Ch1 Annotated

7/30/2019 Ch1 Annotated

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1.1

Introduction

What is an Operating System?

Mainframe Systems

Desktop Systems

Multiprocessor Systems

Distributed Systems

Clustered System

Real -Time Systems

Handheld Systems

Computing Environments


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1.2

What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of acomputer and the computer hardware.

Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.

Make the computer system convenient to use.

Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.


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1.3

Computer System Components

1. Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU,memory, I/O devices).

2. Operating system controls and coordinates the use of

the hardware among the various application programs forthe various users.

3. Applications programs define the ways in which thesystem resources are used to solve the computingproblems of the users (compilers, database systems,

video games, business programs).4. Users (people, machines, other computers).


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1.4

Operating Systems Views

Fundamental goal of computer system is to execute userprograms & make problem solving easier. maybe goal

should be extended for modern systems: communication,access remote data,

In general, no completely adequate definition of OS adynamic evolving entity

Three basic components of an OS- Process control/management- Memory management

- I/O and files system control

System/administrator vs. user view sometimes in conflict-efficiency vs. ease of use


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1.5

Abstract View of System Components


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Operating System Definitions

Resource allocator manages and allocates resources

deals (hopefully!) with deadlock.

Control program controls the execution of user

programs and operations of I/O devices .

Kernel the one program running at all times (all elsebeing application programs).


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Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System


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Multiprogrammed Batch Systems

Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and theCPU is multiplexed among them.


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OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming

I/O servicesprovided by the system.

I/O done in kernel mode via device drivers

May run concurrently with application - if applicationmust wait for I/O, then OS will allow another job to run -

maximize CPU and I/O utilization - lots on this later.

Memory management the system must allocate thememory to several jobs.

CPU scheduling and dispatching the system mustchoose among several jobs ready to run - must minimizecontext switching time - a performance bottleneck.

Allocation of devices - to resident jobs - danger ofdeadlock.


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Time-Sharing SystemsInteractive Computing

The CPU is time multiplexed among several jobs that are keptin memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the

job is in memory). A job could now be a user ==> many users on a single

machine

A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk - to free upmemory for a higher priority job, or if it has a long wait forI/O to complete - more on this later.

Comment: A program in some state of execution (having

been already loaded in memory, but not completed) isknown as a process.

On-line communication between the user and the system isprovided; when the operating system finishes the execution of

one command, it seeks the next control statement from theusers keyboard.

On-line system must be available for users to access data andcode - presents an interactive userinterface- not justbatch.


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Desktop Systems

Personal computers computer system dedicated to asingle user.

I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens, smallprinters.

User convenience and responsiveness.

Can adopt technology developed for larger operatingsystem often individuals have sole use of computer anddo not need advanced CPU utilization of protectionfeatures.

May run several different types of operating systems(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

Forerunner of the RISC Workstation: ex: SUN or IBMRISC/6000 work stations - the PC would revolutionizecomputing - some companies (guess who!) wereblind to this - others (SUN) had the foresight torecognize this.


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Parallel (Tigh t ly Coupled) Systems

Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in closecommunication.

Tight ly coupled sy stem processors share memoryand a clock; communication usually takes place throughthe shared memory via a bus - .

Advantages of parallel (Tight ly Coupled) systems:

Increased throughput

Increased computing power (speed-up factor)

Economical

Increased reliability

graceful degradation

fail-soft systems

OS functions for multiprocessor systems aresignificantly more complex


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Parallel (Tigh t ly Coupled) Systems(Cont.)

Shared m emory t ight ly cou pled schemes: SMP and

Asymmetr ic

Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) The common kernel in shared memory could operate on any

processor process/thread parallism on kernel executionpossible processors are peers no master/slave.

Many processes can run at once without performance deterioration -

true parallelism vs pseudo parallelism of a multitasking systemon a uniprocessor.

Most modern operating systems support SMP

Asymmetric multiprocessing Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor

schedules and allocated work to slave processors.

More common in extremely large systems--------------------------------Problem with parallelism: how do you distribute a problemacross multiple processes to capture the max potential of thesystem? Can all algorithms be parallelized? Are theretheoretical limits to parallelizing? - see also loosely coupled.

Example logic simulators - a natural for parallelism.


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Flynns Classification

SISD Single Instruction, Single data stream Basic Uniprocessor single program counter

SIMD - Single Instruction, Multiple data stream A logically single stream of instructions operating on different units of data in

parallel ex. A vector processor

Example of an implementation: a single stream of SIMD instructions from asingle program counter in a special SISD host processor are broadcastedtomany parallel SIMD processors each with its own registers and cache memory.

Each of the SIMD processors now executes the same instruction on a differentunit of data in parallel lock step synchronism. Example: the CM-2 SuperComputer with 65,563 processors, each having a 1 bit ALU (32 way bitslicing?)

MISD - Multiple Instruction, Single data stream sequence of different databroadcasted to different parallel processors, each executing a different

instruction sequence. Not ever implemented.

MIMD - Multiple Instruction, Multiple data stream many parallel processorsexecuting different instruction streams on different data items. Commonly implemented with loosely couples clusters of general purpose

computers on a network(see later) and also tightly coupled SMP.

P ll l ( ) S


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1.15

Parallel (Tigh t ly Coupled) Systems(Cont.)

From Stallings, Operating Systems, 4th ed.


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1.16

Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

S


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1.17

Distributed Systems(Loosely Coupled)

Distribute the computation among several physical processors.

Loosely coupled system(clusters?) each processor has its ownlocal memory; processors communicate with one another throughvarious communications lines, such as high-speed buses , cross-bar switches, LANS, or telephone lines.

Could be a heterogeneous mixture of independent computershaving different characteristics etc. all connected on by somenetwork fabric.

Advantages of distributed systems.

Resources Sharing

Computation speed up load sharing

Reliability

Communications

Disadvantages: control and OS functions complicated, anddistributing an algorithm over the nodes is difficult.


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Distributed Systems (cont)

Requires networking infrastructure. Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN)

May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.

Clients generate requests to be satisfied by the serverserver performs computation with results sent to client

Peer-to-peer example: Internet or a master and manyslaves on a network or switch.


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1.19

General Structure of Client-Server


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1.20

Clustered Systems

Alternative to SMP

Goal is high reliability,availability, and performance. A group of interconnected, whole computers

working together as a unified computing resourcethat can create the illusion of being a single machine.

Clustering allows two or more systems to share

(secondary?) storage example RAID disks. Asymmetric clustering: multiple servers runs the

application while one server stands by - monitor.

Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running theapplication mutual monitoring- no single monitor

Reference: Stallings, 4th ed., section 13.4


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Real Time System

A system is said to be Real Time if it is required tocomplete its work & deliver its services on time.

Example Flight Control System

All tasks in that system must executeon time.


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1.22

Hard and Soft Real Time Systems

Hard Real Time SystemFailure to meet deadlines is fatal

example : Flight Control System

medical imaging systems,industrial control systems

Soft Real Time SystemLate completion of jobs is undesirable but

not fatal.System performance degrades as more &

more jobs miss deadlines

Online Databases


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1.23

Real-Time Systems

Often used as a control device in a dedicated application

such as controlling scientific experiments, medicalimaging systems, industrial control systems, and somedisplay systems.

Well-defined fixed-time constraints.

Real-Time systems may be either hardor softreal-time.


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Real-Time Systems (Cont.)

Hard real-time:

Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short termmemory, or read-only memory (ROM)

Conflicts with time-sharing systems, (delays unpredictable),thus not supported by general-purpose operating systems.

Uses deadline scheduling of tasks#1 thing you don't want to happen: system shows thehour glass icon at 1000 meters over the moon when

landing!

Soft real-time

Limited utility in industrial control of robotics Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring

advanced operating-system features.

Cannot guarantee deadlines, but can guarantee highestpriority for Soft RT tasks over ordinary tasks.


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Handheld Systems

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

Cellular telephones

Issues:

Limited memory

Slow processors

Small display screens.


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Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features

What does this mean?


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Computing Environments

Traditional computing

Advancing technologies and falling prices rapidly rechanging what used to be traditional computing. Notonly are enterprise level functions being pushed down tothe PC level, but new functions are being directlyimplemented in the PC/micro-computers

Web-Based ComputingApplications reside on Web servers, rather than on end-users' workstations. These workstations, or appliances areconnected to secure servers in order to use applicationsvia web browsers.

Embedded ComputingMost prevalent form of computers in existence: Inautomobiles, VCRs, microwave ovens, They do specific tasks, and associated systems areprimitive.

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Ch1 Annotated