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CHAPTER 15 – THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY11201 - Ozaki
980617 - Ozaki
Period 1
SECTION 1 – THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
Bureaucracy – a large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization
Bureaucrat – a person who works for the organization
Administration – the government’s many administrators and agencies
SECTION 1 – THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
Staff agencies – serve in a support capacity Line agencies – perform the tasks for which
the organization exists Features of a Bureaucracy
Hierarchical authority Job specialization Formalized rules
SECTION 1 – THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
The federal bureaucracy is all of the agencies, people, and procedures through which the Federal Government operates
The names given to agencies may indicate an agency’s nature
SECTION 1 – THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY
Department – reserved for agencies in Cabinet
Agency and Administration – any governmental body
Commission – agencies charged with the regulation of business activities
Corporation and Authority – agencies that conduct business-like activities
SECTION 2 – THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Executive Office of the President – a complex organization of several separate agencies staffed by most of the Presidents closest advisors and assistants
Federal budget – a very detailed estimate of receipts and expenditures
SECTION 2 – THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
Fiscal year – the 12 month period used by government and business for record keeping, budgeting, and other financial management purposes
Domestic affairs – all matters not directly connected to the realm of foreign affairs
SECTION 2 – THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT
The White House office is the “nerve center” of the Executive Office of the President
Other units of the Executive Office advise the President on domestic affairs and foreign policy
The President’s major steps in foreign affairs are taken in close consultation with the National Security Council
SECTION 3 – THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS
Executive departments – the traditional units of federal administration, and each of them is built around some broad field of activity
Secretary – head of each department except for the Department of Justice
Attorney general – director of work for the Department of Justice
SECTION 3 – THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS
Each department is made up of a number of subunits
Each executive department varies a great deal in terms of visibility, size, and importance
The Cabinet is an informal advisory body brought together by the President to serve his needs
The President appoints the head of each of the 15 executive departments
SECTION 3 – THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS
Each of the 15 executive departments manages federal policy in a broad field of activity, such as education, labor, or defense
The heads of the departments meet with the President and other advisors in the Cabinet
The President decides how often the Cabinet meets
SECTION 4 – INDEPENDENT AGENCIES
Independent agencies – agencies located outside the departments
Independent executive agencies – large, with thousands of employees, multimillion-dollar budgets, and extremely important public tasks to perform
Independent regulatory commissions – are largely beyond the reach of presidential direction and control
SECTION 4 – INDEPENDENT AGENCIES
Quasi-legislative – Congress has given them certain legislative-like powers
Quasi-judicial – Congress has given them certain judicial-like powers
Government corporations – within the executive branch and subject to the President’s direction and control, but were set up by Congress to carry out certain business-like activities
SECTION 4 – INDEPENDENT AGENCIES
Independent agencies are not part of any of the executive departments
Independence gives these agencies some freedom from political pressure
SECTION 5 – THE CIVIL SERVICE
Civil service – those civilian employees who perform the administrative work of government
Spoils system – the practice of giving offices and other favors of government to political supporters and friends
Patronage – the practice of giving jobs to supporters and friends
SECTION 5 – THE CIVIL SERVICE
Registers – lists of those applicants who pass its tests and are qualified for employment
Bipartisan – it includes members from both parties
The Pendleton Act laid the foundation of the present federal civil service system
SECTION 5 – THE CIVIL SERVICE
The people who work in the federal bureaucracy make up the civil service
Early on, the spoils system infected the civil service
Corruption was a serious problem until reformers began to reshape the civil service in the 1880s
Today, the vast majority of federal employees are hired and promoted on the basis of merit, not party membership