Chuong 8 - Ky Nang Giao Tiep Bkel 2

Nhp mn v k thut

K NNG GIAO TIP K NNG GIAO TIP TRONG K THUTTRONG K THUT

Chng 8

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CHAPTER 8

Engineering Communication

CHAPTER 8


CHAPTER 8


CHAPTER 8


MC CH

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Cung cp cho sinh vin nhng hiu bit c bn v cc k nng giao tip cn thit ca ngi k s trong k thut .

Gip cho sinh vin c kh nng hon thin v ng dng cc k nng giao tip nh k nng ni, vit bo co, thuyt trnh v mt vn k thut trong qu trnh thc hin n mn hc.

Hon thin cc k nng giao tip ngh nghip gip cho sinh vin t tin hn trong cng vic v cuc sng.

NI DUNG

3

8.1. Gii thiu chung v giao tip trong k thut

8.2. K nng ni v thuyt trnh

8.3. K nng vit

8.4. K nng nghe

8.5. Mt s k nng giao tip khc

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"Communication - the human

connection--is the key to personal and

career success. Giao tip kt ni con ngi l cha kha dn n thnh cng ngh nghip v bn thn. (Paul J. Meyer)

8.1. Gii thiu chung v giao tip trong k thut

8.1.1 Khi nim giao tip

Giao tip l g?

Giao tip l hot ng hoc qu trnh din t tng v cm xc hoc chia s thng tin hoc kin thc vi mi ngi

(Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary)

- Giao tip l qu trnh tc ng qua li gia con ngi vi con ngi nhm mc tiu trao i tng, tnh cm, vn kinh nghim, k nng v kinh nghim ngh nghip.

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Giao tip l mt chui kinh nghim ca cc hnh ng:

Nghe Ngi

Nhn

Nm

Chm

8.1.2. K nng giao tip l g?

- K nng giao tip l kh nng s dng thng tin bng ngn ng v din t (th hin)

- K nng giao tip hiu qu l mt yu t quan trng trong cuc sng v ngh nghip ca bn.

Thnh cng ca bn ti ni lm vic mi a dng v ton cu i hi bn phi c k nng giao tip tuyt vi!

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8.1.3. Vai tr v ngha ca giao tip Ti sao giao tip rt quan trng

i vi k s?

L mt sinh vin k thut, bn cn phi hon thin k nng giao tip bng vn bn v bng li ni.

L mt sinh vin k thut v sau l mt k s, bn cn phi bit lm th no trnh by suy ngh ca bn

Trnh by mt khi nim cho mt sn phm hay mt dch v

Trnh by mt phn tch k thut ca mt vn v gii php ca n, hoc ch ra cc kt qu ca bn t cng vic thc nghim

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o Bn cn phi bit lm th no truyn t tng thit k bng bn v k thut hoc m hnh k thut h tr bng my tnh

o Hu ht cc k s c yu cu vit bo co k thut.

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Ti sao giao tip rt quan trng i vi k s (2)

Ti sao chng ta giao tip?

o Chuyn thng tin quan trng

o Cung cp c s nh gi kin thc ca mt ngi

o Truyn t s quan tm v nng lc

o Xc nh nhng khong trng trong kin thc ca ring bn

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8.1.4. M hnh c bn ca qu trnh giao tip

2.

M

tngtrong

thng ip

2.

M ha

tng trong

thng ip

3.

Thng

ip c truyn qua cc

3.

Thng

ip c truyn qua cc knh

1.

Ngi gi c

tng

1.

Ngi gi c

tng

4.

Ngi nhn gii m thng

ip

4.

Ngi nhn gii m thng

ip

6.

C thm

cho

6.

C th phn hi thm cho ngi nhn

5.

Phngi

5.

Phn hi cho ngi gi

Giao tip l qu trnh gi v nhn thng tin gia mi ngitri qua 5 bc c bn:

Cc knh giao tip

Bo co/phone/hp/email..

Cc knh giao tip

Bo co/phone/hp/email..

Ngi nhn

Nhn thng ip

Gii m v hiu ngha

Tr li

Ngi nhn

Nhn thng ip

Gii m v hiu ngha

Tr li

Ngi gi

tng trong thng ip

M ha (bng li hoc khng bng

li)

Gi thng ip

Tng tc vi s phn hi

Ngi gi

tng trong thng ip

M ha (bng li hoc khng bng

li)

Gi thng ip

Tng tc vi s phn hi

Phn hi

Phn hi

Nhiu

message

V d qu trnh giao tip

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Cho Alfred!

Ch bn c khe khng?

Oh ch y khe. Ch y va mi sinh em b.

Ngi gi Ngi nhn

Phn hi

Thng ip

M hnh m rng ca qu trnh giao tip

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8.1.5. Cc cch thng dng giao tip:

Ni

Vit

Hnh nh nghe

nhn

Ngn ng c th

8.1.6. Cc hnh thc giao tip

C nm hnh thc chnh ca giao tip: Giao tip trc din

V d: - tr chuyn ngu nhin, phng vn chnh thc, gp g ring...

Giao tip nhm V d: cc cuc hp, hi ngh, tho lun nhm

Giao tip bng vn bn V d: bo co, bn ghi nh, xut, th t, e-mail

Giao tip bng li ni V d: - cuc tr chuyn qua in thoi, tr chuyn bnh thng, tin nhn bng ging ni, vv

Trnh by trc khn gi V d: Bi pht biu, bi ging, trnh by ming, hi tho, vv..

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Cc dng giao tip:

Trn c s quan h t chc: Chnh thc

Khng chnh thc

Trn c s hng ca dng giao tip: T trn xung, t di ln: cp cao thp,

cp thp hn cao hn

Cho: giao tip trong 1 t chc vi nhiu hot ng khc nhau

Ngang, ng: giao tip gia 2 hoc vi ngi

Trn c s din t: Ni

Vit

C ch 17

8.1.7. Tm quan trng ca vic giao tip hiu qu

Giao tip hiu qu dn n:

Quan h con ngi tt

Hp tc v phi hp hot ng tt hn gia nh qun l v ngi lao ng

Ra quyt nh chnh xc v mnh m hn

Ci thin nng sut v hiu qu

Ci thin tinh thn, hnh nh ngh nghip c ci thin, gim s vng mt ca nhn vin

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Giao tip hiu qu

Giao tip 2 chiu

Lng nghe tch cc (ch ng)

Phn nh trch nhim ca ngi ni v ngi nghe.

S dng thng tin phn hi.

Khng cng thng.

R rng.

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Giao tip hiu qu

Khng tp trung, b qua, hoc hiu nhm

Lng thng tin qu nhiu hoc qu t

Ti liu tham kho gii hn

Thiu k nng ngn ng

Thiu k nng nghe, k nng trnh by

Tnh cm can thip

Lm phin, quy nhiu

Etc.

8.2. K nng thuyt trnh

Trong mi trng k thut ngi k s thng xuyn phi trnh by mt vn k thut trc nhiu ngi nghe.

Vy lm th no chun b v trnh by vn mt cch hiu qu?

C 2 dng thuyt trnh (presentation): Chnh thc: xc nh trc thi gian, c chun b

trc, v d: meeting, hi ngh, s dng projector v my tnh v phn mm PowerPoint.

Khng chnh thc: trnh by ngn gn, c th khng chun b trc

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"Do not say a little in many words but a great deal in a few.

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Chun b bi thuyt trnh:

o Trc tin cn xc nh mc ch bi thuyt trnh (bo co) l g v ngi nghe l ai?

o Tp trung v t chc cc thng tin cn trnh by

o To bn thuyt trnh sao cho nh hng ln nht n ngi nghe (dng PowerPoint)

o Thc hnh thuyt trnh (c nhn v nhm) sau khi chun b xong.


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25

o Thi gian trnh by?

o Mc ch v phm vi ca bi trnh by ca bn?

o Trng tm ca vn nu c nhiu hn mt din gi?

Bn mong i g?

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o Khn gi mun nghe g?

o Bao nhiu ngi?

o Kin thc ca h?

o Nhng ngi ng h v khng ng h ca bn l ai?

o Nhng cu hi bn s mong i c yu cu?

Xc nh thnh gi ca bn l ai?

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nh dng chung ca slides trnh by

Slide ba

Gii thiu

Ni dung

M

u

Kt lun

Nhn xt, ngh K

t th

c

Ni dung

3 yu cu bt buc cn phi c trong bi thuyt trnh l:

1. Gii thiu v lm quen

2. Thng bo ni dung thuyt trnh

3. Thng bo thi gian v phng thc tin hnh

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o Mi slide trnh by mt tng chnh

oS dng biu y mu sc, th, bng

o S dng tng phn thch hp

o S dng phng ch ln:

o tiu slide: >18, trong slide: >12

o ng qu ti "slide

o S dng cc cm t ngn thay v cc on vn

o S dng cc m hnh v nguyn mu, video clip v hnh nh ng nu cn.

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Font ch

This is Arial 12

This is Arial 18

This is Arial 24

This is Arial 32

This is Arial 36

This is Arial 44

Qu nh

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Khng s dng qu nhiu mu

QuQu nhiu Fonts v Kiu S dng qui lut L2 Large ( font: 20-22 minimum) v Loud

(dng font ch ln v ni to)

S dng qui lut 6 x 7:

Khng qu 6 hng trong 1 slide

Khng qu 7 t trong 1 hng

Vit n gin, ngn gn

Ch s dng m thanh khi cn thit

o C dn tt

o Sp xp cc phn / b phn hp l

o Sp xp cc tng chnh trong mi phn

o S dng hnh nh thch hp, hnh nh hoc video

cho bi trnh by.

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ngh mt s Chin lc m bn ngh rng c th lm cho mt PP c hiu qu?

1. Nn, ch v hnh nh tng phn tt

2. Khng gy mt tp trung bng qu nhiu

th trn 1 slide

3. S dng hnh nh trc quan (khi cn thit)

4. Hnh nh ng c mc ch r rng

5. Cha l hai bn slide r rng

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Chin lc tng th

6. Kch c ch ln

7. Kiu ch n gin v d c

8. Kch thc phng ch khc nhau cho thy tm quan trng tng i ca thng tin (ln hn quan trng hn)

9. To s thng nht v kiu, kch c v mu ch

10. th v bng biu c dn nhn r rng, n gin

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Chin lc tng th (tt)

35

11. S dng t kha (ni chung)

12. Nn cha trng dng cui trong slide

13. Thc hin lin kt n trang khc

14. ng chnh t v ng php

15. Khng c slide ngu nhin

16. Tt c cc slide theo th t

Chin lc tng th (tt)

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17. Nn c slide u gii thiu chung ni dung cn ni

18. Slide phi c nh s trang

19. Kim li thng tin gia slide u v ni dung trnh by

20. Khng nn ch c slide

21. Trnh qu nhiu thng tin trn bt k trang trnh by

Chin lc tng th (tt)

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o Thc hnh ni ln pha trc gng v s dng mt b m thi gian

o Thc hnh m khng c ghi ch

o Thc hnh trc mt ng nghip

o Thc hnh trong phng thuyt trnh thc t vi tt c cc thit b hoc trong mt tng t nh c th

o Thc hnh nhng g bn s xa nu thi gian c rt ngn 1, 5, hoc 10 pht?

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o Hnh thc bn ngoi:

o Trang phc: thoi mi trong c ng, ph hp vi bui thuyt trnh, phi mu phi hi ha, sch s.

o u tc gn gng, tht lng ph hp

o T tin

o Chun b k cng

o Tng tng bn s thuyt trnh thnh cng

o Gi gn sc khe v bo v ging ni trc ngy thuyt trnh

o Tc ng ca ngi thuyt trnh:

o Ngoi hnh: 55%

o Ging ni: 38%

o Nhng g bn ni: 7%

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Nhng trang phc nn trnh: - Trang phc li thi, khng c tnh thch ng - Qu mu m, nhiu hoa vn, dim da, thit k

nhiu chi tit tha - Qu lm dng vic s dng n trang i km - Trang phc, u tc lc hu, li thi.

40

o T chc bi trnh by tp trung vo:

Cu hi bn s tr li?

Ti sao bn quan tm?

Ti sao khn gi nn nghe?

Bi cnh cng vic ca bn l g?

o Gii thiu tng qut, tch thnh nhiu phn nh hn, m rng tng phn, v ti to vn tng qut

o Ni dung, ha v hnh nh sng ng, khng so rng.


Khi thuyt trnh cn ch nhng vn sau:

- Trnh by phn m u: bn nn chn cch dn nhp trc tip bng cch gii thiu ch , mc ch, v nhng vn chnh cn bo co.

- Phn ni dung: Trong phn ny, bn trnh by cc chnh vi s h tr bi cc thng tin xc thc. Bn c th s dng cc s liu thng k, bng biu, m hnh minh ha.

- Phn kt lun: bn a ra cc kt lun ca bn bo co v minh ha bng nhng bng chng ni bt nht.

- Cui cng, mm ci v khng qun cm n ngi nghe

41

42

o ng c t trang trnh by

o Ch ra cc im quan trng v khng quay lng vo khn gi

o Khng ni qu 2 pht m khng c slide

o Tp trc vi ngi cng trnh by vi bn


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o Gi s ch ca khn gi o Duy tr lin lc bng mt o Hi hc o S dng hnh nh h tr o Khn gi tham gia (nu c th) oTrnh s dng thut ng hoc cm t c th l khng quen thuc vi a s ngi nghe


Giao tip bng mt:

- nh mt x giao

- nh mt thn thin.

- a mt quan st xung quanh phng

- a mt ch 1 nhm thnh gi khi bn bt u nhng cu ni u tin

- Di chuyn nh mt mnh n tt c thnh gi cm thy s quan tm

- Mt lic nh km theo n ci.

44


Nhng iu cn trnh:

nh mt rt r, nht nht

Ch nhn tp trung vo 1 nhm thnh gi

Nhn ti liu lin tc

Chp mt hoc di mt lin tc

45


C ch cn trnh:

Khng nn nhn vai qu nhiu

Khng nn lc l u qu nhiu

Vung tay qu nhiu

Tr tay hoc chp tay sau lng

Khng khoanh tay

Gi u hoc di mt

Cm bt hoc mn m mt th g m khng c mc ch

46


Dng iu, t th, phong thi:

ng thng, hi hng v pha trc to s gn gi, ci m

u t th cao v thng vi nh mt nhn v trc khn gi

Lng v bng thng to s t nhin

Hai mi bn chn dng hnh ch V, to th ng vng chc

Hai tay bung xung.

Lc dn u v hai chn

47

Cc phng tin h tr khi thuyt trnh

Cc ti liu c lin quan

H thng my chiu a phng tin

My chiu video, h thng m thanh(chn v tr thut li t cc phng tin nghe nhn

Phi bit s dng cc thit b nghe nhn

V tr ng khi thuyt trnh

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X l/tr li cu hi thnh gi

Bnh tnh, chm ch nghe cu hi ca thnh gi

Ghi cu hi ra giy

Nn nhiu cu hi ri tr li, nn khng ch nhng cu hi nhm m bo thi gian

Chn cu d tr li trc nhm to s t tin.

Cu phc tp nn gch u dng cc tr li

Thng tin tr li cn bm st vo ch .

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t cu hi cho thnh gi:

t cu hi cho thnh gi nhm to s hng phn theo di tip ni dung:

Cu hi ngn, gn, d hiu, khng kh

Cu hi gn vi ni dung va trnh by

Nn c s gi m

ng vin nu thnh gi tr li ng

50

51

o Lun lun lp li cc cu hi

m bo tt c mi ngi nghe

m bo rng bn hiu n

Cung cp cho bn thi gian suy ngh

o Tn dng thi c nghin cu k su hn vo ch ny


52

o Khng nn ng yn, xin li, ni di, hoc hnh ng bi ri

o Mt s phn ng thch hp: " l mt cu hi tuyt vi. Do khng ngun lc

nn chng ti cha tm hiu vn ny

"Ti khng c thng tin y, nhng c th tm n v cung cp cho bn.

"Mt kh nng c th l ... (a ra suy on ca bn)

"Chng ti khng gii quyt cu hi , nhng chng ti lm ... (chn mt ci g c lin quan m bn lm)

"Ti cha bit r nghin cu , tuy nhin ti bit ... (chn mt ci g c lin quan m bn bit)"

Nu bn khng bit cu tr li?

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o Mc tiu ca bn l gii p cc cu hi

o Gi bnh tnh

o Khng ng nhng khng thiu tn trng

o Nu cu tr li ca bn gy tranh ci, hy lch s gi bnh tnh v kim sot , yu cu ngi hi gii thch cu hi v s lin quan ca cu hi n ch ca bn

o Nu ngi hi tip tc hi, hy ni l chng ta nn tip tc cuc tho lun ny sau khi trnh by xong

Nhng cu hi khng mong mun tr li:

NHNG IEU CAN BIET KHI THUYET TRNH

1. NHNG IEU KIEN CAN THIET HO TR:

GIONG NOI IEU BO

NGON NG

HNH THE

LUYEN GIONG

LUYEN HI

LUYEN AM

LUYEN THANH

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Video mu v thuyt trnh (Steve Jobs):

http://youtu.be/X5yRhOSL_-c

http://www.presentationmagazine.com/free_powerpoint_template.htm

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/templates/CT010117272.aspx

8.2. K nng thuyt trnh (tt)

Websites mu PowerPoint:

8.3. K nng Vit

Mt trong cc hnh thc ch yu ca giao tip

trong k thut l bo co k thut.

y l dng thng thng bo co kt qu nghin cu, iu tra, v cc d n thit k.

trng i hc, cc bo co do sinh vin vit c c bi cc ging vin v tr ging nh gi cc ch bn thc hin v kh nng p dng kin thc ca bn vi mt nhim v thc t.

56

8.3. K nng Vit

Ti ni lm vic, cc bo co s c c bi

cc nh qun l, khch hng, v nhng ngi chu trch nhim thc hin bn thit k ca bn.

Do , kh nng to ra mt bo co r rng, ngn gn v chuyn nghip trnh by l mt k nng bn s cn phi pht trin thnh cng ti trng i hc v trong s nghip tng lai ca bn.

57

8.3. K nng Vit

Nhc li 2 qui lut vng trong giao tip dnh cho k s:

1. Ngn gn l tt nht. n gin ha bt c khi no c th.

2. S dng t ngn gn, n gin tt hn l s dng t di dng v kh hiu.

Mt bi vit v k thut (bi bo, bo co, thuyt minh) lun lun phi r rng v chnh xc.

Trc khi vit bn cn xc nh r: Mc ch ca bi vit.

Ai l ngi c bi vit ca bn? 58

Bo co k thut

- c thit lp trao i thng tin nhanh chng v d dng - c thit lp c c chn lc - s dng cc phn vi cc tiu , nh s v cc tiu con - s dng s liu v biu chuyn ti d liu.

59

8.3. K nng Vit

Trang u Tm tt ni dung (150-250 t) Mc lc Li gii thiu Phn tch l thuyt lin quan Qu trnh thc nghim hoc thit k Kt qu nhn c Kt lun Ti liu tham kho Ph lc

60

Cc phn ca mt bi vit k thut

oK s s dng bn v k thut chuyn ti tng ca h v thng tin thit k v sn phm

oBn v k thut miu t thng tin quan trng chng hn nh hnh dng ca sn phm, kch thc ca n, loi vt liu c s dng v cc bc lp rp

oK thut vin s dng thng tin trn cc bn v k thut lm cho cc b phn

61

Lu (1)

Summary

oBn cn bit cc bc c bn lin quan n cc gii php ca vn k thut.

oBn nn nhn ra rng bn phi c nhng cch ring ca bn xc minh cc gii php cho mt vn .

oBn nn nhn ra rng k s cn phi bit lm th no giao tip tt vi ngi khc c bng li v bng vn bn.

oBn nn lm quen vi nhiu cch khc nhau cho mt bi thuyt trnh k thut.

62

Lu (2)

Bo co k thut

Tiu

Tm tt (150-250 t)

Mc tiu

L thuyt v phn tch

Thit b & th tc th nghim

D liu & kt qu

Tho lun v cc kt qu

Kt lun & kin ngh

Ti liu tham kho

Ph lc

Bo co thit k

Tiu

Tm tt

Thit k mc tiu

Thit k gi nh, hn ch cc thng s k thut

Thit k bn tm tt

Bn v thit k

Thit k thay th

phn tch kinh t

Kt lun & kin ngh

Ti liu tham kho

Ph lc 63

V d ni dung bo co

Phn quan trng nht trong bt k bo co

Bo co bao gm y v sc tch

Mc tiu

Qu trnh thc hin

Kt qu

Kt lun v khuyn ngh

Phn cui cng phi vit

64

Bo co k thut

oNu r nguyn tc, php lut, v phng trnh thch hp (phng trnh phi c nh s)

oTrnh by cc m hnh phn tch s dng

o xc nh cc thut ng khng quen thuc v biu tng

o lit k cc gi nh quan trng

65

Bo co k thut Phn ghi ch

oTrnh by danh sch cc b my v thit b o c s dng (bao gm phm vi dng c, chnh xc, v s ID)

o m t cch bn thc hin, th nghim

oTh tc th nghim nn c chia thnh cc khon mc

oBao gm s cc thit lp th nghim

66

Bo co k thut Phn ph

oTrnh by cc kt qu ca th nghim trong cc hnh thc bng hoc ha

oCc bng v th phi bao gm tiu , tiu ct hoc hng, n v, nhn ca cc trc, v cc im d liu c nh du r rng

oTt c s liu v cc bng phi c nh s v c tiu m t

oTt c s con s v cc chc danh phi c t di con s. Tt c s bng v cc chc danh phi c t trn cc bng

67

Bo co k thut

oNhn mnh v gii thch cho ngi c nhng kt qu quan trng ca th nghim.

oKhi c p dng, so snh kt qu th nghim vi cc tnh ton l thuyt

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Bo co k thut Phn bn lun & kin ngh

oSo snh mc tiu ca bn vi cc kt qu th nghim ca bn

oH tr kt lun ca bn vi cc ti liu tham kho ph hp

oKin ngh da trn cc kt lun

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Bo co k thut Phn kt lun & tham kho

Sch

Tc gi, tiu , nh xut bn, ni xut bn, ngy thng (nm), s trang.

Cc bi vit:

Trang tc gi, tiu ca bi vit ", tn ca tp ch, s lng, s vn , nm,

Internet Tc gi, tiu , ngy thng, a ch URL

70

Bo co k thut Phn ti liu tham kho

oBng d liu ban u

oMu tnh ton

oB sung ghi ch

71

Bo co k thut Phn ph lc

Bi tp v nh

1. Mi nhm chun b bi thuyt trnh cho ti thuyt trnh nhm chn .

2. Mi nhm vit 1 bo co (thuyt minh) ti thuyt trnh thc hin

72

Ni l gieo, nghe l gt.

8.4 K nng lng nghe

8.4.1 Khi nim

Sng

m Mng nh No Ngha

Nghe thy

Lng nghe

Ch - Hiu -

- Hi p - Ghi nh

Ai cn bit lng nghe nht?

Lnh o, t vn, bn hng, lut s, th k...

Gii tnh v vic lng nghe?

Ph n thch gii by

Nghe hay l ni hiu qu hn?

8.4 K nng lng nghe

76

Thi lng dng cc k nng

Joshua D. Guilar - 2001

Nghe:

Ni:

c:

Vit:

c17%

Vit14%

Nghe

53%

Noi16%

8.4 K nng lng nghe

Hiu sut nghe?

25 - 30%

8.4 K nng lng nghe

So snh hot ng giao tip

Nghe Ni c Vit

Phi hc

u tin Th hai Th ba Cui cng

Phi s dng

Nhiu nht

Tng i nhiu

Tng i t

t nht

c dy ?

Tng i t

Tng i nhiu

Nhiu nht

78

Pht l

Gi v

Tng phn

Ch

Thu cm

Thnh cng

8.4.2. Nguyn nhn nghe km hiu qu

Nghe khng n lc/ tp trung Nghe phc kch. Nghe mt phn Gi v nghe Qu nhiu thng ip Nhiu tm l Nhiu vt l Ni nhanh hn nghe C vn v thnh gic V on, ng nhn Cho rng ni c li hn nghe

Ni l bc,

Tp trung

Tham d

Hiu

Ghi nh

Hi p

Pht trin Mong mun thu hiu

Chu trnh lng nghe

8.4.3. K nng lng nghe hiu qu

Nghe xong hy ni

Li ni khng mt tin mua,

La li m ni cho va lng nhau

Gc tt c cc vic khc li

Kim sot cm xc bn thn.

Mt n ci bng mi thang thuc b

Hi p ng h ngi ni.

Ngi thc s khn ngoan khng ci nhau.

H ni hoc h nghe, h qu quyt hoc h tm

hiu su hn.

Dng li mt cht trc khi hi p.


Nhn vo ngi ni

Nhn mt m bt hnh dong

Khng ngt li khi cha tht cn.

Khng vi vng tranh ci hay phn xt.

Li cha ni ra,ta l ch n

Li ni ra ri,n l ch ta

Hi hiu r vn


Nhc li ni dung

Im lng bn ngoi l cha , thm ch

khng cn thit.

Din gii ni dung

N lc v tp trung


Tm ra chnh

Nghe hiu t

Khng v on.

Ci g cng chp cng ghi

Khng bit th hi, t ti lm g

Ghi chp thng tin c bn

Mu bt ch hn tr nh tt.

Tr nh m khng bng nt mc m.


Lun lun lng nghe, lun lun thu hiu

Lng nghe l hng bin nht

- 80% thng tin a ra di dng cu hi - Cu hi gip nhn nhn su hn, ton din hn, ch ng hn trong thc t cng vic v cuc sng

8.5.1 K nng t cu hi

8.5 Mt s k nng giao tip khc

* Cc loi cu hi:

- Cu hi chung chung

- Cu hi trc tip

- Cu hi m

- Cu hi xc nh

- Cu hi nh hng li

* Cu hi chung chung

Dng cho c nhm, vit ln giy kh ln

- S dng:

Khuyn khch tt c mi ngi suy ngh

Cch tt nht bt u mt cuc tho lun

Thit lp xu hng

- Ri do:

Khng c ngi tr li

Cu hi sai c th lm chch hng

8.5.1 K nng t cu hi (tt)

* Cu hi trc tip Dng cho c nhn hay nhm nh - S dng: C c hi tt v cu hi s c tr li Dnh c hi tt cho ngi t ni, rt r Ph v s c quyn ca ngi hay ni C th tc ng n cc hc vin tim nng thao kho khi mt quan im b b st do nhng kin khng xc ng khc - Ri do: C th gy kh x cho ngi cha chun b Hiu qu hn nu km theo mt cu hi chung chung quay tr v tip cn vi c nhm


* Cu hi m Bt u vi: Ai? Ci g? Khi no? u? Nh th no? Ti sao? - S dng: c thng tin phn hi c th Khuyn khch hc vin suy ngh Tho lun hiu qu khi c nhng chi tit mi Tt cho vic phn tch tnh hnh vn - Ri do: Kh tr li Gy hiu lm vi nhng cu hi TI SAO? Nu khng h tr cch tr li th tnh hu ch s b gim st


* Cu hi xc nh Hi xc nh cc thng tin thc t - S dng: xc nh r cc s tht cha r rng Trnh nhng tng chung chung Lm gi tr bc u tin ca cuc tho lun - Ri do: Ch mt s ngi bit r v s tht nn c th c quyn tho lun


* Cu hi nh hng li Ngi h tr c th a ra a HV tr v qu o ca nhm - S dng: m bo rng cu tr li lun lun l trch nhim ca hc vin To ra nhng cuc tho lun si ni - Ri do: C th gy n tng l ngi h tr khng c nhiu kin thc C th hiu nh mt chin thut ln trnh


8.5.2 K nng giao dch bng th tn

Mt s quy tc cn tun theo khi vit mt l th

- t phi r rng, lm cho ngi nhn hiu c thng tin v c th gii quyt cng vic vi thng tin y.

- Th nn i thng vo vn , nu bt cc nt chnh ca vn nh tho lun, nu vn cn s tr li hoc cn hnh ng nhanh chng p ng cc iu yu cu mong i ca mnh.

- Th vit phi ng, chnh xc cc s vic nht l i vi cc ci tit nh ngy, gi hi hp, giao hng theo n t hng, bng gi. Phi kim tra tht k cc im ny trc khi pht hnh.

8.5.2 K nng giao dch bng th tn (tt)

- Th vit phi hon chnh, c ngha l phi c y nhng iu kin cn thit.

- Cc trong th phi nht qun vi nhau.

- Th vit phi lch s, nh nhn v hot ng kinh doanh em li li nhun cho cc bn tham gia.

- Th vit phi thn trng, khng vit nhng iu m bn thn khng chc chn.

8.5.2 K nng giao dch bng th tn (tt)

Mt s im cn lu khc:

- Xc nh cho oc nhng ni dung cn vit v sp xp trong u cc im cn vit theo mt mi lin h tt nht.

- Vit mt cch t nhin v vit vi ging vn ph hp vi tng hon cnh.

- Dng t ng n gin, d hiu, quen thuc.

- Lp cng nu mun vit th di.

* Ti sao k nng giao tip qua email li quan trng?

- Trong thi bui @ hin nay - chng ta s khng c thi gian v iu kin gp mt tt c mi ngi m chng ta cn gp - v vy email s l phng tin trao i ch yu.

- Chng ta s dng email rt nhiu trong cuc sng - c cng vic ln cuc sng ring - do vit email mt cch hiu qu cng l mt iu quan trng.

- Hn 50% nhng ngi chng ta s gp l nhng ngi chng ta tip xc qua email, do email cn ng vai tr quyt nh "n tng u tin" ca chng ta.

8.5.3 K nng giao tip qua email.

Nhng lu v a ch email: nn c mt a ch email ngn gn - d nh theo mt c php no [vd (tn).(h) hay ...] v lin quan n cng vic chng ta ang lm hin ti th cng tt.

Tiu cn bao qut ni dung email:

- Cn phi t tiu . Thng thng, lnh o phi nhn rt nhiu email nn vic tiu r rng, bao qut s gip phn lai v tr li cc email nhanh hn v cng vic nh vy cng tin hnh nhanh hn.


Nn son tho email cng ngn cng tt. Tp trung vo ch chnh cn truyn t, ch nu cc im mu cht.

c bit ch li chnh t v hnh thc email v n s th hin tnh chuyn nghip v s sp xp khoa hc ca bn.

- Nn m ch kim tra li chnh t t ng ca my tnh v t kim tra li trc khi gi i. Mt email qu nhiu li chnh t v hnh thc khng r rng th hin s thiu tn trng ngi nhn.


Nn vit nhng cu ngn v gia cc an nn khang cch ngi xem khng b ri, in m nhng ch chnh cho tng ni dung.

S dng file nh km c ghi ch mt cch khoa hc. Tn file nh km phi r rng, b tr theo trnh t thi gian hoc ni dung cng vic.

Cn kim tra trnh gi nhm file cha hon thin cho i tc v khch hng.

Vi cc file c t tn ting Vit, bn nn s dng ch Vit khng c du.


Mt iu ti k cn trnh v thng lm ngi nhn mail bc mnh l ton b ni dung trong email u c vit bng ch in hoa. ng thi, mu sc kiu ch in nghing in m cn c sp xp cho thng nht.

Hy xem vic son tho email cng v nh vit mt bi lun vn nn bn cng khng c dng nhng cm t vit tt.


Tr li mail cnh nhanh cng tt. C gng phc p tt c cc email cng v trong vng 24 gi. iu ny va th hin tnh chuyn nghip va th hin s lch thip, tn trng ngi khc.

Trong cc email giao dch cn s dng ch k c nhn mnh bn nn bao gm tn, chc danh, a ch v phone cui bc mail.


Hn ch vic lm dng s dng cc t quan trng hoc khn cp trong tiu email, hy dnh s dng n cho nhng bc mail cc k quan trng v c bit.

i ph vi th rc, cch tt nht l bn hy tng n vo ngn th rc, bm nt delete n hoc s dng phn mm ngn chn cc bc th linh tinh ny.


Hy copy, gi chuyn tip th ca bn cho nhng ngi c lin quan, t sp n tr l v nhng ng nghip c lin quan.

Vic bn c/c email s gip nhng ngi c lin quan theo di cng vic chung, kim tra ln nhau mt cch d dng.

Bn cnh , ngi qun l cng c th di theo tin cng vic ca c h thng.


Ti liu tham kho

Oakes, Leone, Gunn, Engineering Your Future, A Comprehensive Approach, 5th Edition, Great Lake Press, 2006.

Ho, Nhut. "Course ME101 - Introduction to Mechanical Engineering." Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State University, Northridge, USA. Course URL: www.csun.edu/~me101

http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/writing/engineering/index.xml

http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/documents/ce-trpt/index.cfm

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Chuong 8 - Ky Nang Giao Tiep Bkel 2