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Copyright (c) by W. H. Freeman and Comp any Molecular Cell Biology Fifth Edition Chapter 16: Moving Proteins into Membranes and Organelles Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company Harvey Lodish • Arnold Berk • Paul Matsudaira • Chris A. Kaiser • Monty Krieger • Matthew P. Scott • Lawrence Zipursky • James Darnell

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Page 1: Copyright (c) by W. H. Freeman and Company Molecular Cell Biology Fifth Edition Chapter 16: Moving Proteins into Membranes and Organelles Copyright © 2004

Copyright (c) by W. H. Freeman and Company

Molecular Cell BiologyFifth Edition

Chapter 16:Moving Proteins into Membranes

and Organelles

Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company

Harvey Lodish • Arnold Berk • Paul Matsudaira • Chris A. Kaiser • Monty Krieger • Matthew P. Scott •

Lawrence Zipursky • James Darnell

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A live bovine endothelial cell.

초록색형광은 ER

오렌지색 형광은 mitochondria

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Copyright (c) by W. H. Freeman and Company

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16. OUTLINE

16.1 Translocation of secretary proteins across the ER membrane

16.2 Insertion of proteins into the ER membrane16.3 Protein modification, folding, and quality

control in the ER16.5 Sorting of proteins to mitochondria and

chloroplasts16.6 Sorting of peroxisomal proteins

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16. Four important questions addressed in this chapter

1. What is the nature of the signal sequence, and what distinguishes it from other types of signal sequences?

2. What is the receptor for the signal sequence?3. What is the structure of the translocation channel

that allows transfer of proteins across the membrane bilayer? In particular, is the channel so narrow that proteins can pass through only in an unfolded state, or will it accommodate folded protein domain?

4. What is the source of energy that drives unidirectional transfer across the membrane?

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16.1 Translocation of secretory proteins across the ER membrane

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16.1 Translocation of secretory proteins across the ER membrane

Pancreatic acinar cell Pulse chase experiment Differential and sucrose density

gradient centrifugation Protease treatment in the

presence or absence of detergent

SDS-PAGE

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A signal sequence on nascent secretory proteins targets them to the ER and then is cleaved off

6-12 hydrophobic residues

이중 한 두개의 amino acid 가 바뀌어도 signal sequence 의 역할을 수행하지 못함

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16.1.1 A hydrophobic N-terminal signal sequence targets nascent secretory proteins to the ER

Cotranslational translocation

ER lumen 으로 들어가기 전에 최소한 70 개 이상의 amino acid 가 합성되어야 한다 .

30 개는 ribosome 안에 존재하고 40 개는 ribosome 밖으로 나와 있다 .

yeast a mating factor 는 약 70 개의 amino acid 로 구성 됨

이 단백질은 post-translational translocation으로 ER 에 들어가는 유일한 단백질

SDS-PAGE

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16.1.2 Cotranslational translocation is initiated by two GTP-hydrolyzing proteins

Signal-recognition particle (SRP): 300-nucleotide RNA + 6 polypeptides

SRP receptor (SR)

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Signal-recognition particle / SRP receptor

SRP 를 발견한 실험 방법

microsome 을 0.5M NaCl 로 처리하고 centrifuge 로 recover 함

이들은 cell-free system 을 사용하여 새롭게 만들어지는 단백질을 microsome 안으로 수송하지 못한다 .

그러나 여기에 NaCl 을 처리하여 얻어진 물질을 다시 넣어주면 microsome안으로 trasnmembrane movement 가 이루어 짐

NaCl extract 로부터 SRP 를 purification 하게 된 것임

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6 개의 polypeptides 와 300-nucleotide RNA 로 구성됨

P54 는 hydrophobic 한 Met 의 cluster 를 갖고 있고 이들은 signal sequence 의 hydrophobic 한 부위와 결합한다 . Fth, bacterial protein 이며 bacterial cell 의 inner membrane 을 통과하게 해줌역시 이 단백질에도 hydrophobic cleft 가 존재함

또한 P54 는 SRP receptor 의 subunit 와 합께 GTP 를 분해한다 .

P9/P14 는 ribosome 과 결합하여 단백질 합성을 arrest 한다 .

P68/P72 는 protein translocation 에 관여한다 .

SRP receptor 는 subunit 으로 구성되어 있다 .

subunit 은 300 aa 로 구성된 transmembrane protein 이고 subunit은 600 aa 로 구성된 peripheral protein 이다 .

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16.1.2 Synthesis of secretory proteins and their cotranslational translocation across the ER membrane

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16.1.3 Passage of growing polypeptides through the translocon is deriven by energy released during translation

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16.1.3 Passage of growing polypeptides through the translocon is deriven by energy released during translation

TRAM(translocating chain-associated membrane) protein

signal sequence 와 chemically cross linked 됨

SRP 로부터 translocon 으로 handed over 함

ER membrane 을 최소한 8 번 span 하고 있으며 translocation 에 매우 중요함

mammalian protein Sec61p (yeast sec 61 과 유사 )

10 membrane spanning helices

Sec61 와 sec61 와 tight 하게 binding 되어 있음

이 세개가 Sec61 complex 를 형성함

이들은 또 ribosome 과도 tight 하게 binding함

Phospholipid bilayer 에 SRP receptor, TRAM, Sec61 complex 만 있으면 기능을 수행한다 .

pentagonal cylinder

5-6 nm high, 8.5 nm in diameter

내경은 ~2 nm

ribosome 이 붙지 않으면 translocon channel 은 구멍이 막히는데 이때는 Sec61p protein의 cytosolic end segment 가 gate 의 역할을 담당함 .

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16.1.3 Electron microscopy reconstitution reveals that a translocon associates closely with a ribosome

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16.1.4 ATP hydrolysis powers post-translational translocation of some secretory proteins in Yeast

Yeast 에서 발현되는 몇 몇 단백질 ( 예 , mating factor, 약 70 개의 a.a 로 구성됨 ) 은 SRP/SR 이 작용하지 않고 직접 ER 로 들어간다 . Post-translational translocation

Chaperone BiP 가 작용함 BiP 는 peptide binding

domain 과 ATPase domain 이 있음

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16.2 Insertion of proteins into the ER membrane

RER 에서 integral protein 이 membrane 에 insertion 되고 그 후에는 topology 가 바뀌지 않는다 .

Topogenic sequences

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16.2.1 Several topological classes of integral membrane proteins are synthesized on the ER

Non cleavable

signal sequence

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16.2.2 Internal stop-transfer and signal-anchor sequences determine topology of single-pass proteins

Type I Type II Type III

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16.2.2 Type I proteins (Stop transfer anchor sequence) have cleavable signal sequences

22 hydrophobic amino acids human growth hormone (HGH) 를 갖고 실험함 .

중간을 mutation 시키거나 없애주면 secretion 된다 .

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16.2.2 Type II and III proteins have signal-anchor sequences

No cleavable signal sequences

Positive charged amino acids 가 signal anchor sequence 의 N-terminal 쪽에 있으면 Type II가되고 C-terminal 쪽에 있으면 Type III 가된다 .

Neuraminidase 의 예 (asialoglycoprotein과 같은 Type II): internal sequence 의 N-terminal 쪽에 3 개의 Arg 가 존재이 Arg를 Glu 로 바꾸면 orientation 이 정 반대로 된다 .

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16.2.2 Multipass proteins have multiple internal topogenic sequences

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16.2.3 A phospholipid anchor tethers some cell-surface proteins to the membrane

Type I 처럼 처음에는 ER 에 박힌다 . GPI transamidase 에 의해 original stop-transfer anchor 가

잘려지고 GPI anchor 에 연결된다 .

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16.2.3 A phospholipid anchor tethers some cell-surface proteins to the membrane

GPI anchor 가 되면 달라지는 점 : Cytoskeleton 으로부터 자유로와짐 . Apical domain 으로 targeting 됨

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16.2.4 The topology of a mambrane protein often can be deduced from its sequence

Hydropathy profile, hydrophathic index Hydrophobic aa: + value, hydrophilic aa: - value 20 개의 aa 가 필요함

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16.3 Protein modifications, folding, and quality control in the ER

1. Addition and processing of carbohydrates (glycosylation) in the ER and Golgi

2. Formation of disulfide bonds in the ER3. Proper folding of polypeptide chains in the ER

(3 차구조 형성 )4. Assembly of multisubunit proteins in the ER (4

차구조 형성 )5. Specific proteolytic cleavages in the ER, Golgi (

예 HAoHA1 and HA2), regulated secretory vesicle (proinsulininsulin)

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16.3.1 A preformed N-linked oligosaccharide is added to many proteins in the rough ER

No pro

Oligosaccharyl transferase

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16.3.1 Different structures characterize N- and O-linked oligosaccharides

N-linked O-linked

합성시작 ER Golgi

Consensus

sequenceN-X-S/T No

단백질 상태

Nascent growing peptide

3 차구조 형성 후

Sugar transfer

en bloc transfer

One by one

Amino acid

Asn Ser/Thr

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16.3.1 Biosynthesis of the dolichol pyrophosphoryl oligosaccharide precursor of N-linked oligosaccharides

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16.3.2 Oligosaccharide side chains may promote folding and stability of glycoproteins

ER 에서의 N-linked glycosylation 의 기능 Proper folding Quality control

Protection and cell-cell interaction

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16.3.3 Disulfide bonds are formed and rearranged by proteins in the ER

Disulfide bonds 는 단백질의 3, 4 차 구조를 안정화 시키는데 중요하다 .

충분한 oxidant 가 존재한다면 cys 에 있는 thiol group 이 spontaneous 하게 결합한다 .

Only in lumen of ER 에서만 일어나고 cytosol 에서는 일어나지 않는다 .

Yeast 에서는 ER membrane protein 을 mutation 시키면 disulfide bond 가 형성되지 못하기 때문에 단백질이 이 과정에 관여하고 있다고 판단된다 . 그러나 어떤 단백질인지 identify되지 못했다 .

Glutathione(G) Reduced form(GSH):oxidized form(GSSG)=50:1 in

cytosolNADPH + H+ + GSSG NADP+ + 2 GSH

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16.3.3 Disulfide bonds are formed and rearranged by proteins in the ER

In eukaryotes, disulfide bonds are formed only in the lumen of RER

In bacteria, formed in periplasm

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16.3.3 Pathways for the formation of disulfide bonds in eukaryotes

1. number of arrow 는 전자가 흘러가는 순서이다 .

2. 새로 만들어진 단백질에 존재하는 ionized thiol 의 전자가 PDI 의 disulfide bond로 전달되어지고 PDI 는 다시 전자를 ER luminal protein 인 Ero1 의 disulfide bond 에 전달하고 다시 oxidized form의 PDI 를 만든다 .

3. Ero1 은 어떤 방법으로 reoxidation 되는지는 아직 모르고 있다 .

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16.3.3 Pathways for the formation of disulfide bonds in bacteria

Periplasm 에 존재하는 DsbA는 PDI 와 같은 기능을 수행한다 .

Reduced DsbA 는 DsbB(inner membrane protein) 에 의해 다시 reoxidized 된다 .

Reduced DsbB 는 다시 전자를 oxidized ubiquinone(a lipid cofactor of the electron-transport chain in the inner membrane) 에 전달하고 reoxidized 된다 .

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16.3.4 Chaperones and other ER proteins facilitate folding and assembly of proteins

Bip Lectins (CHO binding proteins):

Calnexin and calreticulin peptidyl-prolyl-isomerase multimeric proteins

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16.3.4 Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase

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16.3.4 Folding and assembly of hemagglutinin (HAo) trimer in the ER

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16.3.4 Folding and assembly of hemagglutinin (HAo) trimer in the ER

4 차 구조 형성은 ER 에서 일어난다 . Immunoglobulin 은 두 개의 heavy chain 과 두 개의 light

chain 이 S-S bond 로 결합하여 이루어 짐 Hemagglutinin(HA) 는 trimeric protein 으로 influenza

virus envelope 에 있다 . ER 에서 세 개의 Ha0 가 spike 를 형성하고 Golgi 에서 Hao

protein 이 잘라져서 HA1 과 HA2 를 만든다 . 3 개의 HA1 과 3 개의 HA2 가 있다 .

각각의 Ha0 는 ER 에서 합성 후 7 분만에 trimer spike 를 만든다 .

Monoclonal antibody 를 사용하여 연구함 하나는 Ha0 monomer 에 작용하고 하나는 Ha0 trimer

spike 에 작용함 Radiolabeled amino acid 를 사용하여 pulse-chase

experiment 로 밝힘

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16.3.5 Improperly folded proteins in the ER induce expression of protein-folding catalysts

Unfolded Protein response Folding 이 제대로 일어나지 않으면 ER 에

단백질이 쌓이고 ER stress 가 시작된다 . ER chaperone 들의 발현 증가 , 예 ,

Grp78, Grp94, PDI, Hsc70, peptidyl-prolyl isomerase

IRE1 (inner nuclear transmembrane protein) : Endonuclease 의 활성을 갖고 있으면서 HAC1 mRNA 를 만든다 . HAC1은 unfolded-protein response 에 관여하는 단백질의 transcription 을 activate 시킨다 .

PERK : IRE1 과 마찬가지로 ER stress 신호를 받아 eIF2a 의 인산화를 통해 일반적인 단백질 합성 저해함 (Nature 397:271, 1999)

포유류는 또 다른 system 을 갖고 있다 . ATF6, ER 의 세포질 쪽에 박혀 있고 unfolded protein 이 증가하면 cytosolic domain 이 잘려나가고 이 잘려진 fragment가 핵으로 이동되어 ER chaperone 유전자의 발현을 증가 시킴 regulated intramembrane proteolysis

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16.3.5 Improperly folded proteins in the ER induce expression of protein-folding catalysts

Mutant misfolded secretory 와 membrane proteins 그리고 unassembled subunits of multimeric proteins 는 RER 에서 합성된 후 한두시간 만에 degraded 됨

Translocon 을 통해 backward 로 cytosol 로 나가고 ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway 에 의해 degraded 된다 .

어떻게 misfolded membrane protein 이 recognized 되어 cytosol 로 나가게 되는지는 잘 모른다 .

T-cell receptor 의 경우 membrane-spanning region 이 중요한 것으로 밝혀짐

T-cell receptor 의 a subunit 은 하나의 transmembrane spanning region 을 갖고 있고 이 안에 두개의 charged amino acid가 있다 . 이들은 나머지 subunit 에 존재하는 opposite charged amino acid 와 결합하여 T-cell receptor 를 만든다 .

만일 다른 subunit 이 없다면 abnormal conformation 을 이루고 translocon 을 통해 cytosol 로 빠져 나오게 된다 .

이 charged amino acid 를 neutral amino acid 로 바꾸게 되면 다른 receptor 들이 없어도 degradation 되지 않는다 .

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16.4 Export of bacterial proteins

Gram negative bacteria: inner membrane, periplasm, outer membrane

모든 bacterial protein 은 cytosol 에서 만들어지고 unfold state 로 inner membrane 을 통과한다 .

대부분 translocate 한 단백질들은 bacterial cell 과 associate 하지만 어떤 경우는 extracellular space 쪽으로 나가기도 한다 .

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16.4.1 Cytosolic SecA ATPase pushes bacterial polypeptides through translocons into the periplasmic space

eukaryote 의 ER targeting 과 비슷한 점 signal peptidase 에 의해 잘려지는 hydrophobic signal sequence

가 존재함 translocon 은 eukaryote 에 존재하는 Sec61 complex 와 유사함 FthSRP, FtsYSRP receptor

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16.4.1 Cytosolic SecA ATPase pushes bacterial polypeptides through translocons into the periplasmic space

다른 점 post-translational translocation Bip 는 ER lumen 에서 ATP 를 사용해서 ratchet

mechanism 으로 단백질을 잡아당기지만 bacteria 의 경우 SecA 가 ATP 를 사용해서 단백질을 밀어 밖으로 나가게 한다 . 아마도 Bip 처럼 한다면 아까운 ATP 가 outer membrane 의 pore 를 통해 세포 밖으로 diffuse 되기 때문일 것이다 .

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16.4.2 Several mechanisms translocate bacterial proteins into the extracellular space

또 다른 system: cytosol 에서 합성된 단백질이 inner membrane 과 outer membrane 을 통과해서 extracellular space 로 나가는 것

이런 system 은 pathogeic bacteria 에서 매우 중요하다 .to colonize specific tissue and to evade host defense mechanism

Cholera toxin, tetanus toxin, pili 4 general types based on their mechanism of operation

Type I and type II: Two steps1) 우선 substrate protein 이 inner membrane 을 통과한 후 periplasm 으로 나가서 그곳에서 folding 한다 . 2) folded protein 은 inner membrane 과 outer membrane 을 span하고 있는 periplasmic protein 들과 complex 를 이루며 periplasm 에서 outer membrane 을 across 한다 .

Type III and IV: single step inner membrane 과 outer membrane을 동시에 관통하는 large protein complexs 들로 구성되어 있는데 cytosol 세서 직접 extracellular environment 로 나가게 한다 .

TypeIII 의 경우 단백질을 secretion 하게도 하지만 단백질을 target cell 에 injecting 하게도 한다 . 이는 pathogen 의 매우 중요한 property 이다 .

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16.4.3 Pathogenic bacteria can inject proteins into animal cells via type III secretion apparatus

Yersinia pestis Macrophage cell 을 무력화 시킴 20 가지 이상의 단백질로 syringe-like

machine (pilus) 을 구성함 Type III secretion apparatus 는 flagella

가 형성될 때와 비슷한 방법으로 단백질을 injection 한다 . Flagella 의 구성 성분인 flagellin 은 flagella 의 가운데 있는 tube tunnel 을 ATP 를 사용해서 끝으로 보낸다 .

1) Signal sequence 가 있다 .YopE, amphipathic N-termusadenylate cyclase 에 붙여주면 host cell 로 inject된다 .

2) Independent targeting signal: chaperone 이 존재하며 signal sequence가 mutate 되거나 없어도 secretion 된다 .

Target cell 로 unfold 된 상태로 들어간 후에 target cell 에 존재하는 chaperone에 의해 완벽하게 fold 된다 .

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16.5 Sorting of proteins to mitochondrial and chloroplasts

Bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplast 의 비슷한 점 : F-class ATPase, their own DNA, rRNA, tRNA, ribosome, division

Mitochondria 와 chloroplast 는 cell cycle 의 interphase 에서 계속 분열한다 .

대부분의 단백질은 nucleus 에 존재하는 유전자에 의해 encode되거 cytosol 에서 합성된 후 uptake 된다 .

단백질이 수송될 때 에너지가 필요하고 outer 와 inner membrane 이 closely contact 되어 있다 .

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16.5 Sorting of proteins to mitochondrial and chloroplasts

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16.5 Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized as precursors containing uptake-targeting sequences

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16.5 Uptake-targeting sequences of imported mitochondrial proteins

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16.5.1 Amphipathic N-terminal sequences direct proteins to the mitochondrial matrix

Matrix targeting sequence: 20-50 amino acid residues, hydrophobic amino acid 가 많이 존재하고 positively charged amino acid 와 hydroxylation amino acid 가 존재한다 .

A-helical conformation 을 이루고 positively amino acid가 한 쪽을 그리고 hydrophobic amino acid 가 다른 쪽에 있어 amphipathic 성질을 갖게 된다 .

이러한 amphipathic 성질을 mutation 에 의해 없애주면 target 이 안된다 .

Post-translational uptake

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16.5.2 Mitochondrial protein import requires outer-membrane receptors and translocons in both membranes

Uptake of mitochondrial proteins requires energy: ATP in the cytosol, the proton-motive force across the inner membrane, and ATP in the matrix

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16.5.3 Studies with chimeric proteins demonstrate important features of mitochondrial import

Yeast mitochondria 의 경우 약 1,000 개의 import pore 가 존재하는 것으로 추정됨

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16.5.4 Three energy inputs are needed to import proteins into mitochondria

1) ATP in Cytosol (Fig 16-25 와 같은 실험으로 증명함 )

a) Urea 등 으 로 단 백 질 을 denaturation 하 여 yeast cytosol 과 energized mitochondria 를 넣어주면 cytosolic ATP 가 없어도 mitochondria 에 들어간다 . 반대로 native protein 은 ATP 가 필요함

b) matrix 에 존 재 하 는 protein 을 mutation 시 켜 folding 하 지 못 하 게 하 면 energized mitochondria 에 cytosolic ATP 가 없어도 들어간다 .

2) The proton-motive force across the inner membrane

a) poisoning mitochondria by cyanide or dinitrophenol

PMF 가 없어진다 .

Precursor protein 은 mitochondria 에 붙어 있지만 import 는 되질 않는다 .

ATP 와 chaperon 이 있어도 import 되질 않는다 .

b) PMF 가 precursor protein 을 matrix 로 pull 시키는 기작이 관여하는 것 같다 .

아마도 negative 인 matrix 쪽으로 positive charge 를 띄고 있는 matrix-targeting signal 이 electrophoresed 되는 것처럼 안으로 들어가는 것 같다 (200mV, 400,000V/cm).

3) ATP in the matrix

Hsc70 는 unfold protein 을 안정화 시키기도 하지만 matrix 안쪽으로 pulling 해준다.

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16.5.5 Multiple signals and pathways target proteins to submitochondrial compartments

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Maybe chaperones

16.5.5 Inner-membrane proteins

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16.5.5 Intermembrane-space proteins

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16.5.5 Cytochrome C 의 경우

Cytochrome c 의 경우 어떠한 targeting signal 이 존재하지 않고 있다 . 아마도 P70 porin을 통해 intermembrane space 에 들어오는 것 같다 .

Cytosol 에서 들어온 cytochrome c 를 apocytochrome c 라 한다 .

P70 을 통해서 자유롭게 들어온 apocytochrome c 는 intermembrane space 상에서 heme group 이 첨가되고 conformation 이 변화되어 intermembrane space 를 더 이상 빠져나가지 못하게 되어 그곳에 머물게 된다 .

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16.5.5 Outer-membrane proteins

P70 Porin : N-term 에 matrix-targeting signal 이 있고 바로 붙어서 hydrophobic amino acid 가 길게 연결되어 있다 . 이 부분이 바로 stop-transfer sequence 이다 .

만약에 hydrophobic 부분만 없어지면 matrix-targeting signal 때문에 matrix 에서 발견된다 .

이때 matrix-targeting signal 과 stop-transfer sequence 는 잘려지지 않는다 .

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Extra: The synthesis of mitochondrial proteins is coordinated(1)

cytochrome c oxidase 과 F0F1 ATPase 는 multienzyme complex 로 몇 개의 subunit 은 cytosol 에서 몇 개는 mitochondria 에서 만들어진다 . Coordination?

Animal 과 plant 에서는 잘 이해가 안되고 연구할 방법도 없다 .

Petite yeast strain 을 갖고 연구함

a) mtDNA 가 전부 혹은 일부 없어진 mutant

b) mitochondria 에서 cytochrome c 와 F1 ATPase 와 같은 nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins 이 발견됨 . 따라서 mitochondrial gene

product 는 nuclear encoded mitochondrial gene 의 발현에 essential 하지 않다고 결론지을 수 있다 .

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Extra: The synthesis of mitochondrial proteins is coordinated(2)

Yeast 를 anaerobically 키우면 Embden-Meyerhof pathway 로 ATP 를 생산함

Anaerobic condition 에서는 typical 한 mitochondria 가 발견되지 않는다 .

Inner membrane 과 outer membrane 은 있지만 cristae 는 발견되지 않는다 .

그 러 나 mitochondria 를 만 들 기 위 해 mitochondrial DNA polymerase 는 충분히 만들 어져 공급된다 .

이 mitochondria 는 heme 이 없 고 cytochromes a, a3, b, c, c1, F0F1 ATPase complex 가 없다 .

Aerobic 상태에서는

heme 이 합성됨 ( 산소가 필요함 )

transcriptional regulatory proteins 와 heme 이 bind

cytochrome c 를 비롯한 다른 nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins 의 유전자 전 사를 촉진함

따라서 산소가 없을 때 여러 nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes 의 발현을 down regulation 한다 .

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16.5.6 Targeting of chloroplast stromal proteins is similar to import of mitochondrial matrix proteins

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16.5.7 Proteins are targeted to thylakoids by mechanisms related to translocation across the bacterial inner membrane

4 가지의 pathway 가 현재 밝혀짐 SRP dependent pathway (path A, in Fig 16-

31) Bacterial SecA 와 같은 방법으로 가는

pathway Mitochondrial inner membrane 에 있는

Oxa1 이 하는 것 같 같은 방법 (Fig16-29, path B)

pH pathway (path B, in Fig 16-31)

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16.6 Sorting of peroxisomal proteins

small organelle (0.2∼1μm)

DNA, ribosome 이 없다 . single membrane 으로 구성되어 있다 .

pH gradient 가 형성되질 않는다 .

Cell free system 에서 만들어지고 난 후 peroxisome 으로 들어감

enlarged by addition of protein and lipid

→ 점점 커지다가 mitochondia 나 chloroplast 처럼 두 개로 분리됨

catalase,

fatty acyl CoA oxidase in rat liver

urate oxidase in cucumber

firefly luciferase

liver 에 많이 존재함

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16.6.1 Cytosolic receptor targets proteins with an SKL sequence at the C-terminus into the peroxisomal matrix

C-terimal targeting sequence (SKL, PTS1, peroxisomal-targeting sequence 1)

Pex5, PTS1 의 receptor Pex14, Pex5 의 peroxisome

membrane receptor Mitochondria 와 chloroplast 와는

달리 peroxisomal protein 은 일반적으로 import 되기 전에 cytosol에서 fold 가 끝난다 .

ATP 가 필요하다 . electrochemical gradient 가 peroxisomal membrane에 존재하지 않는다 .

luciferase 유전자를 mammalian 또는 plant 에 발현시키면 peroxisome 으로 간다 .

SKL delete 하면 cytosol 에 SKL 을 첨가하면 cytosol 에 있어야할 단백질이 peroxisome 에 들어간다 .

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16.6.1 Cytosolic receptor targets proteins with an SKL sequence at the C-terminus into the peroxisomal matrix

N-terminal targeting sequence thiolase 26 개의 amino acid 로 구성됨 Pex7 receptor 에 붙어 Pex14 receptor 로

escort 함 그 후에 N-terminal uptake sequence 는

잘라진다 .

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16.6.2 Peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins are incorporated by different pathways

Zellweger syndrome: autosomal recessive peroxisome 의 assembly 가 안되고 empty

peroxisome 을 형성함 cytosol 에선 만들어진 enzyme 들이 peroxisome

에 못들어가고 cytosol 에서 degradation 됨 Yeast 를 갖고 분석해본 결과 20 가지 이상의

유전자가 peroxisome 의 biosynthesis 에 관여하고 있다 .

Zellweger 환자에서 Pex10, Pex12, Pex2 이 세가지의 putative translocation channel 이 유전적으로 망가져 있음을 알게 되었고 이들 중 하나만 없어도 peroxisome 은 empty 하게 된다 .

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16.6.2 Peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins are incorporated by different pathways

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16.6.2 Peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins are incorporated by different pathways

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16.6.2 Peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins are incorporated by different pathways

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Pex19: receptor protein으로 peroxisomal membrane protein 의 targeting에 관여함

Pex3, Pex16: membrane으로 proper insertion하게 함

Pex11: peroxisome의 division에 관여하는것 같음 over expression하면 peroxisome의 수가 급격히 늘어남