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HYPROFF Concrete

PROJECT REPORT

8th SEMESTER, B.E

Visvesvaraya Te chno log ica l Un ivers itBELGAUM, KARNATAKA

EFFECT OF WATER PROOFING COMPOUNDON STRENGTH & WORKABILITY

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETEA project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for

the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil

Engineering.

BY

BHUMIKA.T.VCHETHAN.S.P

HARIKRISHNA.M.BREKHA.J.K

GUIDE

Dr.S.RAJENDRAM.E, M.S (Soft.Sys.), Ph.D

Department of Civil Engineering Page 1


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Department of Civil EngineeringJawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering

SHIMOGA-577204



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CONTENT

CHAPTERS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CONCRETE

2.1 Cement

2.2 Aggregate

2.3 Water

2.4 Water-cement ratio

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE

3.1 Compressive strength

3.2 Workability

4. ADMIXTURE

5. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

6. MATERIALS AND PROPORTIONS

6.1 Materials and properties

6.2 Proportion

7. TEST PROCEDURE

8. RESULTS AND RGAPHS

9. DISSCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Completing this task is never a single man effort. It is accomplished

as a result of valuable contribution of a number of individuals in a direct or

indirect manner that helps in shaping and achieving the objectives. So, here

we cannot resist the temptation of expressing our greatest thanks to those

who contributed greatly in completing that task.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to our project guide

Mr.S.Rajendra M.E., (Const.Tech.), M.S., (Soft.Syst.), for his valuable

guidance, keen interest and moral support in completing the project their

direction, supervision and constructive criticism were indeed a source of

inspiration for the success of the Project.

We are very thankful to our beloved H.O.D. Dr.A.V.Pradeep Kumar

and also our beloved Principal Dr. R. Srinivasa Rao Kunte for providing

excellent academic climate.

We are also thankful to all teaching and non-teaching staff of our

department who helped in making that Project a success.

Finally, we express our special thanks to all our well-wishers and

friends.



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SYNOPSIS

Concrete is widely used man-made construction material. It is

obtained by mixing cement, water and aggregate in required proportion and

allowed cure becomes hard like stone.

Advances in construction of building and requirements of concrete of

high strength and durability necessitated the introduction of high strength

cement in India. With proposed plans by Government and private sectors in

infrastructure development like concrete roads, bridges and commercial

residential high raise building, high strength cement has significant role to

play in future.

The concrete consists of hard inorganic material called aggregate such

as gravel, sand and crushed stone etc., and mixed cement water. A few hours

after mixing material undergo chemical reaction and mixture get solidifies

and it attains strength with age. In the past attempts have been made toimprove the properties of concrete like compression strength, water

absorption, workability, etc., by the use of admixtures.

Admixtures are defined as a material other than cement, water and

aggregate that is used as an ingredient of concrete and is added to the batch

immediately before or during mixing. The admixture plays an important role

in modifying the properties of concrete like strength. The admixtures are

used according to situation of construction.

In this project attempts are made to study the characteristics ofconcrete such as compression strength, workability of concrete.



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INTRODUCTION



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CHAPTHER.1

1. INTRODUCTION

The basic requirements of all mankind are shelter. Hence the shelter is

basic on the building construction in which the cement concrete is an

essential requirement.

From the materials of varying properties to make concrete of

stipulated qualities an intimate knowledge of the interaction of various

ingredients that go into the making of concrete is required to be known, both

in plastic condition and in harden condition.

The strength of concrete depends upon the components such as

aggregate, quality of cement, water cement ratio, workability, and normal

consistency of mix, proportions and age of concrete.

New building material are used to accelerate the work in which the

admixture play an important role in characteristics of concrete.

In this project we have utilized ROFF HYPROFF i.e., Liquid integral waterproofing compound for concrete.

In this project, experimental studies were conducted to determine

compressive strength, workability of concrete mix on addition of different

proportions of HI-PERFORMANCE compound for water PROFF concrete.



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CHAPTER .2

2. CONCRETE

Concrete is a man made material. The concrete is most commonly

employed construction material. It consists of hard inorganic material calledaggregate such as gravel, sand and crushed stone etc., mixing the material

under go chemical reaction and form the product of hydrated calcium silicate

which binds the composition and act the mixture monolithic one after the

solidification. The concrete attains great strength and it posses high

compressive strength with age.

The ingredients of concrete are;

Cement

Aggregate Water

2.1. Cement

Cement is the most important constituent in that it forms the building

medium for the discrete ingredients. it is made out of naturally occurring raw

materials and sometimes blended or inter ground with industrial waste

content come in various types and chemical composition for general

concrete construction.

The raw materials used for the manufacture of cement consist mainlyof lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide. These oxides interact with one

another in the kiln to form ore complex compound. The relative proportion

of these oxides compositions is responsible for influencing the various

properties of cement.

2.2. Aggregates

These are inert inorganic materials employed in making of concrete.

About 75% of bulk concrete is made up of aggregates. They often control

the behavior of concrete.

Aggregates are the important of concrete they are classified as;

Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate



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2.2.1. Fine aggregate

Fine aggregate are those, which passes through the I.S.sieve No.475.

The most important function of the aggregate is to increase the volume of

the concrete to fill up the voids between the coarse aggregate. The fine

aggregate consists of cement paste to old the coarse aggregate particles insuspension. This action prompts plastically in the mixture and prevents the

possible segregation of paste and coarse aggregate.

River sand is always preferable for making concrete. Sea sand is avoided,

which contains calcium and chloride, which causes efflorescence. In general,

sand used for concrete should be free from dirt, organic materials that

deteriorate with passage of time and create voids.

2.2.2. Coarse aggregate

The coarse aggregates in concrete are in great volume, whichcontributes stability and durability to the concrete. It forms bulk of the

concrete. It should be of proper shape, hard, strong and well graded.

2.3 Water

Water is an important ingredients in the concrete mass, as it actively

participants in chemical reaction with cement. It has been estimated that on

an average of 23% of water by weight of cement is require for chemical

reaction with cement compounds. The water should be added to required

consistency for suitable workability.

Water should be fresh and portable. Sea water and other blackish should not

be used as the sulphate or magnastie present in sea water would from

hydration of cement and with the calcium aluminates present in the cement.

2.3. Water-cement ratio

Water cement ratio has greatest influence on the strength of concrete

defined as the ratio of water to that of weight of cement. The quality of

water in concrete is generally specified in terms of water cement ratio (w/c

ratio).



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CHARCTERISTICS

OF

CONCRETE



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CHAPTER.3

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE

3.1. Compressive strength

Compressive strength is defined as the strength of concrete againstapplied load per unit area.

Concrete is employed primarily to resist compressive stresses in most

of the structural applications. Compressive strength is used as a qualitative

measure for other properties of hydrated concrete. The compressive strength

increases as the specimen size decreases whereas the modulus of elasticity

decreases.

Test for compressive strength of concrete should be conducted on the

sample (cube specimens) obtained from the frequency sampling usually. It is

necessary to test at 28 days samples (each sampler consisting of three150mm cubes) prepared and cured in accordance with I.S 456-1978 code of

practice in order to gel a quicker idea of the quality but the acceptance of

concrete will be only on the basis of 28 days compressive strength.

3.2. Workability

Workability of concrete is the one which exhibits very little internal

friction between partical to partical.

Factors helping for easy compaction are.

1. Water content2. Size of aggregate

3. Mix proportion

4. Shape of aggregate

5. Grading of aggregate

6. Use of admixture.

MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY

It is discussed earlier that workability of concrete is a complex property just has it cludes all precise definition. It also cludes precise

measurement. Some of the test measures the parameters very close to

workability and provide useful information.

We have some of the test like slump test, compaction test, flow test,

Kelly ball test, V-bee consistometer test



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CHAPTER.4

4. ADMIXTURE

To improve some particular property of concrete materials other than

cement aggregate and water are sometimes added during the preparation of

concrete. The materials thus added to the concrete are known asAdmixtures. The admixture may also impact an entirely different property

to concrete.

4.1. Purpose of admixture

The admixture may be used for one or more of the following

purposes.

To improve workability.

To improve durability of concrete by entraining air in it.

To accelerate setting and hardening and thus to produce high early strength

concrete.

To impart water proofing properties to concrete.

To retard setting of concrete.

To improve water resistance.

To reduce shrinkage during setting.

To reduce bleeding and segregation.

To reduce the evolution of heat.

To aid in curing.

To reduce some chemical reactions etc.

4.1.1. Type of Admixture

1. Workability

2. Accelerators

3. Air entraining agents

4. Retarders

5. Pozzolanic materials

6. Water repelling agents

7. Gas forming agents



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Types of admixtures and their functions

1 Air entrainers: - They trap the air in the concrete, which helps in

improving durability of concrete in freezing environment. The materials can

be used are wood resin, synthetic detergents, salts of petroleum derivatives

2 Water reducer: -They reduce the water cement ratio and yet retainworkability. The materials can be used are Carbohydrates, Carboxylic acid

3. Accelerating admixtures: - They accelerate the setting of cement in cold

environment. The materials can be used are Calcium Chloride, Calcium

Nitrate and Calcium Format.

4. Retarding admixtures: - They delay the setting of concrete. The

materials can be used are Lignin, Sugar.

5. Super plasticizers: - They make flowing concrete for examples

concreting in heavily reinforced section. The materials can be used areFormaldehyde compounds, Lingo sulphonates. They are modern water

reducing agents; chemically they are sulphonated melanin formaldehyde

condensates and sulphon naphthalene formaldehyde condensate.

6. Mineral admixtures: - They act as inert fillers to replace cement up to

certain extent. The materials can be used are Blast furnace slag, fly ash, clay,

and foundry sand.

7. Bonding agent: - They increase the bond strength between the old and

new cement. The materials can be used are Polymer compounds. Rubber,

P.V.C, P.V acetate.

8. Corrosion inhibitors: - They inhibit corrosion. The materials can be used

are Calcium Nitrate, Sodium Nitrate, Sodium Benzoate, Phosphates,

Fluorosilicates.



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CHAPTER .5

5. MIX DESIGN

DESIGN PARAMETER

Characteristic strength M20 (N/mm

2

)Maximum size of aggregate 20 mm

Shape of coarse aggregate angular

Degree of workability 0.85

Degree of quality control good

Degree of exposure mild

DATA ON MATERIALS

Cement brand Blended 43 gradesSpecific gravity 2.98

Coarse aggregate 20mm

Sand conforming zone I

ASSUMPTIONS:

1) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 3.056

2) Specific gravity of sand 3.00

3) Water absorptiona) Coarse aggregate 0.5 %

b) Sand 1.0%

4) Free surface moisture

a) Coarse aggregate nil

b) Sand 2%

5) Entrapped air 2 %

1) From table 8 IS 456-2000 standard deviation is 4.0

2) Therefore Target strength = f + 1.65 *s.d = 20+ (1.65*4) = 26.6 N/mm

3) Water cement ratio is 0.48

4) Compaction factor is 0.85

5) Water content per cum of concrete is 186 lit



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Sand as a % of total aggregate by absolute volume is 35%

Since the w/c ratio is 0.48 & Compaction factor is 0.85, apply correction

Change in condition % Adjustment required

Water

Content

Sand in total

aggregate

1. For decrease in w/c

ratio from 0.6 to 0.48

0 -3

2. For increase incompaction factor

1.5 0

3. For sand conforming

zone I

0 1.5

Total correction 3 -1.5

Required sand content as a % of total aggregate by absolute volume is= 35-1

=34%

Required water content is =186+ (186*3.0)

100

= 191.58litre / m3

6) W/c=0.48

Water=191.58 lit

Cement=191.58/0.48

=399.125kg.

7) The entrapped air is 2%

So the absolute volume of concrete in one m3 =1-0.02

=0.98 m3

8) Determination of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate



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Fine aggregate V= [W+(C/Sc) +1/ p*(fa/Sfa)]*(1/1000)

0.98= [191.125+399.125/2.98 +1/0.34*fa/3.0] 1/1000

fa =667.50kg /m3

Coarse aggregate V= [W+ (Ca/Sc) + (1/1-p)*Ca/Sa]*1/10000.98= [191.125+ (399.125/2.98) + (1/1-0.34)*Ca/3] 1 /1000

C a =1310.1kg/m3

Proportion by weight: -

CEMENT WATER SAND 20mm C.A

399.125 191.58 677.4 1310.1

Proportion by ratio:-

Cement: water: sand: 20mm C.A

1: 0.48: 1.7: 3.28



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MATERIALS

&

PROPORTION



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CHAPTER .6

MATERIALS AND PROPORTIONS

6.1. MATERIAL AND PROPERTIES

6.1.1 CEMENTBlended 43 grade cement conformation to IS 8112-1976

Properties

a. Initial setting time - 30 mm

b. Final setting time - 600 mm

c. Specific gravity - 2.76

d. Soundness of cement - 1 mm

6.1.2. Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate

20mm downsize coarse aggregate was taken.

Properties

Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate - 6.075 Specific gravity - 3.00

Water absorption of coarse aggregate - 0.85

Fine Aggregate

4.75 mm downsize (zone-1 according to IS: 383-1970) was taken

Properties

Specific gravity 3.0

Fineness modulus of the fine aggregate - 3.28



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6.1.3. Water

As specified by IS: 456-1978, portable water was used for mixing and

curing.

6.1.4. Admixture:

HYPROFF liquid integral water proofing compound of concrete

6.1.5. Proportion:

The percentage of HYPROFF is increased by 2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%,

2.8%, 3.0% and 3.2%.



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PROCEDURE



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Compression testing machine

Slump Test



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CHAPTER.7

7. TEST PROCEDURE

7.1. Cube and beam moulds

Cube moulds are the standard square size blocks made of steel. Theyare open at top and having a base plate at bottom Steel cube moulds is made

of 6 mm thick and (150*150* 150) mm size.

Beam moulds are the standard rectangular size blocks made of steel.

They are open at top and having a base plate at bottom Steel beam moulds

are made of 6 mm thick and (150*150*700) mm size

7.2. Concrete specimen

For the preparation of good concrete the following steps are adopted.

Batching Mixing

Placing and compacting

Curing

Batching:

In batching, there are two methods

1. by volume

2. by weightIn this project weight batching is adopted.

Mixing:

The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous,

uniform in color and consistency. It is done by,

1. Hand mixing.

2. Mechanical mixing.

In this project hand mixing was adopted.

The mixed concrete is then placed in the moulds, which is already oiled.

Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling this entrapped

air from the concrete. The compaction is carried out the three layers of 25

blows each. Then the moulds are followed for final setting (usually 1 day the

blocks are removed and kept for curing.



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Curing:

Curing is the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and

a favorable temperature in concrete. The specimens were kept for curing 28

days in water as per the planning of project.

7.3. TEST CONDUCTED ON CONCRETE

1. COMPRESSIVE TEST

After curing, with the help of compressive testing machine, the

specimen is compressed till the failure occurs in the cube as per IS: 516-

1959 code of practice.

In the compression testing, first the cube is placed then the load is

applied on the cube. As the cube fails the load is noted and then compressive

strength is calculated

2. WORKABILITY

Some of the test measure the parameters very close to workability and

provide useful information, we selected slump test to measure workability.



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RESULTS&

GRAPHS



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CHAPTER.8

8.RESULTS AND GRAPHS

1. COMPRESSION STRENGTH

7 DAYS

Percentage ofPlasticizer

Compressive strength of cubes(N/mm2) 7 days

Cube1

Cube2

Cube3

Averagestrength

0 17.22 18.2 19 18.14

2 19.95 19.03 18.3 19.09

2.2 20.4 20.9 20.9 20.73

2.4 27.8 28.9 27.8 27.8

2.6 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7

2.8 31.26 31.7 32.7 31.88

3 32.1 32.7 32.7 32.5

3.2 32.7 33.07 33.07 32.94

14 DAYS



Compressive Strength Of Cubes(N/mm2) 14 days

Cube1

Cube2

Cube3

Averagestrength

0 21.3 23.1 19.03 21.14

2 22.7 22.2 23.1 22.6

2.2 24.3 24.7 25.4 24.8

2.4 31.7 28.6 31.26 30.52

2.6 32.1 32.1 31.7 31.96

2.8 31.7 32.7 32.7 32.36

3 32.7 33.07 33.07 32.963.2 33.07 33.5 32.1 33.29


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28 DAYS



Compressive Strength Of Cubes(N/mm2) 28 days

Cube 1 Cube 2 Cube 3Averagestrength

0 26.3 26.3 26.3 26.3

2 26.27 26.27 30.8 27.78

2.2 28.6 29.5 29.5 29.2

2.4 31.7 31.26 32.1 31.68

2.6 31.7 32.7 32.7 32.36

2.8 32.7 31.26 32.7 33.22

3 31.26 33.07 33.07 33.46

3.2 33.5 33.5 33.5 33.5


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2. WORKABILITY



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DISSCUSION&

CONCLUSION



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DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

DISSCUSSIONThe designed concrete specimens were prepared using different

percentages of HYPROFF compound. The specimens were tested forcompressive strength and workability characteristics. Following observation

is made.

1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

PLAIN CONCRETE:

The designed plain concrete specimen were prepared and tested

for compressive strength in compression testing after 7, 14 and 28

days of curing.

The compressive strength of plain concrete specimen after

7days, 14 days and 28 days of curing was found to be 18.14N/mm2,

21.14N/mm2 and 26.30 N/mm2.

CONCRETE SPECIMENS WITH HYPROFF COMPOUND:

Concrete specimen were prepared by adding HYPROFF

compound by 2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, 2.8%, 3% and 3.2% of

HYPROFF compound.

The compressive strength of specimens were observed after 7

days of curing and were to be 19.09 N/mm2 for 2%, 20.73 N/mm2 for

2.2%, 27.78 N/mm2 for 2.4%, 31.7 N/mm2 for 2.6%, 31.88 N/mm2 for

2.8%, 32.55 N/mm2 for 3%, 32.94 N/mm2 for 3.2%.

The compressive strength of specimen were observed after 14days of curing and were to be 22.6 N/mm2 for 2%, 24.8 N/mm2 for

2.2%, 30.52 N/mm2 for 2.4%, 31.96 N/mm2 for 2.6%, 32.36 N/mm2

for 2.8%, 32.96 N/mm2 for 3%, and 33.29 N/mm2 for 3.2%.

The compressive strength of specimens were observed after 28

days of curing and were to be 26.3 N/mm2 for 2%, 27.78 N/mm2 for

2.2%, 29.2 N/mm2 for 2.4%, 31.68 N/mm2 for 2.6%, 32.36 N/mm2 for

2.8%, 33.22 N/mm2 for 3%, 33.5 N/mm2 for 3.2%.

Also the weight increases gradually as 8 kg, 8.2kg, 8.4kg,

8.7kg, 8.7kg, 8.8kg and 8.8kg respectively.From this we came to know that compaction also increases up

to 2.8% of HYPROFF and there after it will be almost constant.

Specimens containing all percentage of HYPROFF compound

were found to have compressive strength greater than plain concrete.

It is observed that compressive strength was increased by 26% than

plain concrete by the addition of plasticizer.



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2. WORKABILITY.

PLAIN CONCRETE

Plain concrete specimens were prepared and tested for workability.

The workability was found to be 9mm from the slump test.

CONCRETE SPECIMENS WITH HYPROFF COMPOUND.

concrete specimen were prepared by adding 2%, 2.2%,

2.4%,2.6%,2.8%, 3% and 3.2% HYPROFF and the workability of concrete

will be 9mm, 9mm, 17mm, 27mm, 25mm, 39mm and 42mm respectively

CONCLUSION

HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

It can improve the compressive strength of concrete by 75% atthe age of7 days, 53 % at the age of14 days and 26% at the age of28 days

for the value of 2.8% HYPROFF compound.

COMPACTION

The compaction of the concrete increases up to the value of

2.8% there after remains almost constant.

EXCELLENT WORKABILITY

Workability of the concrete increases as the percentage of

HYPROFF compound increases



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BIBLIOGRAPHY



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REFERENCE

1. M.S.Shetty, concrete technology, S. Chand and company Ltd.

2. A.M Naville and J.J Brooks, concrete technology.

3. IS code books

IS: 383-1970

IS: 10262-1980

IS: 516-1959

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