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8/17/2019 Coldwar-2
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The Cold War Era
Sputnik and Beyond
8/17/2019 Coldwar-2
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The Cold War
• Threat of the spread of
Communism led to
policy of containment• US declared to take
what ever economic
and military means
necessary to stop the
spread of communism
8/17/2019 Coldwar-2
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Political Economy
• 1929-Stock arket
Crash
• !rosperity followin"the end of #$#$%% in
19&' led to more
consumerism
• Communist scare let to
cCarthy hearin"s
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Threat of Communism
• US declared to take
what ever economic
and military meansnecessary to stop
the spread of
communism
• Known as “policy of
containment”
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(octrine of )irst Use
• US stockpiled
nuclear weapons in
order to initiatenuclear bombing
whenever enemy
forces threatened
America
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Red Scare
• * near hysteria was
created in the late &+,s
and '+,s with hearin"sled y
.oseph cCarthy
accusin" people of
elon"in" to theCommunist !arty
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/mccarthy/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/mccarthy/
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DuBois Accused of Communism
• (etail of photo taken
in 19'1 of
!hiladelphiacommunists protestin"
the detention of
#$/$B$ (uBois$ The
picket si"n reads0
• )*/-U! 3 45U
*4 B/ 6/7T
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Spies and Espionage
• .ulius and /thel
osener"
• U$S$ communists whowere e8ecuted in
19' for passin" on
nuclear secrets to the
Soviet Union$
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More Spies
F rancis ary Po!ers
• U$S$ *ir )orce U-2 pilotwho was shot down whileon a surveillance mission
over the Soviet Union$
• Sentenced to 1+ years incaptivity ut
served only two efore he
was released to the UnitedStates in a spy e8chan"efor Soviet spy udolph*el$
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"deology
• cCarthyism
• eritocracy
• Social oility
• *nticommunism
• /ducation for national
interest• Corporate lieralism
Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957),
anti-Communist crusader
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Sputni#
• )irst artificial /arthsatellite: it was
launched y oscowin 19'; and sparkedU$S$ fears of Sovietdominance in
technolo"y and outerspace$ %t led to thecreation of 6*S* andthe space race$
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Schooling
$ad %S Schools Failed&
• This launch of Sputnik
alarmed the *merican
pulic and made themthink that their schools
had failed to teach
science and math$
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Shift in Curriculum
• illions of dollars
were allocated for
up"radin" the teachin"of science and math
• Schools introduced
trackin": differentiated
curriculum: and %<
testin"
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'ames Conant and the SAT
• .ames Conant: president
of =arvard: saw the need
to develop a valid measure
of academic aptitude to
ensure o>ectivity in
determinin" scholarship
eli"iility
• (ecided on the Scholastic
*ptitude Test ?S*T@
• Click to read interview
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/interviews/lemann.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/interviews/lemann.html
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Comprehensive High Schools
• Conant elieved that scholarships andaccelerated classes would encoura"e the
intellectually "ifted• =e elieved that vocational classes should
meet the needs of the Aless academically
ale$• *dvocated lar"er hi"h schools to serve oth
types of students$
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Schooling for Social Cohesion
• Conant elieved that
puttin" the
academically "iftedstudents in schools
with the vocational
students would foster
a "reater sense ofdemocracy$
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Conclusion
• The focus of educational concern shifted
from realiDin" the all around "rowth of
students to promotin" political: economic:and social staility$
• * small "roup of Atalented students were
provided true intellectual challen"es$