cherukadha (2)

8/19/2019 cherukadha (2)

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School of Distance Education

ae bmf sNdpI Ymkm ln Xyw 1

ae bmf sNdp IYm kmln XywC ORE COURSE

For

BA MALAYALAMII SEMESTER

(2014 Admission)

CUCBCSS

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCALICUT UNIVERSITY PO, MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635


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UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

BA MALAYALAM

II SEMESTER

CORE COURSE

ae bmf sNdp IYm kmln XywPrepared by: - Sri. Kamarudheen Parappil

Ass. Professor Dept. of Malayalam

Farooq College, Kozhikode -673 632

Layout: Computer Section, SDE(c)

Reserved


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samU yqÄ I

samU yqÄ II

samU yqÄ III

samU yqÄ IV


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ska ÌÀ þ IItImgvkv þ 2

ae bmf sNdp IYm kmln Xyw ]T \ k abw 108 aWn¡qÀ s{IUnävþ5

Dt±ie£y§Ä:ae bmf¯nse Gähpw P\ Iob KZ ymJym\cq] amb sNdpI Ysb Ipdn¨p ff khntij ]T \amWv Dt±iyw. sNdpIYmNcn{X¯nse hy XykvX Ime L«§sfbpw {]h WXIsfbpw ]T\hnt[bam¡Ww. sNdpI YbpsS kmt¦XnIXIsf ¡pdn¨pff kmam\y[mcW D-mhWw. sNdpIYbpsS kmwkv ImcnI hniIe\¯neqsS hnZymÀ°nIfnÂ BkzmZ\tijnbpw kÀ¤mßIkn²nbpw hfÀ¯Ww.samUyqÄþ1sNdpI Yþ\nÀÆN\ §Ä þ{]mKv cq]§Ä þ\mtSmSn IY]mc¼ cyw, temI IY þ KZ yhnImkwþA¨Snhn¹hw þ B\pIq enI {]kn²oIcW§Ä þsImtfmWnbÂ kzm[o\wþB ZyIme IYmIr

¯p ¡Ä þPohnX ]cnhÀ¯ \ ¯nsâ ap{Z IÄ þ \th °m\ IY þtZ iobX þ kzmX {ý k acwþ kmaqlnI apt¶ ä§Ä þdnb enkw þtI k cnbpsS kw`mh\ þinÂ] ` {ZX þ cq]hpw ̀ mhhpw.hniZ]T\¯n\v 1. ZzmcI þ th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mbÀ2. ssSKÀ þ _joÀ3. DXp̧msâ InWnÀ þ ImcqÀ4. tNmeac§Ä þ kc k zXnA½samUyqÄ þ2kzmX{ý {]m]vXn þ ]«mfI YIÄ þ ]pXnb temI t_m[wþ `q] cnjvI cWwþhntamN\ k acwþh y ànt_m[wþa\:imkv{X hni I e \ §Ä þIm h ymßI dnb enkwþ B ß \njvT þ{Kmaþ \ Kc

kwLÀjwþB hnjvIcW coXnbnÂ h¶ amä§Ä.hniZ]T\¯n\v 1. inemenJnXw þ Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³ \mbÀ2. aI³ þ Sn. ]ß \m`³3. BÀ¡ dnbmw þ k¡ dnb4. hmkvXplmc þ {iocma³samUyqÄ þ3B[p\nI Xþamdp¶ PohnX ]cnkc §Ä þ \KchÂ¡ cWwþ kzXz{]Xnk ÔnþBJym\ ]cnkc§Ä þ AkvXnX zhmZw þ amdp¶ Øe Ime t_m[§Ä þ Idp¯ lmkyw þ cmjv{Sob B[p\nIX þ an¯nsâ cmjv{Sob hmb \þ inYne _nw_ §Äþ ]pXnb ̀ mhp I Xzw

hniZ]T\¯n\v 1. apWvU\w sN¿ s¸« PohnXw þ Fw. apIp µ³2. \memwbmaw þ Fw. kpIp amc³3. Ncn{X ]pcpj³ þ Sn. hn. sIm¨p _mh. (hnSnt¸mÄ \ni _v² amWv)4. ]ńt`mP\w þ kt́ mjv F¨n¡m\w


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samUyqÄ þ4amdnb temI ̄ nsâ {]Xn \n [m\w þ B[p \nI Xþ ]pXnb ss\XnI ka k y IÄþ D] t`mKkwkvImcw þ A[n\nthiw þ ZenXv Xncn¨ dnhpIÄ þ {]hmk temIw þ ka ImenIapJw þBtKmfoI cWw þ ]mcØnImht_m[whniZ]T\¯n\v 1. A½ h¶p þ hn. ]n. inh Ip amÀ2. {`m´v þ kn. A¿ ¸³3. Zm t\m¡q Hcp ]Ãn þ {]nb. F. Fkv.4. XÂ]w þ kp`mjv N{µ³klmbI{KÙ§Ä:1. ae bmfsNdp IYm kmlnX yNcn{Xw þ tUm. Fw.Fw. _joÀ2. sNdpI YmkmlnXyw þ Fw. ]n. t]mÄ3. sNdpIY C¶se, C¶v þ Fw. AN ypX³4. IYm] T\ §Ä þ ]n. sI. ]c ta i zc³ \mbÀ ({KÙmhen)5. IY, BJ ym\hpw A\p ` h k ¯bpw þ sI. ]n. A¸³6. sNdpI YbpsS NwµÊv þ hn. cmPIr jvW³7. IY bpsS IY þ sI. Fkv. chnIp amÀ8. 100 hÀjw 100 IY þ sI. Fkv. chnIp amÀ9. IYbpw ̀ mhp I Xz ]cnWmahpw þ sI. Fkv. chnIp amÀ.


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samU yqÄ þ 1I

1. "_ml ytam Bćtam Bb Hscmä kw` h s¯ ¡p dn¨v {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ ̀ mh \mkrjvSn F¶v sNdp I Ysb \nÀh Nn¨Xv ?D. tkmaÀ skäv tamw21. Hcp sNdpI YbnÂ Htcsbmcmi bta \n_ Ôn¡mhq F¶v \nÀt± in¨Xv ?D. lUvk¬3. "sNdpI YbpsS "ZÀi\w'F¶ IrXn cNn¨Xv ?D. {_m-À amX yqkv (1885)4. "]s¯m¼Xmw iX I ¯nsâ ]p{XnbmWv sNdp IY' F¶v A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv ?.D. Fenk _¯v t_mh³.5. ""c-p t]À X½nep ff \mXnZoÀL kw`mjWw'' F¶v sNdp I Ysb \nÀh Nn¨Xv ?.D. hneyw ktcmb¬.6. {]mNo\ IYmcq]§Ä Xeapd Ifmbv {]N cn¨ncp¶Xv.........eqsSbmbncp¶p.D. hmbvsamgn.7. tIc f ¯nÂ {]Nmc ¯nep -mbncp¶ hmbvsamgn¡ YIsf sNmÂ¡ YIÄ, ]m«p IY IÄ , ]m«pI YIÄ F¶p c-mbn hn` Pn¨Xv ?D. sI. Fkv. chnIp amÀ.8. "sFXnly I YIÄ' BcpsS IrXnbmWv ?D. sIm«mc̄ nÂ i¦p®n9. CýbnÂ {]Ncn¸n¨ncp¶ Gähpw {]mNo\amb IY Bbn IW¡m¡s Şp¶Xv ?.D. PmXI I YIÄ10. PmXI I YI fpsSbpw D] \nj Zv IYI fpsSbpw e£yw F´mbncp ¶p. ?

D. [Àt½m] tZiw.11. ]© X{Í YI fpsS {][m\ Dt± iyw F´v ?D. `cW X{´t_m[\w.12. t_m[n kX y³ [Àt½m] tZiw ka b § fnÂ ]qÀÆIme Ah XmcI YIÄ hnh cn¡pw hn[

amWv.............I YI fpsS cN\D. PmXI13. "_ylXv IYm ]c ¼c' bpsS IÀ¯mhv ?D. KqWmUy³14. hn{IamZnXyt\mSv thXmfw ]dbp¶ IYIfpsS kamlmc amWv.......D. thXmf ]© hnwi Xn.

15. "ZiIp amcNcnXw' BZyIme IYm{ KÙ ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv ?D. ZWvUn16. t^_vfntbm F¶ IYmcq] ¯nsâ khnti jX F´v ?D. ]Z ycq] ¯nÂ cNn¡ s¸« Xami ¡ YbmWnXv.17. t^_vfntbm GXp cmP y¯mWv {]m[m\ y]qÀÆw {]Ncn¨Xv ?D. {^m³knÂ18. U¡ma dm³ IY I fpsS {]tbmàmhv ?D. t_m¡m¨ntbm (C äen)19. t^_vfntbmhnsâ KZ ycq] sa¶p hnti jn¸n¡s¸ Sp¶Xv ?


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D. s_m¡m¨ntbmhnsâ "U¡ma dm¬ IY IÄ'20. PÀ½\nbnepw Cäenbpw "U¡ma dm³ IY IÄ ' þþ þþþþF¶ t]cnemWv Adnb s¸ «Xv ?D. t\mhÃ21. "ImâÀ_dn IY IÄ ' BcmWv X¿mdm¡nbXv ?

D. tNmkÀ (Cw¥-v)22. Ad _n¡Y BZ yambn ]cn`mj s¸ Sp̄ nbXv ?D. Icp WmIc tat\m³23. tIc f ¯nÂ ap{ZWw sN¿ s¸« BZy ae bmf IYmk amlmcw ?D. sNdpss] X§Ä¡v D] ImcmÀ°w CwKvfojnÂ \n¶v ]cn`mj s¸ Sp̄ nb IYIÄ (1824)24. "sNdpss] X§Ä¡v D] ImcmÀ°w CwKvfojnÂ \n¶v ]cn`mj s¸ Sp̄ nb IY IÄ' F¶ IrXnbpsS e£yw F´mbncp ¶p. ?D. aX{] t_m[ \ ambncp¶p AXnse F«p IY I fpsSbpw e£ yw.25. Hcp Ip«n bpsS acWw (1847) hnj ̄ n\v acp¶v (1848) F¶o BZ y Ime anj \ dn

I YIÄ A¨ Sn¨p h¶Xv GXv {]kn²oI cW¯nÂ ?D. cmPyk amNmcw.26. "B\ tbbpw Xp¶ t\bpw Ipdn¨p ff IY' {]kn²nI cn¨ amknI ?D. Úm\ \nt£]w (1849 BK Ìv)27. ae bmf ¯nÂ A¨ Sn¡ s¸« BZ yatX XcIY' F¶v hnti jn¸n¡ s¸ Sp¶ IY 'D. B\ tbbpw Xp¶ t\bpw Ipdn¨p ff IY.28. hnZymeb ]mT]p kvXI § fneqsS sNdpIY hfÀ¨bv¡v Ah k csamcp¡nbXv ?.D. tIc f hÀ½ henb tImbn¯ ¼pcm³29. ae bmf ¯nse BZ ys¯ IY bmbn ]cs¡ AwKnI cn¡ s¸« IrXn. ?D. hmk\mhnIrXn

30. " hmk\m hnIrXn' F¶ IY bpsS cN bnXmhv ?D. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³\mb \mÀ.31. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb \mcpsS "hmk \mhnIrXn' {]kn²oI cn¡ s¸« amknI ?D. hnZymhnt\mZn\nbnÂ (1066 Ipw`w)32. "tIkcn' F¶ XqenIm \ma ¯nÂ kmlnXy cN\ \nÀÆ ln¨ BZ yIme IYmImc³ ?D. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb \mÀ (1860þ1914)33. "hmk\mhnIr Xn' {]IminX amb hÀjw ?D. 1891þÂ34. "ZzmcI ' F¶ IY cNn¨Xv ?D. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb \mÀ35. Fw.BÀ.sI. kn. F¶v Adnb s ¸«ncp¶ IYmImc³.D. sN¦p f¯v sNdnb Ipªncma tat\m³36. "hkvXpØnXn IY AYhm kml NcyIY ' F¶v Fw. ]n. t]mÄ hnti jn¸n¨Xv GXp IYsb ?D. "ZzmcIsb'37. "ZzmcI Hcp sNdpI YbÃ, AsXmcp kz ]v\mJ ym\amWv. PohNcn{X¡p dn¸nse Hcp GSp t]mse hmbn¨p t]mImhp ¶Xv 'þ F¶v A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv ?D. s{]m^. Fw. A NypX³.38. "ZzmcI' F¶ IY GXp kamlmc ¯nemWv Df fXv ?


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D. tIkcn39. hyànk z̀mh¯nepw kmap ZmbnI Poh nX̄nepw D-mImdp ff hnI e XIsf \À½w IeÀ¯n Ah Xcn¸n¡p¶ BZy Ime IYmImc \mWv.....D. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb \mÀ.40. "ZzmcI' bnÂ IYm]m{Xambn«pff I¸ ensâ t]cv ?D. lna hm³.41. "" hnZqc `qXIme ¯nsâbpw Fgp Xs¸« Ime ¯nsâ Ncn{Xw, cmjv{Sobw, ̀ uXnI PohnXwF¶nh bpsSbpw AS bmf §fpw B[p \nImh t_m[¯nsâ Ncn{X ap{Z Ifpw cmjv{Sob NnÓ§fpw " ZzmcI'bnÂ ]Xnªn«p-v '' F¶v A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv ?D. C.]n. cmPtKm]me³.42. "" BZyIme aebmf sNdpI YI fpsS kmam\ ycoXnbnÂ \n¶v ̀ n¶ ambn Ht«sd AScpI fpffcN\bmWv ZzmcI '' F¶v A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv ?D. sI. Fkv. chnIp amÀ.43. "" GsX¦nepw Ime tZimZnIfpsS B´cnItam _ml ytam Bb Ah Ø bpsS {]XoXn P\n¸n¡pI e£yamb A´co£ IYIfpsS amXrIbmbn "ZzmcI' sb Nq-n¡mWn¡msa¶v {]kv Xmhn¨Xv ?D. Fw.]n.t]mÄ.44. "IY PohnX¯nsâ sNdnb temINn{XamWv. AsÃ ¦nÂ sNdnb A\p` htemI amWv. HmtcmIme¯nsâbpw {]Xybimkv{X§Ä, kuµcyt_m[w kmwkvImcnI \nanj§Ä F¶nhsbÃmwA\p `h Nn{X§ fmbn BZyw cq] s¸ Sp¶Xv IY bnemWv. '' F¶v A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv Bcv ?D. sI. ]n. A¸³.45."" ̀ mjbnÂ sNdp I Ysb gpXp¶ k{¼ Zmbw CZw {]Yaambn XpS§nbXv aqÀt¡m¯p Ipamc\msW¶p tXm¶p ¶p.'' F¶v {]kvXmhn¨Xv?D. aqfnbnÂ tIi h³.46. Cutkm¸p I YIÄ {]N cn¸n¨ncp¶Xv FhnsS ?.D. {KoknÂ (_n.kn. BdnÂ)47. "" ]gasb sR«n¸n¡p ¶Xpw bmYmØnXnI cpsS apJ¯v Bªp {]lcn¡p¶Xpw kmaq l yPohnX¯nse ZpcmNmcZpjv SXIsf \nÀ`bw hnaÀin¡p¶Xpamb ]n¹hIcamb dnbenÌnIv PohnXIYI fnte¡p ff hfÀ¨bpsS apt¶mSn BWv hn.Sn. ̀ «Xncn¸mSv, ap¯ncnt§mSv, Fw.BÀ. _n.XpS§nb h cpsS dnbenkw '' F¶p A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv ?D. Fw. AN ypX³.( sNdp IY C¶se, C¶v)48. "ZzmcI' F¶ IY bnse hnZ ypÑàn imkv{X]Sp Bb IYm]m{X amWv......D. amÀ«n³ Pbnwkv.49. sNdpI YIsf kw` h ] cw, kz `mhhÀ® \m] cw, ØnXn hnh cW ]cw F¶p aq¶mbn

hn` Pn¨Xv Bcv ?D. DffqÀ Fkv. ]c ta i zc¿À.50. "IYbpw ̀ mhpI Xz] cnWmahpw ' F¶ ]T\w X¿mdm¡nbXv ?D. sI. Fkv. chnIp amÀ.51. "100 hÀjw 100 IY' F¶ IYmk amlmc¯nsâ FUnäÀ ?D. sI. F kv. chnIp amÀ.52. 1950þse temI sN dpI YmaÕ c¯nÂ k½m\w t\Snb Sn. sI. kn. hSp Xe bpsS IY bmWv.....D. c-p Xe apd.53. "sNdpI Ym {]Øm\w' F¶ {KÙw cNn¨Xv ?D. Fw.]n.t]mÄ.


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54. "sNdpIY þC ¶se , C¶v ' F¶ {KÙ ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhv ?D. Fw. AN yX³.55. "sNdpI YbpsS OµÊv' F¶ ]T\w X¿mdm¡nbXv ?.D. hn. cmPIr jvW³56. "IY'= BJ ym\hpw A\p ` h k ¯bpw ' F¶ ]pkvXIw Bcp tSXv ?D. sI. ]n. A¸³.57. "IY þ hm¡pw hgnbpw' F¶ IrXn cNn¨Xv ?D. sI. Fkv. chnIp camÀ.58. "t_¸qÀ kpÂ¯m³ ' F¶v Adnb s¸ Sp¶ Fgp ¯p Imc³D. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _joÀ.59. _jodnsâ ac Wm\ ´cw {]kn²oI cn¡ s¸« IrXn ?D. bm Cemlo. !60. IY, IhnX, teJ \w F¶nh bpsS k¦e \ amb _joÀ IrXnbmWv.....D. bm Cemlo !

61. Nncn¡p¶ ac ¸mh F¶ IYmk amlmcw Fgp XnbXv ?D. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _joÀ.62. "ssSKÀ ' F¶ {]i kvX\mb cmjv{Sob IY GXp IrXnbnemWv Df fXv ?D. P· Zn\w.63. XShpImÀ X§ fpsS t{Im[w apgph³ XoÀ¡p ¶Xv BtcmSv ?D. ssSKdnt\mSv.64. XShpImÀ ssSK dns\ cl k yambn........F¶p hnfn¨p. ?D. C³kvs] IvSÀ65. t]meokv tÌj \ I¯v iqc \mb ssSKÀ ̀ ocp hmIp ¶Xv Ft¸mÄ. ?D. tÌ j\p ]p ds¯ Nmhmen¸ «nsb ImWp t¼mÄ.

66. tem¡ ¸p I fnse AXnZ b \obhpw AXn{Iq chpamb AhØbmWv..... F¶ IY bpsS CXnhr ¯w.D. ssSKÀ.67. "]qh¼gw' F¶ ioÀj I ¯nÂ IY Fgp Xnb {]m[m\nIÄ.D. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _joÀ, Iaem kpc ¿, ImcqÀ \oe I WvT]nf f.68. ssSKÀ P\n¨Xv FhnsS ?D. sXcphnse GtXm sX-n¸ «nbpsS aI \mbn \K c¯nse HmS bnÂ.69. XShpImÀ¡v BsI D-mbncp¶ Nn´bpw BÀ¯nbpw F´ns\ ¡p dn¨mWv. ?D. Blmc s¯ ¡p dn¨v.70. C³kvs] IvSÀ¡pw ssdäÀ¡pw kuP \ yambn DuWpw Im¸nbpw \ÂIp ¶ Xnsâ \jvSw

tlm«ep Sa F§ s\ bmWv \nI ¯nbXv ?D. XShpImÀ¡p ff Kh ¬saâ v Xp I bnÂ \n¶v.71. I¼nb gnIÄ¡nS bneqsS ssI \o«n ssSKsd XS hns¡m-v XS hpImÀ ]d ªXv F´v ?D. "R§ fpsS tNmdmWv: '72. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _joÀ cNn¨ BZy IY bmWv.....D. X¦w.73. \mbsb tI{µam¡n "shf f s¸m¡ ¯nÂ ' F¶ IY cNn¨Xv ?D. XIgn inh i ¦c ¸nff74. hfÀ¯p \mb bpsS Bß KX§ fneqsS apt¶ dp¶ "tiJq«n' F¶ IY Fgp Xnb


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bXv ?D. Sn. ]ß\m`³.75. aebmf ¯nÂ XpSÀ¡Y I fpsS Ah XmcI \mbn Adnb s¸ Sp¶Xv. ?D. ssh¡w apl½Zv _joÀ.

76. " Hcp lyqa\nÌpw l yqadnÌp amb IYmImc³'' F¶v \ncq ] I \mb Fw. AN ypX³ hnti jn¸n¨Xv Bsc ?D. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _jodns\77. "[À½cmPyw' F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp teJ \sagpXn XncphnXmwIqdnse ̀ cWs¯ \ninX ambn

hnaÀin¨ Fgp ¯p Imc³ ?D. ssh¡w apl½Zv _joÀ.78. "DXp¸msâ InWÀ 'F¶ IY cNn¨Xv ?D. ImcqÀ.79. ImcqÀ F¶ t]cnÂ {]i kvX\mb IYmIr ¯nsâ apgp h³ t]cv ?.D. ImcqÀ \oe IWvT]nf f.

80. A[ ym]I cpsS Ah i XIÄ ]cnl cn¡m³ A[ ym]I k amPw cq]oI cn¨ Xn\v tPmenbnÂ\n¶pw ]ncn¨phnSs¸« IYmIr ¯v. ?D. ImcqÀ \oe IWvT ]nf f.81. Imcqcnsâ PohnX Imew ?D. 1893 þ s^{_phcn 22 þ 1975 HIvtSm_À 2282. ImcqÀ \oeIWvT ]nff P\n¨ sX hnsS ?.D. Gäpam\qcnÂ.83. 1969 Â tIcf kmlnXy AImZan AhmÀUv t\Snb IYmIr¯v ?D. ImcqÀ \oe I WvT]nff ( tamXncw)84. "s]mXnt¨mdv' F¶ IY Fgp XnbXv ?D. ImcqÀ.85. Imcqcnsâ BZ yIY GXv ?D. `yXyhmÕeyw.86. "`yXyhmÕ eyw ' F¶ IYbv¡v ]nev¡me¯v \ÂInb Xe s¡«v F´v ?.D. A¶s¯ Iqen.87. ImcqÀIYIsf "aµkvanX {]Øm\w' F¶v hnti jn¸n¨Xv Bcv ?D. kn.sP. tXmakv.88. kvIqÄ A\p ` h §Ä hnj b amIp¶ "kvIqÄ Ubdn' cNn¨Xv Bcv ?D. AIv_À I¡ «nÂ.89. ""]cmPb {]Øm\ ¡mc \mb (dnb enÌnIv) Imcq cnsâ IY I fnse hnjmZw Bk ¶ amb

kap ZmbnI hn¹ h ¯nsâ apt¶mSnbmWv '' F¶p {]kvXmhn¨Xv ?D. tIkcn F. _me Ir jvW ]nf f.90. B[p \nI IY Idp¯ ̂ enX ¯nsâ IY bmWv '' F¶v \nco£n¨Xv ?D. sI. ]n. A¸³.91. dnbenÌnIv {]Øm\s¯ " ]cmPb {]Øm\w ' F¶v hnti jn¸n¨Xv ?D. tIkcn F. _meIr jvW ]nff92. "ImcqÀ IYm]T\ §Ä ' F¶ {KÙ ¯nsâ FUnäÀ ?D. Fw.Fw. _joÀ.93. Imcqcnsâ "DXp̧ msâ InWÀ ' Fgp Xs¸« hÀjw.


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D. 194694. "" C¶v Cu IYbv¡v Akmam\ yamb Hcp {]k ànbp -v. GXv sFUnb enkhpw C¶v

DXp̧msâ InWÀ am{X amWv. Cu IY bpsS ̀ mhw asä¶t¯ ¡mfp ap]cn C¶v kzoImc yamWv '' þ BcpsS A`n{]mb amWnXv ?

D. hn.]n. inh Ip amÀ.95. ImcqÀ IYIsf hni ¸nsâ IY IÄ, KmÀlnI I YIÄ BZÀi I YIÄ, a\ Ênsâ IYIÄ F¶ \mep hn`mK § fm¡n Xcw Xncn¡msa¶v A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv ?

D. tUm. sP. skÂh cmPv Xm]kv (Imcqcnsâ Ie)96. "tIc f ¯nse kmaq l y\ thm°m\hpw kmlnX yhpw' F¶ IrXn cNn¨ Xv. ?D. tUm. F³. kmw.97. Imcq cnsâ DXp̧ m³ F¶ IYm ]m{X ̄ nsâ BZÀi{`a ̄ n\v aXn bmb ]n³_ e anÃ

F¶p hnaÀin¨Xv ?D. Ip«nIr jvWamcmÀ (ssI hnf¡v )98. "hyàn a\ Êns\ Ah KWn¨psIm-v kaq l a\ ÊnÂ Du¶nb XmWv ' DXp¸msâ InWÀ '

F¶ IY bpsS ]cmPbw' F¶p A`n{]mb s¸ «Xv Bcv ?D. tUm. Fw.Fw. _joÀ (ImcqÀ IYm] T\w)99. DXp̧msâ Bß l Xybv¡v aXnbmb bpàn IY bnÂ sIm-p h cm³ Imcq cn\p Ignªn

«nsÃ¶v A`n{]mbs¸ «Xv ?D. Ip«nIr jvW amcmÀ (ssIhnf¡v)100. \nÝnXamb cq] t¯mSp Iq SnbXpw ImcyImc W_ Ô ¯mÂ kpL SnXhpw GI _oPmkv

]Z hpamb IY bmWv sNdpI YbpsS CXnhr¯w' F¶p \nÀt± in¨ hnaÀi I³ ?D. Fw.]n. t]mÄ (sN dpIYm {]Øm\w)101. kv{Xo hntamN\ {] Øm\ §Ä iàn{]m]n¡mXncp¶ Ime¯v , ]pcpj ta[mhnXz¯nv

s\Xnsc Hä¡p \n¶p s]mcp Xnb IYmImcn ?D. k c - k -z X n b ½ ( 1919- 1975)102. aebmf¯nse BZ yk zX{´ IYmImcn ?D. Fw. kc k zXo`mbn103. Fw. kc k zXo ̀ mbnbpsS BZ yIY ?D. Xe t¨mdnÃm¯ kv{XoIÄ104. aebmf ¯nse BZy {]W b I Ybmbn ]cnK Wn¡ s¸ Sp¶Xv ?D. IÃ ymWn¡p«n (HSphnÂ IpªnIrjvW tat\m³)105. "Bbncs¯m¶p cmhpIÄ' F¶ Ad_n¡Y BZ yambn ae bmf ¯nte¡v samgnamäw

sNbvXXv ?D. IcpWmIctat\m³.106. "ZzmcI'bnÂ Pe aÖ\ IhNw [cn¨v IS en\ SnbnÂ \n¶pw s]m«nt¸mb I¼nF Sp¡m

sa¶ Bibw Bcp tSXmbncp¶p.D. amÀ«ntâXv .107. ""\½psS sNdpIYm kmlnX ȳ nse GIm´ hnkvabw'' F¶v Pn. F³. ]Wn¡À hnti

jn¸n¨Xv Bsc ?D. sI. kc k zXn A½sb108. kmXznIemhWyhXnIÄ¡v ]Icw _u²nIaqÀ¨ bpff kvss{XW kz Xz§sf IYm]m{X

§ fmbn Ah Xcn¸n¨ IYmImcnbmWv....D. kck zXnb½


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109. sI. kc k zXnb½ bpsS "tNme ac§Ä' F¶ IY Fgp Xs¸« hÀjw ?D. 1954.110. ""]Ým¯ ]nt¡- {]hr ¯nbnÂ \n¶v c£ s¸«q F¶msWsâ hni zmkw. Ah t\msâ

kpJ ¯n\p th-n Acp Xm¯Xv sNbvXv A\ ysc Zp:Jn¸n¨metÃ ]Ým¯ ]nt¡ -Xv ''F¶v A`n{]mbs¸«Xv ?

D. enÃn¡p«n (tNmeac§Ä)111. "" Xm³ ImcWw aXmNmc§Ä Ahsf sIm¶p Ifªp Ah sf bn\n Pohn¡m³

Bcmepw km[ yaÃ.'' F¶v Ipät_m[w tXm¶nbXv BÀ¡v ?D. enÃn¡p«nbpsS ]qÀÆIme Imap I³ Bb a[p hn\v.112. "" B I\ ymkv{Xo aT̄nsâ Kw`oc amb tKäv Xpd¶v B Imhnh kv{X¡mc³ Df fnte¡v

IS¶p ''. F¶v Bcw`n¡p¶ IY bmWv.....D. tNme ac §Ä.(sI. kc k zXnb½)113. "" ssZh ̀ ànbÃ F\n¡p f f Xv. ]¨ bmb a\p j ykvt\lw ̀ uXnI Zp:Js¯ \nÊmc

ambn¡mWp¶ thZm´ a\:ØnXn C¶pw F\n¡v In«nbn«nÃ. '' BcpsS hm¡p IÄ. ?

D. I\ ymaT¯nÂ aZ dnt\mSv \µn ]dbms\ ¯nb k\ ymknbpsS hm¡pIÄ.114. DXp¸ms\ kw_ Ôn¨nS t¯mfw Ahsâ Dd ¡p ]m«v F´mWv ?D. DZc¯nsâ ]cmXn.115. tIÄhn¡mÀ¡v ckw tXm¶nbnsÃ ¦nepw Ah³ A¶p I- h tcmsSms¡ InW änÂ

shffw I- IY ]dªp, Bcv ?D. DXp̧m³116. InWdv Ip¯n \m«pImÀ¡v kaÀ¸n¨ DXp ¸msâ {]hr ¯nsb Bfp IÄ I- Xv..........

BbmWv .D. {`m´v 117. "ssSKÀ' F¶ IY _joÀ Fgp XnbXv ........?

D. At±lw sImÃw tem¡¸nÂ Ignbp t¼mgmWv.118. sImÃw tem¡ ¸nÂ Ignbp t¼mÄ _joÀ Fgp Xnb IY I fmWv.....D. ssSKÀ, CSnb³ ]Wn¡À, t]meokp Imcsâ aI³119. kÀ¡mcnt\mSpw t]meoknt\mSpw PbnÂ ]pf fnIÄ¡p ff at\m`mhs¯ Gähpw Iem

] cambn BhnjvI cn¡p¶ iàna¯mb IY bmWv.....D. ssSKÀ.1. t\mhÂ kmlnXy¯nÂ \n¶v sNdp IYmkmlnXys¯ hy XykvXam¡p¶ L SI sas´Ãmw ?D. A[nIw hÀ® \ Itfm IYm]m{X §tfm {Inbmk µÀ` §tfm sNdp I Yb ep-mhnÃ. Icp

¯p äXpw HuNnXyw \ndª Xpamb A\p `htam at\m`mhtam atäm hfsc km{µambpwGI {Kambpw sNdpI YbneqsS IYmIr¯v Ah Xcn¸n¡m³ {ian¡p ¶p. {]k ¶ amb`mjbpw ssNX \y]qÀ®amb BhnjvImchpw sNdpI Ysb amäpffXm¡p ¶p.

2. sNdpI YbpsS khnti j XIÄ hnh cn¡p I.cq]]camb {lkzXbpw inÂ]ZmÀUyhpw, A\p`qXnpsS kq£aamb BhnjvIcWw, GIm{KXbpw [z\ ymßXbpw, hnImcXo{hamb Ah XcWw.

3. sNdpIYm {]Øm\ ¯nsâ hfÀ¨¡v kw`mh\ \ÂInb temI kmlnX yImc ·mÀ ?D. Ata cn¡ ¡mcmb FUvKmÀ Ae³ t]m, hmjnMvS¬ CÀhn³, \Ym\nbÂ lmt¯m¬,

{_äv lmÀs¯, sl³dn Pbnwkv, djy ¡mcmb Bâ¬ sNtJmh,v \nt¡mfmbv tKmtKmÄ,{^m³kp Imcmb KosZ sam¸ kmMv, tkmaÀ skäv tamw, t_mZv ebÀ, _Âkm¡v , t^v fm_À.


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4. temI {]iàcmb GXm\pw sNdpIYmIr¯p ¡ fpsS t]sc gpXpI.D. ImXdo³ am³kv ̂ oÂUv, dpU ymÀUv In¹nwKv, sPbnwkv tPmbvkv, sjÀhpUv

B³tUgvk¬, hneyw t^mIv\À, hneyw ktcmb³, GWÌv slanwKth, amIvknwtKmÀ¡n, SÀP\oh, H. slân, kn.F¨v. temd³kv, entbm tSmÄtÌmbv, hneyw t^mIv\À.

5. CýbnÂ {]Nmc ¯nep -mbncp¶ {]mNo\I emcq] §Ä GsXÃmw ?D. ]© X{Í YIÄ, PmX II YIÄ, hn{I amZnXy³ IYIÄ, IYmk cnXv kmKcw, Zi Ip amc

NcnXw.6. CýbnÂ {]N cn¨ hni z{] kn²hpw {]mNo\ hpamb IY IÄ GsXÃm ?D. Bbnc s¯m¶p cmhpIÄ, Ipeo\ hZnw\, t]Àj y³ IY IÄ, Cutkm¸p I YIÄ, U¡m

adm¬ IY IÄ, ImâÀ_dn IY IÄ.7. ]c ¼ cmKX IYmcq] § fnÂ \n¶v C¡mes¯ sNdpI YIsf hy XykvXam¡p¶ LSI

§Ä Fs´Ãmw ?D. bpàn` {Zambn Ah Xcn¸n¡p¶ CXnhr ¯w, bYmÀ° a\p j ycpsS Ombbpw {]Ir

Xnbpw Dff IYm]m{X§Ä, hni zk \obhpw Bk zmZyhpamb PohnX Nn{XoIcWw,

IYm]m{X§fpsS at\m`mhw {]I Sam¡p¶ BhnjvImcw, KpW ]mTt¯ ¡mÄ a\p j yPohnX kµÀ` §Ä¡pw Ah Ø IÄ¡pw {]m[m\yw \ÂInbp ff BJ ym\w, IYbnÂ XpSn¨p \nÂ¡p¶ IYmImcsâ h yànXzhpw \ne ]mSpI fpw.

8. tIc f ¯nÂ am{Xw {]Nmc¯nÂ D-mbncp¶ BZ yIme IYmcq ] §Ä GsXÃmw ?D. Iq¯nepw IqSnbm«¯nepw hn`q j IÀ Ah Xcn¸n¡p¶ D] I YIÄ. ]S bmWnbnse D]

I YIÄ, hS ¡³ ]m«p I fnsebpw sX¡³ ]m«p I fnsebpw IY IÄ, ]m«p I YIÄ, am¸nf¸m«nse IY IÄ, anj WdnI YIÄ, tIc f hpambn _Ô s¸« sFX yl yI YIÄ.

9. ae bmf ¯nse BZ yIme IYmIr ¯p ¡ fnÂ {][m\nIÄ ?D. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb \mÀ (1980þ1914) aqÀt¡m¯p Ipamc³(1874þ1941) kn.F kv.

tKm]me¸ Wn¡À (18721930)A¼mSn \mcmbWs]mXphmÄ (1871þ1936) sN¦pf¯v sNdnb

Ipªncma tat\m³(1881þ1939) HSp hnÂ IpªnIr jvW ta t\m³ (1869þ1916) sI.kpIp amc³ (1876þ1956) Ipän¸pd¯v In«p ®n\mbÀ (1882þ1959) A¸³ X¼p cm³(1876þ1941).

10. aebmf sNdp IYmkmlnX ȳ nse BZy Ime IY I fpsS {][m\ khnti jX IÄFs´Ãmw ?.

D. kw` h §fpsS hnh cW§ fmbncp¶p ]e IY I fpw. sNdpI YbpsS LS \tbm GIm{KXtbm ]men¡ s¸ «ncp¶nÃ. AÛpXw, hnt\mZw, k¦ev]w, kml knI X, \À½w XpS§nb hbv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂI s¸ «ncp¶p. kmaq l y{] iv\ §Ä Xosc hnj b ambn kzoI cn¡s¸ «ncp¶nÃ. ]e t¸mgpw sNdpt\mh epI fmbn Ah bnÂ ]eXpw.

11. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb \mcpsS {][m\ IY IÄ ?D. ZzmcI, aZncmin, ]n¯ em«w, hmk\mhnIrXn.12. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mbÀ kzoI cn¨ XqenIm \ma §Ä GsXms¡ ?D. tIk cn, h{P_mlp, h{P kqNn, tZim`nam\n, kz tZi an{X³, hn`qjI³.13. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb cpsS IY I fpsS {]tX yI XI F´v ? D. \mS³ ssienbpw {]mtZ inI ̀ mj Whpw tNÀ¶ ck I camb BJ ym\coXn. PohX

¯nse hnI e XIsf \À½ `mh¯nÂ Ah Xcn¸n¡m\p ff tijn. A\mbmk ambnPohXn bmYmÀ° ys¯ BhnjvI cn¡m\p ff {]Xn`mhnemkw.

14. aebmf IYm{]Øm¯nsâ BZyIme hfÀ¨¡v t{]mÕml \ta Inb {][m\ {]kn²oIcW §Ä ?

D. hnZymhnt\mZn\n, hnZymhnemkn\n, cknIcRv Pn\n, P\ cRvPn\n, Bß t]mjnWn, ̀ mjm


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t]mjnWn, Iht\mZbw, IYmIuap Zn.15. aebmf IYI sfbpw IYsb gp¯p Imscbpw Bdv Xe apdI fmbn hn` Pn¡p ¶ Xn\v

Ipªn¡ ®³ hmWntaÂ (I YbpsS Bdmw Imew ) kzoI cn¡p¶ hy XykvXam]\ §ÄGsXÃmw ?

D. IY bpsS Ime L«w, BJ ym\coXn, kuµc ymht_m[w, PohnX \nco£ Ww, kmaqlnIimkv{Xm`napJyw, ̀ mj.16. \¼qXncn kapZmb̄ nse A\mNmc §Äs¡ Xnsc {]XnI cn¨ IYmImc ·mÀ ?D. hn.Sn. ̀ «Xncn¸mSv, ap¯ncnt§m«p ̀ h {XmX³ \¼qXncn, Fw. BÀ. _n.17. BZy Ime IYmImc·mcnÂ ]cnK Wn¡ s¸ Smhp¶hÀ ?D. kn. ]n. AN ypXta t\m³, kn. hn. Ipªncma³, ioshmffn \mcmb W³ \¼q Xncn,

sImSp§ ÃqÀ Ipªn¡p «³ X¼p cm³, C. hn. IrjvW]nÅ.18. a\pj ys\ kmaq lnIhpw {]mtZinIhp amb Øe¯v h¨v ImWpIbpw am\ knI Xsb

DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡p I Ibpw sNbvX \thm°m\ Ime IYmIr ¯p ¡ fnÂ {]m[m\nIÄ.D. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _joÀ, Fkv. sI. s]mä¡mSv, ]n. tIi h tZhv, inh i ¦c ¸nff XI gn,

s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n.19. aebmf sNdp I YbpsS \thm°m\ L«¯n\p kml Ncysamcp¡nb LSI §ÄFs´Ãmw ?

D. temI almbp ² § fp-m¡nb \mi \ jvS§Ä , djy t]mep ff cmP y§ fnep-mbhn¹h {]hÀ¯ \ §Ä, ]ptcmKa kmlnXy {]Øm\ §Ä A¿ ¦mfn, N«¼nkzmanIÄ,{io\mcmb W Kpcp, h¡w A_vZpÄ JmZÀ auehn XpS §nb alm·mcpsS t\Xr Xz¯nÂ \S¶ kmaq lnI ]cnjvI cW {]Øm\ §Ä ]mÝmX ytemI hpambpffk¼À¡w, ]{XamknI I fpsS {]Nmchpw t{]mÕml\ hpw, tIkcn _meIrjvW ]nffsbt]mep ff hnaÀi I cpsS CSs] SÂ.

20. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _jodnsâ {][m\ IYmk amlmc§Ä ?D. HmÀ½¡p dn¸v, ]mhs¸ «h cpsS thi y, hni¸v , hnUvVnI fpsS kzÀKw, hni zhnJ ymXamb

aq¡v, A\ÀL \nanjw, Nncn¡p¶ ac ¸mh, t{]a te J \w, P· Zn\w, aq¨o«pI fn¡mcsâaIÄ.

21; _joÀ XS h dbpsS Nn{Xw ]IÀ¯nh ¨Xv F§s\ ?D. shfn¨hpw Imäpw IS ¡m¯ apdnI fnÂ aeaq{XmZnIfpsS ZpÀKÔhpw ap«I fpsS

ISnbpw Ak l \ob amw hn[̄ nÂ Ds- ¦nepw Iod h kv{X§Ä Npän, XmSn aoi hfÀ¶hnfÀ¯ a\p j yt¡me §Ä¡v Htc sbmcp alm{] iv\ amWv Dff Xv. hni ¸v, hni ¸n\p ap¶nÂ asäm¶pw {]iv\aÃm¯ AhØ.....''. cm{Xn Dd§m³ InS ¡p¶Xv cmhnes¯ IªnIp Sn¡m\mWv. Iªn IpSn IgnªmÂ D¨ `£ WamWv a\ÊnemsI.

22. ssSKdns\ kw_ Ôn¨nS t¯mfw a\pj yhÀK¯nÂ c-v C\ ta bpf fqþ Bscms¡ ?D. t]meokpImcpw IpähmfnIfpw.23. ""XShpImcsâ kzÀK amWv PbnÂ Ahsâ\ cIw t]meokv tem¡¸v BWv '' hnh£ F´v ?D. tem¡ ¸nÂ Ignbp¶ XS hpImÀ¡v sImSpw ]oU \§ fmWv A\p `hnt¡ -nh cp¶ Xv.

hni¸pw Zmlhpw Ahsc asä´nt\ ¡mfpw _p²nap «n¡p ¶p. tem¡ ¸nÂ \n¶v DS³Pbnen¯m³ AhÀ Hmtcmcp ¯cpw AXnbmbn B{K ln¡p¶p. t]meokv aÀ±\w ̀ bt¡- XnÃ. ka b ¯n\v ̀ £Ww e`n¡p I Ibpw sN¿pw.

24. XShpImÀ¡v {ItaW ]cmXnIÄ CÃmXmbn F§s\ ?D. XShpImÀ¡v IrX yambn ̀ £Ww e`n¡p ¶nÃ. t]meokv C³kvs] IvSÀ kar ² ambn


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`£Ww Ign¡p I Ibpw HcmÄ¡p th-{X tNmdv ssSKÀ F¶ \mb¡v \ÂIp IbpwsN¿p ¶p. CXp I-p XS h dbnepf f hÀ¡v hmbnÂ shffaqdpw. sNbvXn«nÃm¯ Ipä§Ä¡v in£ hm§n XShd bnÂ Ignbp¶ AhÀ¡p Int«- tNmdmWv ssSKÀ ka y²ambn Ign¡p¶Xv. "" hni¸v AS §p ¶nÃ R§Ä¡v Kh¬saânÂ \n¶v In«m\p f fXv XcWw '' F¶v Bh i ys¸« XShpImÀ¡v t]meokpImcnÂ \n¶pw sImSnb aÀ±\w Gäphmt§-nh¶p. tlm«ÂImc\pwt]meokv C³kvs]IvSdpw X½nep ff clk y[mcW ImcWw XS hd ¡mcpsS tNmdpw CXc B\pIq e y§fpw \n¶p t]mbn. ]cmXn D¶ bn¨ hÀ¡v t_m[w \jvS amIpw hsc XÃv In«m³ XpS§nb t¸mÄ XS hpImÀ X§ fpsS Bh i y§fpw Imc y§fpw D¶ bn¡msX Bbn.25. "" R§Ä¡v hni ¸ S§p ¶nÃ. Kh¬saânÂ F¶p \nÝ bn¨ XpIbv¡p f fXv R§Ä¡v In«Ww '' kµÀ`w GXv ?D. th-pthmfw ̀ £Ww e`n¡msX XSh dbnepff hÀ {]bmks¸Sp¶p. AhÀ¡p ̀ £ W¯n\mbn Kh¬saâ v Hcp \nÝnX XpI GÀs¸ Sp̄ nbn«p -v. ]t£, C³kvs] I Sdpw tlm«epImc\pw X½nepff [mcW {]Imcw XS hpImÀ¡v {]kvXpX XpIbv¡v Dff Blmcw e`n¡p ¶nÃ.AtX kabw sXcphnÂ \n¶pw h¶ Nmhmen¸«nbmb "ssSKdn\v th-pthmfw ̀ £Ww e`n¡p

¶p ap-v. klnsI«v Hcn¡Â NneÀ ]d ªp. " R§Ä¡v hni ¸ S§p ¶nÃ. Kh¬saânÂ\n¶p \nÝbn¨ XpI bv¡pf fXv R§Ä¡v In«Ww. '' ]t£, In«nbXv t]menkpImcpsS CSnbpwC³kvs] IvSdpsS _q«vknsâ Nhn«pw Bbncp ¶p. t]mcm¯ Xn\p C³kv] IvSdpsS AhRvP\ndª tNmZ yhpw: ""Kh¬saâ v \nÝ bn¨n«pf f Xv ! \nsâ FÃmw X´btÃ Kh¬saâ''v AXn\p tijw Bcpw ]ns¶ ]cmXns¸ «nÃ.26. "" It-m, \½psS C³kvs] IvSdpsS hchv ?''D. ssSKdns\ XS hp]pffnIÄ "C³kvs]IvSÀ F¶mWv cl kyambn hnfn¸n¨ncp ¶Xv. t]meokpImcpsSbpsS ssSKdnsâbpw I®pIÄ¡v Htc cq£XbmWv . ssSKÀ shfnbnÂ s]mXpth t]mImdnÃ. alm`ocphmsW¦nepw atäXp ]«n tÌj\It¯¡v h¶mepw Hcp ISphbpsS iucyt¯msSssSKÀ `b ¦c ambn Ipc bv¡pw. F¶mÂ t]meokv tÌjsâ shfnbnÂ t]mIp t¼mÄ GsX

¦nepw Hcp Nmhmfn «̧nsb I-mÂ aXn. ssSKÀ hmÂ XfÀ¯n. ]n³Imep I fpsS CS bneqsSHXp¡n AI t¯¡v HmSnt¸mcpw. A¯cw Hcp ImgvN I-v cmjv{Snb¯ShpImcnÂ HcmÄ Nncn¨p sIm-p ]dª hm¡p I fmWv CXv.27. "" B ssSKÀ \mb tbmfw ̀ mKyw XShpImÀ¡p -mbncps¶ ¦nÂ '' ? kµÀ`w GXv ?D. tem¡¸nÂ, cmjv{Sob XShpImsc ImWm³ kplr¯p¡Ä h¶ kabw. hntij§Ä ]¦ph bv¡p¶ Xn\nsS \m«nse £mas¯ Ipdn¨p XS hpImÀ Adnbp ¶p. tem¡ ¸n\I¯pw X§ÄB £maw A\p`hn¡p¶p F¶p XShpImÀ ]dªp. XShImÀ¡v kpJIcamb BlmcapffXn\mÂ hnjaw H¶pw Adntb- XnÃ. `mKyhm·mÀ F¶v BKX cnsemcmÄ ]dª t¸mÄ Hcp XShpImc³ ]dbp¶ hmI yamWv CXv.28. "B ImgvN \mev] ¯nA©p XS hpImcpw H¼tXmfw t]meokp Imcpw I- XmWvþFXpImgvN ?D. XShpImcpsS Nne kplr¯p¡Ä Ahsc kµÀin¡ms\ ¯nb t¸mÄ ]e lmc §fpw ̀ £Whpw sIm-p h ¶p. Bthmfw Ign¨p an¨w h¶ `£Ww aäp XS hpImÀ¡v AhÀ \ÂIn._m¡n D-mbncp¶ Ccp ] s¯m¶p t]À¡v IjvSn¨v Hmtcm ]nSn tNmtd D-mIp ambn¶pf fq.CXn\nsS \ne¯v hoW tNmdp Xn¶ms\¯nb ssSKsd HcpXShpImc³ tam´¡v sXmgn¨p. `b¦c amb tam§nb ssSK dnsâ klmb ¯n\v C³kvs] IvSdpw Iq«cpw F¯n. Ipä¡mc s\¶pkwi bn¡ s¸« XS hpImcs\ t]meokv CSn¨p. AbmfpsS ]Ãv sXdn¨p hogp Ibpw t_m[ clnX\mhpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu ImgvN bmWv ]cmaÀin¡ s¸ Sp¶ Xv.29. _joÀ cNn¨ cmjv{Sobmwi apff Nne IY IÄ ?


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D. ssIhne §p IÄ, s]meokp Imcsâ aIÄ, PbnÂ ]pf fnbpsS Nn{Xw, P· Zn\w, ssSKÀ30. Imcqcnsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ ?D. A¼ e ¸ d¼nÂ, ac ¸mh IÄ, ]qh ¼ gw, tamXncw, taÂhnemkw, Akvt{Xmf PÀ, Ccp«nÂ,Krl \mbnI, Hcp ]nSn a®v, ao³Imcn, ImcqÀ IY IÄ.

31. ImcqÀ IYI fpsS khnti jX Fs´Ãmw ?D. efnXamb {]Xn]mZ\ssien, anX Xzw, BßmÀ° X, a\pj y\ · bnepff {]Xo£, IYm]m{X§ fpsS AćwK §sf at\ml cambn A\mh cWw sN¿m\pw {Kmamćo£ ¯nsâ imeo\kuµcyw BhnjvIcn¡m\p apff tijn.32. sI. kc k zXn A½bpsS {][m\ IYmk amlmc§Ä ?D. s]¬_p²n, FÃmw XnIª `mc y, IogvPo h \ ¡m cn, hnhm l k ½m \w, I\¯ aXnÂ,s]m¶p ¦p Sw, Nph¶ ]q¡Ä, kc kz XnA½ bpsS k¼qÀ® IrXnIÄ.33. ae bmf sNdp IYm kmlnX ȳ nse {it² b cmb IYmImcnIÄ. ?D. sI. kck zXnb½, efnXmw_nIm A´ÀP\w, cmPe£ an, ]n. hÕe, am[ hn¡p «n, kmdmtXmakv, ]n. BÀ. iyma f, am\ kn, {]nb F. Fkv, sI. BÀ anc, _n. Fw. kpl d, JZoP apwXmkv,

ssa\ Dssa_m³.34. "" At±lw Dd§n Fgp t¶Â¡p ¶ Xn\p aps¼ \ap¡m {]hr¯n Ignt¨ ¡mw.'' þ kµÀ`wGXv ?D. th§bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mbcpsS "ZzmcI' F¶ IY bnÂ Dd§m³ InS¶ \mb \msc kl{]hÀ¯I\mb amÀ«nÂ hnfn¨pWÀ¯p ¶p. ISenem- ZzmcI ImWm³ X¿mdmsW¦nÂ cm{XnXs¶ ISenend§mw F¶v At±lw \nÀt±in¡p¶p. hbÊ \mb amep an¡{X ss[cyw D-mhm\nSbnÃ. AXn\mÂ AbmÄ Dd§n Fgp t¶Â¡pw apt¼ Pe aÖ \ I hNw [cn¨v IS enend§mw F¶ [mc WbnÂ AhÀ F¯p ¶p.35. ""CsXs´md ¡mWtSm t\cw D¨ bmhmdmbntÃ ? F´m tl \ne hnfn¡p ¶Xv ? kµÀ`w Fgp XpI. ?D. "ZzmcI' F¶ th§bnÂ Ipªncma³\mbÀ Gsd ly Zyamb coXnbnÂ AhX cn¸n¨ IYbmWv. PeaÖ \I hNw [cn¨v ISente¡v Cd §p ¶Xpw Ft¶m Pe¯nem- ZzmcIbpw IS enseaäp hnkvab§fpw BkzmZyambn AhXcn¸n¡s¸¡Sp¶p. Hcp A\p`hhnXcWw t]mse apt¶dp¶ BJym\ ¯nÂ Hcp "SznÌv' D-m¡p IbmWv taep² cn¨ hmI y¯neqsS IYmImc³ sN¿p¶ Xv. CXp hsc hnh cn¨ bm{X sbÃmw kz ]v\ am bn cp¶p F¶v hmb \ ¡msc IYm Im c³t_m[ys¸Sp¯p¶p.36. ae bmf kmlnX ȳ nse BZ yIme IYmImcnIÄ ?D. Fw. kc k zXo`mbn, N¼¯nÂ Nn¶½p A½mÄ, e£van¡p«n hmc k ymÀ, hn. am[hnb ½,A¼mSn ImÀXymb\nb½.37. "]cmÀ°X, {]tbmP\w IqSp t´mdpw {ItaW CSp§nbnSp§n kzmÀ°XbnÂ sN¶hkm\n¡p¶p F¶p tXm¶nt¸mIpw AXnte \S ¡p t¼mÄ ? kµÀ`w Fgp XpID. sI. kc k zXnb½ bpsS "tNme ac§Ä ' F¶ IY bnÂ I\ ymkv{Xo aT̄nte¡v {]th in¡p¶ Imhnh kv{X¡mc³ aTm¦W ¯nÂ hfÀ¶p ]én¨ hr£ § fpsS at\mlmcnX I-v Bk zZn¡p ¶p. tKän\ Sp̄ p \n¶p sI«nSwhsc \«p h fÀ¯nb ac § fnÂ ]t£, ê h y£§Ä Imbv¡p ¶h sI«nSw kao]n¡p t´mdp amWv I-p XpS§p ¶ Xv. a\pj ysâ ]cmÀ° XbpsS {]tbmP\w hÀ²n¡pt´mdpw IpSp Êmbn kzmÀ°X bnÂ sN¶v F¯p ¶p F¶v AXnte\S¡p¶hÀ¡v tXm¶pw.38. "enÃn¸qhv ImWpt¼mÄ sN¼ c¯n¸q hns\ HmÀ¡p¶ t]msemcp sshcp ² ỳ mhap-v BNe \ ¯n\nS bnÂ'' þ hnh£ F´v ?


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D. I\yma T̄ nse ¯nb k\ymkn AhnsS ]mSnt¡« GtXm Km\ ¯nÂ Xsâ ]qÀÆIme kvacWI fnte Xnsâtbm km¶n[yw Adnbp ¶p. F¶mÂ IrX yambn AsX ´msW¶v Xncn¨ dnbm³]äm¯ Ah Ø bnepambn hnj an¡p ¶p. Cu AhØsb ]cmaÀin¡p I I bmWv ChnsS.39. "" lrZ bs¯ AS¡n \nÀ¯n _p²nsIm-v BtemNn¨v ]dbWw '' enÃnIp«n CXp ]d bm\p

-mb kml Ncyw F´v ?D. I\ ymkv{Xo aT̄nÂ hfsc bmZr ÝnI ambn I-p ap«nb k\ ymknbpw aZdpw ]qÀÆIme¯v AbÂ hmknIfmbn Ignªncp¶hcpw ]ckv ]cw {]Wnb¨ncp¶hcpw Bbncp¶p. hfsc ASp¸¯nÂ Ignbp¶ c-p ho«pImÀ X§fpsS {]Wb¯mÂ AIepsa¶v XoÀ¨ DffXn\mÂ hnhmlwF¶ Imcyw BtemNn¡mt\ AhÀ¡mbnÃ. DS³ aS §nh cp¶v Dd¸p \ÂIn Imap I \mb a[p\mSphnSp¶p. Xncns¨ ¯nb t¸mÄ enÃn¡p «nsb ImWmªv Iptd At\z jn¨p. HSphnÂ Is-¯nbt¸mÄ Ah fnXm aT̄ nÂ aZ dmbn Ignbp¶p. aT ¯nÂ Ignbp ¶Xv ISpw ssIbmsW¶a[p hnsâ A`n{]mbs¯ enÃn¡p«n JWvUn¡p ¶p. F¶mÂ c-p PohnX §sf \in¸nhÄF¶v a[p ]d ª t¸mÄ enÃn¡p«n F¶ aZÀ ]d bp¶ hm¡p I fmWnXv. c-v PohnX§Ä \in¡pIbÃ , AhÀ ImcWw F{Xtbm Poh\pIÄ c£ s¸«n«p-v F¶v enÃn¡p«n kaÀ°n¡p¶p.

hnImcw sImf f eÃ _p²n ]qÀÆw Nn´n ¡p I I bmWv th- sX¶v AhÄ ]d bp ¶p.sI. kc k zXn A½bpsS Fgp ¯nsâ e£ yhpw kz`mhhpw hyà amIp¶ kµÀ` amWnXv.40. a[p F¶ IYm]m{Xw, Xsâ Xe apWvU\w sNbvX Xn\p \nc ¯p¶ "\ymboI cWw F´v ?D. X\n¡v Gähpw `wKnbp ff hkvXp Xsâ PohnX ¯nÂ \n¶v t]mbn. `wKnbp ffsXm¶pw]n¶oSv _m¡n hbvt¡s-¶p AbmÄ hnNmcn¨p. am{XaÃ, Xs¶ h©n¨p IS ¶pt]mbn F¶v AbmÄ hni zkn¨ ]qÀÆ Ime ImapIn enÃn¡p«ntbmSv ]Icw ho«nb Xpt]msebpw AbmÄ¡v tXm¶n.41. Xsâ A{]nXosb ¸än aT ¯nep f f hÀ¡v t]Snbp -mIp sa¶v aZÀ ]d bm³ Imc W sa´v ?D. IqSpXÂ t\cw kµÀi I t\mSv kwkmcn¨ncn¡p ¶Xv I-mÂ aT ¯nep f f hÀ¡v AXnibwD-mIpsa¦nepw Bcpw AsXmcp ]cmXntbm {]iv\tam Bbn ]dbnÃ. ImcWw aT¯n\v hfscth- s¸ «bmfmWv aZÀ. [mcmfw ]Whpw ]m{Xhpw aT̄n\p kw`mh\ sNbvX BfmWv aZÀ.t]mcm¯Xn\v ho«nÂ \n¶v Bhiyapfft¸msgÃmw aäp km¼¯nI klmb§fpw hcp¶p. AXn\mÂ C¯ c¯nepff Hcmsf ]nWt¡-¶v AhÀ Xocpam\n¨ncn¡pw F¶v enÃn¡p«n hyàam¡p¶p.42. "" hÃ \n[nbpw In«psa ¶p h¨m ]mhw ]mSp s] Sp¶Xv ? '' þ kµÀ`w Fgp XpI.D. DXp¸msâ InWÀ (ImcqÀ \oe I WvT]nff) F¶ IY bnÂ DXp¸mÄ F¶ IYm]m{X¯nsâa\Êpw kXv{] hÀ¯ \ §fpw IYmIr¯v anI¨ coXnbnÂ Ah Xcn¸n¨ncn¡p ¶p. DXp¸m³InWÀ Ip¯p¶X dnªv \m«p ImcnÂ NneÀ ]cnl kn¡p ¶p. hÃ \n[nbpw In«p sa¶v Icp XnbmWv DXp̧mÄ {]b Xv\n¡p ¶Xv F¶v AhÀ Ifnbm¡p ¶p. NneÀ DXp¸m\v {`m´mWv F¶phsc ]d bp¶p.43. InWdpIp gn¨ DXp̧ msâ {ias¯ \m«p ImÀ kzoI cn¨Xv F§s\ ?D. InW dpIp gn¨ DXp̧ ms\ ]ecpw IW ¡n\v ]cnl kn¡p I bp-mbn. AhnsS Hcp IpSnepsI«pw ]q«pw ]ghpw hnäncps¶¦nÂ Ahsâ sNehn\pf fXv In«ntbt\ '' F¶v NneÀ DXp¸msâ_p²niq \ yXsb D¶ bn¨p. "" DXp̧m³ hI'' F¶p t_mÀUv h¨ncp s¶ ¦nÂ Iptd {]kn²nAh\p t\Smambncp¶p F¶v aäp NneÀ. "" Xosc KXnsI «mÂ IpSn¨pNmIm³ Ah\p hÃ h cpsSbpw InWdv At\ zjnt¡- ¶v HcpcknIsâ hI \nµ. Ip«nIÄ AXnÂ N¸pw Nhdpw IÃpwC«p ckn¨p. Hcp Zpcm{Kln sXm«nbpw asämcp ]m]n I¸nbpw tamjvSn¨p. C§s\ ]e amXncnt{Zml §Ä ]ecpw sNbvXp. Ipd ¨p t]sc¦nepw DXp ¸msâ {ias¯ am\n¡pI D-mbn.44. DXp̧m³ Xm³ Ipgn¨ InW dnÂ NmSn Bß l Xy sN¿m³ ImcWw F´v ?


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D. Pt\m] Imcw e£ yan«mWv DXp¸m³ InWÀ Ip¯nb Xv. F¶mÂ ]eÀ¡pw B kZv`mh\CjvS ambnÃ. DXp̧msâ {]hÀ¯\w {`m´v AbmWv AhÀ I- Xv. X\n¡v {]tbmP \ anÃm¯Hcp Imcyw sN¿p¶h³ {`m´\ÃmsX aämcv F¶mWv s]mXp kaql¯nÂ ]ecpw BtemNn¨Xv.IqSmsX Imew amdnbt¸mÄ Bfp IfpsS ]cnjvImc ¯nsâ tImehpw amdn. IpgÂ InW dpIfpwIpgÂ Pehpw Bfp IÄ D]tbmKn¡m³ XpS§n kÀ¡mÀ Nne D¯ hpI fneqsS s]mXpInWdpIÄ a®n«p \nI ¯m³ {ian¨p. ASp ¸p apf f hÀt]mepw DXp̧ msâ InWÀ aqSn¡ f bp¶ XmWv _p²n F¶v D] tZin¨p. Bi \in¨ DXp ¸m³ HSp hnÂ Bß l Xy¡p X¿mdmbn.45. Ahsâ Ccn¸p I -mÂ, hoÀ¯ Icn¼ Ss¡ «msWt¶ tXm¶q '' þ C§s\ tXm¶m³ ImcWsa´v ?D. ssh¡w apl½Z _joÀ Fgp Xnb "ssSKÀ' F¶ IY XShp]pf fnIfpsS ssZ\y PohnXs¯{]ta b am¡n cNn¡ s¸ «XmWv sXcphnse GtXm HmSbnÂ P\n¨ Hcp Nmh em¸«n tem¡ ¸n\I¯pw ]pd¯pw "ssSKÀ' Bbn hne kp ¶p. XS h d¡mcpsS ̀ £Ww Ign¨v ssSKÀ XSn¨p sImgp̄ p. PbnÂ C³kvs] IvSdpsS ]cnKW \bpw emf \bptaäv asämcp "C³kvs]I Sdp' sS ̀ mh¯nÂ Ignbp¶ "ssSKÀ XShpImcpsS I®nse IcSmWv. Idp¯p XSn¨ ssSKdnsâ \mepImepw

hmepw shfp¯ncn¡p¶Xn\mÂ Ahsâ Ccn¸pImWp¶ ]£w hoÀ¯p\nÂ¡p¶ Icn¼S¯nsâHcp sI«msWt¶ BÀ¡pw tXm¶q.III. ap¶qdp hm¡nÂ IhnbmsX D]\ ykn¡p I.1. t\mhepw sNdp I Ybpw X½nepff {][m\ hy Xymk§Ä Fs´Ãmw ?2. sNdpI Ybv¡v \ÂI s¸« hy XykvX \nÀh N\ §Ä Is-¯n ]cntim[n¡p I.3. ae bmf sNdp IYm {]Øm\ ¯nsâ ]nd hnsbIpdn¨v D] \ ykn¡p I.4. BZ yIme ae bmf sNdp I YbpsS khnti j XIÄ hnh cn¡p I.5. sNdpI Ym]T\ ¯n\v klmb I camb IrXnIsf ]cnN b s¸ Sp¯p I.6. ae bmf ¯nse {][m\ IYmIr ¯p ¡ fpsS ]«nI X¿mdm¡p I.7. th§ bnÂ Ipªncma³ \mb cpsS IY I fpsS {]tX yIX "ZzmcI' ap³ \nÀ¯n ]cntim[n

¡p I.8. "ssSKÀ ' apt¶m«ph bv¡p¶ Bi b §Ä Fs´Ãmsa¶v NÀ¨ sN¿p I.9. ssh¡w apl ½Zv _jodnsâ cN \mhnti j §Ä ]¦p sh bv¡p I.10. "DXp¸m³ ' F¶ IYm]m{X ¯nsâ kz `mh khnti j XIÄ \ncp ]Ww sN¿p I.11. sI. kc kzXn A½ bpsS cN \mssh` hs¯ "tNmemac§Ä ' F¶ IYsb ASnØm\ am¡n hnh cn¡p I.12. sNdpIYm{]Øm\w ae bmf ¯nÂ kPohamIm³ CSbmb kml Ncys¯¡pdn¨v D] \y kn ¡p I.13. \thm°m\Ime sNdp I YIsf¡pdn¨v D] \ymkw X¿mdm¡p I.

þþþþþþþþ


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16. Hcp Ime¯v \mK cnI Poh X¯ntâXv F¶p IcpXnbn cp¶ IÃn¸v tIc f¯nse \m«n³]pd¯pImcpsS PohnX¯nepw _m[n¨Xnsâ Xo£Whpw \ninXhpambhnaÀi\amWv ............. F¶ IY.

D. inem en Jn Xw.

17. PohnX¯nse kwLÀjaplqÀ¯§sf apgph³ Hgnhm¡n, IW¡pIq«epIÄ \S¯n,kzmÀ°w am{Xw t\m¡n Pohn¡p¶ C¶s¯ a[yhÀ¯n kaql¯nsâ {]Xn\n[n BWv inemenJnX¯nse ...........F¶ IYm]m{Xw.

D. tKm]me³ Ip«n18. Fw.Sn.¡v Úm\]oT ]pckvImcw t\Sns¡mSp¯ IrXn?D. c-maqgw.19. Fw.Sn.bpsS inemenJnXw GXp IYmkamlmc¯nÂ BWv.D. sjÀeIv .20. aäpffhcpsS Imcy¯nÂ am{Xw BZÀiw Bh iy s¸SpIbpw kz´w Imc y¯nÂ k¦p Nn X am hp Ibpw sN¿p¶ ka Im enI kaq l ¯nsâ {]Xn \n[n BWv inem en JnX¯nse

........ F¶ IYm]m{Xw ?D. s{]m^kÀ tKm]me³Ip«n21. 1985 se hb emÀ AhmÀUp t\Snb Fw. Sn bpsS IrXn. ?D. c-maqgw22. 1970 se tI{µ kmln Xy AIm Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb Fw. Sn bpsS IrXn ?D. Imew.23. 1959se tIcf kmln X y A Im Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb Fw. Sn bpsS IrXn ?D. \mepsI«v .24. tImhne³ F¶ t]cnÂ {]i kvX\mb Fgp¯pIm csâ bYmÀ° t]cv ?D. hn.hn. A¿ ¸³.25. ]md¸pd¯v F¶ XqenIm \ma¯nÂ {it²b\mb Fgp¯p Imc\mWv ....D. sI. C. a¯mbn.26. \´\mÀ F¶ XqenIm \ma ̄ nÂ {]kn ²\mb Fgp¯pIm c³ ?D. ]n.kn. tKm]me³.27. k¡ dnb P\n ̈Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1945 Dcpfn ¡p¶¯v (tIm «bw)28. 1979 Â tIcf kmln Xy A¡m Zan AhmÀUv t\Sn s¡m Sp¯ k¡ dn b bpsS IYm k am lmcw ?D. HcnS¯v .29. k¡dnbpsS BZyIYmkamlmcamWv......D. Ip¶v .30. Hcp \{kmWnbphmhpw Kufn imkv{Xhpw F¶ IYmkamlmcw BcptSXmWv .D. k¡dnb31. kemw Ata cn¡ F¶ IYm k am lmcw cNn ̈nXv ?D. k¡dnb32. BÀ¡dnbmw F¶ IY Fgp XnbXv Bcv ?D. k¡ dnb.33. IYmcw`̄ nÂ ss__nfnse a¯mbnbpsS kphn ti j¯nse aq¶v hmIy §Ä D² cn¨p


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tNÀ¯ k¡dnb bpsS IYbmWv ........D. BÀ¡ dn bmw.34. hmXnÂ Xf fn¯p d¶v AI t¯¡v h¶p. AbmÀ XfÀ¶ncp ¶p. thbv¡p¶ Imep Ifp

ambn Hcp a© ̄ n te¡v hoWv AbmÄ I®p I f S ̈p. ChnsS ]cm aÀin ¡ s¸ Sp¶IYm]m{Xw Bcv ?

D. ]«m f ¡m c³ ( BÀ¡ dn bmw)35. ""\n§Ä sIm¶ Ipªp §Ä¡v \n§Ä Ahsc sImÃm³ t]mIp I bmsW¶p a\Ên

emtbm''þ tNmZn ̈Xv Bcv ?D. thi ym e b ̄ nsâ DS aØ ( BÀ¡ dn bmw)36. thi ymeb ¯nÂ F¯nb ]«m f ¡mcsâ {][m\ Bhiyw F´m bncp¶p.D. Ipfn¡m³ shffhpw tNmc bnÃm¯ Hcp DSp¸pw.37. \m«nse Ipªp § sfsbÃmw h[n¨p If bm³ D¯chn «Xv Bcv ?D. sltdm tZkv cmPm hv.38. BcpsS P\ \ amWv sltdm tZkv cmPm hns\ ̀ b NIn X³ B¡n bXv ?

D. blq ZcpsS c£Isâ39. kn. hn. {iocm a³ P\n ̈Xv FhnsS ? F¶v D. 1931 \v Ip¶w Ipf ̄ v.40. "N£p{i h WK fØamw' F¶ IYmk am lmcw cNn¨Xv ?D. kn.hn. {iocm a³41. 1983 se tIcf kmln Xy AIm Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb kn.hn. {iocm asâ IYm k amlmcamWv. ....D. hmkvXp lm c.42. 1999 Â tI{µ kmln Xy AIm Zan AhmÀUp t\Snb {iocmasâ IYm k am lmcw GXv ?D. {iocm asâ IY IÄ

43. ae bm f ¯nÂ BZy ambn ]«m f ¡ Y IÄ cNn ̈Xv ?D. sh«qÀ cma³ \mbÀ.44. "{]Imiw ]c¯p¶ s]¬Ip«n' F¶ IY cNn ¨ Xv.D. Sn. ]ß \m `³.45. Sn. ]ß \m ̀sâ {]Imiw ]c ¯p¶ s]¬Ip«n F¶ IY¡v AtX t]cnÂ ]mcUn ¡Y Fgp Xn bXv ?D. k¡ dn b.46. {]Wb¯nsâ A[ cknµqcw sIms-gp Xnb IY F¶v sI. ]n. A¸³ hntijn ¸n¨ Kucn F¶ IY Fgp Xn bXv Bcv?D. Sn. ]ß \m `³.47. \ncmÀ{Zamb ̀ uXnI temI ¯nsâ bmYmÀ° y§ tfmSv Gäpap«n apdns¸Sp¶ a\pjym ßm hnsâ thZ\ IÄ Nn{Xo I cn¨ ImYn I \m Wv.....D. Sn. ]ß \m ̀³.48. ]ß \m ̀³ þ IY bnse Ime ss` c h³ F¶ ]T\w X¿m dm ¡n bXv ?D. kn. BÀ . kpio em tZhn.49. Sn. ]ß \m ̀³ P\n ̈Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1931 s^{_p hcn A©n \v, I®q cnse ]f fn ¡p ¶nÂ50. 1974 se tIcf kmln Xy AIm Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb ]ß \m ̀sâ IrXn bm Wv.


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D. km£n.51. 2000 þ̄nse hb emÀ AhmÀUv t\Snb ]ß \m`sâ IrXn bm Wv........D. ]pg IS¶v ac § fpsS CS bnte ¡v.52. tI{µ km ln Xy AIm Zan AhmÀUv, tIcf kmln X y A Im Zan AhmÀUv, HmS ¡p gÂ ]pc

kvImcw F¶nh \nc kn¨ IYm Ir¯v Bcv ?.D. Sn. ]ß \m `³.53. Sn. ]ß\m `sâ kvac WbmWv..............D. bm{X a t[y54. Sn. ]ß \m`sâ teJ\§ fpsS kam l cWamWv....D. ]f fn ¡p ¶v.55. Kucn¡v Gähpw CjvS ap ff Øew GXmbn cp¶p.D. tKm]mÂ ]qÀ56. ""IY Sn. ]ß \m`\v kmwkvImcnIhy hkmb¯nsâ DXv]¶ aÃ. AXv At±l¯n\v hni zmk¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\amWv. PohnXw Cu Fgp¯pImc³ A\p`hn¡p¶ coXn IYbmbn ]cnW

an¡pIbmWv. AbmÄ, Rm³ F¶o cq] §Ä \nc ´cw IS ¶phcp¶Xn\mÂ IYI sfÃmw Hcpt]m se bm sW¶v NneÀs¡ ¦nepw tXm¶mw. ]ß\m ̀sâ IY IÄ Hcp t]m se bp ff IY I f Ã.F¶mÂ AsXmcp ss\c´c yamWv''. ]ß\m`sâ IYIsf C{]Imcw hnebncp ¯nbXv Bcv?D. sI. ]n. A¸³ ({]W b ̄ nsâ A[ c knµqcw sIms- gp Xnb IY)57. IYmImcsâ ̀ mh\ kvt\l¯nsâ bmYmÀ°yw F´msW¶v At\zjn¡p¶ IYbmWv . .....D. Kucn.58 Sn. ]ß \m ̀sâ "aI³' F¶ IY At±l¯nsâ GXp kam lm c¯nÂ BWv Df fXv?D. Kucn.59. amXm]nXm¡ fnÂ \n¶v AI¶p t]mIp¶ GI k´m \ s¯¡pdn¨p ff Zp:JamWv Sn. ]ß

\m ̀sâ......... F¶ IY bnÂ.

D. aI³.60. ""i{Xp¡fpsS ssI¿nÂs]«v ]nSbp¶ Hcp ]£nbpsS NndISnbp¶t]msebmbncp¶p Ah cpsS i_vZw''.......B cpsS ?D. A½ bpsS (a I³þ Sn. ]Xv a \m ̀³)61. "" Sn. ]ßm \ ̀³ Iebpw Pohn Xhpw F¶ IrXn X¿ dm ¡n bXv ?.D. C. Fw. Ajvd ̂ v.62. ""B Nn{X¯nte¡v t\m¡nbncp¶t¸mÄ AXv ]Xps¡ Nen ¡p ¶p s-¶v tXm¶n''........ GXp Nn{Xw ?D. aI³ ]¯mw ¢mÊn em bn cns¡ FSp¯ Npa cnse Nn{Xw.( a I³)63. "hmkvXp lmc' F¶ Xnsâ AÀ°w F´v ?D. hkvXp A] l cn ¡ s¸ «hÀ.64. hmkvXplmc F¶ IY \S ¡p ¶X A´ co£ sa hnsS ?D. 1951 apXÂ 1973 hsc bp ff sImÂ¡¯m \K cw.65. BcXn¸ Wn¡À¡v \new hn«psImSp¡m³ X¿m dmbXv Bcv?D. `hm\n A½mbn66. `hm\n A½mbn Ønc ambn hmbn¡p¶Xv GXp Fgp ̄ p Imcsâ IrXn I fmWv.?.D. t]Ä. Fkv. _¡v 67. "kÀ¡mÀ sImSp¡p¶ BÀ¯hr¯n ̀ £n¨pXocpt¼mÄ AhnsS \n¶pw NmSnt¸mcpw C¯ hW ho-pw IÂ¡ ̄ bnse Hcp d^ yqPn Iym ¼nÂ h¨v I- t¸mÄ AbmÄ ImÂ¡Â


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hoWp'' Bcv ?.D. _n_mZv ̀ RvP³ _ni zmkv km[p.68. ""t\m h-À lnkv t\w Cukv sd¡saâUv t^mÀ HmÄ Cým kÀÆo kkv'' þ Bsc¡pdn

¨mWv Cu ]cm aÀiw.D. thWp hnsâ ko\n bÀ Hmô k sd Ip dn ¨v.69. Fń s\ bmWv thWp {]]© cl kyw F¶p hnfn¨Xv ?.D. kvt\lapffhcpsS D]tZiw.70. ZabńbpsS 'F_vtkÀUv ' (A kw_ Ôw) F¶p hti jn ̧n ̈Xv Fńs\ ?.D. `mKnt\ b³ apds¸ ®ns\ hnhmlw Ign ¡p¶ tIcf ¯nse coXnsb71. I¸ ente¡v t]mIm³ XpS§nbt¸mÄ Za bń thWphnt\mSv At]£n¨Xv F´v ?.D. X\n¡v I¯pIÄ Ab¡Wsa¶v.II. 25 hm¡nÂ IhnbmsX D¯csa gpXpI1. ]«mfIYIÄ¡v aebmf̄ nÂ {]Nmcw t\Sns¡mSp¯ IYmIr̄ p¡Ä

BscÃmw. ?.

D. tImhne³, ]md ¸pd¯v, \´\mÀ, hn\b³2. tImhnesâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ ?.D. Hcp IjvWw A Øn, Hcp ]mew a\ tbm e, BZys¯ IY IÄ, iIp\w, ]n¯w3. ]mḑ pd¯nsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ ?D. \memÄ\meph gn, Zn\ḿ y¡pdn ¸pIÄ, {]Imi[m c, Afnb³, Pohn X¯nsâ BÂ_

¯nÂ \n¶v.4. \´\mcpsS {][m\ IrXnIÄ ?D. Hcp hÀjIme cm{Xn, BImiw sXfn ªp, s\Ãpw ]Xn cpw, anÌÀ IpÂ¡ÀWn, sIm¶

¸q¡Ä5. hn\bsâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ ?

D. ISepw Iªn bpw, Ne\§Ä, Xo¿pw Xncbpw6. A[ ym]I IY IÄ¡v aebmf¯nÂ {]kn²n \ÂInb IYmIr¯p ¡Ä BscÃmw ?.D. ImcqÀ \oeIWvT]nff, AIv_À I¡«nÂ, F³.taml\³.7. ae bmf IYm kmlnX y¯nÂ B[p\nIXbv¡v {]m[m \yw \ÂInb Fgp¯pIm cnÂ {]ap

JÀ ?.D. Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³ \mbÀ, Sn. ]ß\m`³, ]«¯p hnf Icp WmIc³, Iaem kpc¿, F³.

]n. apl ½ Zv, kn. cm[m IrjvW³, Pn. hnthIm\ µ³, kn. F³. {ioIWvT³\m bÀ, ap«¯p hÀ¡n.8. B[p\nI IYIfpsS {][m\ khntijXIÄ ?D. \thm °m\ IYIfnÂ {]IS ambnI -n cp¶ kmaqlnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpamb IYm´ co£¯nsâ Akm¶n[yw, IYmIr¯nsâ Bß\njv Thpw kq£amwiw {]ISamIpw hn[hpw DffcN\mssien t\cn«pff kmaqlnIhnaÀi\¯n\p]Icw tIhe hyànbpsS {hWnXamb PohnXkml N c y § fpsS AS bm f s¸ Sp ̄ Â, hn¹ h I c amb Bi b {] Nm cWw sIm-v am{Xw kmaqlnI ]cnhÀ¯\w \S¯m\mhnsÃ¶ Xncn¨dnhv , kw`hhnhcW§Ä¡p ]Icw IYm]m{X¯nsâam\ kn I amb k¦oÀW ̀m h §sf Bhn jvI cn ¡m \pff {iaw, DNn X amb _nw_§fpsSkm¶n[yw, AkvXnXzZÀi\w at\mhnÚm\obw Cw{]j\nkw XpS§n B[p\n IYsb thdn«p\nÀ¯nb LSI§Ä \nch[nbmWv.9. Fw. Sn. hmkp tZh³ \mb cpsS {][m\ IYmk am lm c§Ä ?D. \nsâ HmÀ½ bv¡v, Hmfhpw Xochpw, Ipt«y S ̄ n, sjÀtem¡v, Ccp «nsâ Bßm hv,


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hmcn ¡p gn, ZmdpÊ emw, kzÀKw Xpd ¡p¶ ka bw.10. BZyIme ae bmf sNdp IYm Ifnse {][m\ {]tab §Ä ?D. {]Wbw Ipäm t\ zjWw, Aafn, kml k IrX y§Ä11. \thm°m\ Ime aebmf sNdpIYIfnse {][m\ {]ta b§Ä Fs´Ãmw.

D. hni ̧v, Imaw, \ne \n ev]n\p th-n bpff kacw.12. ""\o...... XW e¯v \S ¡v, C\n XpS§pw aq¡p Noäepw Pe tZmjhpw'' þ kµÀ` taXv ? AsÃ ¦nÂ13. aIÄIpSbpsS XWensâ h«¯nÂ \n¶v AI¶v apt¼ \S¶p. DW§nb Fffn³IpänIÄNhn«nsbmSn¨psIm-v [yXnbnÂ \S¡p¶ AhfpsS H¸sa¯m³ AbmÄ {]bmks¸«p... kµÀ`wGXv ?D. Fw.Sn. hmkptZh³ \mbcpsS "inemenJnXw' F¶ sNdpIYbnÂ Ncn{Xm[ym]I\mb tKm]me³Ip«nbpw aIfpw X½nepff kw`mjW cwKamWv ChnsS ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xv . tKm]me³Ip«nbpsS A½sb klm bn ¡m³ \n¶n cp¶ kv{XobpsS aIÄ Ft´m hnjw Ign¨p InS¶ t¸mÄtKm]me³Ip«nb S¡w Hcmfpw c£n¡m³ X¿mdmbnÃ. th- NnInÕ In«msX AhÄ ac Wa

Sªp. Bdp\mgnIt]mbmÂ kÀ¡mÀ Bip]{Xnbps-¶pw AhnSs¯ tUmIv Ssd hnfn¡m³Hcmfpw t]mbnsÃ¶pw tKm]me³Ip«n ]d ª t¸mÄ, AÑ\p hnfn ¨psIm -phcmam bncp¶ntÃF¶v aIÄ tNmZn ̈p. B tNmZy ̄ n\p AbmÄ¡v adp ]Sn D-m bn cp ¶n Ã. hnjbw amäm³AbmÄ aIsf t{]cn¸n ¡p¶ XmWv kµÀ`w. ]t£ aIÄ AbmÄ \o«p¶ XWÂ h«w \nc kn¨papt¶m«p iàntbmsS Kan¡p¶p. XpÑamb kzmÀ°XIfnÂ am{Xw a\Êv can¡p¶ kaql¯nsâ {]mXn\n[yamWv tKm]me³ Ip«n F¶ IYm]m{X¯nÂ Fw.Sn. aqÀ¯oIcn¡p¶Xv . FÃmän\pw aäpffhsc ]gnNmcp¶ at\m`mhamWv AbmÄ¡v. F¶mÂ ]pXnb Xeap dbnÂ IYmIr¯n\pff hnizmkamWv aIfneqsS Fw.Sn. apt¶m«phbv¡p¶Xv .14. Sn ]Xva\m̀sâ {][m\ IrXnIÄ GsXÃmw. ?D. Hcp IYmIr¯v IpcninÂ, ]pgI S¶v ac§ fpsS CSbnte¡,v {]Imiw ]c¯p¶ Hcp s]¬Ip «n, ]ß \m ̀sâ IYIÄ, ISÂ, Imess`c h³, lmcn k¬ kmbvhnsâ \mb, klrZb \mbsNdp¸¡m csâ v PohnX ¯nÂ \n¶v , \fn\Im ́n, aJ³kn§nsâ ac Ww, IYmIr¯v þkm£n,hoSv \jvS s¸« Hcp Ip«n, KpÂ apl ½ Zv, s]cp a g t]m se, Fsâ {]nb s¸« IY IÄ, Sn. ]ß \m`sâ IY IÄ (k ¼qÀ®w), Kucn.15. Sn. ]ß \m ̀sâ ]pg I S¶v ac § fpsS CS bn te¡v F¶ IrXn Ic Ø am¡nb {][m\ ]pckvImc§Ä FsXÃmw?.D. hb emÀ AhmÀUv,h f f t¯mÄ ]pc kvIm cw, efn Xmw _nIm A´ÀÖ\w kvamcI ]pc kv Imcw, Fgp¯Ñ³ ]pckv Imcw.16. Sn. ]ß \m ̀sâ IY I fpsS khn ti jX F´v ?D. aebmf¯nÂ sNdpIYm kmlnXyt¯mSv am{Xw {]tXyI Xmev ]cyw ImWn¨ A]qÀÆw IYmIm c ·m cnÂ Hcm fmWv Sn. ]ß \m ̀³, Xsâ Bß ̀m h §sf kzI Y bnepw IYm ]m {X § fnepwk¶nthin¸n¨v AhbpsS ]camh[n hmb\¡mcs\ A\`hs¸Sp¯ns¡mSp¡m³ ]ß\m`\pIgnbmdp-v. kv t\lamWv ]ß\m`IYIfpsS {][m\ {]tabw AXv {]Wbw, hmÕeyw, KylmXpcX XpS§nb hyXykvX ̀ mh § fpsS AÔÀ[m cbmbn {]hln ¨psImt- bncn¡p¶p At±l ¯nsâ IY I fnÂ Imh ym ß I amb `mjbnÂ Ah Ah X cn ̧n ¡m³ ]ß \m ̀\p {]tX yIhncpXv D-v. a\pjya\Ênsâ k¦oÀ®XIÄ At±l¯nsâ IYIfnÂ A\mhcWw sN¿s¸Sp¶p.17. Sn. ]ß \m`sâ "aI³' F¶ IY bpsS CXn hr¯sa´v ?D. t]mänhfÀ¯nb AÑ\½amsc X\n¨m¡n kz´w PohnXt\«̄ n\mbn {ian¡p¶ aIs\Ipdn


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¨p ff IY bmWv Sn. ]ß \m ̀sâ "aI³' {]mb amb Ime¯v {]nb s¸« a¡ fpsS kmao ] yhpwklmbhpw B{Kln¡p¶ amXm]nXm¡fpsS am\knImhØ lyZbkv]p¡mb hm¡pIfnÂ]ß \m ̀³ "aI\n' Â hc¨p h bv¡p ¶p. Hä s¸S ensâbpw AhK Wn ¡ s¸ Sp¶ Xnsâbpw thZ\bpw \nÊlmbXbpw IYmIr¯v A\p`hs¸Sp¯n¯cp¶p, Cu IYbneqsS.18. kZybv¡v \nev¡ntÃ ' F¶ aIsâ tNmZy ̄ n\v AÑ³ adp ]Sn \ÂIn bXv F§s\ ?D. Sn. ]ß \m ̀sâ "aI³' F¶ IY bnÂ aIsâ `mc y bpsS A\p P ̄ n bpsS hnhm l ̄ n\v F¯nb AÑ³ Xsâ aI \p ambn \S ̄ p¶ kw`m jW amWv kµÀ`w. IÃ ym W ̄ n\v hcm³H«pw Xmev]cyw CÃmXncp¶ AbmÄ ̀ mcybpsS k½X{]ImcamWv ]s¦Sp¯XpXs¶. AhnsSF¯nbt¸mÄ th- ]cnKW\ e`n ¡msX, Hc [nI ¸ ämbn Xm\hnsS \nev ¡p¶p F¶v AÑ\ptXm¶n. Xncs¡mgnª Hcp kabw t\m¡n AbmÄ aI\pambn Aev ]w \S¶p Nne kw`mjW§Ä \S ̄ n. Xsâ aI³ H¯ncn amdn t¸mbXmbn AbmÄ Xncn ̈ dn ªp. HSp hnÂ tlm«enÂXncns¨ ̄ nb AbmÄ Xm³ DS³ t]mIp sa¶v aIs\ Adn bn ̈p. aI³ AÑ³ kZybv¡p\nev¡ntÃ F¶ aIsâ tNmZy ̄ n\v AbmÄ Hcp Nncn bmWv adp ]Sn \evIn b Xv.19. ""Ah³ Ft¸m gmWv hcnI. \msf hcptam'' ? BcpsS tNmZy amWv ?

D. ]ß\m`sâ "aI³' F¶ IYbnÂ X§ fnÂ \n¶pw amdn Zqsc HcnS¯p IpSpw_ktaXw Ignbp¶ "aIsâ km¶n [yw sImXn¡p¶, hy²cmb Hcp AÑsâbpw A½bp sSbpsSbpw lyZbt`ZIamb am\knImhØbmWv AhX cn¸n¡p¶Xv. aIsâ ̀ mcy bpsS A\pP¯n bpsS hnhml ¯n\v kw_ Ôn¨v Xncn s¨ ̄ nb `À¯m hn t\mSv aI³ ASp¯ Znhkw hcntÃ F¶v A½tNmZn ¡p ¶p. `oXn I eÀ¶sX¦nepw ZrUamb i_vZ¯n ep ff tNmZy ̄ n\v AbmÀ Ah y àamb D¯camWv \ÂIp¶ Xv. aIs\ ImWm\pw Ahsâ km¶n[yw sIm-v kt´m jn¡m\pwsh¼p¶ Hcp A½ bpsS AhØ Cu hcn IfnÂ sXfnªpImWp¶p.20.k¡ dnbbpsS IYmk amlm c§Ä GsXÃmw ?.D. HcnS¯v , Ip¶v , BÀ¡dnbmw, Hcp\{kmWn bphmhpw Kufnimkv {Xhpw, I\ymIpamcn, I®mSnIm¬tamfhpw, k¡dnbbpsS IY IÄ,

21. k¡dnb bpsS IY I fpsS khn ti jX IÄ GsXÃmw ?D. kaql¯nsâ ssiYneyw Xpd¶p ImWn¡p¶hbmWv k¡dnbbpsS IYIÄ. hfsc \nÊwKX {]I Sam¡p¶, AtX kabw Xo{hamb Bt£]w lmky ¯nsâ AI¼ SntbmsS DbÀ¶phcp¶ BJym\coXnbmWv At±lw kzoIcn¡p¶Xv. hÀ¯am\ Ime PohnX¯nsâ AhØIfpsS Xo{hamb BhnjvImcw At±l¯nsâ IYIsf anIhpäXm¡p¶p. ^mâknsb AXymIÀjIambn sIm-phcm\pff k¡dnbbpsS anIhv {it²bam Wv.22. "" F\n¡v Adnªp IqSm. Ipªp §Ä¡v acWapt-m AhÀ¡v ac Ws¯¸än Nn´n¡m\dn bptam ? C§s\ tNmZn ̈ Xmcv ? kµÀ` taXv ?AsÃ¦nÂ23. "" Rm³ tI«sXÃmw A½am cpsS Ic ̈n emWv ''þ Cu {]kvXm h \ bpsS hnh£ F´v ?D. k¡dnbpsS "BÀ¡dnbmw" F¶ AXy´w \mSIobamb IYbnÂ, sltdmtZkv cmPmhnsâIev]\ {]Imcw \m«nÂ ]nd¡p¶ Ipªp§sf sIm¶pIfbm³ Cd§n¯ncn¨ Hcp ]«mf¡mcsâ AhØbmWv Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. cmPIev]\ A£cw {]Xn A\pkcn¡m³ hn[n¡s¸«AbmÄ Xsâ {]hÀ¯\§fnÂ AkzØ\mWv . taemsI càw ]pc- AhØbnÂ AbmÄhn{ian ̄ n \mbn thi yme b ¯nÂ F¯p¶p. £nW aI änb tijw Ipfn ¡m³ shffw thWsa¶v Adnbn¡p¶p. At¸mÄ thiymeb¯nsâ DSaØ AbmtfmSv tNmZn¡p¶p. ""\n§Ä sIm¶ Ipªp§Ä¡,v \n§Ä Ahsc sImÃm³ t]mhpI bmtWm F¶v a\ Ênemtbm? ''. Cu tNmZy ̄ n\v AbmÄ¡v {]tX y In s¨m cp adp ]Sn D-m bn cp ¶n Ã. F¶mÂthi ym e b ̄ nsâ DS a Ø IÄ¡v Hcp adp ]Sn thW am bn cp ¶p. At¸mÄ AbmÄ ]d bp ¶


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XmWv Cu hmI y§Ä ' F\n ¡ dn ªp Iq Sm.. IpªpÄ¡v ac W apt-m ? AhÀ¡p a c W s¯¸än Nn´n ¡m \ dn bmtam ? Rm³ tI«sXÃmw A½ am cpsS Ic ̈n em bn cp ¶p. '' . Cu hmI y§fnÂ Xs¶ GÂ¸n¡s¸« ZuXy¯nÂ AbmÄ¡pff XmXv]cy¡pdhpw \nÊwKXbpw \nÊlmbXbpw hyàamIp¶p-v .

24. AcmWv sltdm tZknsâ i{Xp ? BcmWn ]nd¶n cn ¡p ¶ Xv. ? Hcp Ipªns\ sb ́n\mWv sltdm tZkv t]Sn ¡p ¶Xv?. þ thi ym e b ̄ nsâ DS a Ø bpsS tNmZy ̄ n\v ]«m f ¡m c³\ÂInb adp ]Sn F´v ?D. sltdm tZkv cmPm hnsâ Iev] \ {] Imcw, \m«nÂ ]nd¶ Ipªp §sf FÃmw sIms¶m Sm¡m³ ]pd s¸« Hcp ]«m f¡mc³ Xsâ IÀ¯ h y¯n \n SbnÂ hn{ian¡m\mbn thiymeb ¯nse ¯p¶p. F´n\mWv sltdmtZkv C§s\ ̀ b¡p ¶sX¶v thi yme b¯nsâ DS aØbv¡v a\Ên emIp¶nÃ. At¸mÄ ]«mf¡mc³ AhÄ¡v sltdmtZknsâ Iev]\¡v ImcWw hyàam¡p¶p. blqZcpsS cmPmhv _Xv etlanÂ P\n¨ncn¡p¶psh¶v Ahs\ tXSn F¯nb Úm\nIÄ sltdm tZkns\ Adn bn ¡p ¶p. t]Sn¨ sltdm tZkv ]nd hn sb Sp¯ blq ZcpsS cmPmhns\ þ B Ipªns\ þ h[n ¡m\mWv Iev]\ ]pd s¸ Sphn̈n cn¡p¶Xv.

25. "" C{X Bbncw Ipªp§fpsS tNmcbneqsSbmtWm Hcp c£I³ hcp¶Xv ?'' ]«mf¡mc³C{]Imcw tNmZn¡m³ Imc Ww F´v ?D. k¡ dn b bpsS "BÀ¡ dnbmw' F¶ IY Nne ZmÀi\nI {]iv\ §Ä DbÀ¯n ̧n Sn ¡p ¶p.sltdmtZkv cmPm hnsâ BÚ incÊmh ln¨v At\Iw Ip«nIsf sIm¶pIfªv hn{ian¯ns\¯nb ]«mf¡mc³ thiymeb¯nsâ DSabpambn \SX1Xp¶ kw`mjW¯neqsSbmWv IYmImc³ Cu ZmÀi\nI {]iv\§Ä NÀ¨¡v sh¡p¶Xv. blqZcpsS c£I³ ]ndhnsbSp¯n«pffXn\mÂ Ahs\ \in ¸n¡Wsa¶mWv cmPIev] \. F¶mÂ GXmWm c£I³ ? AdnbnÃ.AXn\mÂ FÃm Ipªp§sfbpw hI hcp¯pI F¶XmWv cmPIev ]\. Cu Iev ]\ \nÀÆln¡pt¼mgpw ]«mf ¡mc\p aSp¸p-v. Ipªp§ fpsS càw, A½am cpsS Ic¨nÂ ]«m f¡m c³Xsâ Zb \o bX Xpd ¶p ] d bp ¶. BcmWv C¯cw Xocp am \ § sfÃmw \S ̧nÂ B¡p ¶ Xv. ?C{X Bbncw Ipªp§ fpsS tNmcbneqsSbmtWm Hcp c£I³ hcp¶Xv F¶v AbmÄ tNmZn¡p¶p. CXp Xs¶bmWv thiy bpsSbpw tNmZyw. alnatbmsSbtÃ c£I³ htc-Xv ? CutNmcbvs¡Ãmw c£I³ Xs¶ D¯cw ]dtbt- ? Cu ISw Ah³ F§s\ ho«pw ? F¶pwAh³ AhÄ tNmZn ¡p¶p.26. "" \ap¡v c£I\amsc thWw tNmcbneqsStbm {]Xm]t¯msStbm AhÀ hcs«. ]«mf¡mc\pw thi ybv¡pw c£I·msc thWw. '' þ Cu {]kvXm h \ bpsS {]kàn F´v ?D. k¡ dn b bpsS "BÀ¡ dnbmw ' F¶ IY bnÂ IÀ¯ hy \nÀÆ lWw Ignªv thiyme b¯nÂ hn{ia ¯ns\¯p¶ ]«mf ¡mc\pw thi ymeb¯nsâ DSabpw X½n epff NÀ¨bneqsSNne ZmÀi\nb {]iv\ §Ä NpcpÄ \nhÀ¯n ]pd ¯p hcp¶p. FÃm AcpwsIm eIfpw AXn{Ia§fpw hcm\ncn¡p¶ c£Isâ t]cnÂ s]mdp¡s¸Sp¶p. thiy¡pw ]«mf¡mc\psams¡c£ I ·mÀ thWw. AXn \mÂ c£ I³ hc s«. AXv tNmc bn eq sStbm {]Xm ] ̄n eq sStbmF§s\ Bbmepw Ipg ¸anÃ. c£ I³ h¶mÂ aXn. hfsc {]kà amb Nn´bmWv Cu hcnIfnÂ k¡ dnb apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶Xv.27. "" AXv Fsâ ]q¨ s] ä Xm Wv. a\p jy ¡p«n bpsS Ic ̈nÂt]mse tXm¶p ¶p. AtÃ ?;AsÃ¦nÂ28. "" \o If h p] dªp hnjan t¡ -. AXn\n blq ZcpsS c£ I \m sW ¦nÂ¯s¶ F¶ns¡´v? Ipfn ¡m³ h¶ h \mWv Rm³. tPmen Ignªv hn{i an ¡p hm³ h¶ h\m Wv. shÅwNqSm bntÃ ? kµÀ`w GXv ?D. k¡ dn b bpsS "BÀ¡ dnbmw ' F¶ IYbnÂ cmP I ev] \ {] Imcw \m«nse ]n©p Ipªp


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§sf Bdpw sIme sN¿m\nd§nb Hcp ]«mf¡mc³ Xsâ IÀ¯hy \nÀÆlW¯n\p tijwHcp thi ym e b ̄ nÂ hn{i a¯n \mbn F¯p ¶p. Dd¡ ap WÀ¶ ]«m f ¡mc \p ambn thiym eb¯nsâ DSa \S¯p¶ kw`m jWamWv IYm kµÀ`w. hcm\ncn ¡p¶ c£Isâ A´ yamWv sltdmtZkv cmPmhn\p th-Xv . Bbnc¡W¡n\p Ipªp§fpsS tNmcsbmgpIn IS¶p hcp¶

c£Is\ sNmÃn ]«mf¡mc\pw thiybpw kwkmcn¡p¶p. Imcy§Ä F{X {IqcamsW¦nepwX§Ä¡v Hcp c£I³ IqSntb Ignbq. F¶ Xocpam\¯nÂ Ah cncphcpw H¶n¡p¶p. Ipfn¡m³ X¿msdSp¡th ]«mf¡mc³ km£bn« apdnbnÂ \n¶v Hcp Ipªnsâ Ic¨nÂ tIÄ¡p¶p. s]s«¶v AXnsâ Ic¨nÂ Bscm AaÀ¯n¸nSn¡p¶p. Hcp XfÀ¶ ]p©ncn ]«mf¡mcsâapJ ̄ p -m bn. thi ym e b ̄ nÂ Bcpw c£ Is\ tXSn h¶nÃ AtÃ F¶ At±l ̄ nsâtNmZyw c£Isâ BKa\s¯ kw_Ôn¨ asämcp Nn´¡v Ahkcw \ÂIp¶XmWv . F¶mÂB Ic¨nÂ Hcp ]q¨¡p«nbptSXmsW¶pw ap\jyIpªnsâ Ic¨nÂt]mse tXm¶p¶p F¶pw]dªv thiy Ipªns\ c£n¡m³ {ian¡pt¼mÄ Ifhp]dªp Xm³ {]bmks¸tS- F¶pwB Ipªv blq ZcpsS c£ I \m sW ¦nÂ X\n¡v F´v ? Xm³ tPmen I gnªv hn{i an ¡m³F¯ nb h \m Wv. ]«m f ¡m csâ \nÊw K amb adp ]Sn Abm fpsS IÀ¯ h y ̄ nÂ AX r]vXn

hyàam¡p¶p.29. "" \nsâ aI³ hfÀ¶v cmPmhmIpt¼mÄ R§sfbpw c£n¡m³ ]dbq'' Cu A`yÀ°\ \S¯n b Xmcv ? kµÀ`w GXv ?D. k¡dnbbpsS "BÀ¡dnbmw' F¶ IYbnÂ, blqZcpsS c£I³ ]ndhnsbSps¯¶ hnhcwe`n¨Xn\mÂ \m«nse apgph³ Ipªp§ sfbpw \n{Kln¡m³ Iev]n¡s¸« Hcp ]«mf¡mc³Xsâ IÀ¯hy\nÀhlWtijw hn{ian¡m\mbn Hcp thiymeb̄ nÂ F¯p¶p. Ipfn Ignªv AbmÄ KmUamb Dd¡¯nembt¸mÄ AhnsS Hfn¸n¡s¸«ncp¶ Ipªns\ c£s¸Sp¯m\pff {ia¯nembncp¶p thiymeb¯nsâ DSaØbpw klmbnIfpw. ]pd¯pIm¯p\nÂ¡p¶IgpX¸pd¯v Ipªns\bpw A½sbbpw Ibän bm{Xmsamgn ]dbp¶XmWv kµÀ`w. X§Ä¡v A`bw \ÂI bnXn\v \µn bp s-¶pw Hcp {]X yp ] Imcw sN¿m³ X§Ä¡v Ign bn sÃ¶pwIpªnsâ A½ Adn bn ¡p ¶p. At¸mÄ thi ym e b¯nsâ DS aØbpsS A` yÀ° \ bmWv taÂ D² cn¨ hmI yw. blq ZcpsS c£ I \mb aI t\mSv thi y I fmb X§sf c£n ¡m \mWv AhÀ A`yÀ°n¡p¶Xv.30. aebm f¯nÂ {it² b cmb cmjv{Sob IYmIr¯p¡fnÂ {]apJÀ ?D. kn. AN yp X ¡p dp¸v (1911þ2000) Un. Fw. s]msä ¡m Sv( Fw. Ztam Zc³ s]msä ¡mSv 1923 þ1977)sNdpImSv tKmhnµ¸njmcSn, F³. tKmhnµ³ Ip«n, Fkv. BÀ I½¯v , G.]n. Ifbv ¡mSv, tPmkv .sP. Nme§mSn, s]cp¶ sI. hn. tXma kv.31. Sn. ]ß \m ̀sâ " aI³' F¶ IYbpsS BJ ym\w \nÀhln ¡ s¸ «ncn ¡p ¶Xv F§s\ ?D. aIsâ ̀ mcybpsS A\pP¯nbpsS hnhml¯n\v AIsebpff XoÀ°mS\ \Kcnbnse t£{X¯nÂ t]mbn Xncns¨ ¯nb AÑsâ hnNm c§ fneqsSbmWv "aI³' F¶ IY BJym\w sN¿s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv .32. kn. hn. {iocm asâ IrXn IÄ GsXÃmw ? D. hmkvXp lm c, £qc kp [m cm, NnZw _ cw, ]pd Im gvN IÄ , Ftâmkn hÃ y ½, Zp: Jn X cpsSZp:Jw, XoÀ° ¡m h Sn, N£p {i h W K f Øamw, DÀtfm kv, ]m¼³ ]mS ̄ n\pw ap¼v,HmÀ½s¨ ̧v, {iocmasâ IY IÄ, kp\n a.33. "hmkvXplmc "bpsS IYm {]tabw F´v ?D. _wKmÄ hn`P\¯n\ptijw C´ybnepw _w¥m tZinep ambn Ign¨pIq t«-nh¶ IpSpw _§fpsS Zb\ob PohnXhpw AhcpsS [mÀ½nItcmjhpw hn¹h{]hÀ¯\§fpw BWv " hmkv Xplmc'IYbpsS {]tabw.


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34. "hmkvXplmc'apt¶m«phbv¡p¶ Bibw F´v ?D. kz´w ̀ qanbpw [\hpw k¼mZyhpsaÃmw A]lcn¡s¸«v A]am\nXcpw aÀ±nXcpambn¡gnbp¶ P\X hn¹h {]hÀ¯\§ fnte¡v kzta[bm kÖcmbn IS¶phcp¶psh¶v IYmIr¯v ZabńbpsSbpw ktlmZsâbpw {]hÀ¯\§sf Nq-n¡mWn¨v hyàam¡n¯cp¶p. {]iv \

]cnlmc¯npff At\Iw t]mwhgnIsf¡pdn¨pff BtemN\bv ¡pw IYmIr¯v Ahkcsamcp¡p¶p.35. "" _m_p, F¶n¡o \in¨ sImÂ¡ ̄ bnÂ \n¶v F§s\sb¦nepw c£ s¸ SWw AsÃ¦nÂ Fsâ c-p a ¡ fpwþ BcmWv sImÂ¡ ̄ bnÂ \n¶v c£ s¸ S W sa¶v A` yÀ°n ¡p ¶Xv ? ImcWw F´v ?D. kn. hn. {incmasâ "hmkvXplmc' F¶ IY _wKmÄ hn` P\Im e¯v ]oU\ a\p` hn¡s¸«P\XbpsS thZ\ ]¦nSp¶XmWv . sImÂ¡¯bnse _\UnIv kv {Soänse kÀZmÀPn tlm«enÂXma kn ¡p¶ sd^ yqPn Hmô k sd t¯Sn Hcp _wKmfn kv{Xo F¯p ¶p. A` bmÀ°n I fm bhsc Bám³ Zzo]nte¡v sIm-pt]mbn Hcp G¡À ̀ qanbpw hoSpw I¶pImenIfpw ho«pkm[\§fpw sImSp¡p¶Xv Adnªp h¶hfmWhÀ. Xs¶bpw A`bmÀ°nIfpsS ]«nIbnÂs]Sp

¯nsImÂ¡¯bnÂ \n¶psIm-pt]mIWsa¶ A`yÀ°\bpambmWv AhÄ h¶Xv . PohnX¯nÂ kpJw Fs´¶v Adnbm¯hfmWv Xms\¶pw Hcp Znhksa¦nepw kzØXtbmsS Ccp¶pacn ̈mÂ aXnsb¶pw AhÄ Abmsf Adn bn ¡p ¶p.36. Xs¶tXSn sb ̄ nb _wKmfn kv{XobpsS A` yÀ° \bv¡v sd^ yqPn Hmô kÀ \ÂInb{]XnIcWsa´mbncp¶p. ?D. _wKmÄ hnP\ ̄ nÂ IjvS X b \p ̀ hn ¡p¶ A` bmÀ°n Isf klm bn ¡m \p ff ]²XnAdnªv F¯nb Hcp _wKmfn kv{XobpsS Bh i y ̄ n \p ap ¶nÂ sd^ yqPn Hmô kÀ A¼ c¶p \n ¶p. IÀjIcpw Xmgv¶ Pm Xn ¡m cp amb A` bmÀ°n IÄ¡p am{X ap ff ]² Xn bm W Xv."Ibkv sYm' F¶ DbÀ¶ PmXn bnÂs] «Xn \mÂ Ahsf Cu ]² XnbnÂs¸Sp¯m \ hnsÃ¶v AbmÄ Adnbn ̈p. F¶mÂ Xsâ a¡Ä¡v AhnsS Fs´ ¦nepw tPmen Xc s¸ Sp ̄ nX cmtamF¶ At\zjW ¯n\v Ah fpsS taÂhnemkw hm§n "ImWmw' F¶ bmÄ k½ Xn¡p ¶p.37. "" kz´w A½ ]d ªmÂ A\p k cn ¡m ̄ h tfmSv Hcp hntZin ] d ªmÂ '' þ kµÀ`wGXv ?AsÃ¦nÂ38. "C¶p sImÂ¡ ¯ bnse ØnXn AXmWv '' Cu {]kvXm h\ bpsS hnh£ F´v ?D. hn`P\w sIm-p Ijv SX A\p`hn¡p¶ P\Xsb klmbn¡m\pff ]²XnbnÂ Xs¶bpwDÄs¸Sp¯mtam F¶v At\zjn¨ph¶ _wKmfn kv {Xosb d^yqPn HmôkÀ Imcy§Ä ]dªpa\Ênem¡nsImSp¡p¶p. Xmgv ¶ PmXn¡mcmb IÀjIscam{Xw Dt±in¨pff ]²XnbmWv F¶v Adnªt¸mÄ B kv {Xo HmôkdtdmSv asämcp A`yÀ°\ \S¯p¶p. Xsâ a¡Ä¡v Zzo]nÂFs´ ¦nepw tPmen bp -m¡n¯cmtam F¶v. AhnsS [mcmfw Cw¥ojv aoUnbw kvIqfp IÄDffXn\mÂ Ahnse tPmen In«m³ henb _p²nap«p-mInsÃ¶p AbmÄ Adnbn¡p¶p. ]t£Xm³ ]d ªmÂ AhÄ tIÄ¡n sÃ¶pw Hmô kÀ ]d ªmÂ \S ¡p sa¶pw AhÄ \nÀt±in¨p. At¸mÄ HmôkÀ \ÂIp¶ adp]Sn CXm bncp¶p. kz´w A½ ]d ªmÂ A\pkcn¡m¯ h tcmSv Hcp hntZin ]dªmÂ ....... '' Abm fpsS kwibw ]t£ _wKm fn kv{Xo¡v D-m bncp¶nÃ. sImÂ¡¯bnse ØnXn Ct¸mÄ C§s\sbms¡bmWv F¶v AhÀ hyàam¡p¶p.hn` P \Ime _wKm fnsâ t\ÀNn {X amWv "hmkvXp lmc'bneqsS kn. hn. {iocm a³ Bte J\wsN¿p¶Xv .39. Zabń tIcf P\ Xsb shdp ¡m³ Imc W sa´v ?D. kn. hn. {iocmasâ "hmkvXp lmc' F¶ IY bnÂ d^ yqPn Hmô kÀ Xs¶ tXSn Hcn ¡Â


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F¯nb BcXn¸Wn ¡ cpsS ho«nÂ F¯p ¶p. Nmbbpw ]elmchpw Ign ¡p ¶ Xn \n S bnÂBWv Bc Xn bpsS aIÄ Za bń F¯p ¶ Xv. Hmô kÀ tIc f ̄ nÂ \n¶m sW¶v Adn ª]msS AhÄ, Xm³ tIcfP\Xsb shdp¡p¶p F¶v ]dªp. aebmfnIÄ ̀ ocp¡fpw Ahkc hm Zn Ifpw dnG£ W dn I fp amWv Ah fpsS ImgvN ̧m Sv. sImÂ¡ ̄ bnÂ F¯p¶ ae bm fn

IÄ \mep Znhkw hn¹ h{]Øm\§Äs¡m¸w \S¡p¶p. tPmenIn«nbmÂ ]ns¶ H¶n\panÃ.icn¡pw Icn bdnÌp IÄ. cmjv{Sw kzX{ámIW sa¶pw FÃmhÀ¡pw kaXzw thWw F¶pwB{K ln ¡p¶ Za b ́n bpsS I®neqsS ae bm fn I fpsS bYmÀ° kz`mhw hc ̈p h bv¡p I IbWv IYmIr¯v .40. "A¶v cm{Xn AbmÄ sseä W¨v Dd §m³ InS ¶ t¸m gmWv Ah cpsS Zp: J ̄ nsâ Ccp«v Abmsf IS ¶m {Ian¨Xv. ? þ Bsc ? ImcWsa ´mbncp¶p ?D. kn.hn. {iocm asâ "hmkvXp lmc" F¶ IY bnÂ IYm \m b I \mb d^ yqPn Hmô kÀ, Xsâho«nse¯nb _wKmfn kv{Xosb £Ww kzoIcn¨v Ah fpsS ho«nÂ F¯p¶p. Ipiemt\zjW¯nÂ \n¶pw B kv{Xo BcXn¸Wn¡À Xsâ Ipªp®n A½mhsâ ̀ mcybmsW¶v Xncn¨dnbp¶p. Hcp KXnbpanÃmsX Pohn¡p¶ Ahsc¡pdn¨pff Nn´ Abmsf AkzØ\m¡p¶p.

41. "" {]Xo£n¨Xnepw thK¯nÂ adp]Sn h¶p. A½bpsS am{XaÃ, aäp]ecpsSbpw FÃmw Htckzc¯nÂ'' F´mbncp¶p I¯nse Df f S¡w ?AsÃ¦nÂ42. A§ s\hÃXpw sImSp¡Wsa¶v tXm¶p¶ps-¦nÂ \o k¼mZn¨p Iq«nbn«ntÃ ! AXnÂ\n¶v FSp¯v sImSpt¯mfq'' þ F´mWv Cu {]kvXmh\¡v ImcWw. ?AsÃ¦nÂ.43. "B Znh k a {Xbpw AbmÄ B hcn I fnÂ am{Xw k© cn ¨p.'' þ kµÀ`w F´v ?D. kn.hn.{iocma³ "hmkv Xplmc' F¶ IYbnÂ d^yqPn HmôkÀ Xs¶ kao]n¨ Hcp _wKmfnkv{XobpsS CS s] S enÂ D-mb IuXpIw \nan¯w Ah cpsS hoSv kµÀin ¡p ¶p. Ipi emt\zjW¯nÂ BcXn¸Wn¡À F¶ B _wKmfn kv{Xo Xsâ A½m hsâ ̀ mc ymsW¶ Adnhv AbmfnÂ A¼çp-m¡p¶p. Xt¶mSph¶p klmbw tXSnbXv A½mbnbmsW¶Xv AbmÄ¡v {]bmkI cambntXm¶p¶p. AhcpsS ho«nÂ \n¶pw Xncns¨¯nbn«pw AbmÄ¡v AkzØXXoÀ¶nÃ. Dd§m³ InS¶t¸mÄ sseäW¨p F¦nepw AXn ̀ oIcamb Ccp«v Abmsf IqSpXÂAk zØ \m ¡n. DS³ Fgp t¶äv Xsâ A½bv¡v AbmÄ Hcp Fgp¯v X¿m dm¡n Ab ¨p.F¶mÂ {]Xo£n¨Xnepw thK¯nÂ AbmÄ¡v adp]Sn e`n¡pIbp-mbn. A½bv ¡p ]pdtaaäp ]ecpw adp ]Sn Ab ̈n «p -v. ]t£ FÃm I¯nepw Htc kzcw am{Xw. _wKm fnÂ \nÀ²\cpw \ncmew_cpambn Ignbp¶ A½mbn¡pw aIÄ¡pw Fs´¦nepw sImSp¡Wsa¶ tXm¶eps- ¦nÂ kz´w k¼m Zy¯nÂ \n¶pw FSp¯p sImSp¡m³. I¯nse Ahkm\s¯ hcnbm bn cp¶p AXv. B Znh k a {Xbpw AbmÄ B hcn I fnÂ am{Xw k© cn¨p HSp hnÂ Ccn ¡s¸mdpXn CÃmXmbt¸mÄ AbmÄ Fgp t¶äp \S ¶p. IYbnÂ hÃm¯ hgn¯ncnhp -m ¡p¶kµÀàmWv HmôkÀ B _wKmfn kv{Xosb ho«nÂt¸mbn ImWp¶Xpw Ah sc ¸än IqSn XÂa\Ênem¡p¶Xpw.44. "" kvt\l ap f f h cpsS D] tZiw F¶pw do B£ W dn bm bn cn ¡pw. AsXmcp {]] © c lk yamWv....... '' Zbab ́n¡v thWp \ÂInb D]tZiw F´mbncp ¶p. ?D. ZabńbpsS A½ BcXn¸Wn¡À BbqjvImew apgph³ Zp:J¯nÂ am{Xw Pohn¨hcmWv.AhÀ¡v {]mb ambn hcp ¶p. s]³j\p ff tPmen bp an Ã. AXn \mÂ Za bń Fs´ ¦nepwtPmensN¿m³ {ian ¡Ww. CXm bncp¶p thWphnsâ D]tZiw.45. "" Cu Xos¸mcn s]¬Ip«n C{X skânaâtem Cu Xo¡pSp¡¡v BhcWw....Xpjmc _nµp¡tfm.....? þ thWp C§s\ Btem Nn ¡m³ ImcWw F´v ?


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D. kn. hn. {iocmasâ "hmkvXp lm c' bnÂ A] l cn ¡ s¸« Pohn X § fpsS ]n¶m ¼p d ¡m gvNIÄ A\p`hş Sp¯n¯cp¶p. sd^yqPn HmôkÀ Bbn X§ fpsS \m«nse¯nb Bsf XsâA½mh³ BW¶p A½ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯ns¡mSp¯t¸mÄ Zabń kt´mjw sIm-p hnImc`cnXbmbn¯ocp¶p. AhfpsS sNdnb apJw Nph¶p. Ft´m ]dbp¶Xn\v Np-pIÄ hnd¨p.icocw H¶nfIn. ]ns¶ thKw thKw apt¶m«ph¶p thWphnsâ ImenÂ sXm«v {]Wmaw sN¿m³incÊpIp\n¨p. AbmÄ Imep]n³hen¨p. AhfpsS apJw ]nSn¨v DbÀ¯m³ {ian¨p. F¶mÂ]n³hen¨ Imensâ jqhn³ taÂ Hcnäv I®ocv Dcp-p IqSn. AXv Xmgvt¯ s¡m gpIn. AhÄAbmsf "" ZmZm....'' F¶p hnfn¨p. AXphsc I-mÂ ISn¨p Iodm³ h¶ncp¶hfmbncp¶p Zabń. Fń\pw XÀ¡w D¶bn¡p¶, kacat\m`mhapff Xos¸mcn..... AhÄ C{X a\Êenhv DffhfmsW¶ Imcyw thWphns\ AÛpXs¸Sp¯p¶p.46. ""t¢i § tfmSv aÃn«p aÃn«p Fsâ Poh Xn X ̄nsâ kmbm Ó ¯nÂ s`mhm\n \o«n ¯ cp¶`n£....'' BcpsS hm¡p IÄ.. kµÀ`w F´v ?D. klm b ̄ n \mbn Xs¶ kao ]n¨ _wKm fnkv{Xo Xsâ Ipªp®n A½m hsâ `mc y bmsW¶ Adnhv thWphns\ AkzØ\m ¡p ¶p. Bc Xn ̧Wn¡À F¶ A½mbnbpw Ah cpsS

a¡fpw Ijv S¸mSp \ndª PohnXamWv \bn¡p¶sX¶dnª thWp \m«nÂ Xncns¨¯n A½mhsâ kz¯v A½bmbn¡v e`yam¡m\pff {iaw \S¯p¶p. F¶mÂ FÃmhcpsSbpw I®nepwtami¡mcnb ̀ hm\n A½mbn HgnsI aäpffhcmcpw CXpambn klIcn¡p¶nÃ. BcXn A½mbnsb C¡m cyw Adn¨ t¸mÄ AhcpsS {]XnIc WamWv CXv.47. "Kucn' F¶ IYbnÂ _mÜXn¸p gsb IYm Im c³ Ah Xcņ n¨ Xnsâ HuNn X ysa´v ?D. Sn. ]ß\m`sâ "Kucn' F¶ IY kvt\l¯nsâ a[pc taml\amb ASbmfş Sp ¯em Wv.Im×WvUphnse ]ip]Xn\mYt£{X k¶n[nbnÂ _mÜXn \Zn¡cnbnÂ KucnbpwImapI\pwhÀj§Ä¡p tijw kwKan¡p¶p. t£{¯nsâ ]ndInse henb IÂs¡«nÂ Ncn¨p ]WnX]ShpIfneqsS AhÀ _mÜXneqsS Icnbnte¡v Cd§n sNÃp¶p. Icbnse NnXIfnÂ ih§fcnbp¶p-mbn cp¶p. BImiw Ccp-p InS¡pIIbmbn cp¶p. hfsc t\cnb Hcp NmäÂ ag

bp -m bn cp¶p . ]t£ AhÀ AsXm¶pw Adn bmsX _mK a XnbpsS Ic bnse NnX I fn te¡v t\m¡n aqIcmbncp¶p.... ]pg Ime{]hmlambmWv ChnsS Bhnjv Icn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. BZna[ym´§ fnÃm¯ Ime¯nsâ Hgp¡mbmWv ]pgsb IYmImc³ Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv. NnX ̀ uXnIicoc¯nsâ \izcX ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶p. NnXsbcnbÂ {]Wb¯nsâ A\nhmcyamb \izcXsbbpw [z\n¸n¡p¶p.III aq¶p ]qd¯nÂ IhnbmsX D]\ykn¡pI.1. tZi N cn {X t¯mSpw \m«p h g ¡ § tfm Sp ap ff Fw. Sn. hmkp tZh³ \mb cpsS {]Xn ] ̄ n¡v DZmlcWamWv " inemenJnX§Ä' ]cntim[n ¡pI.2. " inemenJnX§Ä' F¶ IYbnÂ {]Xnên ¡p¶ ho«ćo£ Nn{XW§ fnse KrlmXp cXhnhcn¡pI.3. Fw. Sn. IY I fnse ]pcpj IYm ]m{X§ fnÂ h¶ A] hmZ kao ] \ ̄ n\v DZm l c W amWv s{]m^kÀ tKm]me³Ip«nþþ \ncq]n¡pI.4. a¡sf HmÀ¯p ]nSbp¶ a\Êpambn Ign bp¶ amXm]n Xm¡Ä Sn. ]ß\m àsâ

IYmćo£¯nÂ Gsdbp-v.þþ hni Zam¡pI.5. "aI³' F¶ IYbv¡v Hcp BkzmZ\w X¿mdm ¡pI6. Sn. ]ß\m s̀â IY ]dbpIbÃ, IY A\p`hs¸Sp¯pImbmWv . "aI³' F¶ IYsb ap³

\nÀ¯n BtemNn¡pI.7. kz´w A½ sb t¸mepw ad¡p¶ aIs\ HmÀ¯v hnXp¼p¶ AÑsâ lyZbmhnjvImc

amWv Sn. ]ß \m`sâ 'aI³' eqsS \nÀÆln¡p ¶Xv. hni ZoI cn¡pI.


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8. Sn. ]ß\m ̀sâ IYm J ym \¯nsâ khnti jX IÄ Fs´Ãmw ? "aI³' F¶ IYsbap³\nÀ¯n NÀ¨sN¿pI.

9. BÀ¡dnbmw' F¶ IY apt¶m «phbv¡p¶ ZmÀi \nI NÀ¨IÄ Fs´Ãmw ?10. kwL SnX aX cmjv{Sob t_m[§Ä \ne bpd ¸n¨ncn¡p¶ hni zmk{]amW§sf

kw_Ôn¨ BtemN\IbmWv k¡dnbbpsS "BÀ¡dnbmw' F¶ IY.. NÀ¨sN¿pI.11. khntijamb cN\m kn²n ssIapXembpff k¡dnbbpsS IYIÄ B[p\nIXbpsS

F¶ t]mse B[p\ntIm¯cXbpsSbpw kz̀ mhw {]ISam¡p¶p. hnebncp¯pI.12. "hmkvXplmc' F¶ sNdp IYbnÂ AS §nb ktµiw Fs´¶v CXn hr¯w hni Zo I

cn¨p NÀ¨ sN¿p I.13. "hmkvXplmc' bnse tZh Inb½bpw ̀ hm\n b ½ mbnbpw kaql ¯nse hyXykvX Nn´m

KXnIsf {]Xn \n [m\w sN¿p ¶p. IYmk µÀ`§Ä FSp¯p ImWn¨v kz`n{]mbw AhXcn¸n¡pI.

14. "hmkvXplmc' bnse thWp F¶ IYm]m{Xs¯ \ncq]Ww sN¿pI.15 ""kaq l t¯m Sp ff Xsâ D¯ c hm Zn¯w Hcn ¡epw hnkva cn ¡m¯ a\p j y

cpsS [À½ k ¦ S §fpw Bß thZ \ Ifpw BWv kn. hn. {iocmasâIY IÄ ''hmkvXplmc' sb ap³\nÀ¯n BtemNn¡p I.16. a\pjycpsSbpw AhcpsS kmaqlymhØIfpsSbpw Bg§fnte¡v A\phmNIs\

sIm-p t]mIm \p ff {iaamWv kn.hn. {iocmasâ IY IÄ "hmkvXp lm csb ASnØm\am¡n hniZoI cn¡pI.


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samU yqÄ IIII. Hähm¡nÂ D¯csagpXpI.

1. ..........F¶ X¯zNn´Isâ ZmÀi \nI Nn´bmWv AkvXnX zhmZ¯n\v Ahkcsam cp ¡n b Xv.D. IoÀ¡ KmUv (Um \n jv)2. AkvXnXzhmZs¯ ]qÀWamb Hcp X¯zNn ´ bmbn cq] s¸Sp ¯n bXv Bcv ?D. gmMv t]mÄ kmÀ{Xv . ({^m³kv)3. AkvXn Xz Nn´ I cpsS ss__nÄ ' F¶dn bs¸ Sp¶ {KÙw ?D. _obnwKv Bâ v \¯nwKvkv 4. _obnwKv Bâ v \¯nwKvkv ' F¶ {KÙw cNn ̈Xv ?D. gmMv s]mÄ kmÀ{X.5. D¯ cm [p \n IX F¶ kwÚ BZyw D] tbm Kn ̈Xv Bcv ?D. tSmb³_n, NmÄkv HmÀk¬ F¶n hÀ.6. Fw. apIp µ³ P\n ̈Xv FhnsS ? F¶v ?D. 1942 sk]vXw_À 10\v, amln bnÂ7. "ly Zb hXn bmb Hcp s]¬Ip«n' F¶ IYmk am lmcw Bcp tS XmWv. ?D. Fw. apIp µ³.8. 1985 se tIc f km ln Xy A¡m Zan AhmÀUp s\mSnb IYm k am lm c amWvþþ þ þþD. ly Zb h Xnbmb Hcp s]¬Ip «n.9. "A©c hb Êp ff Ip«n ' F¶ IY cNn ̈Xv Bcv ?D. Fw. apIp µ³.10. "F´mWv B[p \n IX' F¶ kmln Xy hnaÀi\ ]p kvXIw cNn ̈Xv Bcv ?D. Fw. apIp µ³.11. kmln XcwKs¯ kw`m h \ IÄ ap³\nÀ¯n Fw. apIp µ\v {^©v Kh¬saâ v 1998 þÂ \ÂInb AhmÀUv GXv ?D. jh en bÀ AhmÀUv.12. Fw. apIp µ³ cNn¨ \mSI am Wv........D. Ccp«v 13. ae bmf ̄ nse BZy ssk_À t\mhembn ]cn KWn¡ s¸ Sp¶ "\r¯w' cNn ̈Xv ?D. Fw. apIp µ³.14. "UÂln 1981 ' F¶ IY Fgp Xn bXv ?D. Fw. apIp µ³.

15. "B \nanjw I_ dnsâ Ccp fnÂ \n¶v Hcp sIm¨ cn {]mhv ]d ¶p h¶v Xsâ Cfw sIm¡psIm-v \m\Iv Nµnsâ aqÀ²mhnÂ H¶p sIm¯p¶p....'' F¶v apIpµ³ FgpXn Ah km \n ̧n ¡p¶ {]i kvX amb IY GXv ?D. UÂln. 198116. eIva W³ emÂ ]ym cn emÂ ]WvUnävPn F¶ IYm ]m{Xw GXp IY bn emWv Df fXv ?D. apWvU\w sN¿ s¸« PohnXw (Fw. apIp µ³)17. ]WvUnävPn Hm^oksd XeapWv U\w sNbvXv IgpX¸pd¯v DucpNpän¡m\pff ImcWw F´m bn cp ¶p. ?D. Hm ̂ o kÀ Xsâ ho«nÂ h¶ h y ²\p IpSn ¡m³ shffw \ÂIn b Xn \mÂ.


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18. aebmf IYm Ncn{¯nÂ cmjv{Sobamb B[p \ Xbv¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨ IYmIm c³ ?D. Fw. apIp µ³.19. A]Izamb kml Ncy§ fnse hn¹h{] hÀ¯ \XXnsâ ]mfn ¨ IÄ hnaÀi\ hnt[ b am Ip¶ IY bm Wv........D. \memw bmaw.20. "Xq¡pa c §Ä R§Ä¡v' F¶ IY cNn ¨ Xv. ?D. Fw. apIp µ³.21. "\memw bmaw' ̄ nse IYm ]m {X §Ä BscÃmw ?D. XS hp ]pf fnbmb Hcp hn¹ hIm cnbpw Abmsf bmZrÝn I ambn klm bn¨ Hc \ y hÀK

¡m c \pw.22. "Akp ck ¦oÀ¯\w' F¶ IYm kamlmcw cNn ¨Xv ?D. Fw. kpIp am c³.23. "acn¨n«nÃm¯ h cpsS kvamcIf §Ä ' F¶ IYm kamlmcw Bcp tSXv ?D. Fw. kpIp am c³.

24. 1976 se tIcf kmln Xy AIm Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb IYm k am lm cw. ?D. acn̈n«m̄ h cpsS kvamcI §Ä (Fw. kpIp amc³)25. Fw. kpIp am csâ P· tZiw ?D. ]me ¡mSv (1943)26. "" B[p\nIXsb hn¹hmßI kmaqlnI ZÀi\hpw ss\XnI {]Xn_²Xbpw sIm-v cmjv {SobhXvIcn¡pIbpw cmjv{Sobs¯ B[p\nI a\pjymhØsb¡pdn¨pff t_m[hpw \ho\`mhpI Xzw sIm-v B[p \n Ih XvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp sIm-v ae bmf sNdp IY bnÂ cmjv{Sobamb B[p\nI Xbv¡v ASn¯]mInbXmWv kpIp amcsâ kmaqlnI kuµc ymßI {]kàn ''..... Cu \nco£Ww \S ¯nbXv Bcv ?D. k¨n Zm \ µ³

27. "\memw bmaw' F¶ IY GXp kam lm c ̄ n emWv Df fXv ?D. acn¨n«nÃm̄hcpsS kvamc I §Ä.28. "\oXn bpsS Xpemkv IrX y ambn c-p t]À¡pw in£ H¸w Af¶p X¶p.'' þ BÀs¡ms¡ ?D. Iem ] Im cn¡pw AbmÄ¡v A`bw \ÂInb hnap J \mb kl Im cn ¡pw.29. ""\\bm sX Cud³ Npa¡p¶h³, D¸pXn¶msX shffw IpSp¶h³ F¶o DZml cW §Ä ]dªv kzbw Bi zmkw Is- ¯p¶ Indp ¡³ '' Bsc Ipdn ̈p ff ]cm aÀi am WnXv ?D. Iem ] Im cn¡v A`bw \ÂIn b hs\¡pdn ¨v.30. F³. {]`m I c³ P\n ̈ sX hnsS ?D. 1952 Unkw _À 30\v ]d Èn \n ¡ S hnÂ (I ®qÀ PnÃ)31. "ambmab³' F¶ IYm kamlmcw Bcp tSXv ?D. F³. {]`m I c³.32. 1996 se tIcf kmln Xy AIm Zan AhmÀUv t\Snb "cm{Xn samgn' F¶ IrXn bpsS IÀ¯mhv ?D. F³. {]`m I c³.33. "Häbmsâ ]m¸m³' F¶ IYm km amlmcw ? Bcp tSXv ?D. F³. {]`m I c³.34. "H¶pw Rm³ Bh iy s] «n ÃtÃm ' F¶ IY GXp kam lm c¯n emWv Df fXv D. adp ]n d hn.


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35. ""C\nbpw Rm³ \n§ sfm sSm cp c l kyw ]dbmw'' þ cl kyw F´m bn cp ¶p.?D. Xsâ icoc¯nÂ\n¶pw ]pds¸Sp¶ NXnbpsSbpw hnbÀ¸nsâbpw \mäw ̀ À¯mhnÂ

\n¶pw Hfn¸n ¡m³ ̀ mcy ]mSp s]Sp¶Xv (H¶pw Rm³ Bhiys¸«n «nÃtÃ)36. "F\n¡v kpJw Xs¶' F¶ IY cNn ̈ Xmcv ?D. F³. {]`m I c³.37. Sn. hn. sIm¨p _mh P\n ¨Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1955 Â XrÈqÀ PnÃ bnse Im«qÀ F¶ Øe ̄ v.38. Sn. hn. sIm¨p _mh A´ cn¨ hÀjw ?D. 199939. "Ft¸msg ̄ ptam Ft́ m ? '' F¶ IYmk amlmcw BcptSXv ?D. Sn. hn. sIm¨p_mhbpsS40. Cd̈ nbpw Ipń cn¡hpw F¶ IYmkamlmcw X¿m dm¡nbXv ?D. Sn. hn. sIm¨p_mh41. Sn. hn. sIm¨p_mhbpsS "Ncn{X]pcpj³ ' F¶ IYbnse \mbIsâ t]cv ?

D. ]pjv Ic³.42. "Ncn{X]pcpj³ F¶ IY GXp kam lmc¯nÂ \n¶psa Sp¯ XmWv ?D. hoSnt¸mÄ \nÈ_vZamWv.43. "" k½Xn¡p¶p. Rms\mcp Xncpa -³ Xs¶bmWv Xeaq¯hcpsS sNmÃp tIÄ¡msX

]SpIpgn bnÂ hoWpIn S¡p¶ XesXdn ¨h³ ......'' F¶v Bcw `n¡p¶ IY GXv ?D. Ncn{X]pcj³.44. aebmf sNdpIYm kmlnXyNcn{¯nse B[p \nI {]Øm\ ¯nsâ c-v ssIh gnIÄ

F¶v ]WvUnXÀ kqNn ̧n ¡pXv Fńs\ ?D. Akv XnXz ZÀi\hpw A\yhXvIc Whpw45. "" Fsâ Dffnteä Bg ta dnb apdn hp IÄ Cu kXyw Fs¶ ho-pw ho-pw HmÀ½s¸ Sp

¯n s¡m -n cn ¡p¶p '' F´mWv B kXyw ?D. XeapXnÀ¶hcpsS hm¡p tIÄ¡msX ]SpIpgnbnÂ hoW XesXdn¨h\mWv Xm³ F¶

kXyw (Ncn{X ]pcpj³)46. kvt\lnX·mtcmSv BßmÀ°X ImWn¡cpsX¶v ]pjvIcs\ D]tZin¨Xv Bcv ?D. ap¯Ñ³47. ]pjvIc\p acWt¯ ¡mÄ ZpÊlamb Imcyw F´mbncp¶p. ?D. kvt\lnX·m tcmSpff Xsâ kXy kÔXsb sXän² cn¡p¶Xv.48. kt́ mjv G¨n ¡m\w P\n ̈Xv F¶v ? FhnsS ?D. 1971 Â Imk d tKmUv PnÃ bnse t_UpU¡ bnÂ49. sImae' F¶ IrXn BcptSXv ?D. kt´mjv G¨n¡m\¯ntâXv 50. "IYm]m{X§fpw ]s¦Sp¯hcpw' F¶ IYmkamlmcw FgpXnbXv Bcv ?D. kt´mjv G¨n¡m\w51. HXp Nn{XIYbnse \mbm«pImÀ F¶ ]pkvXIw BcptSXv ?D. kt´mjv G¨n¡m\¯nsâ52. "]ń t`mP\w' F¶ IY GXp kam lm c¯n emWp ffXv ?D. sImame53. kqk³ C½m\pthens\ Iq«p ImcnIÄ F§ s\bmWv hntijn ¸n¨ncp¶Xv ?D. k© cn¡p¶ sdtÌmdâ v


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54. hmZn bmb Im¸m ¡p «n bpsS h¡oÂ Bcv ?D. cpIvanWn55. kwKoXm\¼qXncn BcpsS tIkmWv hmZn ¡p ¶Xv D. tNmcn©¯v ]mem«vho«nÂ tKm]meta t\msâ. II 25 hm¡nÂ Ihn bmsX D¯ csa gp Xp I. 1. B[p \n IX ( Modernism) bpsS {][m\ khn ti jX IÄ Fs´ Ãmw.?D. temIalmbp²§Ä¡p tijw kmaqlnIhpw kmwkv ImcnIhpamb aqey¯IÀ¨bpw cmjv {Sob amb Ac £n Xm h Øbpw km¼ ¯n I amb AØn c Xbpw D¨ \o N X zhpw AfpIÄ¡n SbnÂHcp Xcw hyÀ°Xm t_m[w krjvSn ¡p I bp -m bn. B[p \n I a \p jy³ Hä s¸ «h\pw A] cnNnX\pamsW¶ [mcW kPohambn. Xt¶mSpXs¶bÃmsX aämscmSpw IS¸mSnsÃ¶v {]Jym]n¡s¸«p. aqeyNypXn kw`hn¨ kaql¯nÂ B[p\nI³ hnizkn¡nsÃ¶v h¶p. aqeyt_m[wDbÀ¯n ̧n Sn ¡p¶ Fgp ̄ p ImÀ Hä s¸ Sp I bp -m bn. am\ hn I Xsb AwKo I cn ¡p ¶ h cmWv B[p\n IÀ. F¶mÂ ]mc ¼ cys¯ ChÀ ià ambn \ntj[n¡p ¶p.2. AkvXn X zhmZw F¶mÂ F´v ?

D. Xm³ F´mtWm AXmWv HcmfpsS AkvXnXzw. a\pjyÀ kzX{ćmbn P\n¡p¶p. kzX{ćmbn¯s¶ Pohn¡p¶p. asämcmÄ Xocpam\n¡p¶Xn\\pkcn¨Ã Hcp a\pjy\pw Pohn¡p¶Xv. kzbw Is- ̄ nbpw \nÀh Nn¨pw {]hr¯n I fn eqsS kzbw AS bm f s¸ Sp ̄ nbpw Ah³Pohn¡p ¶p. Um\njv Nn´ I \mb IoÀIvKmUv ( Soran Keirkegard 1813-1855 ) BWv AkvXnXzhmZ Nn´¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv . slbv ZKÀ (PÀ½³), gmMv t]mÄ kmÀ{Xv ({^Rv ) F¶nhÀ CuNn´¡v ZmÀi\nIamb ASn¯d \ÂIn. IoÀ¡v KmÀUnsâ AkvXnXzhmZw AkvXnIw (aXmßIw) Bbncp¶p. kmÀ{XntâXmIs«, \mkv XnIhpw "" k¯ Akv XnXz¯n\p tijw ' F¶XmWv AkvXnXzhmZnIfpsS Bib]camb ap{ZmhmIyw.3. AkvXnXzhmZ¯nÂ A[njvTnXamb cN\I fpsS s]mXpkhntijXIÄ Fs´Ãw ?D. Bß kw Xr]vXn e£ y an «mWv AkvXnX zhm Zn bmb B[p InI kmln X y §Ä Fgp Xp ¶ Xv.

]cn]qÀ®amb \nÊwKX ]peÀ¯p¶ C¯cw Fgp¯p ImÀ PohnXkmlN cy§Ä¡v hnt[bamb kzX{´m hnjvIm camWv ChÀ¡v kmln Xyhpw CXcIe Ifpw. A\ yXmt_m[w hy àn\njv TX, \ncmiXmt_m[w, hyÀ°Xmt_m[w, iq\yXmhmZw, acWm`napJyw,ssewKnImcmPIXzw,taml`wKw F¶nh IqSn ¡ eÀ¶ PohnXho £ W amWv AkvXnXzhmZnI fmb Fgp ¯pIm cpsSIrXnIfnÂ ImWm\mhpI.4. B[p\nIXbpsS cN\mk {¼Zmbw kzoIcn¨ {][m\ Fgp¯pIm À Bscms¡ ?D. B\µv , H. hn. hnP b³, Fw. apIp µ³, Im¡ \m S³, A¿ ̧ ̧ Wn ¡À, sI. ]n. A¸³.5. AkvXnXzhmZnIfmb GXm\pw ]mÝm Xy Fgp¯p ImcpsS t]scgpXp I.D. gmMvt]mÄ kmÀ{Xv ({^m³kv) slbÀZKÀ (PÀ½ \n) AÂ_ÀIap ({^m³kv) {^m³knk

Im^vI (PÀ½³)6. D¯ cm[p\nIX ( Post Modernism) bpsS hàm ¡ fmb temIkm lnX yImc·m cpsS t]sc gp Xp I.D. \osj, slbvZKÀ, CÀhnwKv tlmhv, eo\ {^mt¦mbvkv , ey tbm «m³Uv, s{ÛdnIv Pbnwk¬, tUhnUv KmÀthm, hmÄ«À {Sqsbäv B³tUgvk¬, Dw_Àt«m Ft¡m.7. D¯cm[p\nIXpbpsSIS¶phchn\pw hfÀ¨bv¡pw klmbIcamb LSI§ÄGsXms¡ ?D. kv{Xohm Zw, ZenXvhmZw, \hamÀIv knkw, ]cnØnXn hmZw F¶n hbv¡p ]pdta ]{XþZy i yam[ya§fneqsS Iemþkmwkv ImcnI cwK§fnÂ bmYmÀ°yambn¯oÀ¶ BtKmfoIcWw, Ip¯IapXemfn¯ cmjv{S§Ä hnIkzcþAhnIknX cmjv{S§ fnÂ ASnt¨Â¸n¡p¶ km¼¯nI


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taÂt¡m bva, cmjv{Sob cwK ̄ p -mb {]mtZ inIþhn L SnX {]h W X IÄ, hÀKo b X,hwiob X, aXmßIX F¶nh bpsS Ah krjvSn¡p¶ kmaqlnI þ kmwkvImcnI {]Xn kÔnIÄ, ]p¯³ I¨h SX{´§Ä F¶nhbpw D¯cm[p\nIXsb kPoham¡nb LSI§Ä.8. Fw. apIpµsâ {][m\ IYmkam lmc§Ä GsXÃmw ?D. tXhnSnÈn¡nfn, X«m¯ns¸®nsâ IÃymWw, I®mSnbpsS ImgvN, ssI¡p¼nfnse shffw,iq\yXmImWv Uw, ]mhmSbpw _n¡n\nbpw, Iff\pw t]meokpw, Znt\mkdpIfpsS Imew, apIpµsâ IY IÄ, Fsâ {]nb s¸« IY IÄ, apIp µsâ IY IÄ( k ¼qÀ®w) Ggm as¯ ]qhv,A©chbÊp ff Ip«n, hoSv, \Znbpw tXmWn bpw, thi yI tf; \n§ÄsImc¼ew.9. "" F\n¡v Rm³ \jvS s¸ SpIbpw Rm³ F¶nÂ \n¶p shfnbn te¡v IS¡pIbpw sNbvXp''þ BÀ¡mWv C§s\ A\p ` h s¸ «Xv ? Ft¸mÄ ?D. Fw. apIpµsâ "apWvU\w sN¿s¸« PohnXw ' F¶ IY, kz´w hnizmk {]amWw A\pkcn¨v Pohn¨p t]m¶ Hcp hyànsb AImcWambn in£n¡m³ Icp¯pt\Snb sX½mSn kwLs¯¡pdn¨v ià amb Ah t_m[w \ÂIp ¶XmWv. Hm^oknÂ F¯n Xsâ tPmen bnÂ hym]rX\mb IYm\m bIs\ e£a¬emÂ ]ymcnemÂ ]WvUnäv Pn Fs¶mcmÄ \nÀ_Ô]qÀÆw

AhnsS \n¶v Cd¡n sIm-pt]mIpIbpw tdmUcnInencp¯n Xe apWvU\w sN¿n¸n¡pIbpwsN¿p¶p. At¸mÄ IYm\mbI\p Xm³ kzbw \jvSs¸Sp¶Xmbn tXm¶p¶p.]WvUnävPnbpsS hm¡pIÄ¡v ap¶nÂ {]Ú \ in¨h\mbn AbmÄ Ccp¶p. ]WvUnävPnsbtNmZyw sN¿m\mhmsX Abm fpsS FÃm BÚ Ifpw A\p kcn¡m³ hn[n¡ s¸« coXn bnÂIYm\mbI³ amdp¶p.10. "AbmÄ Npc -n sb Sp ̄ Xv Fsâ Xe apSn AÃm bn cp ¶p. Fsâ Bßm hm bn cp¶p '' þkµÀ`w hnh cn¡pI.D. Fw. apIpµsâ "apWvU\w sN¿s¸« PohnXw' F¶ IY bnÂ Xsâ Øm] \¯n te¡v Ibdn h¶ e£ a¬emÂ ]ym cn emÂ ]WvUnävPn F¶ bm fpsS BÚ {] Imcw IYm \m b I³Hm^okn\p ]pds¯¯p¶p. Xs¶ Im¯ncn¡p¶ £pcIsâ ASpt¯¡v IYm\mbI³ B\

bn¡ s¸Sp ¶p. A{Xbpw Imew AbmÄ Hma \n¨p hfÀ¯nb apSnbmWv £pc I³ hSn s¨Sp ¡p¶Xv. H¯ncn A\p`§fneqsS IS¶ph¶ Xsâ {]nbs¸« XebmWv apWvU\XXn\p hnt[bamIp¶sX¶ Adnhv Abmsf XfÀ¯p¶p. £pcIsâ I¯n Xsâ Xetbm«nebÃ lrZb¯neqsSbmWv \o§p ¶sX¶pw £pcI³ Npc-nsbSp¡p¶Xv Xsâ XeapSn bÃ, BßmhXs¶ bmsW¶pw AbmÄ thZ\ tbmsS, \nÊ lmbXtbmsS Adnbp¶p.11. "" C\nsbtâXp £ucw sN¿ s¸« Poh Xn amWv '' þ Bibw hy à am¡pI.D. "apWv U\w sN¿s¸« PohnXw ' F¶ IYbnÂ AXnibIcamb coXnbnÂ s]Sp¶s\ Akv XnXzw {Zwiw kw` hn¡p¶ Hcp PohnXw apIp µ³ Ah X cn¸n ¡p ¶p. hyàn¡v kz´w CjvSm \njv S§tfm {]XnIcW§tfm AhXcn¸nm\mImsX iq\y\mbn t]mtI-nhcp¶Xnsâ ̀ oIcXbpwthZ\bpw Cu IYbnÂ NÀ¨sN¿s¸Sp¶p. £pcI\mÂ Xsâ {]nbs¸« Xe apWvU\w sN¿s¸«t¸mÄ IYm\mbI\ptXm¶p¶Xv Xm\n\n £ucw sN¿s¸« PohnX¯n\p DSabmWv F¶v.12. ]WvUnävPn IYm\mb Is\ {Iqcamb in£IÄ¡v hnt[ b\m ¡m³ ImcWw F´m bn cp¶p. ?D. ""Zmln¡p¶p, shffw thWw '' F¶p At]£n¨v ho«nÂ Ibdn h¶ Hcp hy²\p IqSn¡m³XWp¶¯shffw \ÂInbXn\v BWv ]WvUnävPn IYm\mbIs\ Xeap WvU\w sNbvXpsXcphneqsS IgpX¸pd¯v \S¯n¨Xv.13."" Abm fpsS ssII fnÂ A\ h[n {KÙ § fp -m bn cp¶p '' þ Cu hmI y ̄ nÂ AS §n bn cn¡p¶ kqN\ F´v ?D. Fw apIp µsâ "apWvU\w sN¿ s¸« PohnXw' hy àn Po hn X s¯bpw kzmX{´ y s¯bpw


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X§Ä¡v tXm¶n b hn[w ̀ cn ¡m\pw \nb {ń ¡m\pw Ah Im i aps-¶p IcpXp¶ ZpjvSP ·§sf ]cn Nbs¸Sp¯p¶ IYbmWv. Xsâ tPmenbnte¡v {]thin¡m \ncp¶ Hcp Hmôksdhnfn¨nd¡nsIm-pt]mbn Xe apWvU\w sNbvXv IpXnçpd¯v DucpNpän¨v in£n¡pIbmWv e£ a W³ emÂ] ym cn emÂ ]WvUnävPn. Hmô knÂ IYm \m b Isâ hchv Im¯v Ccp¶]WvUnävPn hmbn ̈ncp ¶Xv ̀ K h ZvKoX Bbn cp ¶p. DucpNpän XfÀ¶t¸mÄ Nmb IpSn ¡m³Ccp¶t¸mÄ AbmÄ hmbn¨n cp¶Xv ss__nfm bncp¶p. asäm ch kc ¯nÂ JpÀ B\pw. ChIqSmsX aäp aX {K Ù §Ä, X¯ zZÀi \ §Ä, \nb a {K Ù §Ä XpS§n H«\ h[n {KÙ §ÄAbmfpsS ssI¿nÂ D-mbncp¶p. aXþZmÀi\nI NnÍfpw \nbat_m[hpw Dff ]WvUnäpIfmWv a\pjysâ kzX{´hpw kzImcyhpamb PohnXs¯ \nÊmc ImcW§Ä Nq-n¡mWn¨v l\n¡p¶Xv F¶ kqN\bmWv CXneqsS IYmImc³ \ÂIp¶Xv.14. Fw. kpIpamcsâ {][m\ IYmkamlmc§Ä GsXÃmw ?D. acn ̈n «n Ãm ̄ h cpsS kvamc I §Ä, Akp c k ¦oÀ¯ \w, Xq¡p a c §Ä R§Ä¡v, Ncn {XKm Y , hrY, h©n ¡p¶ ]Xn.15. Fw. kpIp amcsâ IY I fpsS {][m\ khn tijXIÄ Fs´Ãmw ?

D. aebmf kmlnXyNcn{X¯nÂ cmjv {Sobamb B[p\nIXbv ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨ IYmIr¯mWv Fw.kpIpamc³. an¯pIfpw sFXnly§fpw BZncq]§ fpsaÃmw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n khntijamb IYm L S \bv¡p cq]w \ÂIm³ Ignª Fgp ̄ p Im c \mWv At±lw. an¯p I fpsScmjv{Sobhmb\ km[y am¡m³ At±l̄ n\p Ignªn«p-v. hÀKt_m[s¯ tIhew kn²m´§fpsS N«¡q«nsemXp¡msX {]tbmKXe¯nte¡v sIm-phcm³ Fw. kpIpamc³ X¿mdmbn. PohnX bmYmÀ°y§sf hmb\m£aamb Xc¯nÂ Nn«s¸Sp¯n AhXcn ņ¡m³ At±lw{ian¡p¶p F¶p ImWmw.16. B \Ã \mÄ Ahsâ ap¼nÂ C{Xs]s«¶v F¯nt¨cpsa¶v Rm³ IcpXnbncp¶nÃ.'' F´mbncp¶p B Znh ks¯ khnti jX. ?D. Fw. kpIpamcsâ "\memwbmaw' XShdbnÂ Ignbp¶ c-p ]pffnIfpsS kw`mjWt¯msS

bmWv Bcw`n¡p¶Xv . Ccp¼p]nªmW¯nsâ h¡nepff Dcpf³ Ccp¼pI¼n s]m«ns¨Sp¯pHcmÄ kq£n¨ph¨n«p-v . ASp¯phcp¶ Aamhmkn\mÄ XShdNmSn c£s¸Sm³ AhÀ ]²XnX¿mdm¡nbncn¡p¶p. Im¯ncp¶ t]mse {]kv XpX \mÄ C{X thKw hs¶¯ntbm F¶v Iq«pImc³ BÝcys¸Sp¶p.17. "" Cu Ccp¼gn¡pffnse XShn\p ]pdta \n§fpsS \nÈ_v ZXbpsS XShpImc\mhm³ F\n¡ph¿ '' Bi b sa´v ?AsÃ¦nÂ18."" au\ a h ew _n ¡p¶ Fsâ inc ÊnÂ Hcp henb IsÃ Sp̄ n «Sn ¡m³ Ah\p tXm¶p ¶p.incÊp s]m «nbmÂ tNmcsbmgpIn Ã. {]X ybim kv{X¯nsâ emhbmhpw ]pd¯pNm Sp¶Xv '' þkµÀ`w hniZam ¡pI. AsÃ ¦nÂ19. "" C\nbpw Ccp «n\p I«n IqS s«, shfn ̈ ̄ nsâ Ah km\s¯ Zzm chpw AS b s«. \ns¶Rm³ c£n¡pw Hcp {]mhns\t¸mse hnim eamb Cu ̀ qanbnte¡v ]d¸n¡pw.'' þ Cu {]kvXmh\bv ¡p ImcWsa´v ?D. ""\memw bma' ̄ neqsS c-v XShp]pffnIfpsS IYbmWv Fw.kpIpamc³ ]dbp¶Xv . IqsS\nÂ¡p¶hs\ hcp¶ Aamhmkn\mfnÂ c£s¸Sp̄ msa¶v HcmÄ {]Xo£ \ÂIp¶p. F¶mÂAamhmkn \mÄ hs¶¯nbn«pw c£s¸ Sm\pff Hcp {iahpw ImWmXn cp¶t¸mÄ Iq«pIm c³Xs¶ C\nbpw I_fn¸n ¡cpsX¶pw c£s¸Sp¯Wsa¶pw A`yÀ°n¡p¶p. ]t£ AXn\pAbmÄ adp ]Sn ]d bp ¶n sÃ¶p h¶ t¸mÄ Iq«p Im c³ ]d bp ¶ XmWv "" \n§ fpsS \nÈ ̀vZX


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bpsS XS hpIm c\mIm³ F\n¡v h¿ '' F¶v. kln ¡ h ¿msX Bb t¸mÄ Iq«p Imc³ AbmfpsS incÊnÂ henb IsÃ Sp¯n«mtem F¶p BtemNn ¨p. incÊps]m«n bmÂ tNmcbÃ {]Xyb im kv{¯nsâ emh bmhpw ]pd ̄ p Nm SpI F¶p Ah³ Nnń ¡p ¶p. {]kvXpX ka b¯v Abm tfm Smbn Iq «p Im c³ \S ̄ p¶ kw`m jW amWv CXv. Ccp «n \p I«n Iq«n bmÂ , shfn ̈¯nsâ Ah km\ Zzm chpw AS ªmÂ AbmÄ Iq«p Im cs\ c£ s¸ Sp ̄ m \p ff amÀK amWv Ct¸mÄ AbmÄ Btem Nn ¡p ¶ Xv. Aam hmkn \mÄ Xs¶ XS h d bnÂ \n¶pw c£ s¸ Sm³AhÀ¡p Ignbp¶p.20. ""a\pjyXz¯nsâ DW§nb hn¯v kq{Ximenbmb \nsâ hm¡pIIfpsS \\hnÂ IpXnÀ¶p.C\n bn Xm hÀ¯n ¡nÃ ''þ kµÀ`w GXv ?D. Fw. kpIpamcsâ " \memw bmaw ' Hcp Iem]ImcnbpsSbpw AbmÄ¡v A`bw \ÂInb HcmfpsSbpw XS hdPo hnXhpw AhnsS \n¶p c£ s¸Sm³ {ian¡p ¶Xpw NÀ¨ sN¿p ¶p. HcmsfsIm¶h\mWv Iem]Imcn. AbmÄ¡v Hfn¡m³ Xmhfw \ÂInb kplr¯nt\msSm¸w Iem]Imcn PbnenemIp¶p. F¶mÂ A¶papXÂ klImcn £p`nX\mbn Iem]Imcnsb {]bmks¸Sp¯p ¶p. Iem]Imcn Imc W amWv Xm³ PbnenembsX¶pw AXpsIm-v Xs¶ c£s¸ Spt¯

-Xv Iem] ImcnbpsS D¯chmZn XzamsW¶pw AbmÄ Ah Imis¸ Sp¶p. hociqc ]cm{Ianbmb Iem]Imcn F´psIm-v Xs¶ klmbn¡p ¶nÃ. Xs¶ c£s¸ Sp¯nbmÂ FhnsSsb¦nepw sN¶v Xm³ Pohn t¨mfmw F¶mWv AbmÄ ]dbp ¶ Xv.21. ""Fsâ c-p hni¸pw amdn '' þ F§s\ ?D. PbnÂ NmSnb Iem ] Im cnbpw kl Im cnbpw HmSn c£ s¸ Sp ¶ Xn \nsS X\n¡v hni ¡p¶pF¶p klImcn ]dbp¶p. DS³ Abmsf Hcp IpSnen\p ap¶nÂ sIm-pt]mbn. AhnsS hr²Xsâ aI \p th-n IcpXn Im¯n cn ¡p¶ `£Ww kl Im cn¡v hm§n \ÂIp ¶p. tijwX\n¡v Imaw tXm¶p¶p F¶p Adnbn¨ kl Im cnsb asämcp IpSnenÂ sIm-p t]mbn AhnSs¯ kv{Xosb sIm-pAhsâ ImaZmlhpw ian¸n¡p¶p. AXn\ptijw ]pd¯ph¶ klImcn bpsS {]kvXm h \ bm Wn Xv. `£Ww \ÂInb hr²bpw Ima ]qÀ¯n \ÂInb thi ybpw

bYmÀ° Iem]ImcnbpsS A½bpw s]§fpw Bbncp¶p.22. Hcp tPmen In«p¶Xphsc Ignbm\pff XpI thWsa¶p klImcn Bhiys¸«t¸mÄ Iem]Imcn AXp kwL Sņn¨psIm Sp̄ Xv FhnsS \n¶v ?AsÃ¦nÂ23. "" ]IÂ h¶mÂ Xcp am bn cp ¶ tÃm... Cu cm{Xn bnseń\mWv kJmhv _p²n ap «n bXv ? '' þkµÀ`w GXv ?AsÃ¦nÂ24. "" Fs´¦nepw Bhiyapfft¸mÄ Bscsb¦nepw ]dªb¨mÂ aXn. kJmhp t\cn«p hcW sa ¶nÃ'' þ BcpsS hm¡p I fm WnXv ? kµÀ` taXv ?D. XShd NmSnb tijw Iem]ImcntbmSv klImcn Hcp A`yÀ°\ \S¯p¶p. X\n¡v Ipd¨p]Ww In«nbÂ temI¯nsâ GXp tImWnÂ t]mbmsW¦nepw \¶mbn Pohn¨psImffmw. DSs\Iem]Imcn Abmfpambn Hcp bphapXemfnbpsS Aca\bnse¯p¶p. c-p Idp¯ \á icoc§Ä¡p\SphnÂ Dd§n¡nS¡pIbmbncp¶ apXemfn sR«nbpWÀ¶t¸mÄ I-Xv I¯nbpw]nSn¨v \nÂ¡p¶ kJmhns\bmWv. Ipsd cq]thWw F¶p Adnbn¨t¸mÄ ]IÂ h¶mÂ Xpcambncp¶phtÃm Fń\mWv kJmhv cm{XnbnÂ _p²nap«nbsX¶v apXemfn tNmZn¡p¶p. ]W¯n\v cm{XnbmWv Bhiywh¶sX¶v Iem]Imcn adp]Sn \ÂIn. DS³ AeamcbpsS Xmt¡mÂ\ÂIn th-sXSp¡m³ apXemfn Adnbn¡p¶p. Bbnc¯nsâ aq¶p sI«p t\m«pIÄ FSp¯pt]mIm s\mcp§th C\nbpw Fs´¦nepw Bhiyw Dff t¸mÄ Bscsb¦nepw ]dªb¨mÂaXnsb¶pw kJmhv t\cn«phtc-XnsÃ¶pw apXemfn ]dbp¶p. B bph apXemfnbpsS AÑs\


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sIm¶Xn\mWv Iem]Imcn PbnenembXv F¶v IYmý¯nÂ Iem]Imcn shfns¸Sp¯p¶p-v .25. ""Rm³ AhÀ¡p Xncn¨dnbm³ Ignbm¯ aI\pw B§ fbpambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. ]ns¶F§ s\bmWv P\ §Äs¡s¶ a\ Ênem hp ¶Xv. ? '' hnh£ F´v ?D. Fw. kpIp am csâ "\memw bma ' ̄ nÂ A`bw X¶ kpl r¯ns\ ]ncn bm³ t\cw Iem ]Imcn ]dbp¶p. hni¡p¶p F¶p ]dªs¸mÄ ̀ £Ww X¶p hni¸pamänbXv Xsâ A½bpwImaw tXm¶n bt¸mÄ icocw X¶p ImahnImcw ian ¸n¨Xv Xsâ s]§ fpamWv. AhÀ¡v Xncn¨dnbm³ Ignbm¯ aI\pw B§fbpambn Xm³ amdnbncn¡p¶p. ]ns¶ F§s\ P\§Ä¡v,Xs¶bpw Xsâ hn¹h {]hÀ¯ \ § sfbpw a\ Ên em ¡m \mIpw? 1960 IÄ¡p tijw DS seSp¯ Cý³ hn¹h{]Øm\¯nÂ kPohambncp¶ \Iv kteäv {]hÀ¯\§fnse hogv N hnaÀi\mß Iambn AhXcn ¸n¡s¸ SpIbmWv Cu IYm kµÀ`¯nÂ.26. ""Fsâ s]§Ä¡v Cu sXmgnÂemcw ̀n t¡ -n h ¶Xv B InS ̧ d bnÂ \n¶m Wv. AhsâAÑ\m WXp ]Tn ̧n ̈ Xv. Cu {Kmaw apgph³ AbmÄ¡Sn a bm Wv.'' þ kµÀ`w GXv ?D. X\n¡v A`bw X¶ kplr¯n\v Pohn¡m³ Ipsd]Ww thWsa¶v Bhiys¸«t¸mÄ Iem] Imcn Hcp _w¥m hnÂ Ib dn ̧ äp ¶p. AÄtk jy³ \mb Itfm XWp ̧ ̄ v s\ Ã d¡v ImhÂ

\nÂ¡p¶ sNdpa¡tfm DWcmsX AhÀ _w¥mhnsâ AI¯v {]thin¡p¶p. ]«psa¯bnÂc-p Idp¯ \áicoc§ fpsS \SphnÂ sNdp¸¡mc³ apXemfn Dd§p¶p. Abmsf DWÀ¯n]Ww kzám¡n AhÀ ]pds¯¯p¶p. hgn ]ncnbm³ t\cw Iem]Imcn kplr¯nt\mSv NnekX y §Ä shfn s¸ Sp̄ p ¶p. Ah bn sem¶v X\n¡v ]Ww \ÂInb apX em fn bpsS AÑs\sIm¶Xn\mWv Xm³ XShdbnembXv F¶ Imcyw. bph apXemfnbpsS AÑ³ B {Kma¯nsâDSa bm bn cp¶p. FÃm hcpw AbmÄ¡v ASna Bbn cp¶p. Xsâ s]§Ä þt\ cs¯ klm Imcn¡v Ia ]qÀ¯n \ÂIn b hÄþ thiy sXmgn Â Bcw ̀n ̈Xv Abm fpsS InS ̧ d bnÂ \n¶m Wv.bph ap X em fnbpsS AÑ\nÂ \n¶mWv ]Tn ̈ Xv. (22222)27. "" \in¨ hÀK §Ä ]mh s¸ «h s\ s´ ¦nepw KpWw In«p¶Xv Ch äIÄ sN¿n Ã.'' þ kµÀ`wFgpXpI.

D. Fw kpIp am csâ "\memw bmaw' F¶ IY bpsS A´ y ̄ nÂ XS hp Nm Snb c-p t] scbpw]nSn¡m\nd§n¯ncn¨ \nb]meIcnÂ HcmÄ ]dbp¶XmWnXv. \Zn \oń¡S¡m³ {ian¡p¶XShp]pffnIsf AhÀ shSnsh¨nSp¶p. Ie]Imcn c-p Imen\pw shSntbäv At_m[mhØbnte¡v \o§p¶p. klImcnbmIs« ]pgbnte¡v NmSn \oédnbmsX Hgp¡nÂs¸«v ap§n¨mhp¶p. Abm fnÂ \n¶p hoW t\m«p IÄ (Id³kn) s]dp ¡p ¶ Xn\nSbnÂ \nba]m e I³ ]dbp¶XmWv Cu hmIy§Ä.28. F³ . {]`m I csâ IYm k am lm c §Ä GsXÃmw ?D. adp ]nd hn, Hä bmsâ ]m¸m³, cm{Xn sam gn, ambm a b³.29. "" Fsâ P·w ASn apSn ]q¯p e ªp sh¶v F\n¡v tXm¶n. ]t£ At¸mgpw Ft´mH¶nsâ Ipdhv Rm\dnªn cp¶p.'' þ kµÀ`sa gpXpI.D. F³. {]`m I csâ H¶pw Rm³ Bh i y s¸ «nÃtÃm ' F¶ IY B[p \n tIm ̄ c Imes¯s]¬ PohnXs¯ Ipdn¨pff DXvIWvT ]¦pshbv¡p ¶p. ]¯p sImÃ §Ä¡v ap¼v tImtfPv hnZymÀ°n\n Bbncns¡ AbmfpsS PohnX¯nte¡v IS¶ph¶hfmWv \mbnI. AÂ]w sImÃ¡mew ̀ À¯mhnsâ ho«nÂ AhKWbpw \nµbpw kln¨v ho«p tPmenbpsS ̀ mchpw t]dn HcmtfmSpw ]cmXntbm ]cn`htam ]dbmsX AhÄ IgnªpIqSn. ØntcmXv lmhpw \nÀ_Ô_p²nbpwsIm-v Hcp tPmenbpw ]n¶oSv hoSpw AhÄ kzám¡n. `À¯mhpsam¯p \Kc̄ nÂ kz]v\ km£m XvImct¯msS Ign bpt¼mgpw X§ fpsS Pohn X¯nÂ D-mb amä §Ä AhÄ a\Ên em ¡p ¶p. FÃmw t\Sn bn«pw Fńtâtbm Hcp Ipdhv AhÄ A\p `n ¡p ¶p. Abm fpsSkvt\l amWv AsX¶v AhÄ Xpd¶p ]d bp ¶n Ã''. Hcp thf FÃmw Ignªpw c-p a\pjy


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PohnIÄ¡nSbnÂ iq\yXbpsS HcnS\new _m¡n\nÂ¡pambncn¡pw. F¦nepw X§ fpsS PohnX¯nÂ Gähpw at\mlcamb Imew A¡mew Xs¶ Bbncp¶psh¶v AhÄ hyàam¡p¶p.30. X\n¡v kmcn hm§n ¯cW sa¶v Bhiys¸«t¸mÄ ̀ À¯mhnsâ {]XnIcWw F´m bn cp ¶p.

D. " H¶pw Rm³ Bh i y s¸ «n ÃtÃm' F¶ F³. {]`m I csâ IY kv{Xosb BZÀi h XvI cn¡msX AhfpsS bYmÀ° amb Pohn Xm\p` h §Ä Is- ̄ m \pff ]cn {ia amWv. tPmenhpwhoSp sams¡ kz´ ambn t\Sn sb Sp¯p Pohn ¡p ¶ h fmWv Cu IY bnse \mbn I. Ip«n IsfhfÀ¯epw tPmen ¯nc¡p sams¡ bmbn Imew IS ¶pt]m bn. Hcn¡Â Xe apSn ]Ip s¸Sp¯v NoIpt¼mÄ \c¨ XeapSnIÄ ImWm\nSbmbn, AhÄ¡v . A¶mWv X\n¡v {]mbambn hcp¶Xv. AhÄ AdnªXv. A¶p sshIp t¶cw AhÄ ̀ À¯mhnt\mSv X\n¡v Hcp kmcnhm§n¯cWsa¶v Bhiys¸«p. aps¼mcn¡epw A¯c¯ntemcmhiyw DbÀ¯m¯ Xsâ hm¡pIÄtI«v ̀ À¯mhv AÛpXsam¶pw ImWn¡msX klXm]w \ndª I®psIm-v Ahsf ASnapSnH¶p t\m¡n A¶p ]t£, AhÄ¡v B t\m«¯nsâ AÀ°w {Kln ¡m \m bnÃ. ]n¶oSv `À¯m hnÂ D-mb Nne ̀ mham ä§ fn eqsS AhÄ¡v a\ Ên em ¡m\m bn.

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