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Chapter 1. The Microbial World 1. Normal taste 2. Bitter taste – diarrhea 3. Sour – Gooood! How? Microorganism !!!

Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

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Page 1: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

1. Normal taste2. Bitter taste – diarrhea3. Sour – Gooood!

How?

Microorganism !!!

Page 2: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

Microorganism : micro + organism Microbesby Charles S. Sedillot, 1879

☞ 학습목표

미생물이 농업, 산업, 연구, 환경 등에 미치는 영향

인간의 삶의 질 향상에 미치는 미생물의 예

미생물학의 탄생과 발전

미생물들의 형태 이해

미생물의 다양성

미생물 -> 첫인상, 첫생각?

Page 3: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

1. Why microbes matter

- 한 주먹 흙 속의 미생물 : count 1 by second for 33 years- What are they doing, and why are they there?

- 분해자 -> 물질의 순환

- 산소 생성 (광합성)

- 자연환경의 균형유지

- 병원성 -> 1518년 천연두 유행

스페인 침입 후 아메리카 인구

1억명 중 90% 사망

Where am I ?

Page 4: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

☞ On the farm- 소 장내 미생물 :

- 반추위미생물 : 탄수화물 분해, 발효

- 미생물 살충제

- Bacillus thuringiensis :독성물질 생산 -> 곤충애벌레 살해

- GMO : BT toxin 유전자 지닌 콩

Page 5: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

☞ In the industrial area- 식품 :

- 빵, 발효유, 치즈, 맥주, 전통음식

- 의약 :

- vitamin B,

- 감미료, 향료,

Page 6: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

☞ In the biotechnology- living factories

- gene transfer

- produce vaccine

☞ In the environment- water pollutant

- alleviate pollution -> bioremediation(생물정화) : 중금속, 폭발성 폐기물,

- sewage treatment : 공장폐수처리, 정화조

☞ In the research lab- antibody

- gene transfer

- vaccine

Page 7: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

- 눈결정의 핵 중 85% 이상이 박테리아

- 5oC 에서 눈결정 형성 시작-> 일반 무기물 : -10oC

- 생명체활동이 활발할수록 발견빈도 높음

- 빗물에서도 발견 ->수분덩어리 형성의 핵

- Pseudomonas syringae 가 주미생물 (식물병원균)

- P. syringae를 방제하면?

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

중앙일보 2008. 3. 1

Page 8: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

Page 9: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

세균은 가장 하등한 생물체?

Page 10: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Magnetococcus marinus

Page 11: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

미생물과 인간

Page 12: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)
Page 13: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

< Enterotype >

Page 14: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

(enterotype)

Page 15: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

1. 마른 생쥐 vs 뚱쥐 : 장내균총차이 발견

비만 : Firmicutes(90%) vs Bacteroidetes(3%)정상 : Bacteroidetes (30%)

비만 : Firmicutes(73%) vs Bacteroidetes(15%)

1년 체중감량

2. 돌연변이 비만생쥐 준비

장내세균 제거 -> 마른쥐와 뚱쥐의 장내세균 이식

체지방증가: 27% vs 47%

2주후

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Page 18: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)
Page 19: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

사촌이 땅을 사면 배가 아프다스트레스 받으면 단 것이 땡긴다연애할 때는 단 것 위주로..과민성 대장염

Page 20: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)
Page 21: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

CNS(central nerve system)중추신경계

GBA의 명암

Page 22: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Good Food vs Bad Food

Page 23: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

장 편안하십니까?

Page 24: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

독일 막스플랑크 노화생물학 연구소-> 아프리카 민물고기 청록색

킬리피시 대상

3주 만에 성체 -> 몇 개월 만에 늙어죽음

출생 후 12주 : 선명하던 색소 잃고운동능력과 정신능력 퇴화 시작

암에 걸림

생후 9.5주된 늙은 개체에게항생제를 투여해 장내 미생물을 청소

중년에 해당하는 6주짜리 개체의장내 미생물에 노출

16주가 된 다음에도 중년처럼 팔팔수명도 상당히 늘었다.

미생물 교체하면 회춘?

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Lugdunin

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물 전기분해로 수소, 산소 생산

세균에 의해 수소 + 산소 + CO2 -> 균체 생성

균체 분말 : 단백질(50%), 탄수화물(25%), 지방 핵산(25%)

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Page 29: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

미생물과 IT

Page 30: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

2. Roots of Microbiology

Anton van Leeuwenhoek : 네덜란드 상인- 1673, 초기현미경 발명- 1683, 세균언급 논문발표

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Microscopes

Page 32: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

☞ Where were microbes from?- spontaneous generation (자연발생설)

- 반박 : Francesco Redi(1626 - 1697) -> 구더기 발생에 관한 논문

종이 수건Open

방치 : 구더기 생성종이 : ?수건 : ?결론 : ?

* 미생물자연발생설 : 큰생명체는 불가능하지만 미생물은 가능하다

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

* 미생물자연발생설 : 큰생명체는 불가능하지만 미생물은 가능하다

- 1748, John Needham : 건초, 고기 -> 끓인 후 방치 -> 미생물생성 확인

- 반박 : Louis Pasteur (1861년)- 실험 1 : 공기를 솜으로 filtering -> 솜에서 미생물 발견- 실험 2 :

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

Louis Pasteur

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

Louis Pasteur- germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에 대한 근거 정립

- Pasteurization(저온살균법) 기술 개발

Robert Koch- 1879, germ theory of disease 입증

- 동물의 탄저병 대상 특정미생물과 질병간의 연관성 밝힘

- Koch’s postulates(코흐의 가설) :

Golden age of microbiology(미생물학의 황금기)- 1857, germ theory of disease 제시 이후 1차세계대전 발발 60여년

- 열에 민감한 세균 발견 -> vaccine 의 원리

- 질병의 발생이 toxin 에 기인함 확인 -> antitoxin 발견

- 미생물의 관심이 의학외의 분야로 확대

20 세기 미생물학

- 미생물의 산업적 이용 시작 -> 미생물 이용 유제품생산

- 1930년대 전자현미경 개발 -> 바이러스 연구시작

- 항생제 개발, gene 확인 -> Age of Molecular Genetics 시작

다양한 미생물학 분야 확립

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

Koch’s postulatesKoch’s postulates

=> relate a single microbe to a single disease

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

3. Microbial World

- Microbes are extremely diverse- inhabit most environment on earth

1) Bacteria- diverse shape, habitat

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

2) Virus- diverse shape, habitat

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Chapter 1. The Microbial World

3) Protozoa(원생동물)

- differs substantially from bacteria and viruses in structural component

- nuclei, ultramicroscopic cellular body

a : amoeba Naegleria fowleri

인간 수막염

b : protozoan, trypanosome

아프리카 수면병

c : protozoan, Giardia lamblia

인간 설사병

a bc

Page 41: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

4) Algae

- implies a large group of photosynthetic organisms

- plant-like(photosynthetic pigment) but considered microbes(unicellular)

- two group, diatoms(규조류) and dinoflagellates(쌍편모조류)

- several freshwater species, but most found in marine environment

- trap sunlight’s energy -> convert it to carbohydrates’ energy

- trap more energy, use more CO2, produce more O2 than all land plants do

Page 42: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

5) Fungi

- major decomposers of organic matter on earth

- distinguished from other microbes by physical structure and

the way of obtaining nutrients

-> break down the organic matter by the secreted enzyme and absorb

the molecular particles

-> other microbes take up small molecules directly from the environment

- fungi have close relationship with human society in various ways

Page 43: Chapter 1. The Microbial World - KNUwebbuild.knu.ac.kr/~app-mic/resources/lecture... · 2017-11-16 · Chapter 1. The Microbial World Louis Pasteur-germ theory of disease(미생물병인론)에대한근거정립-Pasteurization(저온살균법)

Chapter 1. The Microbial World

Microbes is… by David Perlman, Univ. of Wisconsin

1. The microbe is always right, your friend, and a sensitive partner;

2. There are no stupid microbes;

3. Microbes can and will do anything;

4. Microbes are smarter, wiser, and more energetic than chemists,

engineers, and others; and

5. If you take care of your microbial friends, they will take care of your future

Just guess if there are no more microbes on the earth !!