Cruise report Svalbard July03 - Ig report Svalbard July03.pdfCruise report – Isfjorden, Sassenfjorden, Tempelfjorden (Spitsbergen), July 2003 3 1. Summary From afternoon of July

Cruise report – Isfjorden, Sassenfjorden, Tempelfjorden (Spitsbergen), July 2003

CRUISE REPORT

MARINE-GEOLOGICAL CRUISE TO SPITSBERGEN FJORDS

Isfjorden, Sassenfjorden and Tempelfjorden

on R/V Jan Mayen, July 22nd-24th 2003

by

Matthias Forwick

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ, N-9037 TROMSØ, NORWAY

Tunabreen in Tempelfjorden. Photo by Kyu-Chul Yoo, July 22nd 2003.


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Cruise report – Isfjorden, Sassenfjorden, Tempelfjorden (Spitsbergen)

Content Page

1. Summary 3

2. Background 4

3. Objectives 4

4. Paricipants 5

5. Equipment 6

6. Methods 6

7. Journal 8

8. Preliminary results 11

9. References 21

10. Tables of collected data 25


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1. Summary From afternoon of July 22nd to midnight 24th 2003, the Department of Geology of the University of Tromsø (UiTø), Norway, arranged a scientific cruise to Spitsbergen fjords with the UiTø’s research vessel R/V “Jan Mayen”. Investigated areas were Isfjorden, Sassenfjorden and Tempelfjorden (Fig. 1). In Sassenfjorden and Tempelfjorden, 9 CTD measurements were performed, as well as 9 box cores, three gravity cores and one piston core were retrieved. Additionally, two samples of the turbid waters off the glaciers Tunabreen and Von Postbreen, as well as off the river Sassenelva were taken, respectively. In Isfjorden and Sassenfjorden, 19 high-resolution seismic profies (3.5 kHz and Boomer/Sparker) were acquired. Five gravity cores and one piston core were retrieved from Svensksunddjupet (outer Isfjorden).

Figure 1: Location map of the investigated areas.


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2. Background The cruise was arranged as part of the strategic university programme “Sedimentary Processes and Paleoenvironment on Northern Continental Margins” (SPONCOM). The overall goal of the project is to assess the changes in the physical environment of the sea-floor and the overlying water and ice of West Spitsbergen and North Norwegian fjords and continental margin during the last glacial – interglacial cycle. 3. Objectives The objectives of the cruise were: - To expand the grid of high-resolution seismic data from Isfjorden and Sassenfjorden with the

purpose of reconstructing the deglaciation history and for calculating sediment fluxes. - Retrieval of nine box cores for surface sampling (0-1 cm) and CTD measurements in

Tempelfjorden in order to continue long-time monitoring of the influence of environment-tal changes on foraminifera-fauna assemblages in the fjord (see Korsun & Hald, 2000).

- Surface sampling (0-1 cm) of the box cores for investigating the diatom assemblage, as well as for clay-mineral analysis.

- Sampling of two gravity cores and one piston core in Tempelfjorden with the purpose of continuing the work of Plassen et al. (subm.) on stratified sediments, i.e. investigating the impact of different sources on the sedimentation at the coring sites.

- Samples of turbid waters off the glaciers Tunabreen and Von Postbreen, as well as off the river Sassenelva, in order to get “characteristic/clean” samples from the two distinctive major sediment sources in Tempelfjorden.

- Acquisition of high-resolution seismic data and sediment samples (five gravity cores, one piston core) of five mass-movement deposits in the Svensksunddjupet (outer Isfjorden), in order to identify the types of mass movements, to map their extents and volumes, as well as to establish a chronology of the events.


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4. Paricipants Crew R/V “Jan Mayen”: Captain: Hans R. Hansen Vice captain: Per-Kristian Langaune Chief engineer: Atle Honningsvåg Second engineer: Sindre Myking Trawler boss: Per O. Voldsund Trawler boss: Jan R. Dalsbø Seaman: Jan A. Johansen Seaman: Ronny Johansen Stewart: Odd Grønnevik Galley assistant: Bente Mortensen Scientific crew: Participant Affiliation Matthias Forwick, Ph.D. student, chief scientist UiTø Torbjørn Dahlgren, Post Doc. UiTø Ho-Il Yoon, Ph.D., Principal Research Scientist, Kordi Kyu-Chul Yoo, Ph.D. student Kordi Steinar Iversen, engineer UiTø Kyrre Lydersen, engineer UiTø UiTø = University of Tromsø Kordi = Korean Research & Development Institute Working groups Shift 1 (08-14 and 20-02): Forwick, Yoon, Lydersen Shift 2 (14-20 and 02-08): Dahlgren, Iversen, Yoo


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5. Equipment Acoustic equipment Geoacoustic/Ferranti O.R.E. 3.5 kHz penetration echo sounder, 10 kW, 2 pulses

Transmitter: Geopulse 5430A Receiver: Geopulse 5210A

Geoacoustic/Ferranti O.R.E. boomer, 300 J, 500-2000 Hz Bennex multi electrode sparker, 800 J, 0-2000 Hz Bang box energy units (Hartley Measurements Ltd.), BB1 & BB2, configured for 300 J Single channel fjord streamer Benthos streamer, MESH 25/50P, 50 hydrophones, active lenth: 7.6 m EPC 9800 thermo recorder, 2 channel Digital recorder: PC with Delph 2 channel; log format: ELICS; Store formats: CD-rom Echo Sounder, Simrad EK 500, 38 kHz Coring equipment Gravity corer (total weight c. 1900 kg) Piston corer (total weight c. 2200 kg) Water properties: CTD (Neil Brown, EG&GMK3B) 6. Methods Seismic investigations Seismic investigations were carried out by a hull mounted 3.5 kHz penetration echo sounder together with a surface towed Boomer or Sparker. Signals were received with a single channel streamer. The 3.5 kHz penetration echo sounder data were applied for determining coring sites. Generally, the acoustic equipment worked satisfactory during the cruise and the results are of good quality. However, during acquisition of the first seismic profile (line 03-050), water intruded into the Boomer so that the cupper piston, transferring the pulse into the water column, got damaged. The Boomer was substituted with the Sparker that worked well. Data was printed analogously and stored digitally.


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Sediment sampling Box cores: The surface of the fjord bottom in Tempelfjorden was sampled using a giant box corer (BC) of the size 50 cm * 50 cm * 60 cm. In the beginning, the box corer did not trigger properly. However, after solving these problems, it worked fine. After taking digital pictures, the uppermost one centimetre was sampled for the following purposes: - Continuing long-time monitoring of the influence of environmental changes on foraminifera-

fauna assemblages in the fjord (see Korsun & Hald, 2000). 300 ml of sediment were filled in plastic bottles containing 300 ml Bengal Rose. The samples were shaken in order to distribute sediment and Bengal Rose properly.

- Investigation of the diatom assemblage to be carried out at the Korean Research & Development Institute, South Korea. About 30-ml samples were stored in plastic bags.

- Clay-mineral analysis to be carried out at the Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Germany. Samples of c. 100-200 ml were put into plastic bottles (Kautex).

All samples were stored at +4ºC. Long cores: Retrieval of long sediment sample was carried out using a gravity corer (GC) and a piston corer (PC). The gravity corer consists of a 6 m long steel barrel with an inner diameter of 11 cm, and a bomb of 1600 kg weight. The piston corer was 12 m long – two barrels of six meters each. Its inner diameter was 11 cm and the weight of the bomb was 1600 kg. The trigger mechanism comprised a lead weight of 200 kg. Plastic liners were put into the steel barrels. All sampling gears worked good. The plastic liners were cut into sections of up to 100 cm length, covered with plastic caps and taped. They were stored at +4ºC. “Bucket sampling”: Two samples of turbid waters, one in Tempelfjorden (off the glaciers Tunabreen and Von Postbreen), as well as one in Tempelfjorden/Sassenfjorden (off the river Sassenelva), were taken with 10-liter plastic buckets. About 36 hours after sampling, most of the water was removed and the sediment was put into plastic bottles. It was stored at +4ºC. Water properties Water properties – temperature, salinity and fluorescence – were measured using a CTD (Neil Brown, EG&GMK3B). The gear worked fine. The collected data was printed analogously and stored digitally.


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7. Journal Tuesday, July 22nd 2003 Weather: overcast in the early afternoon, later almost clear sky; calm sea; 5-7ºC; wind: < 12 m/sec. Summary We departed from Longyearbyen at 15:00 (local time), heading for Sassenfjorden and Tempelfjorden, in order to perform eight CTD measurements (stations no. 685 to no. 692), as well as to retrieve eight box cores (JM03-037-BC to JM03-044-BC) along a given transect. Protocol of July22nd (times in UTC) 0930: Embarkation of the vessel, lying at anchor in Adventfjorden. 1300: Departure 1519: CTD station nr. 685 (Fig. 2; Tab. 1) 1624: Station JM03-037-BC (Fig. 3; Tab. 2) 1655: CTD station nr. 686 1713: Station JM03-038-BC 1741: CTD station nr. 687 1754: Station JM03-039-BC 1818: CTD station nr. 688 1830: Station JM03-040-BC 1901: CTD station nr. 689 1916: Station JM03-041-BC 1937: CTD station nr. 690 1951: Station JM03-042-BC 2021: CTD station nr. 691 2040: Station JM03-043-BC ~2135: CTD station nr. 692 2150: Station JM03-044-BC Wednesday, July 23rd 2002 Weather: partly cloudy; calm sea; 4-6ºC; wind: 4-6 m/sec. Summary We continued our work along the given transect with one final CTD measurement and one box-core sampling immediately after midnight (CTD station no. 693; box-core station: JM03-045-BC). After sampling the last box core, one piston core (JM03-046-PC) and three gravity cores (JM03-047-GC to JM03-049-GC) were retrieved in the vicinity of pre-determined positions. Off the glaciers Tunabreen and Von Postbreen, i.e close to station JM03-045-BC, the turbid water was sampled with a plastic bucket. Later, the turbid water off the river Sassenelva was sampled with a plastic bucket, too. After finishing the sedimentological work in the Sassenfjorden/Tempelfjorden area, we acquired high-resolution seismic profiles, starting in central parts of Sassenfjorden (lines 03-50), continuing along central and northern parts of Isfjorden to Svensksunddjupet (outer Isfjorden). In Svensksunddjupet, long- and cross-profiles of five mass-movement deposits were acquired (lines 03-51 to 03-62). Data acquisition lasted until midnight (2200 UTC).


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Protocol of July 23rd (times in UTC) ~2205: CTD station 693 (Fig. 2; Tab. 1) 2222: Station JM03-045-BC (Fig. 3; Tab. 2) Sample “Bucket 1” of turbid water (Fig. 3; Tab. 3) 2348: Station JM03-046-PC (Fig. 4; Tab. 4) ~0200: Station JM03-047-GC 0235: Station JM03-048-GC 0342: Station JM03-049-GC ~0515: Sample “Bucket 2” of turbid water (Fig. 3; Tab. 3) 0543: Start of seismic line (SOL) 03-050, northeast of Elveneset (Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 0634: Course change, between Diabasodden and Gåsöyane 0953: End of seismic line (EOL) 03-050, eastsoutheast of Bohemanneset due to problems with Boomer; Changing source to Sparker 1059: SOL 03-050b, eastsoutheast of Bohemanneset 1219: Coursechange, southeast of Flosjeret 1411: Coursechange, eastsoutheast Sagesjeret (Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 1445: Coursechange, Svensksunddjupet 1509: EOL 03-050b, Svensksunddjupet 1519: SOL 03-051, Svensksunddjupet 1534 Coursechange, Svensksunddjupet 1605: EOL 03-051, Svensksunddjupet 1611: SOL 03-052, Svensksunddjupet 1628: EOL 03-052, Svensksunddjupet 1648: SOL 03-053, Svensksunddjupet 1702: EOL 03-053, Svensksunddjupet 1715: SOL 03-054, Svensksunddjupet 1729: EOL 03-054, Svensksunddjupet 1732: SOL 03-055, Svensksunddjupet 1746: EOL 03-055, Svensksunddjupet 1753: SOL 03-056, Svensksunddjupet 1802: Coursechange, Svensksunddjupet 1809: Coursechange, Svensksunddjupet 1814: EOL 03-056, Svensksunddjupet 1831: SOL 03-057, Svensksunddjupet 1857: Coursechange, Svensksunddjupet 1916: EOL 03-057, Svensksunddjupet 1929: SOL 03-058, Svensksunddjupet 1945: EOL 03-058, Svensksunddjupet 1957: SOL 03-059, Svensksunddjupet 2018: EOL 03-059, Svensksunddjupet 2027: SOL 03-060, Svensksunddjupet 2048: EOL 03-060, Svensksunddjupet 2053: SOL 03-061, Svensksunddjupet 2111: EOL 03-061, Svensksunddjupet 2126: SOL 03-062, Svensksunddjupet 2143: Coursechange 2157: EOL 03-062, Svensksunddjupet


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Thursday, July 24th 2002 Weather: partly cloudy; calm sea; 4-8ºC; wind: < 7 m/sec. Summary We started the day with retrieving five gravity cores (one from each mass-movement deposit). Sediment coring was terminated with one piston core from the central parts of Svensksunddjupet. After coring, we acquired six high-resolution seismic profiles, before returning to Longyearbyen at 23:30 (local time) Protocol of July 23rd (times in UTC) 2237: Station JM03-063-GC (Fig. 4; Tab. 4) 2313: Station JM03-064-GC 2336: Station JM03-065-GC 0012: Station JM03-066-GC 0053: Station JM03-067-GC 0137: Station JM03-068-PC 0354: Start of seismic line (SOL) 03-069, off Kapp Dresselhuys (Fig. 5; Tab. 5) 0530: End of seismic line (EOL) 03-069, off Erdmannodden 0555: SOL 03-070, southeast of Bekkeneset 0742: EOL 03-070, off Rundkollen 0825: SOL 03-071, Colesbukta 1054: EOL 03-071, east of Henschenodden 1128: SOL 03-072, south of Öienbukta 1340: EOL 03-072, off Grumantbyen 1419: SOL 03-073, off Björndalen 1617: EOL 03-073, east of Bohemanneset 1619: SOL 03-074, east of Bohemanneset 1950: EOL 03-074, off Gipshuksletta 2130: Arrival at “Bykaia” in Longyearbyen


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Figure 2: CTD stations.


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Figure 3: Box corer and “Bucket” stations.


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Figure 4: Gravity corer and Piston corer stations.


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Figure 5: Locations of high-resolution seismic profiles.


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8. Preliminary results CTD measurements: CTD measurements were performed along a transect parallel to the fjord axis in Tempelfjorden (Fig. 2; Tab. 1) on July 22nd 2003 (during that day, the weather was partly cloudy, little wind, and air temperatures ranged from 5 to 6.5 ºC). Plots of the measurements are presented on figure 6. Note the different scales for depth and salinity! The measurements at the five western locations (stations 685 to 689) cover water depths between 60 and 90 m. At these stations, a relatively warm (5-6 ºC), low-saline surface layer with relatively high fluorescence values was detected. Around 25-35 m water depth, temperature and fluorescence decrease markedly whereas salinity increases. Whereas fluorescence is almost absent further down the water column, temperature decreases and salinity increases gradually. Another distinct change in temperature (decrease) and salinity (increase) occurs around 50 m at station 685 and between c. 60-65 m (stations 686 to 689). Slightly below this marked transitions zone, water temperature reaches 0 ºC and remains below this value. The profiles of the four eastern stations (690-693) cover water depths from c. 20-35 m. Fluorescence decreases downwards in all profiles, whereas salinity generally increases. Surface temperature at the two easternmost stations (692-693) is generally lower (3.5-5 ºC), compared to the western stations. However, it increases significantly (up to 3.5 ºC) within the uppermost c. 17 meters of the water column, followed by marked decreases. Summary At the time of the cruise, water masses in Tempelfjorden were stratified. In the outer part of the fjord (stations 685-691; Fig. 6), three layers can be distinguished: a surface layer comprising warm, low-saline water, an intermediate layer, as well as a bottom layer composed of cold and high-saline water. A temperature inversion in the water column of the innermost fjord (stations 692 and 693) is supposed to reflect the intrusion of meltwater from the glaciers Tunabreen and Von Postbreen at the fjord head. Sediment sampling Box corer: A total of nine box cores was sampled along a transect parallel to the fjord axis in Tempelfjorden (Fig. 3; Tab. 2). Along this transect, sediment-surface colour changed gradually from greyish brown at the western locations (see core JM03-37-BC; Fig. 7) to reddish brown at the eastern locations (see core JM03-44-BC; Fig. 7). Additionally, sediment softness/water content increased eastwards, as reflected by the deeper penetration of the box (compare Fig. 7). On the slightly uneven sediment surfaces, worms, brittle stars, worm tubes and traces were observed. Bucket samples: Two samples of suspended sediments from different environments were sampled with 10-liter plastic buckets (Fig. 3; Tab. 3). About 36 hours after sampling, the sediment appeared to have settled from suspension. The waters in the buckets were clear and the sediments accumulated in a 2-3 mm thick layer on the bottom. The colours of the sediments were rather different. Whereas the sample collected off the river Sassenelva was greyish brown, the sediments collected from the overflow plume off the glaciers Tunabreen and Von Postbreen had reddish colour.

C

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Stasjon nr 0687

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r

31,0000

31,5000

32,0000

32,5000

33,0000

33,5000

34,0000

34,5000

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Salin

ity /

Dens

ity

TempratureFluorecenceSalinityDensity

Stasjon nr 0685

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r

31,0000

31,5000

32,0000

32,5000

33,0000

33,5000

34,0000

34,5000

35,0000

35,5000

36,0000

Salin

ity /

Den

sity


Stasjon nr 0686

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r

31,0000

31,5000

32,0000

32,5000

33,0000

33,5000

34,0000

34,5000

35,0000

35,5000

36,0000

Salin

ity /

Dens

ity


Stasjon nr 0688

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80Depth

Tem

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Fluo

r

31,0000

31,5000

32,0000

32,5000

33,0000

33,5000

34,0000

34,5000

35,0000

35,5000

36,0000

Salin

ity /

Dens

ity


Stasjon nr 0689

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r

29,5000

30,0000

30,5000

31,0000

31,5000

32,0000

32,5000

33,0000

33,5000

34,0000

34,5000

Salin

ity /

Dens

ity


Stasjon nr 0690

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r

29,0000

29,5000

30,0000

30,5000

31,0000

31,5000

32,0000

32,5000

33,0000

33,5000

34,0000

Salin

ity /

Dens

ity


Stasjon nr 0691

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20 30Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r

24,0000

26,0000

28,0000

30,0000

32,0000

34,0000

36,0000Sa

linity

/ De

nsity


Stasjon nr 0692

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20 30Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r

26,0000

27,0000

28,0000

29,0000

30,0000

31,0000

32,0000

33,0000

34,0000

35,0000

36,0000

Salin

ity /

Dens

ity


Stasjon nr 0693

-2,0000

-1,0000

0,0000

1,0000

2,0000

3,0000

4,0000

5,0000

6,0000

7,0000

8,0000

0 10 20Depth

Tem

p. /

Fluo

r24,0000

25,0000

26,0000

27,0000

28,0000

29,0000

30,0000

31,0000

32,0000

33,0000

34,0000

Salin

ity /

Dens

ity


Stat

ion

685

Stat

ion

686

Stat

ion

687

Stat

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688

Stat

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16


Figure 7: Pictures of box cores JM03-037-BC (above) and JM03-044-BC (below). Note the different colours of the sediment surfaces and the deeper penetration of core JM03-044-BC, located relatively close to the glacier margin.

Photo by Kyu-Chul Yoo

Photo by Kyu-Chul Yoo

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Figure 8: Picture from the outer parts of Tempelfjorden, showing the greyish brown suspension intruded from the river Sassenelva (left). View towards Northeast. The picture was taken on August 15th 2002, c. 10 a.m. local time.

Photo by Matthias Forwick


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Gravity cores and Piston cores: Tempelfjorden In Tempelfjorden, two gravity cores (GC-JM03-048-GC and JM03-049-GC) and one piston core (PC-JM03-046-PC) were retrieved (Fig. 4; Tab. 4). The three stations were in the vicinity of locations where Plassen et al. (subm.) sampled two gravity cores on and in front of a sediment lobe deposit, respectively. The cores are located about 1 km apart from each other. From the core sampled from the lobe, Plassen et al. (subm.) described c. 2.20 m of stratified sediments. The core in front of the lobe also comprised stratified sediments and a correlation of several strata between the two cores was possible. The purpose of our sampling was to retrieve additional material, in order to carry out extensive geochemical analysis. Core JM03-049-GC, sampled on the lobe, is 2.51 m long. It is hence supposed that this core penetrates the entire stratified section overlying the lobe. The cores JM03-046-PC and JM03-048-GC were sampled in front of the lobe, at almost similar positions. At least the uppermost meter of the 5.74 m piston core (JM03-046-PC) is missing due to intense deformation of the plastic liner. However, because core JM03-048-GC is 2.57m long, it is assumed that a certain overlap between these cores exists so that correlation of these cores may yield a continuous stratigraphical record for the location. Svensksunddjupet In Svensksunddjupet (outer Isfjorden), five gravity cores (JM03-063-GC to JM03-067-GC) and one piston core (JM03-068-PC) were retrieved (Fig. 4; Tab. 4). The purpose was to investigate the five mass-movement deposits (“North”, “Central 1-3” and “South”), i.e. to identify the types of mass movements and to establish a chronology of the events. The gravity cores were sampled on the mass movements, whereas the piston core was taken from central Svensksunddjupet. All gravity cores penetrated into the sediment down to the bomb and recovery varied between 2.91 m and 4.71 m. The bomb of the piston core penetrated into the sediment, too, and recovery in this case was 11.65 m. All cores smelled H2S and core JM03-068-PC expanded several decimetres. The following assumptions from a preliminary correlation of the sediment-core length and high-resolution seismic profiles can be drawn (see Figs. 11 (p. 23) and 12 (p. 24) and compare with chapter seismic investigations, next page):

- Core JM03-063-GC penetrates mass-movement deposit “North” - Core JM03-064-GC penetrates mass-movement deposit “Central 1” - Core JM03-065-GC does not penetrate mass-movement deposit “Central 2” - Core JM03-066-GC does not penetrate mass-movement deposit “Central 3” - Core JM03-067-GC penetrates mass-movement deposit “South”

Because the mass-movement deposits “North”, “Central 1” and “South” are relatively young, a signal of these events should be present in the upper half of core JM03-068-PC. However, since recovery of this core is 11.65 m, it is assumed that also signals of the mass-movement events “Central 2” and “Central 3” might be detected in the lower meters of the core.


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Seismic investigations (Sparker & 3.5 kHz penetration echo sounder profiles) High-resolution seismic profiles were acquired in Isfjorden and Sassenfjorden (Fig. 5, Tab. 5). The profiles will be analysed with the purpose of reconstructing the deglaciation history and for the calculation of sediment fluxes. In Svensksunddjupet (outer Isfjorden), a relatively dense net of seismic profiles along and across several mass-movement deposits was acquired. These data will be used to calculate the extend and volume of these deposits. Maximum penetration of the 3.5 kHz penetration echo sounder (c. 50 ms Two-Ways-Time (TWT)) was detected in Svensksunddjupet. However, in this area, the Sparker signal indicated a sediment thickness of at least 100 ms TWT. On Figs. 10 to 12, sections of selected high-resolution seismic profiles are shown (for location see Fig. 9).

Figure 9: Sections of 3.5 kHz profiles shown on Figs. 10, 11 and 12.


21

An example of varying sediment thickness and acoustically different sediment types along line 03-050b is shown on Fig. 10. This section of the profiles reflects the changing bathymetry in Isfjorden comprising basins and thresholds. In the basins, sediment packages are often relatively thick and acoustically stratified sediment occur frequently. However, towards slopes, sediment thickness often decreases and the acoustic character of the deposits changes to more transparent. In the vicinity of slopes, sediments might also be reworked (Fig. 10). Good examples of reworked sediment were investigated in Svensksunddjupet (Figs. 11 and 12). There, five mass-movement deposits can be distinguished – “North”, “Central 1”, “Central 2”, “Central 3” and “South”. They were triggered from the northeastern, “central” eastern and southern slope of the depression, respectively. Based on the seismic profiles, a preliminary chronology of the events can be established. Because mass-movement deposits “North”, “Central 1” and “South” lie at or slightly below the fjord floor (Figs. 11 and 12), they appear to be relatively young. The oldest of these five mass-movement deposits seems to be “Central 2” because it is overlain by the thickest sediment package (Fig. 11). A more definitive chronology of these events will be established from radiocarbon dates from core material. 9. References Korsun, S. and Hald, M., 2000. Seasonal dynamics of benthic foraminifera in a glacially fed

fjord of Svalbard, European Arctic. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 30(4): 251-271. Plassen, L., Vorren, T.O. and Forwick, M., (subm.). Glacigenic Deposits in Spitsbergen Fjords.

To be published in Polar Research 22(2), 2003.


Figu

re 1

0: S

ectio

n of

seis

mic

pro

file

03-

050b

. For

loca

tion

see

Fig.

8.

22


23

Figu

re 1

1: S

ectio

n of

seis

mic

pro

file

03-

062.

For

loca

tion

see

Fig.

8.


24

Figure 12: Section of seismic profile 03-051. For location see Fig. 8.


25

10. Tables of collected data:

Table 1: CTD stations.

Station Date Time (UTC) Location Latitude Longitude Sampling gear

Water depth Comments

JM03-037-BC 22.07.03 1624 Tempelfjorden 78º21.40’ N 016º29.46’ E Box corer 62 m

Two attempts – The BC did not trigger during the first try; the second BC was filled








JM03-045-BC 22.07.03 ~2215 Tempelfjorden 78º26.26’ N 017º22.84’ E Box corer ~25 m

Table 2: Box-corer stations.

Station Date Time (UTC) Location Latitude Longitude Water depth

685 22.07.03 1519 Tempelfjorden 78º21.54’ N 016º28.17’ E 63 m







692 22.07.03 ~2135 Tempelfjorden 78º26.26’ N 017º22.72’ E 31 m

693 22.07.03 ~2205 Tempelfjorden 78º26.26’ N 017º22.84’ E ~25 m


26

Station Date Time (UTC) Location Latitude Longitude

Bucket sample 1 22.07.03 ~2230 Tempelfjorden – off glaciers Tunabreen and Von Postbreen 78º25.58’ N 017º15.71’ E

Bucket sample 2 23.07.03 ~0515 Tempelfjorden/Sassenfjorden – off river Sassenelva ~ 78º21.40’ N ~ 016º52.00’ E

Table 3: Overview over samples taken with plastic bucket.

Stat

ion

Dat

eTi

me

(UTC

)Lo

catio

nLa

titud

eLo

ngitu

deSa

mpl

ing

gear

Wat

er

dept

hPe

netra

tion

Rec

over

ySp

lits

Com

men

ts

JM03

-046

-PC

22.0

7.03

2348

Tem

pelfj

orde

n78

º24.

67’ N

017º

07.2

0’ E

Pist

on c

orer

77 m

~ 9.

5 m

5.74

m6

The

uppe

rmos

t > 1

m is

mis

sing

. The

y w

ere

inte

nsel

y di

stur

bed

beca

use

the

uppe

r lin

er w

as c

ompl

etel

y di

stur

bed

due

to su

ctio

n of

the

pist

on. S

ampl

e of

cor

e cu

tter.

JM03

-047

-GC

23.0

7.03

~020

0Te

mpe

lfjor

den

78º2

4.68

’ N01

7º07

.02’

EG

ravi

ty c

orer

77 m

~ 6.

0 m

0 m

JM03

-048

-GC

23.0

7.03

0235

Tem

pelfj

orde

n78

º24.

68’ N

017º

07.0

2’ E

Gra

vity

cor

er77

m~

6.0

m2.

57 m

3Sa

mpl

es o

f cor

e cu

tter a

nd c

atch

er.

JM03

-049

-GC

23.0

7.03

0342

Tem

pelfj

orde

n78

º24.

93’ N

017º

08.8

7’ E

Gra

vity

cor

er71

m~

5.0

m2.

51 m

3

JM03

-063

-GC

23.0

7.03

2237

Sven

sksu

nd-

djup

et

(Isf

jord

en)

78º1

0.96

’ N01

3º52

.40’

EG

ravi

ty c

orer

382

m>

6 m

2.91

m3

H2S

smel

l. Sa

mpl

e of

cor

e ca

tche

r, co

mpr

isin

g sh

ell f

ragm

ent.

JM03

-064

-GC

23.0

7.03

2313

Sven

sksu

nd-

djup

et

(Isf

jord

en)

78º1

0.03

’ N01

3º53

.51’

EG

ravi

ty c

orer

393

m>

6 m

3.44

m4

H2S

smel

l. Sa

mpl

e of

cor

e ca

tche

r.

JM03

-065

-GC

23.0

7.03

2336

Sven

sksu

nd-

djup

et

(Isf

jord

en)

78º0

9.82

’ N01

3º53

.91’

EG

ravi

ty c

orer

392

m>

6 m

4.63

m5

H2S

smel

l. Sa

mpl

e of

cor

e ca

tche

r.

JM03

-066

-GC

24.0

7.03

0012

Sven

sksu

nd-

djup

et

(Isf

jord

en)

78º0

9.46

’ N01

3º54

.02’

EG

ravi

ty c

orer

390

m>

6 m

4.71

m5

H2S

smel

l. Sa

mpl

e of

cor

e ca

tche

r.

JM03

-067

-GC

24.0

7.03

0053

Sven

sksu

nd-

djup

et

(Isf

jord

en)

78º0

9.13

’ N01

3º50

.11’

EG

ravi

ty c

orer

415

m>

6 m

3.99

m4

H2S

smel

l. Sa

mpl

e of

cor

e ca

tche

r.

JM03

-068

-PC

24.0

7.03

0137

Sven

sksu

nd-

djup

et

(Isf

jord

en)

78º0

9.39

’ N01

3º47

.44’

EPi

ston

cor

er42

1 m

~ 12

.50

m11

.65

13H

2S sm

ell.

Sam

ples

of c

ore

cutte

r and

ca

tche

r. Ex

pand

ing/

gass

y se

dim

ents

.

Table 4: Gravity- and Piston-corer stations.


Vess

el: R

/V J

an M

ayen

Area

: Sva

lbar

d - S

asse

nfjo

rden

, Isf

jord

enD

ate:

Jul

y 22

nd-2

4th

2003

Setti

ngs

for g

raph

ic p

lotte

rD

ate

Prof

ileSt

art

Lat

Lon

Stop

Lat

Lon

Sour

ce1/

Sour

ce2

Ener

gy1/

Filte

r low

Filte

r hig

hLi

neSc

anD

irect

ion/

Shot

Ship

sR

emar

ksno

UTC

WG

S84

WG

S84

UTC

WG

S84

WG

S84

Ener

gy2

sour

ce1/

2So

urce

1/2

pr in

chm

sSw

eep

dir

rate

ms

spee

d23

.703

-050

05:4

378

d22.

1016

d28.

3306

:34

78d2

4.38

16d1

1.91

Boom

er/3

.5kH

z30

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Nor

thW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nSa

ssen

fjord

-06

:34

78d2

4.38

16d1

1.91

--

-Bo

omer

/3.5

kHz

300J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5So

uthW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nco

urse

chan

hge

--

--

09:5

378

d21.

4714

d58.

00Bo

omer

/3.5

kHz

300J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5So

uthW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nIs

fjord

03-0

50b

10:5

978

d21.

4814

d57.

67-

--

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Sout

hWes

t / L

eft

750m

s/1s

5kn

Isfjo

rd-

12:1

978

d16.

5314

d40.

33-

--

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Sout

hWes

t / L

eft

750m

s/1s

5kn

cour

sech

anhg

e-

14:1

178

d12.

5114

d00.

76-

--

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Sout

hWes

t / L

eft

750m

s/1s

5kn

cour

sech

anhg

e14

:45

78d1

0.77

13d5

0.46

--

-Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5So

uthW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nco

urse

chan

hge

--

-15

:09

78d0

8.99

13d4

6.46

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Sout

hWes

t / L

eft

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

03-0

5115

:19

78d0

8.99

13d4

6.46

--

-Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5Ea

st /

Rig

ht75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t15

:34

78d0

8.70

13d5

2.70

--

-Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5Ea

st /

Rig

ht75

0ms/

1s5k

nco

urse

chan

hge

--

-16

:05

78d0

6.40

13d5

5.74

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

East

/ R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

03-0

5216

:11

78d0

6.76

13d5

7.02

16:2

878

d06.

4413

d51.

41Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5N

orth

Wes

t / L

eft

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

03-0

5316

:48

78d0

7.72

13d4

9.95

17:0

278

d07.

7713

d56.

55Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5N

orth

East

/ R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

03-0

5417

:15

78d0

8.46

13d5

5.60

17:2

978

d08.

1613

d50.

35Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5So

uthW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t03

-055

17:3

278

d08.

2413

d49.

9417

:46

78d1

0.00

13d5

0.00

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Nor

th /

Rig

ht75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t03

-056

17:5

378

d09.

5113

d52.

30-

--

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

East

/ R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

18:0

278

d09.

6213

d55.

57-

--

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

East

/ R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

cour

sech

anhg

e18

:09

78d0

9.33

13d5

7.72

--

-Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5Ea

st /

Rig

ht75

0ms/

1s5k

nco

urse

chan

hge

--

-18

:14

78d0

9.38

13d5

9.84

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

East

/ R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

03-0

5718

:31

78d0

8.98

13d5

8.77

--

-Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5N

ortW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t18

:57

78d1

0.68

13d5

6.67

--

-Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5N

ortW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t-

--

19:1

678

d11.

9613

d54.

09Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5N

ortW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t03

-058

19:2

978

d12.

4813

d57.

6519

:45

78d1

1.41

14d0

0.63

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Sout

hEas

t / R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

03-0

5919

:57

78d1

0.69

13d5

8.88

20:1

878

d09.

8613

d51.

48Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5So

uthW

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t03

-060

20:2

778

d10.

0313

d50.

9820

:48

78d0

9.98

13d5

8.54

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

East

/ R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

03-0

6120

:53

78d0

9.78

13d5

8.68

21:1

178

d09.

7813

d51.

50Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5W

est /

Lef

t75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t03

-062

21:2

678

d09.

0113

d53.

89-

--

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Nor

th /

Left

750m

s/1s

5kn

Sven

sksu

ndju

pet

21:4

378

d10.

4713

d53.

71-

--

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Nor

th /

Left

750m

s/1s

5kn

cour

sech

anhg

e-

--

21:5

778

d11.

6513

d51.

71Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5N

orth

/ Le

ft75

0ms/

1s5k

nSv

ensk

sund

jupe

t24

.703

-069

03:5

478

d06.

7214

d18.

1605

:30

78d1

4.65

14d0

8.90

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250/

125

Wes

t / L

eft

750m

s/1s

5kn

Hee

rodd

en-E

rdm

anno

dden

,Isfjo

rden

03-0

7005

:55

78d1

5.80

14d1

7.36

07:4

278

d07.

0514

d35.

79Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0/12

5So

uthW

est /

Rig

ht75

0ms/

1s5k

nEr

dman

nodd

en-K

app

Laila

,Isfjo

rden

03-0

7108

:25

78d0

7.03

14d5

7.21

10:5

478

d18.

6314

d26.

08Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0N

orth

Wes

t / L

eft

750m

s/1s

5kn

Col

esbu

kta-

Bore

bukt

a,Is

fjord

en03

-072

11:2

878

d21.

1514

d33.

0613

:40

78d1

1.29

15d0

6.26

Spar

ker/3

.5kH

z70

0J/1

0kW

500H

z/3k

Hz

2kH

z/5k

Hz

150

250

Sout

hEas

t / R

ight

750m

s/1s

5kn

Bore

bukt

a-G

rum

antb

yenI

sfjo

rden

03-0

7314

:19

78d1

4.07

15d1

7.31

16:1

778

d22.

8214

d48.

85Sp

arke

r/3.5

kHz

700J

/10k

W50

0Hz/

3kH

z2k

Hz/

5kH

z15

025

0N

orth

Wes

t / le

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27

Documents

Cruise report Svalbard July03 - Ig report Svalbard July03.pdfCruise report – Isfjorden, Sassenfjorden, Tempelfjorden (Spitsbergen), July 2003 3 1. Summary From afternoon of July