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Chapter 1. The Microbial World Surprising and stunning Three milk bottles 1. Normal taste 2. Bitter taste – diarrhea 3. Sour – Gooood! How? Microorganism : micro + organism Microbes by Charles S. Sedillot, 1879

Chapter 1. The Microbial World Surprising and stunningwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture/dairy... · 2015. 8. 31. · Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

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Page 1: Chapter 1. The Microbial World Surprising and stunningwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture/dairy... · 2015. 8. 31. · Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

Three milk bottles

1. Normal taste2. Bitter taste – diarrhea3. Sour – Gooood!

How?

Microorganism : micro + organism Microbesby Charles S. Sedillot, 1879

Page 2: Chapter 1. The Microbial World Surprising and stunningwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture/dairy... · 2015. 8. 31. · Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

1. Why microbes matter

- 한 주먹 흙 속의 미생물 : count 1 by second for 33 years- What are they doing, and why are they there?

- 분해자 -> 물질의 순환

- 산소 생성 (광합성)

- 자연환경의 균형유지

- 병원성 (14세기 흑사병, AIDS, etc)

☞ 생물체로서의 미생물의 특징

- 성장을 위한 영양분의 흡수, 소화

- 소화산물의 배설

- 독립적 생식능력

- 환경변화에 대한 적응능력

- 자극에 대한 반응능력

생물계 구성원의 공통특징

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

2. Roots of Microbiology

Anton van Leewenhoek : 네덜란드 상인- 1673, 초기현미경 발명- 1683, 세균언급 논문발표

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

☞ Where were microbes from?

- spontaneous generation (자연발생설)

- 반박 : Francesco Redi(1626 - 1697) -> 구더기 발생에 관한 논문

종이 수건Open

* 미생물자연발생설 : 큰생명체는 불가능하지만 미생물은 가능하다

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

* 미생물자연발생설 : 큰생명체는 불가능하지만 미생물은 가능하다

- 1748, John Needham : 건초, 고기 -> 끓인 후 방치 -> 미생물생성 확인

- 반박 : Louis Pasteur (1861년)- 실험 1 : 공기를 솜으로 filtering -> 솜에서 미생물 발견

결론은 ?

멸균하지 않은 솜

멸균한 배양액

배양액 가열 후 방치

배양액 가열 후 잘라냄

- 실험 2 :

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

Louis Pasteur

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

3. Microbial World

- Microbes are extremely diverse- inhabit most environment on earth

1) Bacteria- diverse shape, habitat

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

2) Virus- diverse shape, habitat

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

3) Protozoa(원생동물)

- differs substantially from bacteria and viruses in structural component

- nuclei, ultramicroscopic cellular body

a : amoeba Naegleria fowleri

인간 수막염

b : protozoan, trypanosome

아프리카 수면병

c : protozoan, Giardia lamblia

인간 설사병

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

4) Algae

- implies a large group of photosynthetic organisms

- plant-like(photosynthetic pigment) but considered microbes(unicellular)

- two group, diatoms(규조류) and dinoflagellates(쌍편모조류)

- several freshwater species, but most found in marine environment

- trap sunlight’s energy -> convert it to carbohydrates’ energy

- trap more energy, use more CO2, produce more O2 than all land plants do

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

5) Fungi

- major decomposers of organic matter on earth

- distinguished from other microbes by physical structure and

the way of obtaining nutrients

-> break down the organic matter by the secreted enzyme and absorb

the molecular particles

-> other microbes take up small molecules directly from the environment

- fungi have close relationship with human society in various ways

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World –Surprising and stunning

Microbes is… by David Perlman, Univ. of Wisconsin

1. The microbe is always right, your friend, and a sensitive partner;

2. There are no stupid microbes;

3. Microbes can and will do anything;

4. Microbes are smarter, wiser, and more energetic than chemists,

engineers, and others; and

5. If you take care of your microbial friends, they will take care of your future

Just guess if there are no more microbes on the earth !!

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

1. Classification and nomenclature of living things- 새로운 생명체의 발견

- 미생물학의 발전

- 체계적인 명명법 필요

☞ Carl von Linne- 1735, binomial name(이명법) 제안

- 특정개체가 속한 Genus(속)에서 이름 유추 + 설명적 형용사

- 개체의 자라는 형태

- 발견자의 이름

- 고전 영웅의 이름

- 개체의 통속명

- 1753, 5,900 식물종에 대해 이명법 적용

- 1759, System Naturae(10th edt) -> 이명법체계를 동물에게 적용

- 미생물 : category of Chaos -> Vermes(고질적 해충)로 분류

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

1) Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

- 1940년대 전자현미경 발명 -> 미생물에 대한 세부구조 관찰

- 미생물에 따른 구조의 차이점 발견

- 미생물을 prokaryotes(원핵생물) 과 eukaryotes(진핵생물)로 분류

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

2) Three Domains (세 영역에 의한 분류)

- 1980년대 Carl Woese (Univ. of Illinois) -> three-domain system 개발

- 현대분자생물학 및 생화학적 기술에 근거

1) Archaea(원시세균영역) : archaea(고세균) 포함

2) Eubacteria(진정세균영역) : 전통적 세균 포함

3) Eukarya(진핵생물영역) : 나머지 모두 포함

- Archaea 와 Eubacteria의 차이점

-> ribosome 내의 RNA 형태

-> 세포벽의 구성성분

-> 특정항생물질에 대한 민감성

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

2. Naming and Measuring Microbes

1) Nomenclature (명명법)- 주어진 개체에 이름을 붙이는 방법

- 1700년대 Carl von Linne 처음 시작

- 분류법과 밀접하게 관련

- 분류체계 : species(종) > genus(속) > family(과) > order(목) > class(강) >

phylum(문) > division(류) > kingdom(계) > Domain

☞ species- a group of closely related organisms- in microorganism : 70% identical of DNA or

mutual content by experienced researchers- plant and animal : a group of organisms that interbreed with one another

and produce new members, which are similar to the parents and are fertile

ex) 고양이, 사자, 호랑이 -> species

▶ 고양이속(genus)

▶ 고양이과(family) -> 고양이속(사자) + 팬더속(팬더)

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

2) Binomial and common names- binomial name : name of genus + species modifier = one name

- ex) Escherichia coli

Escherichia : 미생물체가 속하는 속의 이름

미생물을 발견한 과학자의 이름에서 따옴(1888, Theodor Eschrich)

coli : 미생물을 처음 발견한 장소 colon (대장)에서 유래

- 속명의 첫 글자는 대문자, 나머지와 종수식어는 소문자

- 항상 이탤릭체 혹은 밑줄

- 동일한 글에서 중복 사용할 때 -> 2회째부터 속명의 첫글자는 첫자만 대문자로 표기

ex) E. coli

- 종의 정확한 이름은 binomial name 임

Escherichia coli ≠ Escherichia(속) + coli (종)

☞ common name- frequently used in conversation- Streptococcus pneumoniae -> Pneumococcus

☞ various strains and subspecies : added to the binomial- Escherichia coli O157:H7

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

3) Microbial measurements- micrometer (μm) 단위로 측정

- 1 μm -> 1 inch => 파리 -> Empire State building

- mycoplasma : smallest bacteria -> 0.15 μm diameter

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

4) Microscope- 1276, Rodger Bacon -> magnifying lens

- 1620, Galileo Galilei -> 현미경 제작

- 1673, Anton van Leewenhoek -> 미생물 관찰

- 200 배 확대

☞ Light Microscope(광학현미경)- eyepiece lens(대안렌즈)

- objective lens(대물렌즈)

- substage condenser(집광기)

- 순환형 대물렌즈세트

- 고배율의 경우 immersion oil 사용

-> 렌즈를 통과하는 빛의 양 증가

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

☞ Immersion oil 사용원리

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

☞ Other types of microscope - fluorescence microscope

- electron microscope

- transmission EM (TEM) : 20,000,000 times magnification

- scanning EM (SEM) : 100,000 times

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Chapter 2. Classification of Microbes

5) 미생물학의 범위

- 기초미생물학 : 미생물분리 배양

- 미생물세포학 : 세포구조

- 미생물생리학 : 기능

- 미생물생태학 : 미생물과 서식지의 관계

- “ 유전학 : 유전정보 확인 응용

- “ 분류학 : 분류

- 응용미생물학 -> - 산업미생물

- 식품미생물

- 토양미생물

- 낙농미생물

- 의학미생물

- 환경미생물

- 공중보건미생물

6) 미생물학의 미래

- 인류의 삶이 지속되는 한 주우우욱….

- 신규미생물의 확인 및 응용