brainplasticityfinal-120413142352-phpapp01

7/31/2019 brainplasticityfinal-120413142352-phpapp01

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Prof. Dr. Hussein Abd EL Dayem


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CNS begins from 2weeks gestation

10% of the cells areneurons ( 100 billion)

Neurons makes 1,000 to20,000 connections

There is no inferiority orsuperiority betweenmale and female brains

At birth, brain weighs350 g, at one year 1000 g

Uses 20% of the bodyenergy

Consume 20 % of thebody oxygen

All parts of brain areinvolved in learning,some more than other


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NOT ONE NERVECELLS

Kidney Heart Liver Lung Pancreas

Intestine Cornea Skin Bone Bone Marrow

ORGAN TRANSPLANTS


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The number of neurons that a child is born with is

largely fixed around four months before birth

The most important mechanisms involved in themassive brain spurt that occurs in the early years

of life are:

Myelination

Production of glial cells

Synaptogenesis: creation of synapses


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Answer: Brain reacts and adapts in response tochallenge.

Brain Plasticity

the capability of the brain to alter its functional

organization as a result of experience.


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Plasticity in physics : propensity of a materialto undergo permanent deformation under load

Entire brain structure can change to better copewith the environment. Specifically when anarea of the brain is damaged and non-functional another area may take over some ofthe function


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Plasticity includes the brain's capacityto be shaped or moulded by experience,the capacity to learn and remember, andthe ability to reorganize and recover afterinjury


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Plasticity : the brain ability to change

Neurogenesis: new neurons migrate to

different areas

Synaptogenesis: development of connectionswith neurons This means that the brain is

actually physically changing in response toinformation we receive! creation ofsynapses


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adaptive plasticity that enhances skilldevelopment or recovery from brain injury

impaired plasticity associated with cognitive

impairment; as in fragileX syndrome excessive plasticity leading to maladaptive brain

circuits as in focal dystonia

plasticity that becomes the brain's Achilles' Heel'because makes it vulnerable to injury. As in SE


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The brain can change in many ways such as:

A change in the internal structure of the

neurons, particularly at the area of synapses.

An increase in the number of synapses between

neurons.


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FACT 1:Neuroplasticity includes several

different processes that take placethroughout a lifetime

FACT 2:Neuroplasticity has a clear age-

dependent determinant

FACT 3:Neuroplasticity occurs in the brain under two

primary conditions:

1. During normal brain development when theimmature brain first begins to process sensory

information through adulthood (developmental

plasticity and plasticity of learning and memory).2. As an adaptive mechanism to compensate for lost

function and to maximize remaining functions in

FACT 4:

Theenvironmentplays a key

role ininfluencingplasticity.


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Neurons develop rapidly before birth. At birth, infants have all, or most, of the brain cells

they will ever have.

Connections or "wiring" between these cells is

incomplete - connections have to be built. Between birth and 8 months synapses form rapidly.

One neuron can connect with 15,000 other neurons.

In the first 3 months of life, the synapses multiplymore than 20 times.

At 3 months, the baby has more than 1,000 trillionsynapses.


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Sensoryinformation

Nerve cellsmakes

connections withone another

Impulsetransmitted to

the brain

Over the first few years of life, thebrain grows rapidly. As each neuron

matures, it sends out multiplebranches (axons, which send

information out, and dendrites,

which take in information),increasing the number of synapticcontacts and laying the specific

connections from neuron to neuron.At birth, each neuron in the cerebral

cortex has approximately

2,500 synapses. By the time an infantis two or three years old, the numberof synapses is approximately 15,000

synapses per neuron (Gopnick, et al.,1999).


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it is responsible for deleting old connections asfrequently as it enables the creation of newones.

synaptic

pruning


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Connections that are not used are removedby "pruning"

After the first birthday, pruning occurs morequickly.

A 3-year-old child has twice as manyconnections as an adult.

By 10 years, a child has nearly 500 trillionsynapses, which is the same as the average

adult.


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As we age, old connections are deleted

Synaptic pruning eliminates weaker synaptic contactswhile stronger connections are kept and strengthened.

Experience determines which connections will bestrengthened and which will be pruned; connectionsthat have been activated most frequently are preserved


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Neurons must have a purpose tosurvive. Without a purpose,

neurons die through a processcalled apoptosis in which neuronsthat do not receive or transmit

information become damaged anddie.


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Early childhood experiences physicallydetermine how the brain is "wired."

Early sensory experiences create new synapses.

Repetition of experiences strengthen them. The number of connections can go up or down

by 25 % or more, depending on the enrichmentof the environment.

Those synapses that aren't used are pruned.


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At about age 10, the brain begins to dramaticallyprune extra connections and make order of thetangled circuitry of the brain.

Pruning occurs for about 12 years but the brainmaintains flexibility for future learning

New synapses grow throughout life

Adults continue to learn, but they do not master

new skills so quickly Learning language is an example of this principle.


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At 3 months the brain has the potential todistinguish several hundred spoken sounds.

Over the next few months the brainorganizes itself to recognize only the sounds

it hears. During early childhood the brain retains

plasticity for this information The ability to discriminate sounds it has

discarded After age ten, this plasticity is lost

This is why young children can easily learnforeign languages accent-free.

Older children & adults can still learn language,but more effort is re uired.


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Touch, sound, sight, taste, smell, all buildconnections .

Some researchers, believe "the number of

words an infant hears each day is the singlemost important predictor of later intelligence,school success, and social competence."

Touch also is key to brain development

Research on infant massage suggests that inpreemies, massage causes faster growth anddevelopment.


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Infants in environmentally deprived facilitieshave brains smaller than those of children whogrow up in sensually rich environments

Studies of over 1,000 abused and neglected

children found that children who were rarelytouched or spoken to had brains 20-30%smaller than most children their age.

In some cases the brains of children from

deprived environments resemble the brains ofAlzheimer's patients.

Animals raised in zoos have brains that are20-30% smaller than animals raised in the

wild.


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Children have an enhanced capacity for brainplasticity compared to adults :

1- their superior ability to learn a second

language or 2-their capacity to recover from brain injuries

as in stroke or radical surgery such ashemispherectomy for epilepsy


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neuroplasticity is the lifelong ability of ourbrains to reorganize neural pathways based onnew experiences as learning

Period of heightened plasticity duringontogeny.

Critical periods: limited time during which thenervous system displays heightened sensitivityto environmental stimuli and develops inparticular directions as a result of thesestimuli.


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Neurons that fire together wire together!

When cells are active together synapses arestrengthened and preserved.

The neurons & synapses that are activatedrepeatedly are preserved while those who arent

are pruned.


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Cortical maps

Synaptic morphology

Dendritic morphology Synaptic strength

Receptor binding

Neurogenesis

others


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Challenges to the brain create changethroughout our lifetime.

Intention can change our brain.

Intention to move the eyes has an effecteven if you cannot move the eyes

Exercise and Fun Increase Brain Function

Physical Touch Brings Healing


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{ ....


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The plasticity of the brain is maximal duringthe first 2 years of life; the critical period.

In this period crucial experiences will have itspeak effect on development or learning.

After the critical period, the brain may neveragain show the same ability to make big changesin neuronal connectivity.


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NormalChildren

Learning,

Storing,

Adapting

DelayedEarly

InterventionProgram

Rewiring

Repairing

RecoveringBENEFITS


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Synaptic turnover

Experience dependent changes

Age related changes


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Factors

AffectingAge

Genetics Environment

Diseases Trauma


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EIP is a program that aims at saving kids whoare at risk of developing a handicappingcondition or other special need that may

affect their development.


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Children are eligible for the EarlyIntervention Program if they are under threeyears old AND have a disability OR

developmental delay.


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Child development research has establishedthat the rate of human learning anddevelopment is most rapid in the preschool

years.

Timing of intervention becomes particularlyimportant when a child runs the risk ofmissing an opportunity to learn during a stateof maximum readiness


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The Early Intervention Program offers avariety of therapeutic and support services toeligible infants and toddlers with disabilities

and their families, including:


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family education and counseling, home visits,and parent support groups

special instruction

speech pathology and audiology


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occupational therapy

physical therapy

psychological services


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Nursing Services

Nutrition Services

Social work studies

And other services .


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Early intervention services have a significantimpact on the parents and siblings of anexceptional infant or young child.

The family of a young exceptional child oftenfeels disappointment, social isolation, addedstress, frustration, and helplessness. Thecompounded stress of the presence of anexceptional child may affect the family's well-being and interfere with the child'sdevelopment.


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Families of handicapped children are foundto experience increased instances of divorceand suicide, and the handicapped child ismore likely to be abused than is a non-

handicapped child.

Early intervention can result in parentshaving improved attitudes about themselvesand their child, improved information andskills for teaching their child, and morerelease time for leisure and employment.


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Only qualifiedprofessionals individualswho are licensed, certified, or registered intheir discipline and approved by the State

can deliver early intervention services. Allearly intervention services can be given usingany of the following service models:


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Home- and community-based visits.

Facility or center-based visits. Parent-child groups.

Family support groups.

Group developmental intervention.


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there are a few factors which are present in most

studies that report the greatest effectiveness.These program features include:

(a) the age of the child at the time of intervention;

(b) parent involvement ; and

(c) the intensity and/or the amount of structure ofthe program model


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After nearly 50 years of research, there isevidence--both quantitative (data-based) andqualitative (reports of parents and teachers)--

that early intervention increases thedevelopmental and educational gains for thechild, improves the functioning of the family,and reaps long-term benefits for society.


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recovery is remarkable when the brain isdamaged early in life


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DS GDD


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CP SPASTIC DIPLEGIA


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IN cortical blindness

IN cortical deafness


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FINE MOTOR


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GROUP THERAPY


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Auditory discrimination ability better inblind than sighted adults

Better sound localization ability?

?? Altered center, ? Altered peripheral?


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Brain plasticity helps in recovery frombrain injuries such as that caused fromstroke or head trauma

Recent studies showed that brain cellssurrounding the damaged area undergochanges in their function & shape that

allow them to take on the function of thedamaged cells.


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New brain cells (neurons) can be grown our entire

life in the hippocampus


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BY making new learning a priority activity inyour everyday life

BY regularly exercising your brain :exposing your brain to the kinds ofinformation, images, concepts, relationshipsthat you would like the majority of yourthoughts to be made up of, these are activitiesthat can truly change your brain!


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If you can devote some time to new learning and

experiences as well as exercising your brain andacquiring new skills..

>>>>>>>>>>>>> DO IT

Don't let age serve as an excuse, either: as theresearch has shown, your brain's plasticity is largelyintact and waiting, even into old age. So sorry, nosaying "I'm too old to learn Japanese" or "I'm no goodat even simple math equations anymore".


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FACT 1: Neuroplasticity includes several differentprocesses that take place throughout a lifetime.

FACT 2: Neuroplasticity has a clear age-dependentdeterminant. Although plasticity occurs over anindividuals lifetime, different types ofplasticity dominate during certain periods ofones life and are less prevalent during otherperiods


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FACT 3: Neuroplasticity occurs in the brain undertwo primary conditions:

1. During normal brain development when theimmature brain first begins to process sensoryinformation through adulthood(developmental plasticity and plasticity of

learning and memory).2. As an adaptive mechanism to compensate forlost function and/or to maximize remaining

functions in the event of brain injury.


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THANK YOU

> AHMED M. GHAZAL> AHMED M. BILTAGY> AHMED M. TAHA> AHMED M. SAAD> AHMED M YOUNES

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