WHO-EM/CEH/129/A
- 5002
0002 : Hazardous chemicals in human and environmental health (a
resource book for school, college and )1.00/university students)
(WHO/PCS . . . . 5002 . . . . . )8067( 17311 ) : 5352 076 202+ :
2942 076 202+ : .([email protected] ) : 0045 672 202+ :
.([email protected]
http://www.emro.who.int/ceha/publication.asp
ii
: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( : : : :
iii
iii ix x 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 01 11 11 21
31 31 51 51 61 71 71 71 81 81 12 22 22 42 1- 1-1 1-1-1 1-1-2
1-1-2-1 1-1-2-2 1-2 1-3 1-3-1 1-3-2 1-4 ) ( 1-4-1 1-4-1-1 1-4-1-2
1-4-1-3 1-4-1-4 1-5 1-5-1 1-5-1-1 1-5-1-2 1-5-2 1-5-2-1 1-5-3 1-5-4
1-5-5 1-6 1-6-1 1-6-2 1-6-3 1-7 1-7-1 1-7-2 1-7-3 1-7-4 1-7-5 1-8
2- 2-1 2-2 2-3
iv
52 52 52 72 72 13 23 33 33 43 63 63 83 04 24 24 34 64 84 35 45
65 65 75 75 85 95 95 16 26 36 76 86 86 86 96 96 96 07 07 07 07 17
17 17 37 37
2-4 2-4-1 2-4-2 2-5 2-6 3- 3-1 3-2 3-2-1 3-2-2 3-2-3 3-3 3-4 3-5
3-5-1 3-5-2 3-6 3-7 3-8 4- 4-1 4-1-1 4-1-1-1 4-1-1-2 4-1-2 4-1-2-1
4-1-3 4-1-3-1 4-1-3-2 4-1-3-3 4-1-4 5- 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-4-1
5-4-1-1 5-4-1-2 5-4-1-3 5-4-1-4 5-4-2 5-4-2-1 5-4-2-2 5-4-3 5-4-4
5-4-5 )(
v
77 87 97 97 08 08 18 18 18 28 28 28 58
6- 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-4-1 6-4-2 6-4-3 )( 6-4-4 6-4-5 6-4-6 )(IPM
6-4-7
vi
4 6 7 7 8 9 01 21 71 81 22 53 83 24 54 74 94 16 26 36 86 ) (GV 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 02 12
5 5 8 11 31 41 61 22 32 62 72 33 43 53 63 73 93 14 24 55 17 27
D.D.T ) ( 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 02 12
22
vii
viii
. . . 000.001 000,2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 051 / 2991 . . . . .
. . . .
ix
ADI AQG CFC CNS DNA FAO GV HEIA IARC IPM JECFA JMPR LOAEL NOAEL
PAH PCB PVC TDI WHO
x
1.
: . . . .
1
1-1 . . . . . . )( . . 1-1-1 ) ( ) ( ) (. )( . 1-1-2 1-1-2-1 :
)1( )2( )3( )4( . )1( 5,0 / 59 / . . . . 0082 /. . 5,0-1 / . )
.(Dental Fluorosis . 01 / )(Skeletal Flurosis . . )2( . . 4% .
.
.
2
)3( . )( . )4( . . 04 /. 1-1-2-2 . 051 . . . . . 5,1 . . 41 / .
. 10,0 002 /. . 2,0 07 /. . . 10,0 /. : : 8,1 / < 1,0 / <
50,0 / < 4,0 / < 1,0 / : 8,0 / < 3,0 / )( )(
.
002 . 3
. . ) ( . . . ) (IARC ) (. . . )1(. 1. )(Cd . )(Cr : )(Pb )
(
1-2 . . : : )( ).(Alkaloids ).(Allergens ).(Cyanogens ).(Enzyme
Inhibitors ).(Glucosinolates . )( : ) (.
1-3 ) (Foodborne intoxication (Foodborne ) infection . . . 4
1-3-1 )( . . . )( )(. 08 . . . . . 1-3-2 )( . . 81-63 ) ( )( 4-8
. ) ( . . ) (.
/ / 7891 8 6 . . . 63 . . E ) ( .
1-4 )( ) ( . ) ( (ergot )" alkaloids )1(" )(tricothecenes )
(Fusarium " )2(" ) (Aspergillus ) ( . 1-4-1 1-4-1-1 . )
(Aspergillus Flavus ) (Aspergillus Parasiticus ,1(B1, B2, G )2 G .
)1 (B . 5
)1( :
)2( 2B
. . . . 1-4-1-2 . . . . . . . 1-4-1- 3 )1 (B )
(hepato-carcinogen . )1(B ) (. 1-4-1-4 . ) 2(. . 2. . . - ) (.
B G ) :(B . ) :(G .
6
1-5 . . . . . . . . . ) .(occupational exposure . )3( )4(. 3. )(
X ) ( ) ( . 4. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ) ( * * * * *
.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
7
1-5-1 . . 000,03 . . . . ) ( . . 1-5-1-1 . . . 04% . . . . .
1-5-1-2 . ) ( . .
)3(
0391-0691 . ) ( . . 5.
5. / 04 111 14 )( 3061 622
0391-0591 1591 2591 6591 7591-8591 9591 0691-3691 6691 0791
3791-5791
8
1-5-2 . 0008 . . . . 02 . . . . . . . . 1-5-2-1 . . )( . . . ) (
) (Dermatitis . . . ) ( . )6(. . 6. : : ) (
.
) ( Bysinnosis /
)7(. . . . 9
. . ) ( . 1-5-3 )( . . . )(. ) (3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O 09% . .
.
7 pH )( pH 1,3 -2- pH pH )2,3 (
) (mesothelioma . ) (asbestosis
01
. 1-5-4 . 0052 . . . . . ) ( ) (PAHs )4(. . . . ) ( . . . . .
)8(. . 1-5-5 . . . ) ( . . 24 . )(aplastic anaemia . . . 11
)4(
8. )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( Alumina Aluminum chloride Amines,
aliphatic Amines, aromatic Ammonia Arsenic compounds Asbestos
Bitumen fumes Tert-Buty1 alcohol Chromium and its compounds Cobalt
and its compounds Coke Copper and its compounds Crude oil
Hydrocarbons, aromatic Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen
sulfide Ketones Lead and its compounds Mineral oils Nickel and its
compounds Nitrogen oxides Palladium Phenol Pitch Phosphoric acid
Platinum Polynuclear aromatic )hydrocarbons (PAHs Petroleum
solvents Sulfuric acid Tetraethyllead Vanadium compounds ) ( )(
)(
1-6 ) ( ) (. . . ) ( . . .
21
1-6-1 . ) ( ) 6(. . . . . . . )) (DDT 5( . " " . Phenoxyacid .
1-6-2 . . . . . .
: . . . . . .
)5( DDT
31
14
1-6-3 . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 /. 1-9% . ) ( . . . . . . . .
.
.
1-7 ) 7(. . . . 51
. . . 1-7-1 . . ) ( . . 6891 69 )( 01% 2% . .
7991 ) ( . 000,02 . 432 .
)7(
61
1-7-2 )9( . )2 (SO ) NO2 , NO (NOx ) (CO )3(O ) (SPM ).(Pb9.
(NO2 , NO) NOx , SOx : ) ( ): ( : ) ( )4, (SO )3(NO _ 2-2 SO ) ( 2
SO ) ( ) ( ) ( SOx ) ( .NOx ) Pb CO NOx ( )( . .
1-7-3 ) ( . ) .(VOCs 81 . ) ( . . ) (Phytotoxic . 1-7-4 . . ) :
(. . . ) ( ) Polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins dibenzo-furans 71
(PAHs )(. ) " "( . 1-7-5 . . / ) 2 ( . . . . .
1-8 . . . . . )01( .
. 7691 . 000,001 Exxon Valdez 9891. 04 0007 2 052 .
01. 82 )( )( 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-pdioxin 000,002 )( 005
0005 )( / 0052 000,002 )( isocyanate )( 0001 )(
4791 6791 9791 4891 4891 6891 6891
81
: . . . . . .
91
20
2. : . . . .
12
2-1 . . . : ) ( )( )( . )9( . : . . .
2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . )11(. . . . . . . 11. Paraquat,
captafol, 2,4-D, mancozeb )( Beomy1, DDT, lindane, zineb, malathion
Hexachlorobenzene, benomy1, zineb Organochlorine pesticides ) (
Hexachlorobenzene
)8(
22
23
) ( . . . ) ( ) ( ) : (. . 3-6. . . . ) 3(.
2-3 . . . . . ) ( . ) ( )( ) (. . ) ( . . . . . . . . 42
/ 2591 . 0053- 0004 ) ( . .
. . . . . . . . .
2-4 . . ) 01(. 2-4-1 . . ) ( . 2-4-2 . . . . 1891 000,02 043 . .
.
52
)01( 073 BlackFoot824 . . 05-06 . . . ) ( )( . 07 50.0 / . .
62
03 . - . 000,002 . . . . 3 . . .
2-5 . . . ) ( . . )( . . . . . . . . .Biotransformation . .
.
. .
2-6 . . . . )11(.
)11(
72
: . : . . )3+3=6(. : . . . )3 .(9=3 x : . . . )3-2=1(. . )
(dimercaprol .
. )(. )(. . .
.
82
: : )( )( )(. . . . . . . . : . : . : . : ) ( .
92
30
3. : . . . . .
13
3-1 . . . ) 5(. . )( . . / . . )( . . 42 . . )( . . "" "" )(. )(
01-02 . . . )( . . ) ( )( ) (. )( ) ( ) ( )( . . )( . Local Effect
Systemic ".Effect )(. . . ) ( . . . . .
.
23
)( . . . . . . )( .
3-2
. . Inhalation " Toxicology " Respiratory Toxicology . . . 3-2-1
) ( . ) ( ) 31(. . ) (. . ) 21(. ) ( . . )(. . . . ) ( . .
33
. )( .mucociliary clearance 3-6.
)31( 3-2-2 . : )( . )( . )( )( . . ) ( .
43
) (. . . . 5-03 5-03 ) (. 1-5 ) ( ) (. )( 3-2-1. 1-5 . 1 . )( )
41( . 1 )41( )( . )21( . 21. )(
)(. . 3 ) (. . )( . . )(. . . .
53
3-2-3 3-7 . . 04-07 . 08% . . . . . ) (. ) (. . . . . 02-05 . .
. . . . . . ) 51(.
)51(
3-3 ) 61(. . . . . ) ( . . .
63
) ( )61( ) (Hepatocyte ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (. . . . . )
(Hepatotoxicants : ) 31(. ) (Steatosis . . ) ( . . . ) (PCBs)
(Polychorinated biphenyls . .
: : . : .
73
31. )(steatosis + + )(necrosis + + + + + + + + + Allyl alcohol
Allyl formate Aflatoxin Beryllium Bromobenzene
Bromotrichloromethane Carbon tetrachioride Cerium Chloroform
Cycloheximide Dimethylaminoazobenzene Dimethylnitrosamine Ethanol
Ethionine Galactosamine Mithramycin Phosphorus Puromycin
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Tannic acid Tetrachoroethane Thioacetamide
Trichloroethylene Urethane
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
) .(Angiosarcoma ) (Metastasis . 3-7.
3-4 ) - ( . . . ) (electrolytes ) ( )(. . . ) 71( ) ( .nephron .
. )( )( ) ( . )( . 12% . . 83
. . ) ( . . . .
)71(
93
) (nephrotoxicants : )( . )( . )( . )( . 07% ) (electrolytes . .
) (electrolytes . . . . . . . 42-84 . . ) (. ) (. . .
3-5
. ) 81( . . . . .
04
)81( . . . . . . . . . .
: . : .
14
3-5-1 ) 91( ) ( . . .neurotransmitters . ) ( .myelin ) ( . . . "
blood brain barrier . . . . . . )( ) (. 3-5-2 . )41( . 41.
kanamycin kainate azide
)(
)91( )(
. . . ) ( ) ( ) ( . . . . .
24
. . . . . 004 0006 . " .as mad as a hatter . )2 (CS . 6771 . . )
( . . ) ( . . . . . . . . .
3-6 . ) ( . . .Immunotoxicants : ) (. : ) (Leukocytes . : 34
) ( .
) ( ) (Neutrophils ) (Macrophages . . . ) (Phagocytosis . . . )
( . " " antibody . 5 02 . 001 . ) ( . T .B ) (B . . . . ) (B . . .
. . . ) (immunosuppression . . . . ) ( . ) (Polychlorinated
biphenyls . )51( .
: * . * . * .
44
51. ,(carbamates ,organochlorines )organophosphates Azodyes BHT
BHA EDTA )(toluene diisocyanate, trimellitic anhydride
mercurials
(allergic ) .reaction ) (. . . B " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
54
. . . . . . . . . . . .
3-7 ) (. ) (. . ) .(Spermatogenesis . . )( 51% . 3% . ) ( . . )
(. ) ( . . . ).(teratogens ) ( . . : )( . )( . )( . )( . . . 02-07
. ) ( . . . .
. ) ( .
64
) 61(. 61. Aldrin Arsenic Benzene Cadmium Carbon disulfide
Chlorinated ompounds )( 3-1,2-Dibromo1,2 3 chloropropane
Dichloroethylene ) ( Dieldrin Hexachlorocyclohexane Lead . Mercury
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polychlorinated biphenyls
Trichloroethylene ) (
. . . . . . . . .
74
3-8
. . . DNA )) (deoxyribonucleic acid ( . ) (DNA . . )(DNA ) ( ) (
. . . . . . . ) ( .Neoplasm Benign . malignant . . . . ) (
.metastasis . . . : )( : . . .DNA )( : .neoplasms )( : . )( ) (. .
. ) (IARC 53 . mutagens .DNA . . )71( . 84
: * . * .
.
: * . * . * .
71. 2-aminonaphthalene 2- 4-aminobiphenyl 4- 5-azacytidine 5-
Aflatoxins Alcohol Arsenic Bnzene Benzidine Chromium compounds Coal
tars Mineral oils Nickel compounds Nitrogen mustard Shale oils Soot
)( Sulfur mustard Tobacco smoke Treosulphan
triethylenethiophosphoramide Vinyl chloride
PVC ) (Polyvinyl chloride . PVC . . 4791 04 . PVC . . . . . . .
. 03% . ) .(nitrosonornicotine ).(PAHs
94
50
: . . 42 3 . . . . )) (lipophilic ( . . . . . . .
15
52
4. : . . ) (NOAEL: . ) (TDI: . ) (ADI: . . . .
35
. . . . . . . . " " dose-effect dose-response " relationship "
relationship . . . . . . . . . . "" . . . . . : )( / . )( . ) ( .
)( . ) ( ) ( . .
= . .
. * . * . * . * . * .
4-1 . . . . 45
) (. . . )02( . " " . - . .
)02( - )02(. . . ] ) [ (bronze diabetes 55 . . 3941-1451
. 1493) Paracelsus-1451( . . . .NOAEL . . ) (. . - LOAEL . LOAEL
. . . . . . " ". )( . . . " " VSD . VSD . " " . 4-1-1 4-1-1-1 ] [
tolerable daily intake ) (TDI . ) (TDI .
NOAEL . .
.
65
4-1-1-2 . . . . . . . 4-1-3-1. 001 NOAEL ) " " ( 01 01 . 001 ) 3
(. 001 . NOAEL ) ( . 0005-00001 . . . ) 01( . . 01. 4-1-2 )(TDI TDI
. TDI . . TDI . TDI TDI . . TDI .
) (TDI .
75
4-1-2-1 . . TDI . . . . ) 81 ( . . . . ) (genotoxicity . . . . )
( . ) (. : 1: ) (. 2: ) acrylonitrile benzo[a] pyrene (. 2: . ) DDT
saccharin.(urethane
. ) (.
85
3: ) maneb .(zineb 4: ) .(caprolactam 4-1-3 4-1-3-1 WHO 3991 .
021 59 . : . . ) (. . . : ) (TDI . ) (TDI NOAEL .LOAEL ) (TDI . )
(. : NOAEL UF (TDI) (bw) P C = TDI
= GV
: :NOAEL . NOAEL ) (LOAEL ) .(UF LOAEL . ) (UF NOAEL LOAEL )
.(TDI ) .(case by case 1 000,01. :
95
1 01 1 01 1 01 1 - 01
) ( ) (
000,01 ) (TDI . . = TDI ) / ( . = bw )( 06 . 5 01 . = P ) (TDI .
. 10.0 1 . 01% ).(TDI = C 2 1 01 57.0 5 . = GV .
) ( . 06 2 07 . 000,001 07 . . 01 . . . . . . )81( ).(WHO
06
81. ) (GV )/( 410.0 601 ) ( 300.0 5.1 . 10.0 . 100.0 05 01-5 .
30.0 200.0 2.0
)( 21 DDT
4-1-3-2 . . ) ( . . . . . . . . ) (. Air Quality Guidelines )
(AQG . ) (AQG . ) 4-1-2-1(. . . ) (. ) (AQG . . 16
.
. . 4-1-3-3 ) .(LOAEL ) .(NOAEL ) (LOAEL ).(NOAEL . . . . . . .
. . ) 5-3(. ) (AQG . . . . . )91( )02(. 91. 3 001 / 51 3 06 / 03 3
03 / 3 01 / 8 3 5.0-1 / 3 004 / 3 051 / 42 3 051-002 / 3 001-021 /
8 3 005 / 01 3 053 /
26
)(
02. 52 01 Acrylonitrile 34 01 64 01 24 01 )(VI 44 01 61 01 3 1
/
4-1-4 04 . ) (WHO ) (FAO ) (JECFA )(JMPR . ) (ADIs ) (Codex
Alimentarius Commission . ) (JECFA ) (JMPR ) ( ) (. )
(teratogenicity . . ) (NOAEL ) (NOAEL ).(ADI ) (ADI . ) (ADI . )
(JECFA "" . . . ) (JECFA ) (JMPR ) .(ADI ) (JMPR ) .(captafol )
(JECFA ) (ADI . ) ( . 36
) (ADI .
) (ADI . ) (JECFA " " tolerable . tolerable ).(ADI
) (JECFA) .(JMPR ) (JECFA 007 06 02 . ) (JMPR 022 . .
46
: . . _ . ) (NOAEL . ) (LOAEL . ) (VSD . ) (TDI . ) (TDI . )
(ADI . )(ADI . ) (ADI . ) (tolerable ) (TDI . ) (tolerable . . . .
. 56
66
5. : . . . )(. . . .
76
. ) (GreenHouse . .
5-1 ) .(PAHs .
5-2 . ) (eutrophication ) ( . ) (DOC . . . . )12(. 12. / pH 5
001 2.0 8.1 2 24 100.0 200.0
DDT Endrin
5-3 . . . . .
86
. ) 03-06 / ( 03 / 42 . . . 4 59 / ) (.
5-4 . . . 5-4-1 " " ) (pH 6.5 )2 (CO . ) (SOx , NOx 4. . . . )
-super stacks 005 ( . . . ) ( . 5-4-1-1 : )( : 2-3% ) (. .SOx )( )
(. )( ) (. 09% . .
96
3CO2 + H2O H2CO 3SO2 + H2O H2SO 3SO2 + O2 SO 4SO3+ H2O H2SO
5-4-1-2
) ( ) ( ) (
5-4-1-3 : . : 1.0 . . : . )(Parthenon ) ( )(. : . . . ) (pH . :
. . 5-4-1-4 . . . ) (SOx ) .(NOx . . ) (. ) (SOx ) (. ) .(scrubbing
. " ". 5-4-2 )3 (O . . . . 07
05%. . 5-4-2-1 . . )( . )32( ) 082-513 ( . 5-4-2-2 ) (CFCs . )4
(CCl . . . 5-4-3 " " 7891. ) (CFCs 05% 6891 8991. 11- CCl4 CFC-12
CFC 6991. 0402. . . . .
)12( . 21-05 .
17
72
5-4-4 . . 21-03%. . . . . ) (. . : 002 / 56 / 42 06 / 001 .
5-4-5 )( )2 (CO )4 (CH ) (N2O " " . . . 000,061 . " ". . 3 0302
5.1-5.4 . ) (. ) (N2O . . . . 01-23 . ) ( . . . .
2 CO . .
37
74
: . . . . . . . 7891 )) (CFCs ( . .
57
76
6. : . . ).(HEIA . ) .(FAO . .
77
) (. . . . ) ( .
6-1 . . : . . . . . . . . ) (HEIA . . ) ( . : . . . . . ) (HEIA
. . ) (HEIA: 87
.
.
.
. .
6-2 ) ( . . ) (. . . . . . .
6-3 . . . . . . . . . : . . . 97 . .
.
) ( " Polluter Pays . . ) " "(. . . . . . . .
6-4 . . . . : . DDT . . ) ( . . . 6-4-1 . ) (. . ) (FAO 0991. 08
.
. ) (PIC . . 6-4-2 . . . )(JMPR . ) (JMPR ) 4-1-2( . )(MRLs )
.(CAC ) (MRLs ).(JMPR . . . 6-4-3 : . . . . . . . . . / . . 6-4-4 .
18
.
FAO/WHO ) (JMPR .
. . . . . . . . 6-4-5 . . . . . . . . . . 6-4-6 )(IPM . . . IPM
. 6-4-7 . . . 28
. ) ..(. . .
38
: - - . . ) (HEIA . . ) (FAO ) (PIC . . ) (JMPR . . .
48
. . . . ) (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )( )( )(. . .
)( . . . . . . . 58 pH )( )(HEIA
. . . . . . . . . . ) (. . . . . . . . . . . . . )1( . )2( . . .
. . ) 01%(. 09 . . 52-03 ) 01 / ( " ". ) (. . 68
) (
) (
. . . . . . . )1( . )2( . . . . . ) (. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . DNA . pH 4. . ) ( NOAEL LOAEL NOAEL " ". . 78
)(PADI )(TDI
) ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] )(Pleura ) [ (Pericardium
. . . . .
)(Hepatocyte )(Neoplasm
88
