CELLO EDD CELLS - ysgolglanymor.cymru

CELLO

EDDCELLS

CELL BILEN - rheoli’r trylediad sylweddau i fewn ac allan

(lled-athraidd) !

CELL MEMBRANE – controls the diffusion of substances in /out

(semi-permeable)!CNEWYLLYN – rheoli’r

gell

NUCLEUS – controls

the cell

CYTOPLASM – adweithiau

cemegol !

CYTOPLASM – chemical

reactions !

GWAGOLYN – llawn

cell nodd !

VACUOLE – full of cell

sap !

CELL FUR (cellwlos) – cynnal cell planhigyn

(athraidd) !

CELL WALL (cellulose) – supports plant

cells (permeable) !

CLOROPLAST – llawn cloroffyl

(pigment gwyrdd) sy’n amsugno

egni golau yn ystod ffotosynthesis !

CHLOROPLAST – full of chlorphyll

(green pigment) which absorbs

light energy for photosynthesis!

MICROSCOP DELWEDD

GOLAU

defnyddio golau x1000

LIGHT MICROSCOPE

uses light x1000

MICROSCOP ELECTRON

X50 miliwn + gweld strwythr

mewnol celloedd

Ni ellir arsylwi samplau byw

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

x50 million + internal structure of

cells visible

Not possible to sample living cells !

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=microscope+clipart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=TZp200gwhLn2wM&tbnid=g13AEa0eh_xorM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://vector.me/browse/713887/microscope_clip_art&ei=ZnV3UsbAE-GV7AaH3YGoBw&psig=AFQjCNE4BvUI8Wnen7UIZVi2E_HUohfxAg&ust=1383646932677277

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=microscope+clipart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=TZp200gwhLn2wM&tbnid=g13AEa0eh_xorM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://vector.me/browse/713887/microscope_clip_art&ei=ZnV3UsbAE-GV7AaH3YGoBw&psig=AFQjCNE4BvUI8Wnen7UIZVi2E_HUohfxAg&ust=1383646932677277

CELLOEDD

BONYN

STEM CELLS

Celloedd heb

wahaniaethu a

potensial i ddatblygu

i fathau gwahanol o

gelloedd.

Undifferentiated cells

with the potential to

develop into different

types of cells.

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=embryonic+stem+cells+diagram&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=JN8WitZZarOPvM&tbnid=8Qq37ES_AekCsM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://liveaction.org/blog/stem-cell-research-the-basics-types-of-research-medical-status-and-ethical-drawbacks/&ei=xXd3Uth8x8CEB6TUgfAE&psig=AFQjCNGeVfF-wDNOpifH0vhp_hIKZGzshA&ust=1383647525650443

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=embryonic+stem+cells+diagram&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=JN8WitZZarOPvM&tbnid=8Qq37ES_AekCsM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://liveaction.org/blog/stem-cell-research-the-basics-types-of-research-medical-status-and-ethical-drawbacks/&ei=xXd3Uth8x8CEB6TUgfAE&psig=AFQjCNGeVfF-wDNOpifH0vhp_hIKZGzshA&ust=1383647525650443

CELLOEDD BONYN

EMBRYONIG

Trin rhai afiechydon a meinwe wedi

niweidio e.e. nerf.

Celloedd dieithr yn cael eu gwrthod !

Anfoesol (lladd embryonau).

CELLOEDD BONYN e.e. Mêr Asgwrn STEM

CELLS e.g. bone marrow

Llai o siawns cael eu gwrthod !

Less likely to be rejected !

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

Treat some diseases and damaged t

issue e.g. nerves.

Cells may be rejected !

Immoral (embryos destroyed).

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=bone+clipart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=fWupYj-H-hcQmM&tbnid=4ooI81MV6s1SoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clipartheaven.com/show/clipart/animals/cartoons_(a_-_g)/dog_with_bone_4-gif.html&ei=z3h3UtPIMJKqhQePmYDACw&psig=AFQjCNFeulg_WURRET5t3p2rSZ-uvyfZ4g&ust=1383647802343869

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=bone+clipart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=fWupYj-H-hcQmM&tbnid=4ooI81MV6s1SoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.clipartheaven.com/show/clipart/animals/cartoons_(a_-_g)/dog_with_bone_4-gif.html&ei=z3h3UtPIMJKqhQePmYDACw&psig=AFQjCNFeulg_WURRET5t3p2rSZ-uvyfZ4g&ust=1383647802343869

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=blastocyst clipart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RPHm1oGgFzU1sM&tbnid=TKxo4lQmg8LyqM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.fotosearch.com/illustration/morula.html&ei=Cnl3UvKUJdPxhQf4koCgCw&psig=AFQjCNH_aD3_VO-UrsjbHIaH58xm4a0K4w&ust=1383647864236246

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=blastocyst clipart&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=RPHm1oGgFzU1sM&tbnid=TKxo4lQmg8LyqM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.fotosearch.com/illustration/morula.html&ei=Cnl3UvKUJdPxhQf4koCgCw&psig=AFQjCNH_aD3_VO-UrsjbHIaH58xm4a0K4w&ust=1383647864236246

ANIFEILIAID - tyfu i faint penodol !

(gallu i symud a chludo O2 i’r celloedd)

ANIMALS - grow to a finite size!

(ability to move and transport O2 to the

cells)

PLANHIGION - tyfiant canghennog /lledaenu !

(gallu i gyrraedd goleuni a chludo dwr)

PLANTS growth !

(ability to reach light and transport water)

MERISTEM – ardal ar flaenau gwreiddiau /

coesynnau lle mae mitosis yn digwydd !

CAMBIWM – ardal o feristem = tyfiant ychwanegol i

goesyn !

MERISTEM – areas at the tips of roots

/stem

where mitosis occurs !

CAMBIUM – area of meristem = additional growth to

stems !

TYFIANT ?

Cell raniad =

MITOSIS

GROWTH ?

Cell division =

MITOSIS

CELL

RANIAD

Tyfiant

Atgywirio Celloedd

Adnewyddu

Celloedd

Cynhyrchu

Gametau

CELL DIVISION

Growth

Repair Cells

Replace Cells

Produce Gametes

MITO

SIS

Tyfiant (Growth)

Atgyweirio (Repair)

Adnewyddu (Replace)

2 gell newydd (2 new

cells)

Cromosomau – Run fath

(Chromosomes – Same)

Dim Amrywiaeth (No

Variation)

MEIOS

IS

Cynhyrchu Gametau

(Produce Gametes)

4 gell newydd (4 new

cells)

Cromosomau – Hanneru

(Chromosomes – Half )

Amrywiaeth (Variation)

MICROBAU

MICROBES

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=EUGLENA diagram&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=qbJ5ULcdUJ82YM&tbnid=xFpECUwlpLhpzM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-euglena-diagram-easy-to-edit-vector-illustration-image31976140&ei=B0VNUsyHNMuUhQfb94GYCg&psig=AFQjCNHlw_70xv1N2Kt1XzYmYKFWuva-bQ&ust=1380882032436778


http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=YEAST diagram&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=JoytNj3fTwP4ZM&tbnid=KAeBwVNQdfaOYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organisms_behaviour_health/disease/revision/2/&ei=JEVNUqaLOorwhQfO8YDIDA&psig=AFQjCNEbqYcClvFwdJX6rZ0B9exQVBr_fQ&ust=1380882082379280




BACTERIA ~ 1μm

Dim Cnewyllyn

Cell Fur

Atgenhedl drwy rannu yn

ddau !

BACTERIA ~ 1μm

No Nucleus

Cell Wall

Reproduce by dividing in

two !

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=bacteria reproducing&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dQbGqEWAPyHIDM&tbnid=SafggCD3ZsfuFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://wikileon-period2.wikispaces.com/Prokaryotes&ei=v9l4UqXxHaaw7Absv4G4Cw&psig=AFQjCNGjGi8q21hLEtodU1xI57JXZzKktg&ust=1383738164794644

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=bacteria reproducing&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dQbGqEWAPyHIDM&tbnid=SafggCD3ZsfuFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://wikileon-period2.wikispaces.com/Prokaryotes&ei=v9l4UqXxHaaw7Absv4G4Cw&psig=AFQjCNGjGi8q21hLEtodU1xI57JXZzKktg&ust=1383738164794644

FFWNGI (burum) ~

3μm

Cnewyllyn / Cell Fur

Atgenhedlu drwy

FLAGURO !

FUNGI (yeast) ~ 3μm

Nucleus / Cell Fur

Reproduce by BUDDING !



http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=budding+reproducing&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OJTTe_iPBy4VTM&tbnid=BSLkRvBzPCIsNM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://mpf.biol.vt.edu/research/budding_yeast_model/pp/intro.php&ei=QNt4UpmnNtCQhQe804HwBw&psig=AFQjCNGQo31muAqxz_ZTCxO2GI80vPXvaw&ust=1383738476674944

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=budding+reproducing&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=OJTTe_iPBy4VTM&tbnid=BSLkRvBzPCIsNM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://mpf.biol.vt.edu/research/budding_yeast_model/pp/intro.php&ei=QNt4UpmnNtCQhQe804HwBw&psig=AFQjCNGQo31muAqxz_ZTCxO2GI80vPXvaw&ust=1383738476674944

FIRWS ~ 0.1μm

Dim Cnewyllyn / Cell Bilen /

Cell Fur

Atgenhedlu tu fewn i

gelloedd eraill (lletyol) !

VIRUS ~ 0.1μm

No Nucleus / Cell Membrane

/ Cell Wall

Reproduce inside other

cells (host) !

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=virus+structure&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=6h30L2zSiwP44M&tbnid=Xf714AxlagbPfM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.scienceprofonline.com/vmc/virus-structure-main.html&ei=4tt4UueeJMeK7AbVloD4DA&psig=AFQjCNED3WRDwfORSKX5sRiLOdC7LnUiSw&ust=1383738678076021

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=virus+structure&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=6h30L2zSiwP44M&tbnid=Xf714AxlagbPfM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.scienceprofonline.com/vmc/virus-structure-main.html&ei=4tt4UueeJMeK7AbVloD4DA&psig=AFQjCNED3WRDwfORSKX5sRiLOdC7LnUiSw&ust=1383738678076021

ALGAU (Euglena) ~

10μm

Cnewyllyn / Cell Bilen

Smotyn Llygad i ganfod

golau

Fflagelwm i symud

Cloroplastau =

Ffotosynthesis

ALGAE (Euglena) ~

10μm

No Nucleus / Cell Membrane

Eye Spot (to find light)

Flagellum for movement

Chloroplasts =

Photosynthesis !



DAMCANIAETH

CELLOEDD –

Ydi Firysau yn fyw ?

CELL THEORY –

Are Viruses alive ?

YDYN !

• Maent yn gallu

atgenhedlu !

• Maent yn cynnwys

genynnau

YES !

• They can reproduce !

• They have genes !

NA ! NO !

• Gorfod defnyddio celloedd

eraill i atgenehdlu a goroesi

!

• They have to use other

cells to reproduce and

survive !

Watson & Crick

(1953)

Darganfod strwythr DNA !

Discovered the structure of

DNA !

HELICS

DWBL

DOUBLE

HELIX

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=watson+and+crick&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tVrkREpiumygEM&tbnid=gCOh1cds7GYL_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watson_and_crick.shtml&ei=qRNVUvGuAoOEhQfqkICADQ&psig=AFQjCNE-hGswh9RrZe5Tsc5hNlxwWleTow&ust=1381393690876863

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=watson+and+crick&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=tVrkREpiumygEM&tbnid=gCOh1cds7GYL_M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watson_and_crick.shtml&ei=qRNVUvGuAoOEhQfqkICADQ&psig=AFQjCNE-hGswh9RrZe5Tsc5hNlxwWleTow&ust=1381393690876863

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=dna&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=p3Yp8HH5qaJX3M&tbnid=GxcKrJLQi1sJMM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Uniquely-Me/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/DNA-chromosomes-and-gene-expression&ei=_xJVUrLUMMuihgfMv4DwCA&psig=AFQjCNEuWgSPulmYCvOb8dcTekROddMDWA&ust=1381393507355818

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=dna&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=p3Yp8HH5qaJX3M&tbnid=GxcKrJLQi1sJMM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Uniquely-Me/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/DNA-chromosomes-and-gene-expression&ei=_xJVUrLUMMuihgfMv4DwCA&psig=AFQjCNEuWgSPulmYCvOb8dcTekROddMDWA&ust=1381393507355818

DNA

2 gadwyn o foleciwlau siwgr /

ffosffad

Pâr o fasau yn dal y 2

gadwyn

(A/T a C/G)

Dirdroi i ffurfio helics dwbl

DNA

2 chains of sugar/phosphate

molecules

Pairs of bases attach both

chains

(A/T and C/G)

Twisted to form a double

helix

Pâr Basau Base

Pairs

Adenine = Guanine

Cytosine =

Thymine

CÔD TRIPLED

Trefn 3 bas yn codio am

Asid Amino !

TRIPLET CODE

3 bases code for an

AMINO ACID !

Mae gwahanol asidau

amino mewn cadwyn yn

ffurfio protinau gwahanol

!

Different amino acids in

a chain form different

proteins !

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=dna+triplet+code&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=xxfSQtBJIvbm6M&tbnid=qlzdUJc651cGYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/GP/GeneticCode.html&ei=cxNVUoLWEuSV7Aam_oDYAg&psig=AFQjCNEnABL9imZ2X5Fs6p4b2kDC27c5BQ&ust=1381393636832330

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=dna+triplet+code&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=xxfSQtBJIvbm6M&tbnid=qlzdUJc651cGYM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/GP/GeneticCode.html&ei=cxNVUoLWEuSV7Aam_oDYAg&psig=AFQjCNEnABL9imZ2X5Fs6p4b2kDC27c5BQ&ust=1381393636832330

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=triplet+code&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=rAvYRNo7zrFhxM&tbnid=YIriNuWzG-R96M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://withfriendship.com/user/boss/genetic-code.php&ei=DWZVUszgI8qqhAefkoDIDw&psig=AFQjCNGIb20jBluYIe2vHXq692r58bcwNA&ust=1381410682567487

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=triplet+code&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=rAvYRNo7zrFhxM&tbnid=YIriNuWzG-R96M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://withfriendship.com/user/boss/genetic-code.php&ei=DWZVUszgI8qqhAefkoDIDw&psig=AFQjCNGIb20jBluYIe2vHXq692r58bcwNA&ust=1381410682567487

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CELLO EDD CELLS - ysgolglanymor.cymru