CHAPTER 4Language-focused Learning through Dictation and Related Activities

영어 말하기 듣기지도

2013.4.1.

Nation & Newton. (2009). Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking. Routledge.

Dictation Process

• We can describe dictation as a technique where the learners receive some spoken input, hold this in their memory for a short time, and then write what they heard.

• Variations: dictogloss and running dictation

Typical Text for Dictation

• A dictation text is a piece of connected language about 100 to 150 words long. It is usually chosen so that it is reasonably complete in itself and contains material that suits the level of the learners for whom it is intended.

• Dictation will be most effective when it involves known vocabulary which is presented in unfamiliar collocations and constructions, and when there is opportunity for repetition of the material.

Text Variations

• Quiz Format: There are four people sitting around a table. Three of the people are men—Mr Wood, Mr Williams and MrLong. One person is a woman—Mrs X. The woman is the wife of one of the men. Mr Wood sits opposite Mrs X. Mr Long sits to the right of Mrs X. Mr Williams sits at one of the longer sides of the table. Mrs X does not sit next to her husband. Who is the husband of Mrs X? Show the positions of the four people around the table.

Pre-dictation Activities

1. read once by the teacher

2. the learners can be given the text to read and study before it is dictated

3. Certain types of words from the dictation can be written on the blackboard in the same order as they are in the dictation.

4. The teacher tells the learners to listen for all the words ending in s (or ing, ed, etc. or with the in front of them, etc.) and to write them.

5. The teacher writes pairs of words on the blackboard. (e.g., book-books, walk-walked ).

6. The teacher reads the dictation text several times.

7. The learners are given some questions to answer.

Variations of Dictation

• Running Dictation

• One Chance Dictation

• Dictation of Long Phrases

• Guided Dictation

• Dictation for a Mixed Class

• Peer Dictation

• Completion Dictation

• Perfect Dictation

• Sentence Dictation

• Unexploded Dictation

Related Techniques

• Delayed Repetition

• Delayed Copying

• Read and Look-up(See Fig. 4.1)

Monitoring Dictation

1. Memory span is shorter in a foreign language than in the native language.

2. Memory span in a foreign language increases with mastery of the language.

3. The difference between the native and the foreign language memory span is greater when the material in the foreign language contains the pronunciation and grammatical contrasts between the languages.

4. The relation of memory span to foreign language is greater for contextual material than for numbers.

Lado (1965: 128–129)

Similar Activities

• Dictogloss

• Dictocomp

• Oral Reproduction (e.g. Disappearing text)

• Retelling

• Reproduction Exercise

• Retelling

• Phrase-by-phrase