Alternaria Ascospores Basidiospores Bipolaris Drechslera Curvularia

Epicoccum Myxomycetes Pithomyces Stemphylium Torula

Aspergillus Penicillium Cladosporium Fusarium

Chaetomium Memnoniella Stachybotrys Ulocladium Trichoderma

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Common Outdoor

Common Indoor

Water Damage Indicator

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Newton Alternaria

Alternaria Growth Characteristics Alternaria species are cellulolytic (break down cellulose to glucose for energy) and commonly grow on dead plant materials, particularly cereals and grasses. Some species are also parasitic on living plants and cause early blight of tomato and potato in our region. When Alternaria attacks the host leaf, it produces a series of concentric rings around the initial site of attack. This gives a "target spot" effect that is associated with early blight. In fall saprobic (=saprophytic) species of Alternaria, and another Deuteromycota species called Cladosporium, grow on senescent corn leaves and dead grasses and turn them black with spores. When the corn is harvested, the spores are released in black clouds above the combine to drift downwind for many miles. Alternaria species can grow on other sources of cellulose if free water is available. It grows well on cellulose surfaces. Does not require significant amounts of water. It grows outside in soil, sewage, vegetation, plant debris, textiles, food stuffs. Where is Alternaria found? It can be found growing on wallpaper in the bedroom of a home. It grows inside and is common on many different substrates. Is Alternaria Allergenic? Since Alternaria is a seasonal fungus then this type of allergy would be more prevalent in the fall. Unless of course it's growing on your bedroom wall! Alternaria, fortunately, is not a common component of the home environment. Because it can sometimes be produced in the air in large numbers, susceptible individuals can become sensitized to the proteins on the spore surface and develop allergies. Some people may experience hay fever, asthma, Woodworkers lung or Apple store hypersensitivity. Toxins Produced by Alternaria The toxin Alternariol (used as an antifungal) produced by A. alternata. Other metabolites produced include AME (alternariol monomethylether), tenuazonic acid, and altertoxins (mutagenic). Alternaria Health Effects It can present any unique human risks (as pathogen, opportunist or contaminant). It can affect respiratory system, skin, nails. Presents greatest risk to immunosuppressed and wound injury individuals. Most species do not grow at 37°C (body temperature) How to test for / identify the presence of Alternaria It is ID’d via air and direct sampling. Sometimes spores cannot be distinguished from Ulocladium species. Is Alternaria a "black mold" No

Ascospores

Ascospores Growth Characteristics Ascospores grow well under a variety of conditions and many are known to be plant pathogens. Ascospores are microscopic spores which develop during the winter on dead, fallen leaves that were infected the previous season. From budburst onwards, rain triggers the release of ascospores into the air. Ascospore release will continue until early December, or later in a dry season, and this is known as the primary infection season The primary source of apple black spot infection is from the release of ascospores in the spring. If there are few ascospores present, then the risk of black spot is low regardless of the weather conditions. Alternatively a high number of ascospores can cause infection even under a marginal infection period. Where is Ascospores found? Ascopspores can be found everywhere and commonly grow indoors on damp materials. Is Ascospores Allergenic? Ascospores have not been extensively studied but it is considered to be an allergen. Poorly studied. Toxins Produced by Ascospores Ascospores produce toxins. Many have been identified and depend greatly on genus and species. Ascospores Health Effects Ascospores do present a human health risk but few have been reported to cause disease. How to test for / identify the presence of Ascospores They can be identified via Air or Direct Sampling and are often identified as “other colorless” Is Ascospores a "black mold" No

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Aspergillus

Aspergillus Growth Characteristics Fungi reproduce by forming tiny spores which can easily be airborne. Conidial head or fruiting body of Aspergillus - producing spores It grows well under a variety of conditions and many are known to be plant pathogens. Where is Aspergillus found? Its natural habitat is in hay and compost. some species withstand heat eg; Aspergillus fumigatus (pathogenic type) these are commonly found in compost. This type of mold can be found everywhere indoors (prefers damp materials) and outdoors. Soil Air; spores may be inhaled Water / storage tanks in hospitals etc Food Compost and decaying vegetation Fire proofing materials Bedding, pillows Ventilation and air conditioning systems Computer fans Is Aspergillus Allergenic? It is a potential allergen but has not been studied extensively Toxins Produced by Aspergillus Aspergillus can produce mycotoxins – these are often found in contaminated foodstuff and are hazardous to the consumer. Many toxins of this type of mold have been identified and depend greatly on genus and species.

Aspergillus Health Effects we normally breathe in 100-200 spores daily. Certain types of this mold have been reported to cause disease. Molds are also called filamentous fungi. Only a few of these molds can cause illness in humans and animals. Most people are naturally immune and do not develop disease caused by Aspergillus. However, when disease does occur, it takes several forms. The types of diseases caused by Aspergillus are varied, ranging from an allergy-type illness to life-threatening generalised infections. Diseases caused by Aspergillus are called aspergillosis. The severity of aspergillosis is determined by various factors but one of the most important is the state of the immune system of the person. The first known case of infection was in a jackdaw in 1815 and in a human in 1842.In the 19th century it was an occupational hazard amongst wig combers when it caused allergic disease of the lungs.

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Aspergillus

Which species of Aspergillus are pathogens? The most common causing invasive disease are Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Aspergillosis is a group of diseases caused by Aspergillus. The symptoms – fever, a cough, chest pain or breathlessness occur in many other illnesses so diagnosis can be hard. Usually only patients with already weakened immune systems or who suffer other lung conditions are susceptible. Some Aspergillus species cause serious disease in humans and animals – it is pathogenic. Allergic aspergillosis (affects asthma, cystic fibrosis and sinusitis patients). Acute invasive aspergillosis (risk increases if patient has weakened immunity such as some cancer patients and those on chemotherapy). Disseminated invasive aspergillosis (widespread through body). Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) This is a condition, which produces an allergy to the spores of the Aspergillus molds. It is quite common in asthmatics; up to 5% of adult asthmatics might get this at some time during their lives. ABPA is also common in cystic fibrosis patients, as they reach adolescence and adulthood. The symptoms are similar to those of asthma: intermittent episodes of feeling unwell, coughing and wheezing. Some patients cough up brown-coloured plugs of mucus. The diagnosis can be made by X-ray or by sputum, skin and blood tests. In the long term ABPA can lead to permanent lung damage (fibrosis) if untreated. The treatment is with steroids by aerosol or mouth (prednisolone), especially during attacks. Itraconazole (an oral antifungal drug) is useful in reducing the amount of steroids required in those needing medium or high doses. This is beneficial as steroids have side-effects like thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) and skin and weight gain, especially when used for a long time. It is not known whether patients with ABPA not on steroids (or on low doses) benefit in some way. Aspergilloma and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis This is a very different disease also caused by the Aspergillus mold. The fungus grows within a cavity of the lung, which was previously damaged during an illness such as tuberculosis or sarcoidosis. Any lung disease which causes cavities can leave a person open to developing an aspergilloma. The spores penetrate the cavity and germinate, forming a fungal ball within the cavity. In some people, cavities in the lung are formed by Aspergillus, and no fungal ball is present. The fungus secretes toxic and allergic products, which may make the person feel ill. The person affected may have no symptoms (especially early on). Weight loss, chronic cough, feeling rundown and tired are common symptoms later. Coughing of blood (haemoptysis) can occur in up to 50-80% of affected people. The diagnosis is made by X-rays, scans of lungs and blood tests. Treatment depends on many factors including whether the patient is coughing blood and how much lung disease there is. Those with no symptoms may need no treatment. Oral itraconazole (usually 400 mg daily) helps symptoms in many patients but rarely kills the fungus in the cavity. A new alternative is voriconazole, which is at least as effective as itraconazole. Sometimes surgical removal is possible, especially if the patient is coughing blood. Surgery is difficult however, and therefore is best reserved for single lung cavities. Sometimes other antifungal drugs (especially amphotericin B) can be injected directly into the cavity by a tube, which is put into position under local anaesthesia.

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Aspergillus

Aspergillus sinusitis Aspergillus disease can happen in the sinuses leading to Aspergillus sinusitis. Just as in the lungs, Aspergillus can cause the three diseases - allergic sinusitis, a fungal ball or invasive aspergillosis. Allergic disease is asssociated with long standing symptoms of a runny blocked up nose, and may lead to nasal polyps. Surgical drainage, including removal of polyps, careful attention to treatment of bacterial infection, local steroids and/or short courses of oral steroids and antifungals applied locally are the approaches to therapy. The fungal ball caused by Aspergillus happens in a similar way to an aspergilloma. In those with normal immune systems, stuffiness of the nose, chronic headache or discomfort in the face is common. Drainage of the sinus, by surgery, usually cures the problem, unless the Aspergillus has entered the sinuses deep inside the skull. Then antifungal drugs and surgery is usually successful. When patients have damaged immune systems - if, for example they have had leukaemia or have had a bone marrow transplant - Aspergillus sinusitis is more serious. In these cases the sinusitis is a form of invasive aspergillosis. The symptoms include fever, facial pain, nasal discharge and headaches. The diagnosis is made by finding the fungus in fluid or tissue from the sinuses and with scans. Surgery is done in most cases as it is important to find out what is exactly wrong and is often helpful in eradicating the fungus. Treatment with powerful antifungal medicines is essential. Choices of treatment include amphotericin B, caspofungin, voriconazole or itraconazole. Response may be better to amphotericin B than voriconazole or itraconazole; the role of caspofungin is uncertain, as there is little experience. Invasive aspergillosis Many people with damaged or impaired immune systems die from invasive aspergillosis. Their chances of living are improved the earlier the diagnosis is made but unfortunately there is no good single diagnostic test. Often treatment has to be started when the condition is only suspected. This condition is usually clinically diagnosed in a person with low defences such as bone marrow transplant, low white cells after cancer treatment, AIDS or major burns. There is also a rare inherited condition that gives people low immunity (chronic granulomatous disease) which puts affected people at moderate risk. People with invasive aspergillosis usually have a fever and symptoms from the lungs (cough, chest pain or discomfort or breathlessness) which do not respond to standard antibiotics. X-rays and scans are usually abnormal and help to localise the disease. Bronchoscopy (inspection of the inside of the lung with a small tube inserted via the nose) is often used to help to confirm the diagnosis. Cultures and blood tests are usually necessary to confirm the disease. In people with particularly poor immune systems, the fungus can transfer from the lung through the blood stream to the brain or to other organs, including the eye, the heart, the kidneys and the skin. Usually this is a bad sign as the condition is more severe and the person sicker with a higher risk of death. However, sometimes infection of the skin enables the diagnosis to be made earlier and treatment to be started sooner. Treatment is with antifungal drugs How to test for / identify the presence of Aspergillus It can be identified via Air and Direct Sampling. Often identified as “other colorless” Is Aspergillus a "black mold" No

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Basidiospores

Basidiospores Growth Characteristics Formation:Basidiomycetes form sexual spores on appendages produced externally. A group of four spores, each having an attachment peg, form on a structure called a basidium that protrudes from a larger fruiting body. These spores serve as the main air dispersal units for the fungi. The structure of the spore complex can develop in various manners resulting in different appearances. one of the most commonly found molds. Often produces microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC's) that give the distictive heavy, musty odor. Where is Basidiospores found? Outside it is often found growing in soil, decaying plant debris, compost piles and fruit rot. Inside it is often found growing indoors on water damaged building materials (chipboard/OSB, plywood, wallpaper, glue) as well as on food items (dried foods, cheeses, fruits, herbs, spices, cereals) Is Basidiospores Allergenic? This mold can act as an allergen. Some people may experience hay fever, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis: cheese washer's lung, woodman's lung, moldy wall hypersensitivity. Toxins Produced by Basidiospores This mold does produce toxins: these include: penicillic acid, peptide nephrotoxin, viomellein, xanthomegin, xanthocillin X, mycophenolic acid, roquefortine C & D, citrinin, penicillin, cyclopiazonic acid, isofumigaclavine A, penitrem A, decumbin, patulin citreoviridin, griseofulvin, verruculogen, ochratoxin, chrysogine, and meleagrin. Basidiospores Health Effects It is rare that this mold is a pathogen that presents risk to humans. How to test for / identify the presence of Basidiospores In air sampling this mold is indistinguishable from Aspergillus species In direct sampling, it is easily identified if sporulating structures are observed, otherwise may be indestiguishable from Aspergillus species Is Basidiospores a "black mold" No

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Bipolaris

Bipolaris Growth Characteristics This fungus can grow as a mold in semi-dry environments.Dry spore distributed by wind. Bipolaris grows in plant debris, soil and acts as a plant pathogen towards numerous plants, particularly grasses. It can grow inside on a variety of materials. Is Bipolaris Allergenic? This fungus causes allergic fungal sinusitis, characterized by the presence of Bipolaris in the sinuses. In certain people with severe allergies, the large spores of this fungus can travel to the sinuses (upper respiratory tract), where they attach to the mucus and grow, producing an unrelenting allergic reaction that progressively and permanently damages the sinuses). This mold is a potential allergen and is the leading cause of allergic fungal sinusitis. Some of people may experience hay fever, asthma. Toxins Produced by Bipolaris Bipolaris has been reported to produce the mycotoxin – sterig-matocystin that has been shown to cause liver and kidney damage when ingested by laboratory animals. Bipolaris Health Effects This fungus is associated with phaeohyphomycosis, a disease consisting of a group of mycotic infections characterized by the presence of demataceous septate hyphae. Infections of the eyes and skin by black fungi could also be classified as phaeohyphomycosis). This mold can present human risk factors. These molds can lead to opportunistic infections in both healthy individuals as well as immunocompromised persons. It is occasionally a cause of phaeohyphomycosis, including keratitis, sinusitis, and osteomyelitis. How to test for / identify the presence of Bipolaris This mold can be identified via air and direct sampling techniques. Is Bipolaris a "black mold" No

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Chaetomium

Chaetomium Growth Characteristics Chaetomium globosum like Stachybotrys chartaium are demataceous, that is they produce dark spores. Because they can both use cellulose directly as a nutrient source, they can be found on the wetted facing of gypsumboard. Indeed when one looks at a Chaetomium infestations the spores are so dark that it appears that Stachybotrys is present. Chaetomium like Stachybotrys produces relatively large spores. They differ in that Chaetomium spores are produced by sexual processes while Stachybotrys primarily produces spores asexually. The spores of Chaetomium are large and ovoid and do not have the ornamentation characteristics of Stachybotrys. Because both Chaetomium and Stachybotrys spores are relatively large, they have relatively high setting velocities. Thus, they settle out relatively quickly and do not remain airborne for more than a few minutes. As a consequence, airborne mold levels are usually low even in infested environments. Due to this fact, exposure levels are likely to be low as well. Toxicity does matter. Where is Chaetomium found? It is found outdoors growing on soil and plant debris. Toxins Produced by Chaetomium It does produce a variety of mycotoxins called chaetoglobsins whose health effects in humans is for the most part unknown. Because it is a toxigenic fungus, it is one of species sometimes identified as requiring special precautions in its remediation. Is Chaetomium a "black mold" No

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Cladosporium

Cladosporium Growth Characteristics Colonies are rather slow growing, mostly olivaceous-brown to blackish brown but also sometimes grey, buff or brown, suede-like to floccose, often becoming powdery due to the production of abundant conidia. Cladosporium produces a black pigment so that when it grows on a surface it looks black. Grows well on cellulose surfaces. Where is Cladosporium found? Cladosporium is one of the most common mold species found in indoor and outdoor environments. In most cases, outdoor concentrations are higher than those indoors. Typically when Cladosporium levels (associated with an indoor source) are elevated, other mold types will be elevated as well. As such, Cladosporium may only be an indicator of potential mold exposures. Often found growing outside in soil, plant litter and decaying plants as well as on leaves. Often found inside growing on textiles, wood, moist window sills, tile grout and often in bathrooms where the relative humidity is regularly above 50%. Also can be found growing on sheetrock, subfloor, OSB and plywood among other surfaces.

Is Cladosporium Allergenic? Cladosporium, like all known mold species, can cause allergic sensitization in potentially sensitive individuals. As such, it can cause chronic allergic rhinitis, asthma, and possibly fungal sinusitis. It is a potential allegen. Some people may experience hay fever, asthma and or Hot tub lung, Moldy wall hypersensitivity. Many such infestations are localized and unlikely to cause any significant exposure. When infestation is severe, health risks are increased. It may pose a risk to an asthmatic individual if they have been sensitized to Cladosporium. Toxins Produced by Cladosporium Yes, this mold does produce the toxins Cladosporin and emodin. Neither is known to be highly toxic.

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Cladosporium

Cladosporium Health Effects Generally speaking it does not present human risk but some reports have linked some species with chromoblastomycosis. Localized infestations in a house can cause high airborne indoor concentrations that can pose a significant exposure risk. Such infestations should be remediated; remediation is possible when the infestation source is found. However, one should realize that after re-mediation you are likely to still find some Cladosporium present since outdoor air by itself is a major source. How to test for / identify the presence of Cladosporium For identification, isolates are best grown on potato dextrose agar or 2% malt extract agar at 20-25C. Microscopic mounts are best made using a cellotape flag or slide culture preparation mounted in lactophenol cotton blue. A drop of alcohol is usually needed to detach the cellotape flag from the stick, and to act as a wetting agent. This mold can be identified via air and direct sampling methods. Is Cladosporium a "black mold" No

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Curvularia

Curvularia sp Growth Characteristics Grows well on cellulose surfaces. Where is Curvularia sp found? Often found outside growing in soil, plant litter and decaying plants as well as on leaves. Often found growing inside on a variety of building materials. Is Curvularia sp Allergenic? Reported to be allergenic. This mold is a potential allergen. Some people may experience hay fever, asthma and or allergic fungal sinusitis. Toxins Produced by Curvularia sp No toxins from this mold have been identified at this time. Curvularia sp Health Effects It may cause corneal infections, mycetoma and infections in immune compromised hosts. This mold has been known to cause onychomycosis, ocular keratitis, sinusitis, mycetoma, pneumonia, endocarditis, cerebral abscess, and disseminated infection. Most cases are from immunocompromised patients.

How to test for / identify the presence of Curvularia sp This mold can be identified in air and direct sampling but may be misidentified as Drechslera. Is Curvularia sp a "black mold" No

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Drechslera

Where is Dreschlera sp found? Found on grasses, grains and decaying food. Dreschlera sp Health Effects It can occasionally cause a corneal infection of the eye. Is Dreschlera sp a "black mold" No

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Epicoccum

Epicoccum sp Growth Characteristics Grows well on cellulose surfaces. Epicoccum has a rapid growth rate with a lanose to felty appearance. Colony colors are often bright and can include yellow, orange, red or brown. Where is Epicoccum sp found? It is found in plants, soil, grains, textiles and paper products. Epicoccum is a common soil and litter fungus, and is also a secondary invader of plant material. Often found growing outside in soil, plant litter, decaying plants and or damaged plant tissue. Often found growing inside on a variety of building materials including but not limited to paper, textiles, and insects. Is Epicoccum sp Allergenic? A common allergen. This mold can act as a potential allergen. Some people may experience hay fever and or asthma. Epicoccum sp Health Effects This mold has not been linked to any human or animal infection. Epicoccum is not generally considered a human pathogen How to test for / identify the presence of Epicoccum sp This mold can be identified via air and direct sampling methods but may be misidentified as Ulocladium, Stemphylium or Alternaria. Is Epicoccum sp a "black mold" No

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Fusarium

Fusarium sp Growth Characteristics Grows well on general fungal media although sporulation in many species requires specialized media. Where is Fusarium sp found? It is found on a wide range of plants. It is often found in humidifiers. Often found growing outside on soil, also acts in a saprophytic or parasitic manner on plants. Many species are important plant pathogens. Occasionally found inside on a variety of substrates. Fusarium requires very wet conditions. Is Fusarium sp Allergenic? Yes, this mold is a potential allergen. Some people may experience hay fever and or asthma. Toxins Produced by Fusarium sp Several species in this genus can produce potent trichothecene toxins. Fusarium can produce trichothecenes (type B); T-2 toxin; zearalenone (F-2 toxin), vomitoxin, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin. Zearalenone is not acutely toxic, and actually may have positive effects with controlled ingestion. Fusarium sp Health Effects The trichothecene (scirpene) toxin targets, the following systems: circulatory, alimentary, skin and nervous. Produces vomitoxin on grains during unusually damp growing conditions. Symptoms may occur either through ingestion of contaminated grains or possibly inhalation of spores. The genera can produce hemorrhagic syndrome in humans (alimentary toxic aleukia). This is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dermatitis, and extensive internal bleeding. Reported to be allergenic. Frequently involved in eye, skin and nail infections. This mold can cause keratitis, endophthalmitis, onychomycosis, mycetoma, and disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients; infections in burn victims, and systemic opportunistic infections in severely disabled hosts. How to test for / identify the presence of Fusarium sp Fusarium can be identified via air and direct sampling methods. The macroconidia are distinctive and recognizable on spore trap slides. The microconidia are less distinctive and would most probably be identified as "other colorless." In direct sampling, the macroconidia are distinctive and often are readily identifiable on tape lifts. However, microconidia of Fusarium may be confused with Acremonium. Is Fusarium sp a "black mold“ No

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Memnoniella

Memnoniella Growth Characteristics Stachybotrys echinata (= Memnoniella echinata) Memnoniella echinata is a widespread strongly cellulolytic fungus. It has been isolated from cotton, canvas, hardboard and woollen fabrics. Memnoniella echinata is morphologically very similar to Stachybotrys but it produces spores in chains. Following molecular characterization of this species, it was renamed Stachybotrys echinata. It is common on very wet gypsum board Health Effects Associated With Memnoniella echinata Little is known about the medical significance of M. echinata. However, it produces many of the toxins produced byStachybotrys chartarum, suggesting that M. echinata should also be considered potentially dangerous in indoor air. Is Memnoniella a "black mold" Yes, Memnoniella echinata is often referred to as 'toxic mold' or 'black mold'. Neither of these terms have any meaning. Many fungi are dark (or black) and many produce mycotoxins.

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Myxomycetes

Myxomycetes Growth Characteristics Myxomycetes, also called Mycetozoa, phylum of funguslike organisms within the kingdom Protista, commonly known as true slime molds. They exhibit characteristics of both protozoans (one-celled microorganisms) and fungi. Distributed worldwide, they usually occur in decaying plant material. About 500 species have been described. The vegetative (active, growing, feeding) phase consists of a multinucleate amoeboid mass or sheet (plasmodium). This gives rise to fruiting structures (sporangia) with one to many spores at the head of a stalk. In nearly all species, spores are borne within the sporangium. In Ceratiomyxa, spores are apparently borne externally; each, however, may be a much-reduced sporangium with a true spore within. Upon germination, a spore releases one or more individual cells known as myxamoebas, which may transform into so-called swarm cells with two flagella (whiplike structures used in swimming). The swarm cells often revert to the amoeboid stage. Formerly, it was believed that reproduction involved the nonsexual fusion of swarm cells, but the process is now thought to be sexual.

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The plasmodium, with cytoplasm streaming through it, changes shape as it crawls over or within damp wood, leaves, or soil, ingesting bacteria, molds, and fungi. Characteristically, the entire plasmodium is covered by a layer of slime, which is continually secreted and, as the plasmodium creeps, continually left behind as a network of collapsed tubules. Plasmodia are frequently yellow and orange, but they may also be colourless, red, white, buff, maroon, or, rarely, blue, black, or green. Where is Myxomycetes found? Found on decaying plant material and as a plant pathogen. Myxomycetes Health Effects Some allergenic properties reported, but generally pose no health concerns to humans. How to test for / identify the presence of Myxomycetes Myxomycetes can be identified via air and direct sampling methods Is Myxomycetes a "black mold" No

Penicillium

Penicillium Growth Characteristics Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) produced: Penicillium commune produces 2-methyl-isoborneol, a heavy musty odor The genus Penicillium (in general) has a rapid growth rate. Colonies are usually green, blue-green, or grey green, but can be white, yellow or pinkish. Colonies are mostly velvety to powdery in texture. one of the most commonly found molds. Often produces microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC's) that give the distictive heavy, musty odor. Where is Penicillium found? while Aspergillus species tend to frequent warmer tropical regions, Penicillium have the greatest proportion of their species growing in temperate areas. Commonly found in house dust. Penicillium species are most commonly found in soils, cellulose materials (plants, wood, paper, etc.), foods, grains, and compost piles. Indoors Penicillium can be associated with carpet, wallpaper, organic substances, and is also known to grow within fiberglass duct insulation.

Grows in water damaged buildings on wallpaper, wallpaper glue, decaying fabrics, moist chipboards, and behind paint. Also found in blue rot of apples, dried foodstuffs, cheeses, fresh herbs, spices, dry cereals, nuts, onions, and oranges. Often found growing outside in soil, decaying plant debris, compost piles and fruit rot. Often found growing indoors on water damaged building materials (chipboard/OSB, plywood, wallpaper, glue) as well as on food items (dried foods, cheeses, fruits, herbs, spices, cereals) Is Penicillium Allergenic? Penicillium species can cause allergic and asthmatic reaction in susceptible individuals. Common allergenic effects are:Type I allergies (hay fever, asthma),Type III hypersensitivity pneumonitis: Cheese washer's lung, Woodman's lung, Moldy wall hypersensitivity. Toxins Produced by Penicillium Toxins produced by this mold include: penicillic acid, peptide nephrotoxin, viomellein, xanthomegin, xanthocillin X, mycophenolic acid, roquefortine C & D, citrinin, penicillin, cyclopiazonic acid, isofumigaclavine A, penitrem A, decumbin, patulin citreoviridin, griseofulvin, verruculogen, ochratoxin, chrysogine, and meleagrin.

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Penicillium

Penicillium Health Effects Penicillium is normally nonpathogenic with some exceptions. One example, Penicillium marneffei, a dimorphic species (contains yeast-like phase) capable of causing infection of the lymphatic system, the lungs, the liver, the skin, the spleen, and the bones. P. marneffei can enter through the skin, through inhalation, and all points of the digestion tract. Most common regions where infections occur are in Southeast Asia and Indonesia. he genus Penicillium has may species which produce mycotoxins. These mycotoxins include ochratoxin A (nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic), penicillin (antibiotic), renitren A and roquefortine C (tremorgenic), patulin (nephrotoxic, carcinogenic), citrinin (carcinogenic), and griseofulvin (tumorigenic, teratogenic) It is very rare that it presents a human risk as a pathogen but is can. How to test for / identify the presence of Penicillium Identification of Penicillium species is primarily based on the branching habit the species exhibits. Species identifications of Penicillia are difficult as it is usually the most common soil fungus encountered almost everywhere. This mold can be identified through air sampling but it is indistinguishable from Aspergillus species This mold can be easily identified if sporulating structures are observed, otherwise may be indistiguishable from Aspergillus species Used in roquefort and camembert cheese, salami-sausages starter culture; anti-bacterial antimicrobial penicillin, and anti-fungal antimicrobial griseofulvin. Is Penicillium a "black mold" No

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Pithomyces

Pithomyces sp Growth Characteristics Grow on dead grass in pastures. This mold tends to grow well on cellulose surfaces. The growth of spores may be less rapid compared to other types of mold Where is Pithomyces sp found? Often found growing outside in soil, decaying leaves and grasses. Rarely found growing indoors, but will grow on paper given the right conditions. Is Pithomyces sp Allergenic? It is a potential but not well studied allergen. Toxins Produced by Pithomyces sp Toxins produced by this mold include: Sporidesmin Pithomyces sp Health Effects Causes facial eczema in ruminants. Not well studied as a human pathogen. How to test for / identify the presence of Pithomyces sp This mold can be identified via air and direct sampling methods. Easily identified but rarely found via direct sampling. Is Pithomyces sp a "black mold" No

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Stachybotrys

Stachybotrys Growth Characteristics Stachybotrys species have a slow to moderately rapid growth rate. Colonies are generally black but may also appear white, pink, or orange in color. Stachybotrys colonies have a powdery texture. Where is Stachybotrys found? Stachybotrys species are commonly isolated from soil and decaying plant material. Stachybotrys is highly cellulolytic. Indoors it is commonly isolated from water-damaged materials, including wallpaper backing and drywall elements. Is Stachybotrys Allergenic? Stachybotrys can cause allergic and asthmatic reactions in sensitive individuals. Toxins Produced by Stachybotrys Stachybotrys species produce a number of mycotoxins that may be deleterious to human and animal health. These mycotoxins include the trichothecenes roridan E, satratoxins F, G, and H, and verrucarin J. Stachybotrys Health Effects No cases of human or animal infection have been reported. Is Stachybotrys a "black mold" Yes, Stachybotrys is often referred to as 'toxic mold' or 'black mold'. Neither of these terms have any meaning. Many fungi are dark (or black) and many produce mycotoxins.

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Stemphylium

Stemphylium Growth Characteristics Colonies of Stemphylium are fast growing, suede-like to cottony in texture, and gray, brown, or brownish-black in color. Grows well on general cellulose surfaces but spores may take longer than normal to develop or may be completely absent. Where is Stemphylium found? Most species of Stemphylium are plant pathogens, and are less commonly isolated from soil and decaying plant material. Often found growingoutdoors in soil, wood, decaying vegetation. Some species found on leaves are plant pathogens. Growth indoors is rare. Is Stemphylium Allergenic? This mold is an allergen. Some people may experience hay fever or asthma. Produces similar allergens that are associated with Alternaria. Toxins Produced by Stemphylium It is not know if this mold produces toxins. Stemphylium Health Effects Stemphylium may very rarely cause disease in humans Syncephalastrum sp.: Can cause a respiratory infection characterized by a solid intracaitary fungal ball. This mold does present human risk. Rare cases reported of phaeohyphomycotic sinusitis. How to test for / identify the presence of Stemphylium This mold can be identified via air and direct sampling techniques. Although spore fragments may be confused with other types of mold such as: Ulocladium, Alternaria or Pithomyces. Distinctive yet rarely found in direct sampling. May be found in conjunction with dust samples. Is Stemphylium a "black mold" No

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Torula

Torula sp Growth Characteristics Grows well on general cellulose surfaces but spores may take special nutrients to develop or may be completely absent. Where is Torula sp found? Often found growing in soil, dead herbaceous stems, wood, grasses, sugar beet root, groundnuts and oats. Grows indoors on cellulose containing materials such as jute, old sacking, wicker, straw baskets, wood, and paper. Is Torula sp Allergenic? Yes, this mold is a potential allergen. Some people may experience hay fever or asthma. Toxins Produced by Torula sp Not well studied enough to know if it produces toxins. Torula sp Health Effects Rare cases reported of phaeohyphomycotic sinusitis reported with this mold. How to test for / identify the presence of Torula sp It can be identified via air and direct sampling methods. Is Torula sp a "black mold" No

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Trichoderma

Where is Trichoderma sp found? It is commonly found in soil, dead trees, pine needles, paper, unglazed ceramics. It often will grow on other fungi. Is Trichoderma sp Allergenic? It has been reported to be allergenic. It readily degrades cellulose. Toxins Produced by Trichoderma sp It produces antibiotics which are toxic to humans. Is Trichoderma sp a "black mold" No

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Ulocladium

Ulocladium Growth Characteristics Ulocladium has moderately rapid growth rate. The colonies, which reach maturity within 5 days, are brown to olivaceous-black or greyish and suede-like to floccose (wooly to cottony). Reverse side of colonies are the same coloration. Where is Ulocladium found? fungus commonly found as a saprophyte on a number of substrates including plant materials and soils. Ulocladium may also be found on textiles, fibers, wood, paper, paint, and tapestries. It can also found on water-damaged building material such as gypsum board. Ulocladium spores are mainly dispersed by air. Ulocladium has a high water requirement, and indoors is found where there is high moisture. Is Ulocladium Allergenic? Ulocladium has been reported to be a major allergen, Type I (hay fever and asthma). Ulocladium Health Effects Rarely it can cause subcutaneous tissue infections in humans. Its ability to produce mycotoxins is unknown. Is Ulocladium a "black mold" No

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Total Spore Count Reduction Is the total spore count below 2,000 c/m3? This number generally represents a normal mold/fungal environment. Many studies have been conducted which support the use of this number. However, in desert areas or snowy winters in the Northeastern United States, for example, much lower total spore counts are not uncommon. Be aware that if significant time has passed or there have been significant weather changes, it is advisable to take another outdoor air sample post remediation. Because air flow through a property is continual, it is best to perform this sampling and then proceed to your comparative analysis. Comparison of Outdoor Air to Indoor Work Area Sample The indoor air sample should reflect a lower number than the outdoor air sample. Comparison of each fungal type with before (or after) outdoor air sample and the post remediation indoor work area air sample(s) must be conducted.. Each type of organism should not be over 100 c/m3 compared to the outdoor air testing results for that genus/species of mold. Indicator Species Indicator mold species are symptomatic of water damage in a property and are often precursors for the growth of other types of mold. The levels of Aspergillus/Penicillium should be less than 200 c/m3. Keep in mind that Aspergillus and Penicillium can have adverse health effects and be allergenic. No Target Fungal Species Target organisms produce toxins which have adverse health effects. Target fungal species include. Stachybotrys, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Memnoniella, and Chaetomium. These are zero tolerance organisms. If these are evident in your mold test results, it can require cleaning because the presence of these organisms can seriously compromise a building and/or the health of the occupants. Remember these target organisms can have ill-health effects

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