cha-tom-tu-thit-vun

8/10/2019 cha-tom-tu-thit-vun

1/91

BOGIAO DUC VAAO TAOTRNG AI HOC NHA TRANG

KHOA CHEBIEN= = = = = = = =

HOANG THTHUY

NGHIEN CU QUY TRNH SAN XUAT CHATOM TTHT VUN CUA QUY TRNH CHE

BI EN TOM ONG LANH XUAT KHAU

OAN TOT NGHIEP AI HOC

CHUYEN NGANH: CONG NGHECHEBIEN THUY SAN

Nha Trang, thang 11 nam 2007

Giao vien hng dan:TS. TRAN THDUNG


2/91

i

PHIU NH GI CHT LNG N TT NGHIP

H, tn SV: Hong Th Thy Lp: 45CB2

Ngnh : Cng ngh Ch bin

Tn ti:Nghin cu quy trnh sn xut ch tm t tht vn ca quy

trnh ch bin tm ng lnh xut khu

S trang: 81 S chng:4 S ti liu tham kho: 11

Hin vt: ti + a CD

NHN XT CA CN B HNG DN

...............................................................................................................................

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Kt lun:.........................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

Nha Trang, ngy. thng . nm 2007

Cn b hng dn

TS. Trn Th Dung


3/91

ii

LI CM N

Em xin by t lng cm n chn thnh ti ban gim hiu trng i

hc Nha Trang to mi iu kin tt em hctp nghin cu trong

sut thi gian hc i hc.

By t lng cm n su sc ti c Trn Th Dung ngi trc tip

hng dn v gip tn tnh v hiu qu trong qu trnh nghin cu v

hon thnh n tt nghip ny.

Em cng by t lng cm n su sc ti thy Nguyn Anh Tun v

cc c, ch v cc anh ch ti Cng ty C phn Xut nhp khu thy sn

Qung Ninh to mi iu kin gip em hon thnh n ny.

Qua y em cng xin chn thnh cm n cc Thy, C v cc anh

ch kha trc tng nghin cu nhng vn lin quan ti n ca

em.


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MC LC

LI CM N ..................................................................................................... i

MC LC ........................................................................................................ iii

DANH MC BNG .........................................................................................vii

DANH MC HNH ...........................................................................................ix

LI NI U ....................................................................................................1

Chng 1:TNG QUAN....................................................................................3

1.1. GII THIU V CNG TY C PHN XUT NHP KHU THU

SN QUNG NINH .......................................................................................3

1.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin Cng ty C phn Xut nhp

khu thu sn Qung Ninh ...........................................................................3

1.1.2. Ngnh ngh kinh doanh ca cng ty ...................................................4

1.2. TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU TM ................................................5

1.2.1.Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................5

1.2.2. Cu to chung ca tm .......................................................................6

1.2.3. Thnh phn ho hc ca tm ..............................................................7

1.2.3.1. Khi qut chung...........................................................................7

1.2.3.2.Nc ............................................................................................8

1.2.3.3. Protein..........................................................................................9

1.2.3.4. Thnh phn cc axit amin .............................................................9

1.2.3.5. Lipit ...........................................................................................101.2.3.6. Vitamin ......................................................................................11

1.2.3.7. Cht khong ...............................................................................12

1.2.3.8. m ngm ra..............................................................................12

1.2.3.9. Sc t ca tm............................................................................13

1.2.4. Gi tr dinh dng ca tm ...............................................................13

1.3.CC NGUYN VT LIU PH CHO VO SN PHM CHTM ..14


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1.3.1. M heo .............................................................................................14

1.3.2. Du n ..............................................................................................14

1.3.3.Bt bp ..............................................................................................151.3.4. Polyphotphat.....................................................................................15

1.3.5. ng saccaroza ..............................................................................15

1.3.6. Mui n ............................................................................................16

1.3.7. Bt ngt............................................................................................16

1.3.8. Tiu..................................................................................................17

1.3.9. Hnh.................................................................................................17

1.3.10. t ...................................................................................................18

1.4. KH NNG TO GEL CA PROTEIN ..............................................18

1.4.1. nh ngha ........................................................................................18

1.4.2. Tnh cht gel ca protein ..................................................................18

1.4.3. iu kin to gel...............................................................................19

1.4.4. C ch to gel ...................................................................................19

Chng 2:I TNG V PHNG PHPNGHIN CU .......................222.1. I TNG NGHIN CU .................................................................22

2.1.1 Nguyn vt liu chnh: tm tht vn ...................................................22

2.1.2. Nguyn vt liu ph..........................................................................22

2.2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ...........................................................27

2.2.1 S quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch tm d kin .........................27

2.2.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh .......................................................................28

2.2.3. Phng php nghin cu ..................................................................32

2.2.4. Phng php nh gi cht lng sn phm .....................................33

2.2.4.1. Phng php cm quan nh gi cht lng sn phm ch tm..34

2.2.4.2.Cc phng php phn tch ha hc ............................................34

2.2.4.3. Phng php phn tch vi sinh theo TCVN5287: 1994..............34

2.2.5. S b tr th nghim nghin cu cc thng s cho quy trnh sn

xut ch tm. ..............................................................................................35


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2.2.5.1. Th nghim xc nh t l m phn ............................................36

2.2.5.2. Th nghim xc nh t l bt bp ..............................................37

2.2.5.3. Th nghim xc nh t l du n b sung...................................382.2.5.4. Th nghim xc nh t l ng ................................................39

2.2.5.5. Th nghim xc nh t l mui ..................................................40

2.2.5.6. Th nghim xc nh t l bt ngt .............................................40

2.2.5.7. Th nghim xc nh t l tiu....................................................41

2.2.5.8. Th nghim xc nh thi gian nghingi...................................42

Chng 3:KT QU NGHIN CUV THO LUN.................................43

3.1. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN CC MU TH

NGHIM XC NH T L M ................................................................43

3.1.1.Kt qu ..............................................................................................43

3.1.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................44


NGHIM XC NH T L BT BP ......................................................45

3.2.1. Kt qu .............................................................................................453.2.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................46


NGHIM XC NH T L DU N .......................................................47

3.3.1. Kt qu .............................................................................................47

3.3.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................48


NGHIM XC NH T L NG ........................................................49

3.4.1. Kt qu .............................................................................................49

3.4.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................50


NGHIM XC NH T L MUI ............................................................51

3.5.1. Kt qu .............................................................................................51

3.5.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................52


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vi


NGHIM XC NH T L BT NGT ...................................................53

3.6.1. Kt qu .............................................................................................533.6.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................54


NGHIM XC NH T L TIU..............................................................55

3.7.1. Kt qu .............................................................................................55

3.7.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................56


NGHIM XC NH THI GIAN NGHIN GI.......................................57

3.8.1. Kt qu .............................................................................................57

3.8.2. Tho lun..........................................................................................58

Chng 4:QUY TRNH CNG NGH XUT SN XUT CH TM. ..60

4.1. QUY TRNH XUT.........................................................................60

4.2. THUYT MINH QUY TRNH...............................................................61

4.3. KT QU KIM TRA CC THNH PHN HO HC V CCCHTIU VI SINH CA SN PHM. ........................................................63

4.4. TNH TON CHI PH NGUYN VT LIU CHNH, PH V

TNH S B GI THNH SN PHM......................................................63

4.5. KT LUN V XUT KIN. .....................................................65

4.5.1. Kt lun ............................................................................................65

4.5.2. xut kin ..................................................................................66

TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................67

PH LC 1: Hnh nh sn phm ch tm .........................................................68

PH LC 2: Bng im nh gi cht lng sn phm ....................................69

PH LC 3: Bng kt qu kim tra cc thnh phn dinh dng v cc ch

tiu vi sinh.........................................................................................................81


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DANH MC BNG

Bng 1: Thnh phn % khi lng ca mt s loi tm. [9] ................................7

Bng 2: Hm lng cht dinh dng tnh theo % trong tht tm ti[9] ..............8

Bng 3: Thnh phn axit amin ca mt s loi tm.[9] ......................................10

Bng 4: Cc loi lipit trong 100g tht tm[10] ...................................................11

Bng 5: Hm lng vitamin trong tht tm[9]...................................................11

Bng 6: Thnh phn mt s cht khong trong tht tm[9].................................12

Bng 7: Thnh phn v hm lng mt s cht trong hnh[9] ...........................17Bng 8:Cc yu cu k thut ca bt bp s dng trong ch bin thc phm

[8] .....................................................................................................................23

Bng 9: Ch tiu ca mui dng trong sn xut [8] ............................................24

Bng 10: Ch tiu cht lng ng tinh luyn ( TCVN 1695 87)[8]..............24

Bng 11: Cc ch tiu v cht lng ca bt ngt (TCVN 1459-74)[8]..............25

Bng12: Yu cu k thut ca ht tiu dng trong ch bin(TCVN 5387-

1994) [8] ...........................................................................................................26

Bng 13: H s quan trng cho sn phm ch tm .............................................34

Bng 14: Bng d kin cc cht ph gia v gia v ti cng on xc nh t l

m phn: ..........................................................................................................36


bt bp: .............................................................................................................37


du n:...............................................................................................................38


ng: ...............................................................................................................39

Bng 18: Bng d kin t l ph gia v gia v ti cng on xc nh t l

mui: .................................................................................................................40

Bng 19: Bng d kin cc cht ph gia v gia v ti cng on xc nh t

l bt ngt: .......................................................................................................41


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viii


tiu: ...................................................................................................................41

Bng 21: Bng d kin t l ph gia v gia v:...................................................42Bng 22: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l m: .......43

Bng 23: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l .............45

Bng 24: Bng im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t ldu n..........47

Bng 25: Bng im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l ng: .........49

Bng 26: Bng im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l mui ............51

Bng 27: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l ..............53

Bng 28: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l tiu........55

Bng 29: Bng im cm quan xc nh thi gian nghin gi ............................57

Bng 30: Bng cng thc cc ph gia v gia v sn xut ch tm.......................62

Bng 31: Thnh phn ho hc ca ch tm........................................................63

Bng 32: Kt qu kim tra vi sinh ca sn phm ch tm ..................................63

Bng 33: Bng c tnh chi ph nguyn vt liu chnh ph . ..............................64

Bng 34: Bng cng thc cc ph gia v gia v sn xut ch tm.......................65Bng 35: Thang im nh gi trng thi ca sn phm ch tm .......................69

Bng 36: Thang im nh gi mi ca sn phmch tm................................69

Bng 37: Thang im nh gi mu sc ca sn phm.......................................69

Bng 38: Thang im nh gi v ca sn phm ch tm ...................................70

Bng 39: Bng kt qu nh gi cht lng ca sn phm .................................70

Bng 40: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l m..............................................71

Bng 41: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l bt bp........................................72

Bng 42: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l du n .........................................73

Bng 43: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l ng .........................................74

Bng 44: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l mui ...........................................75

Bng 45: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l bt ngt ......................................76

Bng 46: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l tiu .............................................77

Bng 47: Bng im cm quan xc nh thi gian nghin gi ............................78


10/91

ix

DANH MC HNH

Hnh 1: th biu din mi quan h gia t l m v im nh gi ..............44

Hnh 2: th biu din mi quan h gia t l bt bp v im nh gi

cm quan ...........................................................................................................46

Hnh 3: th biu din mi quan h gia t l du n v im nh gi cm

quan ..................................................................................................................48

Hnh 4: th biu din mi quan h gia t l ng v im nh gi cm

quan ..................................................................................................................50

Hnh 5: th biu din mi quan h gia t l mui v im nh gicm

quan ..................................................................................................................52

Hnh 6: th biu din mi quan h gia t l bt ngt v im nh gi

cm quan ...........................................................................................................54

Hnh 7: th biu din mi quan h gia t l tiu v im nh gi cm

quan ..................................................................................................................56Hnh 8: Mi quan h gia thi gian nghin gi v im cm quan.....................58


11/91

-1-

LI NI U

Nhta bit trn th trng trong v ngoi nc lin tc xy ra ccloi dch bnh bng pht nh: cm g, heo tai xanh, l mm long

mnggy bin ng khng nh n th trng thc phm. Cc mt hng

thc phm ngy cng khan him v tng gi lin tc nh hng n i

sng ca ngi dn.

Trc tnh hnh cc mt hng thy sn tr thnh ngun thc

phm chnh trn th trng. Cc nh my ch bin khng ngng c mrng, cc mt hng sn xut ngy cng c a dng ha p ng nhu

cu xut khu v tiu dng ni a.

Mt hng th trng xut khu thy sn ca nc ta ni chung cng

nh ti Cng ty C phn Xut nhp khu thy sn Qung Ninh ni ring

tng i kh tnh nht l th trng Nht v th trng M.Do , thu

sn xut khu i hi c cht lng cao. Cng vis gia tng v s lnghng xut khu th lng ph phm thy sn loi ra nhiu. Theo s liu

thng k ti Cng ty Cphn Xut nhp khu thy sn Qung Ninh, lng

tm tht vn loi ra hng nm chim khong 0,5% so vi tng khi lng

nguyn liuv bn ra th trng trong nc vi gi r.

Do vy nng cao gi tr kinh t ca cc loi ph phm thu sn

ny chng ta cn phi c phng php ch bin hu hiu, c bit l ch

bin thnh cc sn phm gia v c gi tr gia tng.

ng trc tnh hnh nh trng giao cho em thc hin ti:

Nghin cu quy trnh sn xut ch tm t tht vn ca quy trnh ch bin

tm ng lnh xut khu ti Cng ty C phn Xut nhp khu thu sn

Qung Ninh.


12/91

-2-

Qua 3 thng thc tp, di s hng dn caTS.Trn ThDung v

cc anh ch ti Cng ty C phn Xut nhp khu thu sn QungNinh

gip em hon thnh ti ny vi nhng nidung sau:

1. Tng quancc vn c lin quan n ti.

2. La chn quy trnh nghin cu v tin hnh thc nghim xc lp

cc thng s cho quy trnh.

3. La chn quy trnh sn xut th, kim tra nh gi cht lng

sn phm.

4. Tnh chi ph nguyn vt liu chnh, ph v tnh s b gi thnhsn phm

5. Kt lun

Mc ch ca t thc tp ny gip bn thn em lm quen vi

phng php nghin cu khoa hc, vn dng l thuyt hc vo thc t

sn xut.

Do trong thi gian thc tp v kin thc c hn nn ti khngtrnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong c s ng gp kin ca qu

thy c v cc bn.

Nha Trang, thng 11 nm 2007

Sinh vin thc hin

Hong Th Thu


13/91

-3-

Chng 1:TNG QUAN

1.1. GII THIU V CNG TY C PHN XUT NHP KHU

THU SN QUNG NINH

1.1.1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin Cng ty CphnXut nhp

khu thusn Qung Ninh

- Nh my c u t cui nm 70, do chnh ph Nauy ti tr. Ban

u lm phn xng ng lnh thuc cng ty Hi sn tnh lm nh

my ng lnh u tin ca Qung Ninh, sn xut ch bin thu

sn v xut khu thu ngoi t cho tnh.

- Thng 2/1983 nh my tch khi cng ty Hi sn thnh nh my xut

khu thy sn Qung Ninh trc thuc s Thu sn Qung Ninh.

- Thng 2/1993 chuyn thnh doanh nghip nh nc Cng ty Xut

khu thu sn Qung Ninh.

- Thng 8/2002 chuyn thnh Cng ty C phn Xut nhp khu thu

sn Qung Ninh l doanh nghip u tin ca ngnh Thu Sn

Qung Ninh chuyn t doanh nghip nh nc sang cng ty c phn:

Cng ty c phn 100% vn u t do ngi lao ng ng gp hot

ng theo php lut doanh nghip.

- Hin ti cng ty C Phn XNK thu sn Qung Ninh c 2 vn phng

chnh i din ca mnh ti H Ni.

- Trong tng lai cng ty ny tip tc thc hin chnh sch cphn

ho cng ty v huy ng ti a vn ca cn b cngnhn vin

u t vo mt s mt hng mi nh: nui trai ly ngc, xy dng

trm ng lnh lm ni trung gian chuyn cc mt hng thu sn

ca khu vc min bc sang Trung Quc ti Mng Ci.


14/91

-4-

- T khi thnh lp n nay cng ty CPXNKTS Qung Ninh vt

qua nhiu gian lao, th thch v t c nhiu thnh tch ng k.

Cng ty c b Thu sn v tnh Qung Ninh tng bng khen v

huy chng nhiu ln. c bit cng ty c giy php cp hng

sang Chu u, M v cc nc Chu . y s l mt iu kin tt

cng ty pht trin trong tng lai.

1.1.2. Ngnh nghkinh doanh ca cng ty

Cng ty CPXNKTSQN ch yu kinh doanh mt s mt hng v ngnh

ngh sau:

Thu mua, ch bin, kinh doanh cc mt hng thu sn, nng sn xut

khu v ni a.

Kinh doanh nhp khu vt t, thit b hng cng nghip, hng tiu

dng, nguyn liu thu sn v phng tin vn ti.

Kinh doanh dch v vui chi. gii tr v nh hng n ung thu c

sn ni trn Vnh H Long.

Kinh doanh dch v xut nhp khu sang Trung Quc.

Nui trng v khai thc thu sn.

Tuy cng ty sn xut v kinh doanh rt nhiu mt hng v nhiu lnh

vc nhng cng ty ch yu n cc mt hng truyn thng ca cng ty t

trc ti nay nh: mt hng mc, tm, c v cc mt hng v nhuyn th

khc.


15/91

-5-

1.2. TNG QUAN VNGUYN LIU TM

1.2.1.Gii thiuchung

Tm l mt i tng dng ch bin cc sn phm xut khurt

quan trng cathu sn nc ta hinnay. Xut khu tm Vit Nam tng

trng lin tc hng nm.Vit Nam xut khu nm 2006 t 3,348 t USD,

vikhi lng811.510 tn.Trong xut khu tm Vit Nam nm 2006

t 158.447 tn v gi tr kim ngch xut khu t 1.460,586 triu USD

gim 0,5% v sn lng nhng tng 6,5% v gi tr. Cc sn phm ch bin

t tm c mt trn 70 th trng khp cc chu lc trn Th gii. Tm

c gi tr dinh dng cao, t chc c tht rn chc, c mi v thm ngon

c trng hp dn.[2]

Tm thuc h gip xc, b mi chn trong quan trng nht l

cc loi tm: tm st, tm he, tm hm, tm vl loi hi sn c gi tr

xut khu hng u VitNam. Bn cnh sn lng tm khai thc t nhin,

sn lng tm nui Vit Nam nichungtng ln nhanh chng,l ngun

nguyn liu chnh cung cp cho cc nh my ch bin xut khu thu sn.

-Tm bin ngy nay khng nhng l mn n quen thuc i vi ngi

dn Vit Nam m cn c gi tr trn th trng th gii. Tuy nhin sn

lng khai thc phn ln l c trung bnh hoc l c nh, c ln ch yu

t20- 30 con/ kg hoc ln hn nhng khi lng khng ng k.

Ma v khai thc ch yu ca tm bin t thng 2 n thng 11 hng

nm.

-Tm nui: ngh nui tm v ang c pht trin mnh v mang

li hiu qu kinh t cao i vi xut khu thu sn. Ngoi tm s c nui

ph bin, tm chn trng hin nay cng v ang c u t nui vi


16/91

-6-

quy m ln to thm ngun nguyn liuphc v xut khu v tiu th

ni a.

Ma vthu hoch tm nui ri rc t thng 4 n thng9. Chnh v

sn lng cao nht vo thng 5, 6.

C hn 50 mt hng tm ng lnh xut khu, c ch bin di

nhiu dng sn phm khc nhau nh ti sng, ng lnh, cc sn phm

ch bin sn, ch bin n lin, cc sn phm phi ch, cc sn phm kh,

ng hp, ln men chua

1.2.2. Cu to chung ca tm

Con tm gm c hai phn:

Phn trc l u v ngc.

Phn sau l thn.

u tm c cu to: mt c cung, chn phn t, c hai i ru xc

tc. Phn u ngc c 4 t c bao bc bng gip u ngc, 3 i chn

ngc u tin bin ho thnh chn hm, dng n thc n v iu tit

dng nc chy qua khoang ming, nm i chn ngc cn li bin thnh

chn b, khng phn nhnh kp. Mt s loi tm c i chn trc pht

trin thnh km rt kho, dng t v dng bt mi, hu nh tt c cc

c quan ni tng u nm pha trc u ngc.

Phn thn tm gm 7 t, c 7 i chn phn thnh 2 nhnh, t cui

cng hp vi chn bi to thnh ui lm chc nng bnh li, qut nc.


17/91

-7-

Bng 1: Thnh phn % khi lngca mt s loi tm.[9]

Loi tm Tht tm u V

Tm s 59,70 31,40 8,09

Tm ch 57,36 31,55 11,09

Tm st 56,43 31,95 11,62

Tm th 60,00 31,00 9,00

Tm hm 39,57 52,20 8,39

Tm cng 27,64 63,40 11,62

Tm ro 12,10 31,75 12,10

Tm he 60,20 29,80 10,00

1.2.3. Thnh phn ho hc ca tm

1.2.3.1. Khi qut chung

Thnh phn ho hc ca c tht tm gm c: nc, protit, lipit,

gluxit, cht khong, vitamin, enzym, hoocmon. Nhng thnh phn tng

i nhiu l: nc, protit, lipit, cht khong. Hm lng gluxit trong tm

tng i t v tn ti di dngglycogen.

Thnh phn ho hc ca tm thng khc nhau theo ging loi.

Trong cng mt loi nhng hon cnh sinh sng khc nhau th thnh phn

ho hc khc nhau. Ngoi ra thnh phn ho hc ca tm cn ph thuc

nhiu vo trng thi sinh l, ma v, thi titS khc nhau v thnh phn

ho hc v s bin i ca chng lm nh hng rt ln n mi v v gi

tr dinh dng ca sn phm.


18/91


19/91

-9-

1.2.3.3. Protein

C tht tm chakhong1325% protein. Hm lng ny binthin

tu theo ging loi v iu kin dinh dngv loi tht tm.

Protein ca c tht tm chia thnh 3 nhm:

+ Protein cu trc: (actin, myosin, tropomyosin, actomyosin) chim

khong 7080% tng hm lng protein. Cc protein ho tan trong dung

dch mui trung tnh vi nng ion kh cao (0,5M).

+Protein tng c: (myoalbumin, globulin, cc enzym) chng ho

tan trong dung dch mui trung tnh c hm nng ion thp (0,15 M).Nhm ny chim khong 25 30 % protein.

+Protein m lin kt: im ng in caprotein tm vo khongpH

= 4,55,5. pH ny cc protein trung tnh v in v km a nc so

vi trng thi ion ho,iu c ngha l lc lin kt nc v ho tan

im cc tiu.Nu pH cao hn hoc thp hn im ng in th ho

tan s tng ln.T l gia cc loi protein ny ph thuc vo s pht trin gii tnh

ca tm v chng dao ng trong sut chu k sinh trng.

1.2.3.4. Thnh phncc axit amin

Tm l thc phm kh giu axit amin, c bit l cc axit amin

khng thay th. Gi tr dinh dng ca tm cao cng chnh nh cc axitamin ny. Hm lng cc axit amin trong tht mt s loi tm c trnh

by trn bng sau:


20/91

-10-

Bng 3: Thnh phn axit amin ca mt s loi tm.[9]

Hm lng axit amin( mg/100g)

Loi axit amin T do Tng s

Asparagin

Threonin

Serin

Axit glutamic

Prolin

Glyxin

Alanin

CysteinValin

Methionin

Isoleucin

Leucin

Tyrosin

PhenylalaninLycin

HistidinArginin

Ornithin

Taurin

10

15

11

41

71

526

90

-23

19

17

37

14

1827

6181

29

46

-

382,0

992,2

1033,0

522,0

673,3

623,4

23,8330,6

212,5

-

333,9

240,0

108,2869,2

316,71375,8

-

-

1.2.3.5. Lipit

M c ca tm cha khong 0,05-3% lipit m thnh phn ch yu l

phospholipit.

Phosphatidyl chlorin v cholesterol l loi phospholipit v loi lipit

trung tnh chim t trng kh ln trong c tht tm. Trong thnh phn ca

cc axit bo cc sphigomyelin chim t l ln nht trong cc axit bo bo

ho. Nhiu nghin cu v thnh phnlipit ca tm tp trung vo hm lng

cholesterol v hm lng axit bo tng s cho thy s khc nhau v ging


21/91

-11-

loi nh hng rt nh n thnh phn cc axit bo v hm lng

cholesterol. Tuy vy,hm lng ca cc axit bo v cholesterol trong tht

tm li chu nh hng ca s thay i ma v, nhit , mi trng nc

sinh sng, iu kin dinh dng v thi kpht trin ca tm.

Thnh phnlipit ca tm c trnh by trn bng sau:

Bng 4 : Cc loi lipit trong 100g tht tm[10]

Loi lipit Khi lng(mg/100g)

Lipit trung tnh 430,7 20,1

Glucolipit 22,8 2,9Photpholipit 724,0 40,7

Tng s 1195,5 63,3

1.2.3.6. Vitamin

Hm lng vitamin trong tht tm c trng theo loi v bin thin

theo ma v. Nhn chung tht tm l thc phm kh giu vitamin.

Hm lng vitamin trong tht tm c trnh by trn bng sau:

Bng 5:Hm lng vitamin trong tht tm[9]

Vitamin n v tnh Hm lng Khong bin thin

Thiamin (g/100g) 41,0 10143

Riboflavin (g/100g) 76,0 13190

Niacin (mg/100g) 2,7 0,74,9

Pyridoxin (g/100g) 66,0 16125Axit pantothenic (g/100g) 278,0 165372

Biotin (g/100g) 1,0 -

Axit folic (g/100g) 5,2 3,07,4

Cobalamin (g/100g) 3,8 0,98,1

Axit ascorbic (mg/100g) 1,5 1,03,0


22/91

-12-

1.2.3.7. Cht khong

Tm l thc phm rt giu cht khong. Hm lng cht khongc

trong tht tm bin thin trong khong 0,61,5% khi lng ti. Hm

lng cht khong c trng theo loi v bin thin theo ma,ng thi

hm lng cht khong cn ph thuc vo iu kin v mi trng sng

ca tm.

Thnh phn mt s cht khong trong tht tm c trnh by trn

bngz

Bng6 :Thnh phn mt s cht khong trong tht tm[9]

Hmlng (ppm)Nguyn t

Trung bnh Khong bin thin

KMg

Na

Fe

ZnCu

Mn

Ni

CaP

Cd

Cr

Co

Pb

Hg

519,171750,33

2463,50

364,47

294,3025,33

20,54

4,99

0,480,50

0,40

0,08

1,31

2,12

0,14

392 6301204 2677

1140 3787

336 421,40

1092 47943,20 63,00

7,30 48,04

0,72 20,73

0,34 0.630,30 0,84

0,01 0,10

0,01 0,20

0,71 1,91

0,35 3,89

0,12 0,15

1.2.3.8. m ngm ra

Trong tht tm cha mt lng ln m phiprotein khcao. Tht tm

v cc loi gip xc khng c creatin nhng li c rt nhiu axit amin tdo,

axit monoamin, axit diamin, c bit l argimin (photphoarginin) c chc


23/91

-13-

nng nh arginin (creatin photphat) to ra mt ngun nng lng hot ng

ca c.

Theo quy lut chung hm lng cht ngm ra ca ng vt bc thp

nhiu hn ng vt bc cao. V vy cht ngm ra trong tm nhiu hn

trong c v ph thuc vo ging loi, tui tc, ma v, iu kin sinh sng.

V mt dinh dng cht ngm ra khng c ngha ln lm, nhng

v mt cm quan th rt ln v n l cht to mi, v c trng quyt nh

s thm ngon ca sn phm, hp dn khch hng, kch thch tng cng

tiu ho. ng v mtsinh l hc, cc cht ngm ra c kh nng iu hop sut thm thu thch nghi vi mi trng sng xung quanh. c im

khng c li ca cht ngm ra l lm kh bo qun nguyn liu v n l

mi trng sng rt tt cho vi sinh vt, khi cht ngmra cng nhiu th tc

thi ra cng nhanh nn kh nng bo qun kh kh khn. Lng cht

ngmra nhiu hay t u c tnh cht quyt nh n gi tr ca sn phm.

1.2.3.9. Sc t ca tmCc loi gip xc khi gia nhit nh luc, hp, nu hoc dng axit v

c, ru ngm th chng s bin thnh mu , sc t gi l astaxin.

Astaxin l sn phm ca qu trnh oxy ho astaxanthin. Astaxanthin l

caroten c tnh axit v tc dng vi ru to ra mui nhng loi mui

ny khng n nh. Trong khng kh astaxanthin b oxyho thnh astaxin.

Trong v tht tm astaxathin tham gia vo thnh phn lipoprotein gil cyanin. Thng qua s bin mu ca sc t trn v tm ta nh gi c

cht lng ca nguyn liu thc phm.

1.2.4. Gi tr dinh dng ca tm

Nh gii thiu trn tm c tr lng ln, c gi tr xut khu

cao c v cht lng v s lng.


24/91

-14-

Tht tm thm ngon, giu cht dinh dng v d tiu ho, giu

khong v cha mt lng vitamin ng k cn thit i vi s sng ca c

th con ngi, c bit trong tht tm cha hu ht cc axit amin khng

thay th (ch thiu leucin) do , tht tm c nh gi l thc phm c

dinh dng cao, hn na c hm lng lipit rt t, y l thc phm c

a chung nht i vi ngi n king.

1.3.CC NGUYN VT LIU PHCHO VO SN PHM CHTM

1.3.1. M heo

M ng vt gm cc este ca axit bo vi glycerin, sterol, ru loi

cao v nhiu thnh phn khc.

m heo th m v cht bo thng tp trung ch yu ti cc m

m d tr nh: m l, m phn. Ngoi ra cng tham gia vo thnh phn

cu trc ca mi t bo.

Mc ch ca vic bsung thm m phn vo l nhm h gi thnh

sn phm, tng kh nng to gel, v tng thm gi tr dinh dng cho sn

phm.Tuy nhin nu hm lng m nhiu s lm cho sn phm c v bo

ngy m ng thi li khng m bo v gi tr kinh t.

1.3.2. Du n

Du n dng trong sn xut ch tm thng dng l du thc vt.

Khi b sung du n vo sn phm s ngn cn cu trc dng bt, tng kh

nng to gel protein v tng tnh n nh ca gel protein. Tuy nhin lng

du cho vo ch trong mt khong thch hp, khi vt khong ny s lm

cho kh nng to gel b gim,sn phm b nho.

Mt khc, xt v mt dinh dng hm lng du n b sung vo s

lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm nhng v mt kinh t, cng nh

v mt cht lng sn phm th ch nn b sung vi mt lng thch hp

m cc ch tiu v mt cht lng vn cn c m bo.


25/91

-15-

1.3.3.Bt bp

y cng chnh l cht ph gia khng th thiu c trong sn xut

ch tm.Bt bp cho vo sn phm lm tng do dai, dnh kt bi v

bt bpc cc ctnh sau: c kh nng hp th nc tt do tinh bt c cu

trc l xp nn khi tng tc vi cc cht ho tan s c tc dng hp th.

Khi m ca khng khl 73% bt bp ckh nng ht m ln ti 10,33%,

cn nu m l 100% kh nng ht m ln ti 20,93%. Nh vo c tnh

ny m cc ht tinh bt di tc dng ca nhit v m s ht nc v trng

phng lm sn phm t hao ht trng lng, lc ny nht huyn ph cngtng ln lm tng kt dnh ca sn phm.Hn na, bt bp cn c kh

nng ng to gel vi protein, khi trng thi nguicc phn t tinh bt s

tng tc vi nhau v sp xp li thnh mng li khng gian ba chiulm

cho sn phm c do,dai, n hi tt.Ngoi ra, bt bp cn tham gia to

hnh cho sn phm hnh dng phong ph da dng.

1.3.4. Polyphotphat

Polyphotphat cho vo sn phm c tc dng lm hot ho protein,

ko pH v gn im trung tnh v pH ny th protein catht tmc kh

nng lin kt tt vi nc, m, tinh bt, hnh thnh mng li gel vng

chc. Mt khc, mui ny c phn t lng ln tham gia phn gii

actomyozin thnh actin v myozin v nhiu axit amin mch nhnh.Do ,

n c tc dng hydrat ho rt mnh nn ho tan protein tng ln v tnh

ngm nc tng ln.

1.3.5. ng saccaroza

Saccaroza l loi ng ph bin trong thin nhin, chng tn ti

nhiu trong ma, c ci ng. Saccaroza l loi ng rt d ha tan, n

c ngha cc k quan trng i vi dinh dng ca con ngi. Saccaroza


26/91

-16-

l mt loi disaccarit c to thnh t hai monosaccarit l glucoza v

frutoza lin kt vi nhau nh hai nhm(OH) glucozit ca chng.s

Trong ch binthc phm ni chung ng tham gia vo qu trnh to v ngt

du cho sn phm, ngoi ra cn tham gia vo qu trnh to mu sc v mi thm cho sn

phm khi gia nhit nh phn ng caramen, phn ng melanoidin, phn ng quinonamin.

1.3.6. Mui n

Cng thc ha hc: NaCl

Mui l thnh phn khng th thiu c trong khu phn n ca

con ngi. Mui tham gia vo qu trnh to v m cho thc phm, ng

thi mui cn c tc dng phng thi. Do gp phn ko di thi gian

bo qun cho thc phm.Nng mui cng cao c tnh st khun mnh

hn, song khng th p vi nng cao c v thc phm s mn v

lm hao ht trng lng do mt nhiu nc.

1.3.7. Bt ngt

Bt ngt l thnh phn khng th thiu trong cc sn phm thc

phm. N ng vai tr c bit trong thc phm v bt ngt c v c trng

s to cho sn phm c v r rt lm sn phm ngon hn. Ngoi ra bt ngt

cn c dng di dng axit iu tr mt s bnh suy nhc, teo bp

tht

Bt ngt l mui natri ca axit glutamic, mt trong nhng monoaxit

c tm thy trong t nhin, l mt axit amin quan trng tham gia cu to

nn protein ca ngi v ng vt. Ngy nay, bt ngt c sn xut nh

qu trnh ln men tng t nh qu trnh ln men sn xut bia, ru t

ngun nguyn liu ch yu nh: b ma, bt sn.


27/91

-17-

Natri glutamat l tinh th mu trng c v mn, hi ngt, ho tan

nhiu trong nc.Vca natriglutamat c th cm thy khi pha long

trong nc l 1/3000. Khi sn phm c axit thp: pH = 5-5,6 th v ca

natri glutamat nhn thy r nht. Trong mi trngaxit cao, khi pH = 4 th

v ca n mt i.

1.3.8. Tiu

Tn khoa hc:Pipernigrum L.

Thuc h h tiu: Piperaceae

Trong tiu c 1,5% n2% l tinh du, c t 5-9% l piperin, v 2,2-

2,3% l chanxi, piperricin t0,5-1%. Thnh phn cay thm ch yu l do

piperin, v chanxi to nn. Ngoi ra trong tiu cn c 8%cht bo, 36%

tinh bt; 4,5% tro. Do vy, khi cho tiu vo trong thc phm s to ra v

cay, thm tng hng v, to s hp dn cho sn phm.Ngoi ra tiu cn

c tc dng tiu ho v tnh st khun nn gp phn vo lm tng thi hn

bo qun sn phm.

1.3.9. Hnh

Hnh c tn khoa hc:Allium fisfulosuml

Thuc h hnh ti Liliaceae

Bng thnh phn v hm lng mtscht trong hnh

Bng7: Thnh phnv hm lng mt s cht trong hnh[9]Thnhphn

Nc Protein Gluxit Khong XenlulozaVitamin

B1Vitamin

B2Vitamin

C

Hmlng

86% 1,2% 11% 0,4% 0,6% 0,08%mg

0,01%mg

11%mg

Hnh c mi thm c trng, thnh phn cay thm chyu ca hnh

l diallyl disulfit. Ngoi ra cn c allyunfit c mi hi.


28/91

-18-

Trong hnh cn cha cht st trng thc vt (phitonxit) tng i mnh

l allysin, cht ny ch cn mt lng rt t 10-4l c tc dng st trng.

V vy, hnh c tc dng to mi thm cho sn phm ng thi gp

phn vo vic bo qun sn phm.

1.3.10. t

Tn khoa hc: Capsium annuuml

Thuc h c: Solanaceae

t l loitri cy c v cay nng v dng lm gia v rt ph bin trn

th gii. cc vng ng Nam hay Trung , t c trong hu ht cc

mn n mi gia nh. Dng t vi hm lng va phi s lm tng v

ngon cho thcphm ng thi kch thch s tiu ha.

Thnh phn ca tc cc cht ch yu nh sau:

- Capsicain l mt ancanoit tn ti khong 0,05- 2% qu t.

chnh l thnh phn to cay ch yu cho t.

- Capsanthin l chtmu, dng tinh th thuc hcarotenoit

- Vitamin C chim khong 0,8- 1,08%.

Tc dng: To v cay, kch thch tiu ha, tocm gic ngon ming.

1.4. KH NNG TO GEL CA PROTEIN

1.4.1. nh ngha

Kh nng to gel l trng thi ca cc phn t protein sau khi b bin

tnh chui polypeptit sp xp li mt cch c trt tto ra cu trc khng

gian ba chiu dng mng li.

1.4.2. Tnh cht gel ca protein

Kh nng to gel ca protein l mt trong nhng chc nng rt quan

trng ca nhiu h thngprotein, ng vai tr ch yu trong vic to cu


29/91

-19-

trc hnh thi cng l c s ca nhiu sn phm nh: phomat,

kamoboko, gi, ch, gel gelatin, u ph, bt nho lm bnh m hoc cc

sn phm tht gi t protein thc vt, cc sn phm m phng t protein

cl nhng tiu chun c cu trcgel.

Kh nng to gel ca protein chng nhng c s dng to

cng, n hicho mt s thc phm m cn ci bin c kh nng hp

th nc, to dy, to lc lin kt, gia cc tiu phn cng nh lm

bn nh tng v bt.

1.4.3.iu kin to gel

C nhiu cch qu trnh to gel xy ra nh: gia nhit, lm lnh,

axit ho nh,b xung Ca2+, x l bng enzym hay kim ho nh.i vi

sn phm ch tm qu trnh to gel xy ra ch yu dng tc ng c

hc(nghin gi). Qu trnh nghin gi lin tc khng ct t mch protein

m lm ph hu cu trc bc cao caprotein to ra s ma st trt ni phn

t,hnh thnh cc lin kt nt mng li gel.

1.4.4. C ch to gel

C ch v cc tng tc c lin quan n vic hnh thnh mng

protein 3 chiu c trng cho gel hin cha hnh thnh r. Nhiu nghin

cu ch r rng cn c giai on bin tnh v gin mch(ph v cu trc

bc cao 2, 3, 4 ca protein) xy ra trc giai on tng tc gia protein-protein v tp hp phn t.

Khi cc phn t protein b bin tnh th cc cu trc bc cao b ph

hu, lin kt gia cc phn t b t, mch peptit b gin ra, cc nhm

mch bn caaxitamin trc n pha trong by gi xut hin ra ngoi.Cc

mch polypeptit b duira (trong iu kin gia cng nht nh) tr nn

gn nhau, tip xc vi nhau lm cho ni lc ma st tng v lin kt li vi


30/91

-20-

nhau m mi v tr tip xc lithnh mt nt,phn cn li hnh thnh mng

li khng gian ba chiu v nh hnh, trong c cha y pha phn tn

l nc.

Cc nt mng li c th to ra do lc tng tc gia cc nhm a

bo. Khi cc nhm a bo gn nhau tng tc vi nhau hnh thnh cc lin

kt a bo(cu bo). Tng tc a bo c tng cng khi tng nhit ,

lm cc mchpolypeptit st li vi nhau hn do lm khi gel cng hn.

Nt mng licngto ra do lin kt hydro gia cc nhm peptit vi

nhau, gia cc nhm OH ca serin, treonin, tyzozin vi cc nhmCOOH ca axit glutamic hoc axit aspatic. Lin kt hydro l lin kt yu,

to ra do linh ng mt mc no gia cc phn t vi nhau,do

lm cho gel c do nht nh.Khi gia nhit cc lin kt hydro b t v

gel b nng chy ra.Khi ngui (v nht l gn 00C) cu anhydro li ti

lp cng c tng cng.

Cc nt li trong gel cng c th do cc lin kt gia cc nhm tchin ngc du hoc do lin kt gia cc nhm tch in cng du qua cc

lin kt ion a ho tr nh ion Ca2+.

Cc nt li cn c th do cc lin kt disunfua to nn. Trng hp

ny, gel rt chc chn.

Cc protein cng c th to gel bng cch cho tng tc vi cc cht

ng to gel nh ccpolysacarit, lm thnh cu ni gia cc ht, do gelto ra c cng v n hi cao hn.

Tm li: c ch ca qu trnh to gel gm 3 giai on

Giai on 1: protein b bin tnh phn ly to ra cc tiu phn (tiu

n v, di n v) y l giai on chuyn cu trc bc 4 ca protein v

cu trc bc 3.


31/91

-21-

Giai on2: y l giai on bin tnh protein mt cch su sc,

cc protein tho xon, gin mch ton phn (y l giai on ph v cu

trc bc 2 v bc 3).

Giai on 3: y l giai on tc ng mch protein tp hp li

vi nhau thnh mng li khng gian 3 chiu.

Nh vy giai on tp hp cng chm so vi giai on bin tnh th

cng c iu kin cho mch polypeptit c gin xon v nh lng sp

xp li trc khi tp hp.Do vy, cc gel c to thnh c trt t ng

u, trng mnh, n hi, trong sut hn cc gel c hnh thnh khiprotein cha c gin mch hon ton (cc gel ny sau khi to thnh

thng c cu trc th, c, km n hi, khi bo qun d b tch dch.


32/91

-22-

Chng 2:I TNGV PHNG PHP

NGHIN CU

2.1. I TNG NGHIN CU

2.1.1 Nguyn vt liu chnh: tm tht vn

Dng tm b loira trong qu trnh ch bin cc mt hng tm xut

khu. Tuy nhin nguyn liu khng n nng, tt nht nn dng tm cn

ti (c th b dp nt ) v cha qua cng on x l ho cht. V tm quacng on x l ho cht thng cho sn phm khng t cht lng v rt

kh khn cho cng ontogel.

Tm tht vn ny c th qua cng on cp ng v bo qun

ng trong trng hpngun nguyn liu tm tht vn cha s lng

nh my tin hnh sn xut ch hoc cha c iu kin ch bin ch kp

thi th cn phi tin hnh r ng trc khi tin hnh cc cng on trongquy trnh.

2.1.2. Nguyn vt liu ph

*M phn

M phn c mua t ngoi ch v, khng c mi hi kht v c

mi i kht l c s oxy ha. Tuyt i khng s dng m t tht ln b

m,bnh heo tai xanh hay l mm long mnghoctht ln lu sau

khi git mv m phi c mu trng ng.

*Bt bp

Bt bp s dng trong snxut l bt bp thng, c nhit h ho

65-72%.


33/91

-23-

Bng 8:Cc yu c u k thut ca bt bp s dng trong c h bin thc phm [8]

Cc ch tiu Mc cht lng

-Trng thi

-Mu sc

-Mi v

-Hm lng m

-Tro khng tan trong nc

-Ti, mn, khng ln tp cht, ht bt phi nhhn 0.1mm.

-Mu trng hay vng, khng b en.

-Mi c trng ca bt bp, khng c mi l.

< 11%

< 6g/kg

*Du n

Du n dng trong qu trnh sn xut ch tm l du thc vt.m

bo cc tiu chun cht lng du n dng trong ch bin thc phm.

Du n dng trong sn xut ch tm l duNeptune.

*PolyphotphatPolyphotphat c tn thng mi l Tari.

Polyphotphat s dng trong sn xut dng kt tinh mu trng, c

cng thc l: Na2HPO4.12H2O.

Liu lng polyphotphat s dng trong thc phm l khng qu 0,3-

0,5%

*MuiMui phi t TCVN3973- 84.


34/91

-24-

Bng9 :Ch tiu ca mui dng trong snxut [8]

Tn ch tiu Mc cht lng

A. Cm quan- Mu sc

- Mi v

- Dng bn ngoi v c ht

-Trng trong, trng

-Khng mi, dch 5%c v mn thunkhit, khng c v l.

-Kh ro, ti u, trng sch, c ht t1-1,5mm (TRS l nh bn 0,45mm)

B. Ho hc

- Hm lng NaCl tnh theo khi lng

kh.- Hm lng cht khng tan trong nctheo % khi lng kh.

Ln hn 97%

Nh hn 0,25%

*ng

Saccaroza l mt loi ng diasaccarit cu to t glucoza v

fructoza lin kt vi nhau nh nhm (OH) glucozit ca chng. Saccaroza

khng c tnh khBng 10 : Ch tiu cht lng ng tinh luyn ( TCVN 1695 87)[8]

ng tinh luyn

A. Tiu chun cm quan

Hnh dng: Dngtinh th, tng i ng u, ti, kh, khng vn cc.

Mi v: Tinh th cng nh dung dch nc ct c v ngt, khng c mi vl.

Mu sc: Tt c tinh th trng nh, khi pha trong nc ct, dung dchng trong sut.B. Tiu chun ho hc:

m < 0,05%

Hm lng ng kh


35/91

-25-

*Bt ngt:

Natri glutamat: C5H8NONa

HOOC-CH2-CH2-CHNH2-COONa.H2O

Natri glutamat tn ti di dng tinh th trng, c v ngt ca tht, c

kh nng ho tan trong nc, im u v ca natri glutamatl 0,03% pH

= 5-6,5 th hin v r nht, khi pH 80%

18%


36/91

-26-

Hnh dng trong sn xut ch l hnh tm, c mi thm c trng, c

cn nguyn vn, khng b su mt v ln tp cht.

* t

t cho vo sn phm to v cay v c mi thm cho sn phm, kch

thch tiu ha, n ngon ming.

t dng trong sn xut ch l t thc, c mua ngoi ch v, qu

chn , cn nguyn vn, khng b dp hay b su mt.

*Tiu

Tn khoa hc :pipermigruml

Thuc h tiu:piperaceae

Bng12: Yu cu k thut ca ht t iu dng trong ch

bin(TCVN 5387-1994 )[8]

Bt tiu en v trng

A. Ch tiu cm quan cho bt tiu en v trng

- Trng thi: mn, khng ln tp cht,c ht < 0.2mm- Mu sc tu thuc theo bt tiu trng hay en m c mu vng ng hoc xanh.

- Mi v: cay hng t nhin, c mi thm c trng, khng c mi mc, mi l.

B. Ch tiu ho hc Bt tiu en Bt tiu trng

Hm lng m (% khi lng )

Cht khng bay hi, chit c

(% khi lng kh)

Hm lng pipernin (% khi

lng kh)

Tro tng s(% khi lng kh)

Tro khng tan trong axit (% khi

lng kh)

Ch s khng ho tan (% khi

lng kh).

< 13

>6

>1


37/91

-27-

2.2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.2.1S quytrnh cng ngh sn xut ch tm d kin

Tm tht vn

X l

Ra

Cp ng

R ng

Cn

Xays b

Phi trn

Nghin gi

nh hnh

Rn

ngui

Xp khay

Cp ng

Bao gi ht chn khng

Bo qun


38/91

-28-

2.2.2.Thuyt minh quy trnh

*Nguyn liu: Tm tht vn

Nguyn liu chnh dng trong sn xut ch tm l tm tht vn. Cht

lng ca nguyn liu l yu t hng u nh hng ln n cht lng sn

phm, nguyn liu c cht lng tt th sn phm c cht lng tt v

ngc li. Sn phm ny c to ra bi thnh phn chnh l tm tht c

loi ra t qu trnh ch bin tm xut khu ch yu l tm b t gy trong

qu trnh x l, b dp hay b chy lnhkhng t tiu chun ch bin

tm xut khu.Tt nht nn dng tm vn cn ti v khng qua cng on x l

ho cht no c.

*X l nguyn liu

Mc ch: loi tp cht l nhng thnh phn khng n c (v,

rut, phn nguyn liu b h thi, rc ri) nhm lm tng gi tr dinh

dng, tng gi tr cm quan, tng an ton v v sinh thc phm.

Tin hnh: dng dao sc x lng tm ly rut cn st li. Trong

cng on ny cn loi b nhng thnh phn c coi l tp cht khc.

Yu cu: thao tc phi nhanh, tm x l xong phi a ngay vo

cng on k tip hoc bo qun lnh, trnh tnh trng nguyn liu b tn

ng trn bn ch bin v nguyn liu lc ny rt d b h hng di tc

dng ca vi sinh vt v enzym ni ti c sn trong cu trc tht tm.

* Ra

Cho tm loi tp cht vo ra k trong nc sch.

Mc ch: cng on ny rt quan trng v n ng vai tr loi bt

mt lng ln vi sinh vt v cc thnh phn khc cn bm dnh trong

nguyn liu.


39/91

-29-

Tin hnh: dng r ng tm nguyn liu ( qua khu x l) nhng

ngp trong nc sch chun b sn, ta khuy u nguyn liu c

sch u.

* Cp ng

Mc ch: tm tht vn trong trng hp cha s lng em sn

xut ch hay x nghip cha iu kin tin hnh sn xut ch ngay th

cn phi c cp ng v bo qun ng ch ch bin.

Tm tht vn sau khi x l c em i cp ng nhanh nhit

-35 - 400C cho n khi nhit tm sn phm t - 180C v embo qun ng.

* R ng

Tm trc khi tin hnh sn xut ch cn phi c r ng trong

nc lnh a nguyn liu v trng thi mm nhn, toiu kin cho

qu trnh ch bin ch.

*Cn:

Nguyn liu sau khi x l v ra sch ta cho ro nc ri tin

hnh cn nhm xc nh khi lng nguyn vt liu chnh, t xc

nh c t l nguyn vt liu chnh ph trong cng on phi trn ph

gia.

*Xay s b

Xay l qu trnh tc ng c hc lm ph v cu trc ban u ca

nguyn liu, gin cc mch protein, ph v cu trc bccao thnh cc tiu

phn nh.

Thi gian xay c th tin hnh trong thi gian khong 1 - 2 pht.

Hnh, tiu, t, m phn tin hnh xay s b lm nh chng trc

khi tin hnh phi trn ph gia.


40/91

-30-

*Phi trn ph gia

Cc ph gia cho vo sn phm gp phn vo vic to mu, mi, to

cu trc do dai, n hi cho sn phm.

Trc khi phi trn cc ph gia v gia v cn tin hnh cn xc nh

t l cc cht ph gia v gia v so vi nguyn vt liu chnh.

* Nghin gi

Nghin gi l cng on quan trng trongqu trnh to gel. Qu trnh

c thc hin trong mt thi gian nht nh nu qu ngn th li gel

cha hnh thnh, nu qu di th lm nhit tng nh hng n bnnh tng.

Qu trnh nghin gi tc ng c hc lin tc s lm cho cc si actin

trt lin tc ln cc si myozin to ra ni lc ma st lm cu trc bc 2, 3,

4 ca protein b ph v, lin kt gia cc phn t b t, mch peptit b t,

mch peptit b gin ra, cc nhm n pha trong by gi hin ra ngoi. Cc

mch polypeptit b dui ra tr nn gn nhau, tip xc vi nhau v linkt vi nhau to thnh li gel lm cho sn phm ch tm c do, dai,

bn chc.

*nh hnh

Mc ch ca qu trnh nh hnh l to hnh dng cho sn phm, to

nn hp dn ca sn phm.

Sn phm sau khi c xay nhuyn c nh hnh bng cch triu sn phm ra bn ch bin nho trn tng kh nng to gel cho khi sn

phm, sau dng thit b cn u khi tht. Tadng mt khun trn

to hnh cho sn phm.

*Rn

Sn phm nh hnh xong c tin hnh rn ngp trong du.

Mc ch:


41/91

-31-

+ Lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm: khi rn nguyn liu b

mt mt phn nc t do trn b mt lm tng tng i t l cht kh,

ng thi du rn s ngm vo sn phm lm tng hm lng cht bo.

+ Tng gi tr cm quan: to mu sc, mi v c trng cho sn

phm.

+ To v bo cho sn phm.

+ Dit vi sinh v kh enzim.

Du n a vo cho rn cho n khi nhit trong du t yu cu

(thng rn nhit 120 1600C do cn phi iu chnh cho ngn lachy va phi ), ming ch sau khi c nh hnh, cho vo cho du n

un si, tin hnh rn cho n khi ming ch tm c mu vng u l c,

sau vt ra ngui v ro du.

* ngui

Ch tm sau khi rn xong c tin hnh lm ngui, c th lm

ngui t nhin hoc bng qut gi.

Mc ch:

+ ro du rn cho sn phm hn ch cc bin i c hi trong qu

trnh bo qun sn phm.

+Nhm h thp nhit ca to iu kin cho qu trnh xp khay,

cng nh lm gim chi ph nng lng trong qu trnh cp ng.

*Xp khay

Cc ming ch c xp trong khay PS, khi lng mi khay ty

theo yu cu ca khch hng. Khu xp khay cng gp phn lm tng thm

gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.

*Cp ng


42/91

-32-

Cc khay sau khi xp xong c a tp trung ln cc mm nhm,

sau em tin hnh cp ng sn phm nhit - 35 - 450C

Mc ch: nhm bo qun sn phm trong thi gian di. nhit

thp cc enzym b v hot, hn ch cc bin i gy oxy ho, sn phm ca

qu trnh oxy ho lm nh hng n gi tr dinh dng cng nh gi tr

cm quan ca sn phm.

*Bao gi ht chn khng

- Mc ch:

+ Hn ch ti a s tip xc ca sn phm vi khng kh v khi snphm c cha du n (cht bo) s d dng b oxy ho bi khng kh, to

mi kh chu, lm gim gi tr cm quan v gi tr s dng ca sn phm.

+ Ko di thi gian bo qun.

Sn phm cho vo ti PE cch m v tin hnh bao gi bng my ht

chn khng t ng.

* Bo qun

Khi bo qun nn xp cc khay ch vo thng carton n y, dn

kn np thng a vo bo qun ng.ng thng bo qun ng c tc

dng d dng cho khu vn chuyn, bc xp t hao tn nhit lnh. Thi

gian bo qun t lc sn phm c sn xut ra n khi s dng khng qu

6 thng. Khi s dng khch hng r ng khong 15pht v dng du thc

vt chin cc cun ch cho n khi vng u l c.

2.2.3. Phng php nghin cu

xy dng v hon thin quy trnh sn xut, trc ht ti tin hnh

tham kho ti liu nghin cu nhiu mt hng gi ch hi sn khc nhau

nh: bnh m sandwich tm, ch gi duyn hi t tm tht vn v mc vn,

ch c, ch mcv tham kho thm nhiu ti liu khc, t kt qu thc t

ti tin hnh xy dng cng thc phi ch.


43/91

-33-

to ra sn phmhp khu v, tin hnh nghin cu hm lng cc

gia v phi trn vo sn phm bng cch b tr th nghim xc nh t l cc

thnh phn gia v.

to ra sn phm c trng thi c do, dai tin hnh b tr th

nghim xc nh thi gian nghin gi.

nh gi cht lng cm quan dng phng php c in m t

cc ch tiu ca sn phm: mu sc, mi, v, trng thi. T la chn ra

thng s thch hp.

Khi xc nh ch trong mt cng on no ta c nh tt c ccch cn li cc mu ging nhau. C tip tc nh th cho n khi ra sn

phm th thi. Trong mi cng on ta xc nh thngs ti u cho quy

trnh.

bn thnh phm thu c c kt qu kim tra l tng i chnh

xc th trong qu trnh th nghim, mi th nghim phi c thc hin li 3

ln, nu kt qu 3 ln chnh lch nhau trong phm vi cho php (hiu sgia 3 ln khng vt qu 2,5% trung bnh cng ca 3 ln ) th ly kt

qu l trung bnh cng ca 3 ln . Nu kt qu ca 1 ln sai khi qu

mc cho php th phi tin hnh lm thm 1 vi th nghim na xc nh

v loi tr mu (theo TCVN3710- 80).

cho vic nghin cu xc nh t l cc cht phgia c n

gin ta c nh cc thng s sau:* Hnh: 1%

* t : 0,5%

*Polyphotphat: 0,3%

* Mi th nghim c tin hnh vi100 g nguyn liu chnh.

2.2.4. Phng php nh gi cht lng sn phm


44/91

-34-

2.2.4.1. Phng php cm quan nh gi cht lng sn phm ch tm

Theo TCVN 3215-79: Sn phm thc phm - phn tch cm quan-

phng php cho im. Ty thuc loi sn phm m h s quan trng nh

gi cho mi ch tiu khc nhau. Cht lng sn phm ch tm trong qu

trnh nghin cu c xc nh bi ch tiu mi, v, trng thi. i vi ch

tm trng thi ca sn phm l quan trng nht nn ta chn h s quan

trng l 1,2, mu sc ca ch tm c th iu chnh nhn to c nn chn

h s quan trng l 0,8.

Bng 13: H s quan trng cho sn phm ch tm

Tn ch tiu H s quan trng

Mu sc 0.8

Mi 1

V 1

Trng thi 1.2

2.2.4.2.Cc phng php phn tch ha hc+ Xc nh hm lng tro: bng phng php nung.

+ Xc nh hm lng protein: bng phng php Kjeldahl.

+ Xc nh hm lng lipit: bng phng php Soxhlet.

2.2.4.3. Phng php phn tch vi sinh theo TCVN 5287: 1994

+ Tng vi khun hiu kh (Cfu/g)+ Salmonella

+ Staphylococcus aureus

+ Coliforms (Cfu/g)

+ Escherichia coli


45/91

-35-

2.2.5. S b tr th nghim nghin cu cc thng s cho quy trnh

sn xut ch tm.

Tm tht vn

X l

Ra

Cp ng

Rng

Cn

Xay s b

Phi trn

M Bt bp Du n ng Mui Bt ngt Tiu

[4-12%] [2-6%] [2-6%] [1-2%] [0,5-1,5%][0,25-1,25%][0,5-1,5%]

Nghin gi

[5 - 25]

nh hnh

Rn

ngui

nh gi cm quan

Xc nh thng s ti u


46/91

-36-

2.2.5.1. Th nghim xcnh t l m phn

Cho m vo sn phm vi mc ch tng kh nng to gel lm cho

sn phm c do, dai, mm hn. T l m mc d rt t nhng rt quan

trng, to v bo cho sn phm. Nu t l m cho vo qu nhiu s to cm

gic bo ngy khng thch hp. Do , t l m a vo sn phm cn

c nghin cu chn t l thch hp.

Qua vic tham kho kinh nghim sn xut ca mt s c s sn xut

gi ch hi sn ti Qung Ninh v cc ti liu nghin cu ca cc th h

i trc nn chn t l m bin thin t 4- 12% vi t l bc nhy l 2%. xc nh t l m ti u tin hnh c nh cc cht ph gia v gia

v khc thay i t l m phn. C s ca vic la chn t l ph gia v gia

v c nh chng trong qu trnh th nghim l da vo ti liu tham

kho v th hiu ca nhiu ngi.

T l cc ph gia v gia v ta chn tm thi nh sau:

Bng 14: Bng d kincc cht ph gia v gia v ti cng onxc nh t l m phn:

Thnh phn Tl% so vi nguyn liu chnh

ng 1,5

Mui 1,25

Bt ngt 0,75

Hnh 1

t 0,5

Tiu 1

Bt bp 4

Du n 4

Polyphotphat 0,3

Thi gian nghin gi chn tm thi l 15 pht.


47/91

-37-

Th nghim c tin hnh vi 5 mu 4%; 6%; 8%; 10%; 12%. M

phn c em xay s b trc em phi trn vi cc gia v khc v tin

hnh nghin gi, nh hnh, rn, nh gi cm quan cho cht lng sn

phm.

2.2.5.2. Th nghim xc nh t l bt bp

Bt bp l cht ph gia trong sn phm, bt bp cho vo sn phm

gp phn lm tng kh nng to gel cho sn phm. Bt bp di tc dng

ca nhit v m s b h ha, cc ht tinh bt s ht nc vo cc nhm

hydroxyl phn cc s trng phng ln, kt dnh vonhau lm cho nht

tng mnh. Mc d c tc dng tt nh th nhng khi dng cn phi xem

xt tnh ton sao cho t l thch hp v nu t l bt bp qu cao s lm cho

sn phmtr nn kh, cng, b.

T l m c chn ti u th nghim trc.

Cc cht ph gia v gia v s c chn tm thi nh th nghim trc:

Bng 15: Bng d kin cc cht ph gia v gia v ti cng on xc

nh t l bt bp:


ng 1,5

Mui 1,25

Bt ngt 0,75

Hnh 1t 0,5

Tiu 1

Du n 4

Pholyphotphat 0,3

Thi gian nghin gi chn tm thi l 15 pht.


48/91

-38-

Th nghim c tin hnh vi 5 mu, vi t l bt bp bin thin t

2-6% vi t l bc nhy l 1%. Cc mu th nghim ln lt l: 2%; 3%;

4%; 5%; 6%.

Sau khi phi trn, nghin gi nh hnh sn phm,rn, ngui, tin

hnh nh gi cm quan cho cht lng sn phm chn ra t l bt bp ti

u.

2.2.5.3. Th nghim xc nh t l du n b sung

Du nb sung vo vi mc ch:

- Lm tng kh nng to gel protein, s ngn cn cu trc dngbt

v tng cng tnh n nh khi tan bng sn phm.

- Chngdnh cho sn phm trong qu trnh nho trn, nh hnh.

-Tng thm gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm.

T l m v bt bp c chn ti uth nghim trc.

Cc tl ph gia v gia v cchn tm thi nh sau:


nh t ldu n:


ng 1,5

Mui 1,25

Bt ngt 0,75

Hnh 1t 0,5

Tiu 1

Polyphotphat 0,3

Thi gian nghingi chn tm thi 15 pht


49/91

-39-

Th nghim xc nh t l du n c thc hin vi 5 mu. Cc mu

th nghim ln lt l: 2%; 3%; 4%; 5%; 6%.

Cc bc tip theo lm tng t nh th nghim trc sau tin

hnh nh gi cm quan cht lng sn phm chn ra t l du n ti u.

2.2.5.4. Th nghim xc nh t l ng

ng l mt trong nhng gia v chnh quyt nh n cht lng

sn phm. V vy, phi xc nh chnh xc t l ng trong qu trnh phi

trn gia v.

tin hnh xc nh t l ng ta c nh cc cht ph gia v gia

v khc v thay i t l ng.

Tin hnh xc nh t l ng vi 5 mu ln lt l 1%; 1,25%;

1,5%; 1,75%; 2%.

Cc cht ph gia v gia v c chn tm thi nh trc.

Bng 17: Bng d kin cc chtph gia v gia v ti cng on

xc nh t l ng:


Mui 1,25

Bt ngt 0,75

Hnh 1

t 0,5Tiu 1

Polyphotphat 0,3

Chn thi gian nghin gi l 15 pht.

Sau nh hnh em rn v tin hnh nh gi cm quan cht lng

ca sn phm xc nh t l ng ti u.


50/91

-40-

2.2.5.5. Th nghim xc nh t l mui

Da vo cc t l ti u c xc nh trc cng vi cc

thng s c chn tm thi, ta tin hnh th nghim xc nh t l mui

ti u cho sn phm.

Bng 18: Bng d kin t l ph gia v gia vti cng on xc nh t

l mui:


Bt ngt 0,75

Hnh 1t 0,5

Tiu 1

Polyphotphat 0,3

Thi gian nghin ta chn l 15 pht.

Tin hnh xc nh t l mui vi t l ln lt l 0,5%; 0,75%; 1%;

1,25%; 1,5%.

Sau khi sn phm c lm ngui ta tin hnh nh gi cm quan.

T xc nh t l mui ti u.

2.2.5.6. Th nghim xc nh t l bt ngt

C nh cc t lm, bt bp, du n, ng, mui c xc nh

t trc ta tin hnh xc nh t l btngt.

Th nghim c tin hnh vi mu tng ng vi t l bt ngt mi

mu l 0,25%; 0,5%; 0,75%; 1%; 1,25%.

Cc t l ph gia v gia v ta vn chn nh cc th nghim trc.


51/91

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nh t l bt ngt:


Hnh 1

t 0,5

Tiu 1

Polyphotphat 0,3

Thi gian nghin gi ta chn tm thi l 15 pht.

Sau khi rn xong ngui ta tin hnh nh gi cc ch tiu cm

quan. Da vo mu no c tng s im cao nht th c xem l c t l

bt ngtti u.

2.2.5.7. Th nghim xc nh t l tiu

Tiu l mt trong nhng thnh phn khng th thiu trong sn phm

ch bin t tm c, m c bit l cc sn phm ch hi sn. Tiu lm tng

thm gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. V tiu to nn v thm cay,kh mi

tanh,kch thch n ngon ming.

Th nghim xc nh t l tiu c tin hnh vi 5 mu ln lt l:

0,5%; 0,75%; 1%; 1,25%; 1,5%.


nh t l tiu:


Hnh 1

t 0,5

Polyphotphat 0,3

Cc cht ph gia v gia v khc c chn ti u cc th nghim trn.


52/91

-42-

Thi gian nghin gi chn tm thi l 15 pht

2.2.5.8. Th nghim xc nh thi gian nghingi

C nh t l cc cht ph gia v gia v c ti u cc th

nghim trctin hnh th nghim xc nh thi gian nghingi. Thi gian

nghin gi nh hng n kh nng to gel ca sn phm.Nu thi gian

nghin gi qu ngn th li gel cha hnh thnh, cn nu qu di th lm

nhit tng s nh hng n h nh tng. Do vy cn tin hnh xc

nh thi gian nghingi cho thch hp.

Th nghim tin hnh vi 5 mu, thi gian nghin thay i t2 25

pht, vi bc nhy mi th nghim l 5 pht.

Bng 21: Bng d kin t l ph gia v gia v:


Hnh 1

t 0,5

Polyphotphat 0,3

Cc ph gia v gia v khc c chn ti u cc th nghim

trn.

Tin hnh phi trn cc ph gia v gia v, thay i thi gian nghin

gi. Sau khi nghin gi t yu cu th tin hnh rn v ngui v tin

hnh nh gi cc ch tiu cm quan.T xc nh thi gian nghin gi

cho thch hp.


53/91

-43-

Chng 3:KTQU NGHIN CU

V THO LUN


NGHIM XC NH TLM

3.1.1.Ktqu

Sau khi tin hnh th nghim xc nh t l m ta c bng kt qu

nh gi cm quan nh sau.Bng 22: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l m :

A: im cha c h s quan trng

B: H s quan trng

im cm quan

Mu sc Mi V Trng thiMu

T

l %

m A B A B A B A B

Tngim

12

3

4

5

46

8

10

12

4,04,2

4,5

4,5

4,5

0,8

3,23,8

4,6

4,5

4,5

1

3,84,0

4,5

4,2

3,8

1

3,23,8

4,6

4,5

4,2

1,2

14,0415,72

18,22

17,70

16,94


54/91

-44-

10

12

14

16

18

20

4 6 8 10 12

Tl% m

Tngi

mc

mquan

tng im15.72

14.04

18.2217.70

16.94

Hnh 1: th biu din mi quan h gia t l m v im nh gi

cm quan

3.1.2. Tho lun

Qua kt qu nh gi cm quan bng, ta thy:

mu th nghim 1: vi t l m l 5% so vi tng khi lng

nguyn vt liu chnh sn phm c trng thi kh, cng, b, cha c

mm hay do dai, khi n cm gic rt xc.

mu thnghim 2: khi tng t l m ln 6% snphm c mm

mi hn, tuy nhin vn cha t n do nh mong mun.V mu sc,

mi tng i.

Mu 3: vi hm lng m 8% thysn phm c mm, do dai

rt tt. Khi n c v bo va phi, sn phm c mu vng u.

Mu 4,5: tip tc tng hm lng m ln 10%; 12%, sn phm

trng thi mm nho hn do hm lng cht bo b sung vo sn phm qu

nhiu v bn cnh hm lng m cn c mt lng du b sung vo sn

phm. Khi n thy v bo ngy.


55/91

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Qua 5 th nghim trn, th kt qu mu3 l tt nht. V vy t l m

ti u c chn l 8%.


NGHIM XC NH TLBT BP

3.2.1. Kt qu

Bng 23: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l

bt bp:


B: H s quan trng

im cm quan

Mu sc Mi V Trng thiMu T l %

Bt bp A B A B A B A B

Tngim

1

2

34

5

2

3

45

6

4,4

4,4

4,54,2

4,0

0,8

4,0

4,5

4,84,5

4,2

1

4,5

4,5

4,54,5

4,5

1

3,5

4,2

5,04,5

3,8

1,2

15,40

17,26

18,9017,76

15,96


56/91

-46-

10

12

14

16

18

20

2 3 4 5 6

Tlbt bp (%)

Tngi

mc

mquan

tng imcm quan

15.4

17.26

18.9

17.76

15.96

Hnh 2: th biu din miquan h gia t l bt bp v im nh gi

cm quan

3.2.2. Tho lun

Qua kt qu nh gicm quan ta thy t l bt bp cc mu 1 v

mu 2 th sn phm c trng thi kh, km do dai.

Vi t l bt bp mu 3 th sn phm c mi, v v trng thi tt

hn, sn phm do v mm hn.

S d c hin tng nh vy v bt bp di tc dng ca nhit v

m s b h ha lm cho cc ht tinh bt trng phng ln, kt dnh vo

nhau do hpth nc vo nhm hydroxyl phn cc, lc ny nht huyn

ph tinh bt tng mnh.Khi ngui th cc phn t s tng tc vi nhau,

sp xp li mt cch c trt t to gel tinh bt c cu trc mng li

khng gian ba chiu, nh vo c tnh ny sn phm c do, dai hn.

muth nghim 4,5 sn phm c mu sc v mi v km c trng

hn, trng thi chuyn sang kh, cng, b, mt tnh c trng ca sn phm

T l % bt bp


57/91

-47-

do lng bt bp b sung vo nhiu nn s hp th lng ln nc trong

thc phm.

Vi t l bt bp mu 3 c tng s im nh gi cm quan cao

nht. V vy t l bt bp ti u c chn l 4%.


NGHIM XC NH T L DU N

3.3.1. Kt qu

Bng 24: Bng im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t ldu n

A: im cha c h s quan trngB: H s quan trng.

im cm quan


T l %

du n

A B A B A B A B

Tngim

12

3

4

5

23

4

5

6

3,84,0

4,8

4,5

4,5

0,8

3,24,0

5,0

4,5

4,5

1

3,84,2

4,6

4,4

3,6

1

3,64,0

5,0

4,2

3,8

1,2

14,3616,20

19,44

17,54

16,26


58/91

-48-

10

12

14

16

18

20

2 3 4 5 6

Tldu n (%)

Tngi

mc

mquan

Tng im cm quan14.36

16.62

19.44

17.54

16.26

Hnh 3: th biu din mi quan h gia t l du n v im nh gi

cm quan

3.3.2. Tho lun

Du n b sung vo cng nh hng n cht lng ca ch tm.

Lng du n b sung vo ch trong mt khong t l thch hp, khi tng

t l du n ln qu nhiu s lm nh hng n cht lng cm quan thcphm.

T bng kt qu nh gi cm quan ta thy:

cc muth nghim 1, 2,3 cngtng t l du n ta thy sn phm

c trng thi mm hn, do hn. V mu sc v v tng i tt.

Khi tng t l du n ln mu th nghim 4, 5 ta thy sn phmbt

u chuynsang trng thi mm nho, khi n thy c v bo ngy do snphm c b sung mt lng m phn.

Do vy t kt qu nh gi cm quan cht lng sn phm chn t l

du n ti u l 4

T l % du n


59/91

-49-


NGHIM XC NH T L NG

3.4.1. Kt qu

Sau khi tin hnh th nghim xc nh t l ng ta c bng kt qu

nh gi cm quan sau:

Bng 25: Bng im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l ng:


B: H s quan trng

im cm quan

Mu sc Mi V Trng thi

Mu T l

%ng A B A B A B A B

Tng

im

1

2

3

4

5

1,0

1,25

1,5

1,75

2,0

3,6

4,0

4,8

4,5

4,2

0,8

3,2

4,0

5,0

4,5

4,2

1

3,8

4,2

5,0

4,5

4,0

1

3,6

4,0

4,8

4,2

4,0

1,2

14,20

16,20

19,60

17,64

16,36


60/91

-50-

10

12

14

16

18

20

1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2

Tl ng (%)

Tngi

mc

mquan

Tng imcm quan

14.2

16.2

19.6

17.64

16.36

Hnh 4: th biu din mi quan h gia t l ng v im nh gi

cm quan

3.4.2. Tho lun

ng cho vo sn phm c tc dng to v, vngt ca ng s

trung ho vi v mn ca mui v cc v khc to ra v hi ho cho sn

phm. Ngoi ra, ng cn tham gia vo phn ng to mu, mi c trng

cho sn phm.

ng kt hp vi cc protein hoc vi cc sn phm ca protein m

ch yu l axit amin s to thnh phn ng melanoidin. Nng ngcng tng phn ng xy ra cng mnh m, v ngt ca sn phm cng tng.

Tuy nhin, phn ng cng xy ra mnh m sn phm s c mu sc v mi

v km.

Vi t l ng 1% sn phm cha c v hi ho, mu sc, mi v

km c trng.


61/91

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Vi t l ng 1,25% v ca sn phm tng nhng vn cha c

trng ca sn phm.

Vi t l ng 1,5% mu 3 sn phm c mu vng u, mi v

thm ngon hp dn.

Nu tip tc tng t l ng ln 1,75%; 2% v ngt ca ng th

hin r lm cho v ca sn phm khng c hi ho.

Vy t l ng c chn ti u l 1,5% so vi nguyn liu chnh.


NGHIM XC NH T L MUI

3.5.1. Kt qu

Bng 26: Bngim cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l mui


B: H s quan trng.

im cm quan


T l

%

mui A B A B A B A B

Tng

im

1

2

3

4

5

0,5

0,75

1,0

1,25

1,5

4,0

4,2

4,4

4,5

4,2

0,8

3,5

4,0

4,2

4,5

3,5

1

3,8

4,2

4,6

5,0

4,0

1

4,0

4,2

4,5

4,8

4,4

1,2

15,30

16,60

17,72

18,86

16,14


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Hnh 5: th biu din mi quan h gia t l mui v im nh gi

cm quan

3.5.2. Tho lun

Mui cho vo sn phm ch yu c tc dng to v cho sn phm.

Hm lng mui cng cao sn phm c v mn tng ln, ng thi vi hm

lng mui ph hp th cu trc ca sn phm cng n hi, do dai hn

do s chnh lch p sut thm thu tng lm cho s thot nc t trong ra

ngoi cng tng.

T l mui mu 1 l 0,5% so vi nguyn liu chnh th sn phm

c v nht, cha ho ho, sn phm c mu vng v mi thm t nhin cach tm.

cc mu k tip t l mui n tng ln lm v ca sn phm cng

tng, vi t l mui mu 3 th sn phm c v hi ho c trng ca ch

tm v trng thi n hi, do cao.

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5

Tlmui (%)

i

mc

mquan

Tng imcm quan

15.3

16.6

17.72

18.86

16.14


63/91

-53-

Khi t l mui tip tc tng mu4, 5 th sn phm bt u c v

mn v trng thi ca sn phm chuyn sang trng thi kh cng, b do b

mt kh nhiu nc.

Do vy t l mui l 1,25% so vi nguyn liu chnh l ti u


NGHIM XC NH T L BT NGT

3.6.1. Kt qu

Bng 27: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l bt ngt:

A: im cha c h s quan trngB: H s quan trng

im cm quan


T l

%

bt ngt A B A B A B A B

Tng

im

12

3

4

5

0,250,5

0,75

1,0

1,25

4,24,2

4,5

4,0

3,8

0,8

4,64,8

5,0

4,4

4,0

1

4,44,4

4,8

4,5

4,0

1

4,04,2

4,5

4,2

4,2

1,2

17,6017,76

19,60

17,14

15,60


64/91

-54-

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25

Tlbt n gt (%)

i

mc

mquan trng thi

17.6

17.76

19.6

17.14

15.6

Hnh 6: th biu din mi quan h gia t lbt ngt v im nh gi

cm quan

3.6.2. Tho lun

Qua bng kt qu nh gi cm quan xc nh t l bt ngt th ta

thy mu s 3 c tng s im cao nht nn vi t l bt ngt 0,75% so vi

nguyn liu chnh l t l ti u.

Bt ngt t nh hng n mu sc v mi, trng thi ca sn phm.

Bt ngt nh hng ch yu n v ca sn phm, khi tng t l bt ngt ln

th ngt ca sn phm tng ln. Cn v trng thi bt ngt nh hng rt t,

n tham gia vo vic to lin kt hydro to cho sn phm c do.

Vi t lbt ngt mu 1,2 l 0,25% v 0,5% sn phm cha c v

hi ho. Cn t l 0,75% sn phm c v hi ho, mi, trng thi v mu

sc cng tng i tt.

Tip tc tng t l bt ngt ln 1%; 1,25% th v ngt ca sn phm

tng ln nhng hu v khng t nhin, cng tng t l bt ngt ln th c v

khng hi ho.

Do vy, t l bt ngt ti u l 0,75% so vi nguyn liu chnh.


65/91

-55-


NGHIM XC NH T L TIU.

3.7.1. Kt qu

Bng 28: Bng cho im cm quan cc mu th nghim xc nh t l t iu


B: H s quan trng

im cm quanMu sc Mi V Trng thi

Mu T l%

tiu A B A B A B A BTngim

1

2

3

4

5

0,5

0,75

1

1,25

1,5

4,0

4,2

4,5

4,2

3,8

0,8

4,0

4,5

5,0

4,4

3,5

1

4,0

4,5

5,0

4,5

3,5

1

4,5

4,5

4,5

4,5

4,5

1,2

16,60

17,76

19,00

17,66

15,44


66/91

-56-

10

12

14

16

18

20

0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5

Tl ti u (%)

Tngi

mc

mquan tng im

cm quan

16.6

17.76 19 17.66

15.44

Hnh 7: th biu din mi quan h gia t l tiu v im nh gi

cm quan

3.7.2. Tho lun

T kt qu nh gi cm quan ta thy:Khi t l tiu thay i nh hng trc tip n mi v, mu sc ca

sn phm:

Vi t l tiu l 0.5% thy cha to c mi v cho sn phm, sn

phm khi n cm quan thy cn mi tanh.

Vi t l tiu 0,75% thy mi sn phm kh hn, tuy nhin vn cha

c mi v c trng.

Vi mu 3 t l tiu l 1% thy sn phm c mi thm ngon c

trng cho sn phm ch tm.

Vi t l tiu mu 4, mu 5 sn phm c mi hng, nng, v cay.

Mu sc ca sn phm sm hn do nh hng bi mu sc ca tiu.

Nh vychn t l tiu ti u l 1%.


67/91

-57-


NGHIM XC NH THI GIAN NGHIN GI

3.8.1. Kt qu

Bng29: Bng im cm quan xc nh thi gian nghingi

im cm quan

Mu sc Mi V Trng thi

Mu Thi

gian

A B A B A B A B

Tngim

1

2

3

4

5

5

10

15

20

25

4,0

4,5

4,6

4,2

4,0

0,8

4,5

4,5

4,5

4,5

4,5

1

4,8

4,8

4,8

4,8

4,8

1

3,5

4,0

4,5

4,4

4,2

1,2

16,70

17,70

18,38

17,94

17,54


B: H s quan trng


68/91

-58-

10

12

14

16

18

20

5 10 15 20 25

thi g ian nghin gi

Tngi

mc

mquan

Tng imcm quan

16.717.7

18.3817.94

17.54

Hnh 8: Mi quan h gia thi gian nghin gi v im cm quan

3.8.2. Tho lun

cng onnghin gi ta thy thi gian nghin nh hng n mi,

v l khng ng k.M nh hng ch yu n trng thi v mu sc ca

snphm.Mu sc ca sn phmcng xu i khi thi gian nghin gi cng

tng. Cn v trng thi th c thi gian nghin gi thch hp s to nn cu

trc gel tt.

Qu trnh nghin gi s c tc dng vo tht mt lc c hc lin tc,

do tc dng ca lc ny cng vi vai tr ca hm m nn protein b bin

tnh v xut hin cc lin kt to gel. Lc c hc lm cc si actin trt

lin tc ln cc si myozin to ra ni lc ma st, cu trcbc 2,3,4 ca

protein b ph v, protein dui thng ra v xut hin cc nt li gel to

cho sn phm c do dai, bn chc.

Vi thi gian gi mu 1: sn phmkhi n c trng thi kh, b,

xc, khng c do dai, mu vng nht.


69/91

-59-

Mu 2:thy trng thi ca sn phm c tng ln mt cht nhng vn

km. Mu scthay i tt hn,v mi v khng thay i nhiu.

Mu 3: thi gian gi mu ny thy sn phm c do, dai, n

hi tt hn v trng thi ca sn phm cng tt hn,v mu sc vng u,

ng ut nhin c trng cho sn phm chtm.

Mu 4,5:thi gian nghin gi cc mu ny tip tc tng, thy trng

thi ca sn phm km n hi, km do dai do thigian nghin gi qu

lu lm nhit tng ln lm bn ca nh tng km i v mu sc

cng xu i, v mi v khng thay i nhiu.Qua bng kt qu nh gi cm quan ta thy mu 3 c nh gi c

cht lng tt nht nn thi gian nghin gi ti u nht l 15 pht.


70/91

-60-

Chng 4:

QUY TRNH CNG NGH XUT SNXUT CH TM.

4.1. QUY TRNH XUT

Tm tht vn

X l

Ra

Cp ng

R ng

Cn

Xay s b

Phi trn

Nghin gi

nh hnh

Rn

ngui

Xp khay

Cp ng

Bao gi ht chn khng

Bo qun


71/91

-61-

4.2. THUYT MINH QUY TRNH

*Nguyn liu

Nguyn liu chnh dng trong sn xut ch tm l tm tht vn, iu

kin v nguyn liu ch bin ch tm c trnh by trc. Nguyn

liu sau khi x l lm sch cha kp ch bin ngay th tin hnh cp ng

nhit - 35 -400C v bo qun ng nhit -18 - 200C.

* R ng

Mc ch: lm phc hi trng thi catm trc khi lm ng. Mc

phc hi ph thuc vo qu trnh lm ng, bo qun v ph thuc vo

phng php r ng.

C hai phng php r ng: r ng trong khng kh v r ng

trong mi trng nc. Tuy nhin nn rng trong mi trng nc l tt

nht

* Cn

Tin hnh cn nguyn liu v ph gia trc khi xay v phi trn giav theo ng t l nguyn vt liu chnh, ph.

* Xay, phitrngia v

Tm tht vn, hnh, tiu, t, m phn ta tin hnh xl lm sch v

tin hnh xay s b, sau em phi trn cc nguyn vt liu chnh ph

cho ng t l.

* Nghin giy l khu quan trng nht quyt nh n cht lng sn phm ch

tm.

Mc ch: to mm, do, dai cho sn phm, to ra s ng u

nguyn vt liu chnh, ph.

Cc cht ph gia a vo nghin trn phi t tinh khitv c

cht lng cao, vit l nh sau:


72/91

-62-

Bng 30: Bng cng thc cc ph gia v gia v sn xut ch tm.

Ph gia v gia v T l % so vi nguyn liu chnh

M phn

Bt bp

Du n

Polyphotphat

ng

Mui

Bt ngt

Hnh

Tiu

t

8

4

4

0,3

1,5

1,25

0,75

1

1

0,5

Sau khi b sung y cc ph gia ta tin hnh nghin gi cho n

khi cc ph gia c phn tn u v khi ch c trng thi do, qunh li.Theo thc nghim nghin cu th thi gian nghin gi khong 15 pht l

t yu cu.

* nh hnh

Mc ch: to hnh cho sn phm ph hp vi mc ch s dng.

Yu cu: vin ch sau khi nh hnh phi c bng mn, hnch

l ht tiu trn b mt ming ch vin ch c mu vng u sau khi rn.* Rn

Mc ch: lm tng gi tr dinh dng, tng gi tr cm quan, to v

bo cho sn phm, dit vi sinh vt v enzym.

Du n c a vo cho rn cho n khi nhit trong du t

yu cu ( thng rn nhit 120 1600C ), iu chnh ngn la chy

u va phi. Cho cc ming ch tm vo du n ang si, tin hnh rn


73/91


74/91

-64-

Do vic sn xut ch tm c tin hnh trong iu kin th nghim

vi cc dng c, thit b cn n gin nn vic tnh ton tt c ccchi ph

cha c th c.V vy y ch tng hp c cc yu t chi ph trc

tip to thnh sn phm.

Bng 33: Bng c tnh chi ph nguyn vt liu chnh ph .

STT Thnh phn Tl% soviNVL

chnh

Khi lng(g)

ngi(VND)

Trgi(VN)

1

23

4

5

6

7

89

1011

Tm tht vn

M phnBt bpDu nPolyphotphat

ngMui

Bt ngtHnh

Tiut

100

84

4

0,3

1,5

1,25

0,751

10.5

10000

800400

320

30

150

125

750100

50

50.000/ kg

15.000/ kg18.000/kg

18.000/kg

50.000/kg

8.000/ kg

2.000/kg

26.000/kg27.000/kg

52.000/kg

500.000

12.0007.200

9.000

1.500

1.200

250

1.9502.700

2.600

Tng 12.02 537.950

+ Nh vy: Khi lng thnh phm sn xut t 10 kg tht tm l

12,02 kg nhng hao ht trong khu nghin gi nn thnh phm ch t

98,2% (thc nghim).

Do lng sn phm thu c t 10 kg tht tm l:

12,02 0,982 = 11,8

Vy gi thnh cho 1 kg ch tm:

537.950 : 11,8 45,6 ( ng/ kg)

n gi ny ly theo gi c th trng thng 10 nm 2007.


75/91

-65-

4.5. KT LUN V XUT KIN.

4.5.1. Kt lun

Qua cc th nghim xc nh thng s ti u v tnh quy i t l

theo khi lng hn hp nguyn liu chnh, ta c cng thc nguyn liu

ti u nh sau:

Bng 34: Bng cng thc cc ph gia v gia v sn xut ch tm.

Ph gia v gia v T l % so vi nguyn liu chnh

M phn

Bt bp

Du n

Polyphotphat

ng

Mui

Bt ngtHnh

Tiu

t

8

4

4

0,3

1,5

1,25

0,751

1

0,5

Thi gian nghin gi thch hp l 15 pht

Thng qua kt qu kim tra cc ch tiu v ho hc v vi sinh bng

31, 32 th thy sn phm t yu cu v cht lng. V tnh ton s b v

gi c th thy sn phm c gi c tng i ph hp vi ngi tiu dng.

Do vy, c th trin khai a vo sn xut rng ri.


76/91

-66-

4.5.2. xut kinDo iu kin thc tp cn hn ch v thi gian thc hin ti cn

c hn nn ti cha c nghin cu su v cc thng s k thut nh hng

n cht lng sn phm, s bin i ca sn phm ch tm trong qu trnh

bo qun. y ti ch nghin cu mt cch s lc v t l cc cht ph

gia v gia v cho vo sn phm v thi gian nghin gi. Do vy ti rt mong

c s ng gp kin ca cc bn ti ca ti c hon chnh.

i vi cng ty c phn xut nhp khu thy snqung ninh:

Cng ty nn to iu kin my mc trang thit b a vo sn xut

thm cc mt hng gi tr gia tng nh ch mc, ch tm v cc dng sn

phm khc to thm cng n vic lm cho cng nhn v li nhuncho

cng ty.


77/91

-67-

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Y T - Vn phng u ban Codex Vit Nam 1998 - Danh mc tiu

chun v sinh i vi lng thc v thc phm- NXB Khoa hc K Thut

H Ni

2.Bn tin thng mi ca Vasep- Hip hi ch bin v xut khu thy sn-

s 5 nm 2007.

3. [ng Vn Hp] 2006 - Phn tch kim nghim sn phm thy sn -

Trng i Hc Nha Trang

4.L Ngc T - Ho sinh cng nghip NXB Khoa hc k thut H Ni-

2000.

5. L Ngc T - 1994 -Ho hc thc phm- NXB Khoa hc k thut H

Ni.

6. L Vn Tm- 2002-Nghin cu cng ngh sn xut mt s mt hng gi

tr gia tng, xut bin php nng cao cht lng- Lun vn tt nghip -Trng i Hc Nha Trang.

7. Nguyn Trng Cn - Minh Phng 1990 - Cng ngh ch bin thu

sn ( Tp 1)- NXB- Nng nghip H Ni

8. Nguyn Xch Lin 1999 - Ph gia trong ch bin thc phm-B mn

Cng ngh Thc Phm - Trng i Hc K Thut Tp.HCM.

9. Nguyn Vit Dng- 1999 -Nghin cu s bin i ca tm sau khi chtv phng php bo qun tm nguyn liu- Lun vn tin s -Trng i

Hc Thu Sn Nha Trang.

10. PGS.TS Lng c Phm 2000 - Vi sinh vt hc v v sinh an ton

thc phm.-NXB Nng Nghip H Ni; NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni.

11. Trn c Ba 1984 - K thut lnh thc phm- NXB TP .H Ch

Minh.


78/91

-68-

PH LC 1: Hnh nh sn phm ch tm

Hnh nh sn phm ch tm sau cp ng

Hnh nh sn phm ch tm sau khi chin


79/91

-69-

PH LC2: Bng im nh gi cht lng sn phm

Bng 35: Thang im nh gi trng thi ca sn phm ch tm

im M t sn phm Ghi ch

5 Rt do, dai Rt tt

4 Do, dainhngkm hn Tt

3 Do, dai mc chp nhn c t

2 Hi do, c phnkh, cng, b Km

1 Rt km do, dai, kh xc, rt b Rt km

Bng36: Thang im nh gi mi ca sn phm ch tm


5 Sn phm c mi thm ngon hp dn Rt tt

4 Sn phm c mi thm nhng km hn Tt

3 Sn phm c mi t thm, km hi ho t

2 Sn phm khng c mi thm, mi l Km1 Sn phm c mi kh chu, kh chp nhn Rt km

Bng 37: Thang im nh gi mu sc ca sn phm


5 Sn phm c mu vngu c trng ca ch tm Rt tt

4 Sn phm c mu vng km c trng hn Tt

3 Sn phmc mu vng nht, phn b mu sc khng u t

2 Mu l, khng u Km

1 Mu xm hoc en, khng chp nhn c Rt km


80/91

-70-

Bng 38: Thang im nh gi v ca sn phm ch tm

im C s nh gi

5 Sn phm c vhi ha, c trng cho sn phm ch tm.

4 Sn phm c v khng m , cha hon ton c trng casn phmnhng khng c v l.

3 Sn phm c v bo, mn, ngt, cay nng khng hi ha nhng vn chpnhn c.

2 Sn phmb mt cn bng gia cc v qu ln

1 Sn phm c v l, kh chu, khng chp nhn c.

Bng 39: Bng kt qu nh gi cht lng ca sn phm

Tn ch tiu Kt qu

Mu sc Sn phm c mu vng rm, mu sc phn b u.

Mi Mi thm ngon c trng ca sn phm ch tm.

V V hi ha, thm ngon hpdn.

Trng thi Sn phm c do, dai rttt


81/91

-71-

Bng 40: Bng im cm quan xc nh t l m

im ca cc kim nghim

vinMu

Tht

m(%)

Ch tiuA B C D E

TB HSQT Tngim

Mu 5 5 4 3 3 4 0,8 3,20

Mi 3,6 3 3 3,4 3 3,2 1 3,20

V 4 4 3 4 4 3,8 1 3,80

Trng thi 3 3 4 3 3 3,23 1,2 3,84

1 4

Tng cng 14,04

Mu 4 5 4 3 5 4,2 0,8 3,36Mi 4 4 4 3 4 3,8 1 3,80

V 5 3 3 5 4 4 1 4,00

Trng thi 3 4 4 4 4 3,8 1,2 4,56

2 6

Tng cng 15,72

Mu 5 4 5 4 4,5 4,5 0,8 3,60

Mi 4,2 4,2 5

Documents

cha-tom-tu-thit-vun