bengal

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Maharashtra

Orissa

Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

Total

Bycatch discards from trawlers, x103

t(Data source: Pramod, 2010)

Discards from Indian trawlers


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Typical landings of shrimp trawlersTypical landings of shrimp trawlers


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Trawl design improvementsTrawl design improvements

Mesh size optimizationMesh size optimization

Bycatch reduction devices andBycatch reduction devices andturtle excluder devicesturtle excluder devices

Juvenile and trash fish excluder devicesJuvenile and trash fish excluder devices


Trawl bycatch reduction


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Mesh size optimization

Typical selection curve for trawl codend


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Mesh size optimization

Mesh configuration under stressDiamond mesh netting stretched in normal direction (left), diamond mesh

netting turned through 90(middle) and square mesh netting (right


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BRDsBRDs are devices used to minimize the catchare devices used to minimize the catch

nonnon--targeted organisms during trawlingtargeted organisms during trawling

Principles of operationPrinciples of operation Size selectivitySize selectivity

Differential fish behaviourDifferential fish behaviour

Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossBycatch Reduction Devices (BRDs)


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Reduction in impact of trawling onReduction in impact of trawling onnonnon--targeted marine resourcestargeted marine resources

Reduction in damage to shrimps due toReduction in damage to shrimps due to

absence of large animals in codendabsence of large animals in codendShorter sorting timesShorter sorting times

Longer tow timesLonger tow times

Lower fuel costs due to reduced net dragLower fuel costs due to reduced net drag


Advantages of BRDs


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Brewer et al.(1998)


Soft BRDs Diamond mesh codend /window

Diamond mesh codend (top), square meshcodend (middle) and square mesh window on

diamond mesh codend (bottom)


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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossSoft BRDs : Big eye BRD

Bycatch reduction: 11-33%

Shrimp loss: 2-4%(Boopendranath et al., 2008)


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Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossSoft BRDs : Sieve net

Bycatch reduction: 5-50%Shrimp loss: 5-15%

(Polet et al., 2004; Revill and Holst, 2004;Catchpole, 2008; Boopendranath et al., 2008)


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Brewer et al.(1998)

Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossHard BRDs : Rigid grid sorting devices

Bycatch reduction: up to 43%

Shrimp loss: 6-8%(Boopendranath et al., 2008)


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Brewer et al.(1998)


Hard BRDs : Fish Eye BRD


Shrimp loss: 2-4%(Boopendranath, 2008)


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Juvenile and Trash Excluder Device (JTED)

Juvenile fish exclusion: 73%

Shrimp loss: 8%

(Eayrs et al., 2007 , 2008)

(adapted from Chokesanguan et al., 2004)


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JFE-SSD is an innovative BRD design to reducebycatch of juveniles with an integrated system forin situshrimp sorting.

Responsible fishing technologies to minimise biodiversity lossJuvenile Fish Excluder- cum-Shrimp SortingDevice (JFE SSD)


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Shrimp loss: 3-5%

(Boopendranath, 2008)


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Turtle Excluder Device for protection of sea turtles


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CIFTCIFT--TED is a Turtle Excluder Device,TED is a Turtle Excluder Device,

appropriate for Indian fisheries, developed byappropriate for Indian fisheries, developed byCentral Institute of Fisheries Technology.Central Institute of Fisheries Technology.

CIFTCIFT--TED is being popularized in areasTED is being popularized in areasaffected by trawling induced turtle mortality, inaffected by trawling induced turtle mortality, in

collaboration with the respective Statecollaboration with the respective StateFisheries and Forest Departments, MPEDA,Fisheries and Forest Departments, MPEDA,WII and NGOs.WII and NGOs.

In addition to shrimp, it permits retention ofIn addition to shrimp, it permits retention ofmuch of nonmuch of non--shrimp demersal catch exceptshrimp demersal catch exceptlargelarge elasmobranchselasmobranchs and finfishesand finfishes


Turtle Excluder Device (TED)


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Perspective view of TED extension


Turtle Excluder Device (TED)



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CIFT-TED


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CIFT-TED: A view of the catch from TED-installed trawl net

(February 2001; Orissa)

A view of the Olive


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A view of the Olive

Ridley turtles whichescaped from the TED-installed trawl net;turtles are seenretained in the exit hole

codend(February 2001; Orissa)

Catch lossCatch loss

Total catchTotal catch : 2.4: 2.4--3.3 %3.3 %

Shrimps: 0.5Shrimps: 0.5--1.0 %1.0 %

Sea turtle exclusionSea turtle exclusion: 100%: 100%

(CIFT, 2003; Boopendranath et al., 2003;(CIFT, 2003; Boopendranath et al., 2003;

2010)2010)


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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch Operational selectionOperational selection

Optimization of mesh size for the targetOptimization of mesh size for the target

species.species.

Medina panel and back down manoeuver toMedina panel and back down manoeuver to

prevent capture of cetaceans.prevent capture of cetaceans.


Purse seining


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Medina panel and back down procedure

Carangids caught by large mesh purse seine, off Cochin


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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch Optimization of mesh size for the target species.Optimization of mesh size for the target species.

Optimization of Hanging Coefficient for theOptimization of Hanging Coefficient for the

target species.target species.

AcousticAcoustic pingerspingers as deterrents for cetaceansas deterrents for cetaceans..

Ghost fishing due to lost or abandoned gearGhost fishing due to lost or abandoned gear

Incorporating biodegradable or timeIncorporating biodegradable or time--releaserelease

elements in rigging.elements in rigging. Location and retrieval of lost gears.Location and retrieval of lost gears.


Gill netting


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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch

Optimization of bait,Optimization of bait,hook size and shape forhook size and shape for

the target species.the target species.

Magnetic field to deterMagnetic field to deterelasmobranchselasmobranchs..


Long lining

Source: WWF


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Reducing bycatchReducing bycatch

Deep setting ofDeep setting oftunatuna longlineslonglines toto

prevent captureprevent capture

of sea turtlesof sea turtles

Streamer linesStreamer lines

and settingand setting

tubes to preventtubes to prevent

capture of seacapture of seabirds.birds.


Long lining

Source: WWF


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Optimization ofOptimization ofbait, trap mouthbait, trap mouth

size and shapesize and shape

for the targetfor the targetspecies.species.

Escape windowsEscape windows

for juveniles andfor juveniles andnonnon--targettarget

species.species.


Reducing bycatch in traps


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Choice of fishing areaChoice of fishing area

Choice of fishing depthChoice of fishing depth

Choice of fishing time and seasonChoice of fishing time and season


Operation related approaches for bycatchreduction


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Reducing bottom impact of towed gears


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Bottom trawling caused direct and indirectBottom trawling caused direct and indirectimpacts on marine environment and benthicimpacts on marine environment and benthiccommunitiescommunities (Hall, 1999; Kaiser and de(Hall, 1999; Kaiser and de GrootGroot, 2000;, 2000;Barnes and Thomas, 2005;Barnes and Thomas, 2005; MeenakumariMeenakumari et alet al., 2009).., 2009).

Approaches to minimise impacts include:Approaches to minimise impacts include:SemiSemi--pelagic trawl systemspelagic trawl systems

Benthic release panelsBenthic release panels

Ground gear modificationsGround gear modificationsOtter board designsOtter board designs




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SemiSemi--pelagic trawling minimizes the bottompelagic trawling minimizes the bottom

impact as it operates a little distance aboveimpact as it operates a little distance abovethe sea bottom.the sea bottom.

CIFT SPTSCIFT SPTS--I is a semiI is a semi--pelagic trawl systempelagic trawl systemdeveloped by CIFT for smalldeveloped by CIFT for small--scalescalemechanised trawlers of India.mechanised trawlers of India.




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Artists perspective of CIFT SPTS-I


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A view of the catch of CIFT SPTS-I


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Pollution from fishing operations


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GHG emissions of Indian and World fishing fleet

1.7

1.13

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Global

Indian

CO2 released per tonne of live -weight of marine fish landed (tonnes)

(Source: Tyedmers et al., 2005; Boopendranath, 2008)


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GHG emissions of fishing systems in Indian waters

0.17

0.30

0.82

0.87

0.99

1.02

3.52

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Mechanised purse seining

Motorised ring seining

Mechanised gillnetting-cum-long lining

Large scale aimed midwater trawling

Mechanised bottom trawling

Motorised mini-trawling

Large scale bottom trawling

CO2 emission per tonne of fish landed (tonnes)Source: Boopendranath, 2000

Responsible Fishing Technologies to minimise biodiversity loss


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Low energy fishing techniquesLow energy fishing techniques

Low drag trawlsLow drag trawls

Pair trawlingPair trawlingEconomic vessel speedEconomic vessel speed

Hull design and displacement optimisationHull design and displacement optimisation

AntiAnti--fouling measuresfouling measures

Choice of enginesChoice of enginesRight sizing of enginesRight sizing of engines

Preventive maintenance of enginesPreventive maintenance of engines

Reduction gear, propeller size and propeller nozzleReduction gear, propeller size and propeller nozzle

SailSail--assisted propulsionassisted propulsionUse of advanced technology (Use of advanced technology (EchosounderEchosounder, GPS,, GPS,PFZ information, GIS)PFZ information, GIS)

Fleet managementFleet management

Responsible Fishing Technologies to minimise biodiversity loss

Approaches to energy conservation in fishing


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Responsible Fishing practices to minimise biodiversity loss

Lost and abandoned fishing gear and relatedmarine debris



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Lost and abandoned fishing gear and relatedmarine debris

Derelict fishing gear and related marine debris of plasticorigin is recognized as a critical problem in the marine

environment and for living marine resources in terms ofthe long-term sustainability of fish stocks and biodiversityconservation, due to ghost fishing and habitat loss andimpact on endangered species such as marine mammals

and turtles (Laist, 1987; Jones, 1995; Ayyappan et al. 2005; Derraik, 2002)



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espo s b e s g p act ces to se b od e s ty oss

Approaches to minimize plastic debris due toabandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear

Use twines, ropes, netting, connectors and shackles of

correct specifications and breaking strength, in fishinggear fabrication.

Introduce a system of marking fishing gears and

procedures for reporting of lost fishing gears and theirretrieval.

Compliance of MARPOL regulations which prohibits at

sea disposal of plastics and other synthetic materials.


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Approaches to minimize ghost fishing

Use biodegradable twines to connect the netting to floatsin gillnets. When floats are separated due to disintegrationof the link, the gill nets loose the fishing attitude andhence the ability to fish

Use biodegradable netting panels in trapsSalvaging lost fishing gear



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Garbage, waste oil and oily mixtures andemissions from the vessel operations

Pollution of the marine environment by ships of all types,Pollution of the marine environment by ships of all types,

including fishing vessels, is strictly controlled by theincluding fishing vessels, is strictly controlled by theInternational Convention for the Prevention of PollutionInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution

from Ships (MARPOL).from Ships (MARPOL).

The discharge of oily mixtures into the sea is prohibited.The discharge of oily mixtures into the sea is prohibited.The only allowable discharge of an oily mixture is whereThe only allowable discharge of an oily mixture is where

a discharge level of 15ppm is achieved through oila discharge level of 15ppm is achieved through oil

filtering/separating equipment. All vessels over 400 tonsfiltering/separating equipment. All vessels over 400 tons

are required to be fitted with this type of equipment.are required to be fitted with this type of equipment.


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BRDs and TEDs need to be adopted and enforcedlegally, under a participatory management regime, in

order protect the biodiversity and prevent trawlinginduced sea turtle mortality.

Semi-pelagic trawling can be promoted as an alternativeto shrimp trawling in small mechanised trawl sector in

India, to minimize environmental impacts.

Conclusion and Recommendations



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Ecofriendly practices are to be promoted in purseseining, gillnetting, lining and trap operations, to minimizethe impact on non-target species and environment.

Technologies and procedures for minimization of GHGemissions from the fishing fleet need to be promotedthrough legislation, stakeholder education and training




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Procedures for minimization of plastic waste originating

from abandoned, lost or discarded fishing gear, need tobe adopted.

Strict compliance of MARPOL regulations for safedisposal of garbage, oil, oily mixtures and other residues

originating from fishing vessels operations, need to bepromoted and implemented.

Web-based National Registers of Aquatic Biodiversitymay be developed and maintained.



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Thank you

Happy New Year !

(Photo credit: David Balata)

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Boopendranath Biodiversity 31.12