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Unit Operations
Fulbright Visiting Professor David J. Dixong gChemical and Biological Engineering Department
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
SS 2010
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Overview• IntroductionIntroduction• UO course overview• Equilibrium Stage separations
Wh t “U it O ti ”• What are “Unit Operations”
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Overview• IntroductionIntroduction
• Background
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Overview• IntroductionIntroduction• UO course overview• Equilibrium Stage separations
Wh t “U it O ti ”• What are “Unit Operations”
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Course Overview
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Course Overview
Wankat, Phillip CSeparation Process EngineeringURL: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780132442312URL: http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/9780132442312
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Course Overview
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Overview• IntroductionIntroduction• UO course overview• Equilibrium Stage separations
Wh t “U it O ti ”• What are “Unit Operations”
Why are separations important in an industrial facility?
Feedstocks are generally mixtures that are not particularlyFeedstocks are generally mixtures that are not particularly useful…so industrial facility (plant) is used to “add value” to the raw materials:Example: (average USA prices on 5 April 2010)
Crude oil ~$86/bbl (0.54 $/liter; 0.40 euro/liter)gasoline ~$3 25/gal (0 86 $/liter; 0 64 euro/liter)
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gasoline ~$3.25/gal (0.86 $/liter; 0.64 euro/liter)
Typical Refinery Products
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
Industrial Chemical Facility
Typical chemical facility might have 40 – 90% of costs invested in separations.
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Recovery/Purification Cost vs Concentration
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
Equilibrium Stage Separations
We’ll also consider some examples that are non-equilibrium systems; such as membrane and adsorption processes.
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Technological Maturity
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
Separations as Unit Operations
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
Unit OperationWhat is a “Unit Operation”?p
• while the chemicals being separated might be different, the specific technique used has generally the same design methodsp q g y g
•i.e. a distillation column separating ethanol from water is designed in the same general manner as a distillation columndesigned in the same general manner as a distillation column separating toluene from xylene.
E l f h i ll ll d i i•Examples of techniques generally called unit operations include:
•Distillation•Absorption•Liquid-liquid extraction•Etc
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Etc…
Choosing a Unit OperationHow does one choose a UO? i.e. ethanol from water separation
•Distillation•Adsorption•Adsorption•Crystallization•L-L extraction•Pervaporation•Absorption
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
Separations as Unit Operations
•Seader & Henley (2006)
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18•Seader & Henley (2006)
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
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•Seader & Henley (2006)
Today’s Process EngineeringToday most of major unit operations are built into a processToday, most of major unit operations are built into a process simulator and used extensively within the industry. For example:-Simulators: AspenPlus, Fluent, Comsol, ChemSep, others.
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Overview• IntroductionIntroduction• UO course overview• Equilibrium Stage separations
Wh t “U it O ti ”• What are “Unit Operations”
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Questions?
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