CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Española del Norte de Marruecos - Yaakov Bentolila

8/2/2019 CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Espaola del Norte de Marruecos -

1/23

`

Fi ZrfsfktfFstvd`hs shorf im cvitvrm sflmrd

Im cvitvrm Bvdfh!Fszmhimdfi Khrtf df Amrrvfchs

Fd`thrfs2 Tmamr Mif~mkdfr Pmmgh| Ofkthi`im

Fi Zrfsfktf) |hi+ ?) d`c`faorf df ?::>

Vk`|frs`dmd Ofk!Evr`hk dfi Kfef| Sfktrh Ahsnf Dm|`d Emhkdf Gvitvrm Dbvdfh!Fszmkphim


2/23

```

kd`cf

Zriheh =

N`sthr`m2 0

Pha Th| Mss`s

Tnf Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd2 M Cmsf Stvdphl @ktfr!Chaavkmi Cvitvrmi _fimt`hks tnrhven tnf Mefs ==

Amrm Bhs Cmkh Ofmtr` Ahi`km pFifkm A`rhkfsghIm |`s`k df im mitfr`dmd fktrf bvdhs cr`st`mkhs p avsviamkfsfk ihs i`orhs df |`mbfs p ims crk`cms2 Fi cmsh df Amrrvfchs sfek

ims Crk`cms df F~zvis`k n`szmkh!nforfms 3=

Ermrd Kmnhk

Tftvk Micmr p Af}v`kfs lrfktf mi Afsms Bhs ofk Svr2im hzc`k fktrf Tvrgpm pLrmkgpm .=


3/23

`|

I`kest`cm2 =65

Pmmgh| Ofkthiìm

Im ifkevm chak .ch`k) bvdfh!fszmhim fktrf fi Fstf

p fi Hfstf =60

Dm|`d Ovk`s

Tnf D`llfrfkt`mi @azmct hl Mrmo`c hk Nmgftm mkd Tvrg`snhk Bvdfah =55

Cprì Msimkh|

Im nm}vftm fktrf n`szmk`dmd p miheiht`sah2 d`|frefkc`mp chk|frefkc`m ?:0

Hrm ._hdrèvf) Scnumrumid

Oftuffk Fmst mkd Ufst2 D`llfrfkcfs oftuffk Htthamkmkd Khrtn Mlr`cmk Bvdfh!Szmk snNmeemdht ??3

@smmc Ofkmov

Bfu`sn Imkevmefs mkd I`lf mltfr Dfmtn2 Trmcfs hlNmgftmmahke tnf Bfus hl Eòrmitmr ?43

I`tfrmtvrm) lhicihrf p as`cm2 ?63

Zmiham Dm!Ams

Ims avbfrfs sflmrdfs dfi Khrtf df Amrrvfchs fk fi hcmsh

df im trmd`c`k hrmi ?66

Hrh Mkmnhrp!Iòrhu`c

Im àmefk dfi avsviak p dfi cr`st`mkh m trm|s df im kmrrmt`|mzhzvimr sflmrd df im hkm khrtf df Amrrvfchs ?3

Svsmkm Uf`cn!Snmnmg

Af |mpm gmzmr Im nmgftm fk fi rfzfrthr`h avs`cmi sflmrd ?0=

I`stm df chimohrmdhrfs 3:=


4/23

==

Pha Th| Mss`s

Tnf Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd2

M Cmsf Stvdp hl @ktfr!Chaavkmi Cvitvrmi _fimt`hks

Tnrhven tnf Mefs

Pha Th| Mss`s

Tnf Nforfu Vk`|frs`tp hl Bfrvsmifa

Sfznmrmd mkd Ammrm|

mgftm tnf Bvdfh!Szmk`sn hl tnf Ahrhccmk Sfznmrdà sfr|fs ms mk fih}vfkt

ìivstrmt`hk hl tnf cihsf rfimt`hksn`z oftuffk Ahrhcch mkd Sfznmrmd+ Tnf Bfus hl

Ahrhcch mkd Szm`k nm|f miumps zhssfssfd |frp cihsf chktmcts tnrhvenhvt tnf mefs

lrha tnf \`sèhtn`c zfr`hd vz vktì zhst!F~zvis`hk tàfs+ Tnf efhermzn`c zrh~à`tp

hl tnf tuh imkds amdf m rfc`zrhc`tp ohtn kmtvrmi mkd `kf|`tmoif+ Tn`s fssmp f~ma`kfs

tnf avtvmi `kvfkcfs oftuffk tnf Bfus hk tnf tuh s`dfs hl tnf strm`ts tnmt sfzmrmtf

Fvrhzf mkd Mlr`cm tnf Cnr`st`mk mkd tnf Avsià uhrids+Dvr`ke tnf \`sèhtn`c zfrsfcvt`hks amkp Bfus lrha tnf @ofr`mk zfk`ksvim fd th

Ahrhcch+= Tnf f|`dfkcf `kd`cmtfs tnmt shaf hl tnfsf rflveffs rftvrkfd th Szm`k u`tn

tnf Mrmo chk}vfrhrs shaf f|fk sfr|`ke ms md|`shrs schvts hr ev`dfs th tnf Avsià

lhrcfs tnmt chk}vfrfd tnf zfk`ksvim+? @t `s kh ch`kc`dfkcf tnmt tnf Mrmo chk}vfrhrs hl

\`sèhtn`c Szm`k iflt amkp c`t`fs `k tnf nmkds hl tnf ihcmi Bfus m lmct th un`cn Mrmo

= Hk \ sèhtn`c Szm`k mkd tnf Bfus `k efkfrmi sff B+ Bvstfr Tnf Ifemi Chkd`t`hk hl tnf

Bfus vkdfr tnf \`sèhtn`c G`kes@srmfi Imu _f|`fu^@ .=055 30=!4=4

67 M+ A+ _mofiih Tnf Bfus `k \`sèhtn`c Szm`k `k tnf

Iènt hl tnf Ife`simt`hk Rmiamk Snmmr Cfktrf Bfrvsmifa =0>3 .Nforfu)+

? Sff F+ Msnthr Tnf Bfus hl Ahsifa Szm`k \mrdm OhhgsZnìmdfizn`m =053 \hi+ @ zz+

3!4? mkd zmrt`cvimrip zz+ ?0!3?7 N+ R+ .B+ U+) N`rscnofreM N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus `k Khrtn

Mlr`cm Orìi If`dfk =054 zz+ 65!6>+


5/23

Tnf bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd Sfznmrmd

=?

cnrhk`cifrs tfst`lp+3 Unfk tnf =?6!pfmr zfr`hd hl zfrsfcvt`hk cmaf th mk fkd tnf kfu

Avsià rfeàf `k Szm`k mttrmctfd Bfu`sn àaèrmkts+ Mahke tnfsf ufrf rst mkdlhrfahst Bfus lrha Ahrhcch+ Ahrhccmk Bfus chkt`kvfd th àaèrmtf th tnf @ofr`mk

zfk`ksvim f|fk lhiihu`ke tnf trme`c fkd hl tnf Bfu`sn chaavk`t`fs `k Mi!Mkdmivs

vkdfr tnf rfzrfss`|f zhi`cp zvrsvfd op tnf Miahnmds unh hccvz`fd Avsià Szm`k

`k ==4>+ Bfus `k Ahrhcch thh svllfrfd ms tnf Miahnmds thhg chktrhi hl d`llfrfkt

c`t`fs `k tnf chvktrp+4 Mormnma òk Frm fkvafrmtfd tnf Ahrhccmk chaavk`t`fs

tnmt ufrf n`t op tnf Miahnmds mihkes`df tnhsf hl Mi!Mkdmivs+ Lrha n`s fifep uf

vkdfrstmkd tnmt tnf Ahrhccmk chaavk`t`fs dfstrhpfd ufrf mii cfktrfs hl ifmrk`ke+

Tnf chaavk`t`fs tnmt ufrf omdip n`t ufrf S`bìamsm Amrmgfsn Lf Tifacfk Cfvtm

Afgkfs mkd Dfrm+6 Amkp Bfus ufrf gìifd unìf htnfrs ufrf lhrcfd th chk|frt th

@sima+ Tnfsf crpzth!Bfus ermdvmiip rftvrkfd th Bvdm`sa ms tnf Miahnmd`c rfeàf

shltfkfd `ts zhi`cp mkd ihcmi chkd`t`hks àzrh|fd+ Amkp nhuf|fr uhvid f|fktvmiip

dfzmrt lhr tnf fmst hr th tnf N`szmk`c g`kedhas+

Dvr`ke tnf _fchk}v`stm tnf ahkmrcns hl tnf Cnr`st`mk N`szmk`c g`kedhas

ufichafd Bfu`sn sfttifrs lrha Khrtn Mlr`cm k efkfrmi mkd lrha Ahrhcch k zmrt`cvimr+

@k tnf cmsf hl tnf Crhuk hl Mrmehk tnf shvrcfs cifmrip `kd`cmtf tnf nhsz`tmoif zhi`cp

lhiihufd op Bmàf @ mkd Zfdrh @@@ |`s!!|`s Bfu`sn àaèrmkts lrha Khrtn Mlr`cm+ @k

Bvkf =?45 lhiihu`ke n`s chk}vfsts hl tnf Omifmr`c @simkds `k =??0 mkd tnf G`kedha

hl \mifkc`m `k =?30!=?46 G`ke Bmàf @ hl Cmtmihk`m!Mrmehk `ssvfd mk fd`ct hl smlf!

chkdvct th Bfus uìi`ke th sfttif `k tnf tfrr`thr`fs hl tnf Crhuk hl Mrmehk+ Tnf fd`ct

ums zrhllfrfd `k zmrt`cvimr th tnf Ahrhccmk Bfus Smihahk Ofkmaamr mkd @smmc ofk

3 _+ Dhp_fcnfrcnfs svr in`sth`rf ft im i`ttrmtvrf df iFszmekf zfkdmkt if ahpfk ef

Emiiàmrd Zmr`s =>>= \hi+ @ zz+ 40 6?+ Khramk _htns cr`t`c`sa hl n`sthr`mks unh k n`s

hz`k`hk nm|f f~meefrmtfd tnf rhif zimpfd op tnf Bfus `k tnf Mrmo chk}vfst hl Szm`k `k kh

ump rflvtfs tnf zrfsfkt mrevafkt tnmt tnf Bfus hl \`sèhtn`c Szm`k ufichafd mkd mss`stfd

tnf chk}vfrhrs2 sff K+ _htn Tnf Bfus mkd tnf Avsià Chk}vfst hl Szm`kBfu`sn Shc`mi

Stvd`fs^^^\@@@ .=05+ Sff mish I+B+ Sàhk Bfus \`sèhtns mkd tnf

Avsià Chk}vfst hl Szm`k VCIM N`sthr`cmi Bhvrkmi @\ .=0>3)zz+ 6!33+

4 Sff D+ Chrchs Tnf Mtt`tvdf hl tnf Miahnmds thumrds tnf BfusR`hk^^^@@ .=0


6/23

=3

Pha Th| Mss`s

Smihahk mkd tnf`r lmaì`fs m erhvz hl h|fr tufktp zfrshks `k thtmi+< Bfus lrha tnf

Crhuk hl Mrmehk zmrt`cvimrip lrha Ambhrcm ufrf nfm|ìp k|hi|fd k chaafrc`mimct`|`t`fs mkd d`zihamt`c a`ss`hks `k Khrtn Mlr`cm kcivd`ke Ahrhcch+5

@k tn`s fssmp uf snmii d`scvss tuh mszfcts hl tnf cvitvrmi `ktfrcnmkef oftuffk tnf

Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo mkd tnf Bfus hl Sfznmrmd+ Tnfsf tuh lmcfts rfimtf th `kvfkcfs

`k chktrmrp d`rfct`hks tnf rst tnmt hl Amenrfo` Bfus hk Sfznmrmd mkd tnf sfchkd hl

Sfznmrd` Bfus hk tnf Amenrfo+ Unìf tnf imttfr `s lmr ofttfr dhcvafktfd tnf zrfsfkt

mrt`cif `k lmct hu`ke `ts hrè`ks th m uhrgsnhz dfd`cmtfd th tn`s svobfct tnf lhrafr

`s ifss gkhuk mkd mt tàfs miahst chaziftfip èkhrfd+ @ uìi rflfr rst th tnf sfchkd

mszfct cnrhkhihe`cmiip imtfr ifm|`ke tnf fmri`fr mszfct th tnf kmi sfct`hk+

Tnf Sfznmrd` @azmct hk Amenrfo` Bfurp

Tnf `kvfkcf f~frtfd hk Ahrhccmk Bfurp op tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs hl =40? kffds

i`ttif fimohrmt`hk+ Tnf thz`c nms offk f~tfks`|fip rfsfmrcnfd tnf àzmct tnf Sfznmrd`

rflveffs f~frc`sfd hk Bfu`sn i`lf `k tnf Amenrfo nm|`ke offk f~ma`kfd lrha |mr`hvs

zfrszfct`|fs+ Lhiihu`ke tnf amssmcrfs hl =30= Bfu`sn rflveffs lrha tnf @ofr`mk

Zfk`ksvim fstmoi`snfd tnfasfi|fs `k unmt `s thdmp gkhuk ms Miefr`m+> Tnf fmrip

Sfznmrdà unh sfttifd `k Khrtn Mlr`cm `kcivdfd svcn erfmt rmoo`k`c mvtnhr`t`fs ms

_+ P`tm} ofk Snfsnft Zfrlft hkf hl tnf ahst hvtstmkd`ke rmoo`k`c mvtnhr`t`fs th

ff tnf @ofr`mk Zfk`ksvim mkd kd rflvef `k Khrtn Mlr`cm+0 @k mdd`t`hk th n`s rmoo`k`ctrm`k`ke Zfrlft ums mish m znps`c`mk+ Zfrlfts chiifmevf Snàhk ofk Tfam Dvrmk

< Tnf lvii tf~t ums zvoi`snfd op B+\+ \ìimkvf|m \`mbf i`tfrmr`h m ims èifs`ms df Fszmm

@azrfktm df Lhrtmkft Amdr`d =>6? \hi+ ?? z+ 3?5+ Tnf dhcvafkt ums rfzr`ktfd `k M+

ZhksIhs bvdhs dfi rf`kh df Amiihrcm Aèvfi Lhkt Amdr`d =>6> \hi+ @@ z+ ?:3+ M Lrfkcn

svaamrp s lhvkd k B+ _ekN`sthrp hl tnf Bfus `k Mrmehk P+ Mss`s .fd+) Amekfs Zrfss

Bfrvsmifa =05> Kh+ 3=!35>7 P+ Mss`s Bfu`sn

D`zihamts lrha Mrmehk k Avsià Imkds .=?=3!=3?5) Sflvkht@@@ W=>Q .=0>6) zz+ ==!34

.Nforfu)+

> Sff N`rscnofreM N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus .moh|f khtf ?) \hi+= zz+ 3>4!3>>+0 Hk tnf Sfznmrd` Bfus unh sfttifd k Khrtn Mlr`cm mkd _+ Sàhk Dvrmk mkd tnf _òmsn sff

@+ Fzstf`k Tnf _fszhksm hl _moo` Sàhk ofk Rfamn Dvrmk ms m Shvrcf hl tnf N`sthrp hl

tnf Bfus `k Khrtn Mlr`cm G+ Zmvi Trfkcn Trvokfr Ihkdhk =03: Wrfzr+ Gtm| Kfu Phrg

=0Q zz+ =4!43+


7/23


=4

ums hrè`kmiip lrha Ambhrcm mkd unfk nf sfttifd `k Mie`frs nf bh`kfd _+ P`tm} ofk

Snfsnft Zfrlft ms m ifmdfr hl tnf c`tps chaavk`tp+=: Tnf unhif Dvrmk lmaìp amdf mdffz azmct hk Bfu`sn i`lf k Khrtn Mlr`cm+ Mkhtnfr nmimgn`c mvtnhr`tp unh sfttifd k

tnf rfe`hk ums _+ Fznrmà Mikm}muf unh rst ufkt th Amrrmgfsn ovt kmiip sfttifd

`k Memd`r kfmr Tifacfk+ Mikm}muf ums i`gfu`sf mk f~zfrt k ohtn Thrmn mkd afd`c`kf+

@k rfumrd lhr n`s sfr|`cf ms znps`c`mk th tnf rvifr mkd n`s lmaìp nf msgfd zfra`ss`hk

lhr tnf Bfus th lhra m chaavk`tp `k Tifacfk+ N`s `kvfkcf hk tnf df|fihzafkt hl

Bfu`sn i`lf k Tifacfk s rffctfd k tnf imref spkmehevf nf ovìt un`cn rfam`kfd tnf

spaohi hl Bfu`sn trmd`t`hk lhr cfktvr`fs+ N`s ènt lrha Szm`k th Tifacfk ofcmaf m

ifefkd svosf}vfktip tvrk`ke Tifacfk kth mk azhrtmkt dfst`kmt`hk lhr zìeràs+==

Tnf sfttifafkt hl tnf rflveffs hl =30= k Khrtn Mlr`cm ums kf`tnfr fmsp khr sàzif+

Amkp ufrf mttmcgfd op ihcmi zfmsmkts mkd shaf ufrf lhrcfd th rftvrk th tnf @ofr`mk

Zfk`ksvim+ Snihah òk \frems Snf|ft Pfnvdmn e`|fs |`|`d tfstàhkp th tnf svllfr`ke

tnfp fkdvrfd `k tfras tnmt ufii rffct tnf rfmi`tp `k Khrtn Mlr`cm+

@k tnf pfmr 6=6: tnfrf ufrf efkfrmi zfrsfcvt`hks k imref zmrts hl Sfznmrmd M

lfu hl tnf Bfus momkdhkfd tnf`r rfiè`hk ofcmvsf hl tnf erfmt cmima`t`fs mkd tfrrhr

Mii hl tnfsf mkvsà ufrf dftfra`kfd th kd m ump th sm|f tnf`r shvis mkd sh

cnhsf f~ìf umkdfr`ke lrha hkf kmt`hk th mkhtnfr `k tnf imkds hl tnf`r fkfa`fs

vktì tnfp chvid kd m smlf nm|fk Tnhsf unh ufkt th tnf imkds hl tnf Ofrofrs

Wi`t+2 tnf MrmosQ nhuf|fr f~zfr`fkcfd nhrrhrs tnmt kh ohhg cmk dfscròf ms tnfp

tnfasfi|fs urhtf th tnf`r rfimt`|fs unh rfam`kfd k tnf`r imkd W`+f+ Sfznmrmd tnf

Crhuks hl Cmstìf mkd MrmehkQ+=?

@t `s khtfuhrtnp tnmt unìf tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs hl =30= mii sfttifd `k tfrr`thr`fs fmst

hl Ahrhcch tnhsf hl =40? lhvkd rflvef `k Ahrhcch+ Tnf d`|frefkcf amp of trmcfd th

tnf zhi`t`cmi c`rcvastmkcfs zrf|mì`ke k Khrtn Mlr`cm k tnfsf rfszfct`|f zfr`hds+

=: Sff M+ Nfrscnamk _moo` P`snmg omr Snfsnft .Nm_ÒmSn) Ahssmd Nm_m| GhhgBfrvsmifa =06>+

=? Snihah òk \frem Sflfr Snf|ft Pfnvdmn M+ Snhmt .fd+) Ahssmd O`mi`g Bfrvsmifa =045

zz+ 5=!5? WTnf Tufktp Sf|fktn Zfrsfcvt`hkQ .Nforfu)+


8/23

=6

Pha Th| Mss`s

@ uhvid i`gf th khtf tuh zh`kts nfrf oflhrf tvrk`ke th tnf Sfznmrd` `kvfkcf `k

Ahrhcch+ L`rstip `k chazmr`shk th Zhrtvemi mkd tnf Htthamk Faz`rf tnf kvaofr hlSfznmrd` rflveffs `k Ahrhcch ums rfimt`|fip samii tnf zhi`t`cmi c`rcvastmkcfs of`ke

lmr lrha `dfmi lhr tnf`r sfttifafkt `k tnf chvktrp+ Sfchkdip amkp Sfznmrd` rflveffs

mrr`|fd `k Ahrhcch mkd dvf th tnf sfr`hvs d`lcvit`fs tnfp fkchvktfrfd tnfrf

svosf}vfktip iflt th kd m smlf nm|fk fisfunfrf+ F|fk tnhsf unh d`d kht rfam`k

`k Ahrhcch mkd chkt`kvfd tnf`r umkdfr`ke fmstumrds iflt mk àzmct ofn`kd tnfa

nhuf|fr+ Mahke tnf scnhimrs unh dfzmrtfd ufrf Mormnma Rm}vth Pmm}h| Ofrm|

Dm|`d òk Mo` Ràrm mkd Pfnvdmn mppmt+ _+ Pmm}h| Ofrm| ums hkip fèntffk

pfmrs hid unfk nf ofcmaf tnf ifmdfr hl m chaavk`tp hl 6::: lmaì`fs `k Lf

unfrf nf i`|fd `k a`sfrp mkd zh|frtp oflhrf nf iflt tnf thuk lhr ehhd+=3 Tnf chvktrp

ums `k zhi`t`cmi cnmhs thrk op tuh chazft`ke rfeàfs tnf Umttms`d svitmks mkd tnf

Snmr`tfs unìf ahst hl tnf zhrts ufrf `k Zhrtvevfsf nmkds+

Dfsz`tf tnf`r ià`tfd kvaofr mkd tnf nmrdsn`zs tnfp fkchvktfrfd tnf Sfznmrd`

Bfus unh sfttifd `k Ahrhcch snhvid of chks`dfrfd ms chkst`tvt`ke m erfmt oifss`ke

th Amenrfo` Bfurp+ S`kcf tnf Miahnmd`c zfrsfcvt`hks tnf Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo nmd

svllfrfd lrha mk vkstmoif eh|frkafkt mkd `kchks`stfkt mtt`tvdfs+ Chaavk`t`fs tnmt

ufrf ambhr cfktrfs hl Bfu`sn i`lf ihst tnf`r zrffa`kfkcf+ Tn`s ums zmrt`cvimrip tnf

cmsf u`tn rfemrd th Lf un`cn nmd offk tnf ahst àzhrtmkt Bfu`sn chaavk`tp mkd m

zimcf hl scnhimrsn`z+ Tnf mrr`|mi hl tnf Sfznmrdà kbfctfd kfu lrfsn oihhd or ke`ke

mohvt m rf|`|mi hl Bfu`sn cvitvrf+=4

Tnrff zhi`t`cmi lhrcfs `k Ahrhcch zimpfd m cfktrmi rhif `k mllfct`ke tnf dfst`kp hl

tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs+ Tnf sfttifrs fkchvktfrfd erfmt nmrdsn`zs rfchrds hl shaf hl

tnf sf|frf trmefd`fs tnfp f~zfr`fkcfd nm|`ke svr|`|fd+ Avcn hl tnf svllfr`ke nms

ehkf vkrfchek`fd nhuf|fr lhr lfu hl tnf rflveffs ufrf scnhimrs mkd iflt kh rfchrds

hl tnf`r trme`c f~zfr`fkcfs+ Unìf tnf G`ke hl Lf ums zmrt`cvimrip zrm`sfd lhr n`s

ofkf|hifkt mtt`tvdf thumrds tnf rflveffs nf ums tnf f~cfzt`hk rmtnfr tnmk tnf rvif+

@k amkp zimcfs tnf rvifrs mkd ihcmi zhzvimt`hk mi`gf ufrf nhstìf th tnf kfuchafrs+

Tnf z`tfhvs chkd`t`hks `k un`cn tnf Sfznmrd` sfttifrs i`|fd unfk tnfp rst mrr`|fd

drh|f amkp th dfszm`r+ Tnf mcchvkts hl svcn ur`tfrs ms _+ Mormnma Thrrvt`fi mkd

_+ Pfnvdmn ofk Pmm}h| mppmt ifmd vs th uhkdfr nhu tnf rflveffs svr|`|fd mkdsvosf}vfktip hvr`snfd+

=3 ThifdmkhKfr Nm!Ammrm| .moh|f khtf 6)z+ 5>+=4 Sff ò`d zz+ 5:!5=+


9/23


= \hi+ \@ Mzzfkd`~

zz+ ?=!?? .Nforfu)+

=!50+


10/23

=5

Pha Th| Mss`s

Mitnhven Lf mttrmctfd amkp Sfznmrd` rflveffs amkp ufrf vkmoif th chzf u`tn

tnf d`lcvit chkd`t`hks zrf|mì`ke tnfrf+ Mkhtnfr azhrtmkt zfrshkmi`tp unh stmpfd lhrm unìf mkd ums tnfk lhrcfd th ifm|f ums _moo` Dm|`d ofk Snihah òk Mo` Ràrm

unhsf lmaìp ums hrè`kmiip lrha Rmahrm+ Dm|`d ums m phvke ohp hl tfk unfk n`s

r`cn mkd ufii!fstmoi`snfd lmaìp iflt lhr Ahrhcch+ Unìf _moo` Dm|`d ok Mo` Ràrm

iflt lhr Frft @srmfi amkp afaofrs hl n`s lmaìp rfam`kfd `k Ahrhcch+=5

Unìf ahst hl tnf rflveffs lrha Cmstìf mkd Zhrtvemi sfttifd `k c`t`fs hk tnf chmst

mkd `k tnf imref c`t`fs `kimkd shaf lhvkd m nhaf `k |ìimefs+ @k amkp hl tnf zimcfs

unfrf tnfp sfttifd tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs lhvkd Amenrfo` Bfus unh nmd offk i`|`ke

tnfrf lhr cfktvr`fs+ Tnfsf Bfus nmd tnf`r huk cvsthas mkd trmd`t`hks i`tvrep mkd

nmimgn`c hr`fktmt`hk+ Tnf afft`ke oftuffk tnf Sfznmrdà mkd tnf Amenrfo` Bfus .tnf

sh!cmiifd thsnm|à) ums kht sàzif hr strmèntlhrumrd ms `s tpz`cmiip trvf unfkf|fr

àaèrmkt Bfus sfttif `k mirfmdp!f~`st`ke chaavk`t`fs+ @k tnf cmsf hl tnf Sfznmrd`

rflveffs tnf d`lcvit`fs ufrf f|fk erfmtfr s`kcf tnfp mrr`|fd `k tnf ofi`fl tnmt tnfp

ufrf tnf ofmrfrs hl m Bfu`sn cvitvrf svzfr`hr th tnf ihcmi hkf+ Lvrtnfrahrf `k shaf

zimcfs tnf kvaofr hl tnf rflveffs ums svlc`fktip imref th cmvsf chkcfrk mkd f|fk

lfmr mahkest tnf ihcmi chaavk`tp+

Tnf rfimt`hks oftuffk tnf Amenrfo` mkd Sfznmrd` Bfus `k Ahrhcch ufrf strm`kfd

mkd mt tàfs mktmehk`st`c+ @k Lf unfrf amkp hl tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs `kcivd`ke

rmoo`s mkd scnhimrs lhvkd `t àzhssòif th rfam`k ofcmvsf hl tnf tfrròif chkd`t`hks

tnf Amenrfo` ifmdfrs ufrf ahrf svccfsslvi `k rfs`st`ke tnf Sfznmrd` `kvfkcf+

Tnf dfzmrtvrf hl sh amkp Sfznmrd` scnhimrs th tnf fmst amdf tnf`r strveeif mem`kst

Sfznmrd` nfefahkp fms`fr+ Tnf ifmdfrs hl tnf thsnm|à }vfst`hkfd tnf rflveffs

ife`tàmcp mkd dfkt`tp ms Bfus+ @k m }vfst`hk sfkt th _+ Snàhk Dvrmk k Mie`frs _+

Ovst` tnf sz`r`tvmi ifmdfr hl tnf Amenrfo` Bfus `k Lf mkd n`s chiifmevfs `k}v`rfd

mohvt zfhzif cha`ke lrha Cmtmihk`m Cmstìf mkd Zhrtvemi unh umkt th chk|frt

mkd bh`k Ehds zfhzif fmcn cimà`ke tnmt nf `s m Chnfk unìf tnf`r lmtnfr ums

vkc`rcvac`sfd mkd Cnr`st`mk mkd tnf`r ahtnfr ums u`tnhvt m gftvoomn mkd m zrhzfr

ufdd`ke cmrfifss `k tnf imus hl zvr`tp Wi`t+2 sf|fk cifmk .dmps)Q mkd unh ufrf

chkcf`|fd unfk tnf`r ahtnfr ums k`ddmn Wafkstrvmt`keQ mkd ufrf ohrk lrha tnf

vkc`rcvac`sfd _+ Snàhk Dvrmk ums |frp cr`t`cmi hl tnf Amenrfo` Bfu`sn mtt`tvdf thumrds svcn

crpzth!Bfus unh rftvrkfd th Bvdm`sa chks`dfr`ke tnf`r chkcfzt hl tnf chk|frshs

=5 ThifdmkhKfr Nm!Ammrm| .moh|f khtf 6)z+ 50+


11/23


=>

rftvrk th Bvdm`sa th of `k|mi`d+ Tnf thsnm|à rmoo`s ufrf mish sf|frfip rfovgfd op

m rmoo` hrè`kmt`ke lrha tnf @ofr`mk zfk`ksvim unhsf vkdfrstmkd`ke hl tnf zrhoifasffafd th of lmr ahrf spazmtnft`c mkd rfmi`st`c+ Tnfsf rfszhksfs `kd`cmtf tnmt tnf

Amenrfo` Bfus hl Lf ufrf kht nmzzp u`tn zrfsfkcf hl Sfznmrd` Bfus `k tnf`r a`dst

mkd tnmt tnf r`|mirp oftuffk tnf tuh chaavk`t`fs ums |frp o`ttfr+=>

Vitàmtfip imref zmrts hl Ahrhccmk Bfurp ofcmaf zrfdha`kmktip Sfznmrd`

Sfznmrd` i`tvrep trmd`t`hks cvsthas nmimgnmn mkd imkevmef cha`ke th zrf|mì h|fr

tnf ihcmi chaavk`tps zrmct`cfs+ Fkt`rf chaavk`t`fs tvrkfd Sfznmrd`+ Tnf zrhcfss

ums kf`tnfr snhrt khr sàzif+ @k shaf cmsfs tnf cimsn ums |frp sfr`hvs mkd ifd th

f~tfrkmi Efktìf `ktfrlfrfkcf+ Tnf ofst!gkhuk cr`s`s oftuffk tnf Sfznmrd` mkd

Amenrfo` Bfus hccvrrfd h|fr tnf zrhcfss hlsnfn`tmn+ Tn`s chk`ctimstfd lhr amkp

pfmrs mkd ifd th tnf `ktfr|fkt`hk hl tnf Avsià mvtnhr`t`fs `k m nmimgn`c chk`ct+

Tnf d`szvtf rfimt`ke th tnf mkàmis ivkes orhgf hvt `k sf|frmi chvktr`fs unfrf tnf

Sfznmrd` rflveffs sfttifd+ O`ttfr mkd mktmehk`st`c `t fkdfd u`tn tnf Sfznmrd` sfttifrs

em`k`ke tnf vzzfr nmkd `k tnf |mr`hvs chaavk`t`fs+

_+ mà Emev`kf tnf ifmdfr hl tnf Amenrfo` cmaz `k tn`s chk`ct ums hrè`kmiip

lrha Lf+ Unfk nf ums m cnìd nf ah|fd th Cmstìf th stvdp vkdfr _+ Phsfzn V`fi

hkf hl tnf erfmt Cmstì`mk scnhimrs+ Dvr`ke tnf f~zvis`hk _+ Emev`kf rftvrkfd th Lf

th ofchaf tnf sz`r`tvmi ifmdfr hl tnf Amenrfo` Bfus+ N`s stvd`fs mkd f~zfr`fkcf `k

Cmstìf nmd zrfzmrfd nà th lffi tnf f}vmi hl mkp Sfznmrd` scnhimr mkd `t ums nf unh

dmrfd th cnmiifkef tnf Sfznmrd` cimà th svzfr`hr`tp k amttfrs hl nmimgnmn mkd Thrmn+

@k tnf chk`ct h|fr gmsnrvtun`cn thhg zimcf dvr`ke =6?

ms tnf am`k szhgfsamk lhr tnf thsnm|à+ Lhiihu`ke tnf chk`ct nf urhtf m ohhg

zrfsfkt`ke n`s mrevafkts+=0 Nf sfkt tn`s trfmt`sf th amkp chaavk`t`fs th strfketnfk

tnfa k tnf`r hzzhs`t`hk th tnf mttfazts hl Sfznmrd` Bfus th àzhsf tnf`r nmimgnmn mkd

cvsthas hk tnf ihcmi Bfu`sn chaavk`t`fs+

Tnf `kvfkcf hl tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs ums mish chks`dfrmoif `k tnf fid hl

Gmoomimn+ Gmoomi`st`c stvdp `k Ahrhcch zrfdmtfd tnf mrr`|mi hl tnf Sfznmrd`

apst`cs+?: Mk azhrtmkt cfktrf hl Gmoomimn f~`stfd k Dmrm ohtn zr`hr mkd svosf}vfkt

=>

Snàhk Dvrmk Pmgn`k v!Ohm Amgnha NmGtm| Bfrvsmifa =00? @@ Kh+ 3+=0 mà Emev`kf Ft mà A+ Mamr .fd+) Omr @imk Vk`|frs`tp Zrfss _mamt Emk =0>5

.Nforfu)+ Hk _+ mà Emev`kf mkd tnf chk`ct sff tnf @ktrhdvct`hk zz+ ==!3:7 Emev`kfs

huk mcchvkt `s lhvkd `k Cnmztfr @ zz+ : zz+ ==3!=?:+

?: Sff A+miima`sn Tnf Gmoomimn k Ahrhcch2 Mk Mttfazt mt ts Cimss`cmt`hk @+ Ofmifi.fd+) Zmmaf` Ammrm|2 Ftvdfs bvdh!amenro`kfs Ofk!R|` @kst`tvtf Bfrvsmifa =0>3

zz+ ?:0!?=: .Nforfu)+


12/23

=0

Pha Th| Mss`s

th tnf F~zvis`hk+ Mcchrd`ke th Ahsnf Chrdh|frh `t ums lrha Dmrm tnmt m chaziftf

|frs`hk hl tnf Rhnmr szrfmd mkd rfmcnfd _+ Ahsnf df Ifhk mkd _+ P`tm} hl Mcrf+?=Tnf imttfr i`|fd `k Ahrhcch unfrf nf chvid nm|f rfcf`|fd `klhramt`hk mohvt tnf

rfd`sch|frp hl tnf Rhnmr `k tnf tn`rtffktn cfktvrp `k Dmrm+ \mr`hvs shvrcfs `kd`cmtf

tnmt Dmrm ums mk àzhrtmkt cfktrf hl Gmoomimn lrha tnf tn`rtffktn tnrhven th tnf

s`~tffktn cfktvrp+ Mitnhven tnf mrfm kf|fr mttrmctfd Sfznmrd` sfttifrs mkd tnf Bfus

tnfrf chkt`kvfd th vznhid tnf`r mkc`fkt ihcmi trmd`t`hks tnf Sfznmrd` Gmoomi`sts

f~frc`sfd mk àafksf `kvfkcf hk tnf stvdp hl tn`s fid fisfunfrf `k Ahrhcch+??

Mahke tnhsf unh chktròvtfd th tnf szrfmd hl tnf Gmoomimn `k Ahrhcch uf cmk

kmaf _+ Mormnma Smom unhsf chaafktmrp hk tnf Thrmn Trhr nm!Ahr un`cn nf

rfurhtf lrha afahrp dvr`ke n`s tfk!pfmr stmp `k Lf s`kcf n`s ohhgs nmd offk ihst

`k Zhrtvemi chktm`ks m apst`cmi `ktfrzrftmt`hk mcchrd`ke th tnf aftnhd hl tnf Rhnmr

zmrmiifi th tnf hrd`kmrp sfksf+ @k n`s chaafktmrp hk tnf uffgip zhrt`hk \m!ftmkmk

nf afkt`hks tnf sfrahks nf zrfmcnfd `k mii tnf spkmehevfs hl Lf sfrahks un`cn

ufrf vkdhvotfdip `kstrvafktmi `k szrfmd`ke n`s gmoomi`st`c |`fus+?3 N`s chaafktmrp

hk tnf Tfk Sfrht ums mish ur`ttfk `k Ahrhcch mkd sfkt th _+ Mimi ofk Mim`gn m

scnhimr rfs`dfkt k Tifacfk+?4 @k Tifacfk uf kd mkhtnfr Sfznmrd` apst`c _+ Phsfzn

ofk Ahsnf Mimsngmr+ Mkhtnfr ifmd`ke Sfznmrd` scnhimr unh nmd m zrhlhvkd azmct hk

tnf szrfmd mkd df|fihzafkt hl tnf Gmoomimn k Ahrhcch ums _+ Snàhk ok Im|` tnf

mvtnhr hlMi Mdkf Zm m chaafktmrp hk tnf Rhnmr+?6 Nf ums f`tnfr m omop unfk nf

cmaf lrha Cmstìf hr ums ohrk `k Ahrhcch th m lmaìp hl rflveffs+

Tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs ufrf str`g`keip svccfsslvi `k h|frcha`ke tnf fmrip zrhoifas

hl tnf`r `ktfermt`hk rmz`dip rfchkst`tvt`ke tnf`r chaavk`t`fs rffstmoi`sn`ke tnf`r

`kst`tvt`hks rf|`|`ke tnf`r Sfznmrd` Nforfu mkd Bfu`sn cvitvrf mkd rfmssfrt`ke tnf`r

zr`df `k tnf`r `dfkt`tp+ Tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs mkd tnf`r dfscfkdmkts crfmtfd tnf`r huk

?= Sff Chrdh|frhs chaafktmrp hk tnf Rhnmr Hr Pm}mr `k T`}vkf Rhnmr Mvmt @srmfi

Bfrvsmifa =0>3 @@2=:4 .Nforfu)+

?? ThifdmkhKfr Nm!Ammrm| .moh|f khtf 6)z+ =:0+ Tnf cfktrf mt Dmrm s lviip trfmtfd `k _+

Fi`hr Tnf Gmoomi`sts hl DrmmZfmaà^^@\ .=0>6) zz+ 3

?3 Sff R+ Ovmrhk Tnf F~zvis`hks lrha Szm`k mkd Zhrtvemi ms _ffctfd `k _moo` SmomsChaafktmr`fs .=454!=6=


13/23


?:

sfzmrmtf chaavk`t`fs mkd kst`tvt`hks mkd ufrf gkhuk ms Tnf Nhip Chaavk`t`fs hl

tnf _flveffs lrha Cmstìf k chktrmst th Tnf Nhip Chaavk`t`fs hl tnf Thsnm|à+? Tnf shvkd hl _hamkcf ums nfmrd k tnf

strffts k tnf spkmehevfs mkd k nhafs+ _hamkcf imkevmefs lrha @ofr`m zmrt`cvimrip

tnf Cmstì`mk un`cn ums th df|fihz `kth mgftm ufrf zrfdha`kmkt unfrf|fr

Sfznmrd` Bfus sfttifd `k svostmkt`mi kvaofrs+ Tnf lmaìp kmafs hl amkp Sfznmrd`

Bfus `k Ahrhcch ohrf mkd stìi ofmr u`tkfss th tnf`r @ofr`mk hrè`ks+?0 Dfsz`tf tnf

svr|`|mi hl ihcmi Amenrfo` Bfu`sn chaavk`t`fs mkd cvsthas vktì ahdfrk tàfs `t

cmk of smlfip mssvafd tnmt tnf Sfznmrd` rflveffs mkd tnf`r dfscfkdmkts `k Ahrhcch

tvrkfd tnf chvktrp `kth m ambhr cfktrf hl Sfznmrd` Bvdm`sa+

?< Hk tnf thsnm|à mkd afehrmsnà `k Lf sff Efrofr Bfu`sn Shc`ftp `k Lf .moh|f khtf

=0)zz+ 43!6=+

?5 M+@+ Imrfdh Ims tm}mkht df ihs f~zvismdhs df Cmstìim fk Amrrvfchs p sv reàfk

amtràhk`mi p svcfshrmi Sfznmrmd\@@@ .=04>) zz+ ?46!?5 Hk Bvdfh!Cmstì`mk hr mgftm `k Ahrhcch sff M+ Cmstrh Im ifkevm fszmhim df

Amrrvfchs_f|`stm N`szmkh!Mlr`cmkm@ Kh+ 6 .=0??) Wrfzvo+ `k_mcfsI@^ .?::4) zz+

=>>!??37 ^^^@@ .=06?) zz+ ?66!?>0+

?0 Sff D+ Chrchs _ff~`hks svr ihkhamst`}vf bvdh!khrd!mlr`cm`kf Lhigihrf _fsfmrcn

Cfktrf Stvd`fs @ .=05:) zz+ =!?5 W1 D+ Chrchs Stvd`fs `k tnf N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus hl

Ahrhcch _vo`k Amss Bfrvsmifa =05


14/23

?=

Pha Th| Mss`s

Amkp Kfu Cnr`st`mks lrha Zhrtvemi fscmzfd th Ahrhcch unfrf tnfp ufrf

`ktfermtfd kth tnf Sfznmrd` chaavk`tp mkd lrha tàf th tàf mddfd kfu oihhd th tnfSfznmrd` chaavk`t`fs+ M kvaofr hl Sfznmrd` Bfus sfr|fd ms d`zihamts `ktfrzrftfrs

mkd mefkts `k tnf sfr|`cf hl Szm`k Zhrtvemi hr Ahrhcch+ @t `s khtfuhrtnp tnmt tnf

Zhrtvemi tnmt dfmit sh nmrsnip u`tn tnf Bfus unh ufrf lhrcòip chk|frtfd `k =405

mkd ums imtfr th zfrsfcvtf mkd zrhsfcvtf tnhsf unh rftvrkfd th Bvdm`sa hr unh

chkt`kvfd th zrmct`cf Bfu`sn trmd`t`hks k sfcrft lhvkd kh zrhoifa k fazihp`ke tnhsf

unh fscmzfd lrha Zhrtvemi mkd hzfkip zrhlfssfd Bvdm`sa+ Tnf `kvfkcf hl tnfsf

d`zihamts ums àafksf lrf}vfktip of`ke `kstrvafktmi `k àzrh|`ke tnf stmtvs hl

tnf`r Bfu`sn orftnrfk+ @azhrtmkt ufmitnp Sfznmrd` lmaì`fs zimpfd m ambhr rhif `k tnf

chvktrp shaf of`ke sfkt ms Ahrhccmk maomssmdhrs th Zhrtvemi+3:

Amenrfo` _hhts `k Sfznmrd` Cvitvrf

Ift vs eh khu eh omcg ahrf tnmk |f cfktvr`fs zr`hr th tnf mrr`|mi hl tnf Sfznmrd`

rflveffs th tnf Ahrhcch hl tnf k`ktn mkd tfktn cfktvr`fs+ Tnf Mrmo chk}vfsts hl tnf

sf|fktn mkd fèntn cfktvr`fs rmd`cmiip cnmkefd tnf Bfu`sn uhrid mkd tnf chvrsf hl

Bfu`sn n`sthrp+ Op tnf ofe`kk`ke hl tnf fèntn cfktvrp tnf |mst ambhr`tp hl tnf Bfu`sn

zfhzif ufrf i`|`ke vkdfr @sima mkd |frp shhk mltfr tnf chk}vfsts ahst Bfus nmd

mdhztfd tnf Mrmo`c imkevmef+ F|fktvmiip tn`s afft`ke hl tnf Bfu`sn zfhzif u`tn tnf

uhrid hl @sima orhvent mohvt m spktnfs`s hl Bvdm`sa u`tn Erfch!Mrmo`c cvitvrf+3=Tn`s ums `k`t`mtfd op Smmd`mn Emhk3? mkd chkt`kvfd `k Sfznmrmd lhr m zfr`hd hl tuh

cfktvr`fs k m hvr`sn`ke Nforfu cvitvrf gkhuk ms Tnf Ehidfk Mef+

@ uhvid i`gf th zrhzhsf tnmt unìf Bfu`sn n`sthr`hermznp nms rèntip faznms`sfd tnf

erfmt cvitvrmi rfiè`hvs i`kev`st`c mkd i`tfrmrp mcn`f|fafkts hl tnf Sfznmrd` Ehidfk

shc`t bv`|f dmks if |`fv~ Amrhc ifs zrkhas dfs Bv`ls amrhcm`ks Lhigihrf _fsfmrcn

Cfktrf Stvd`fs@@@ .=05?) zz+ =43!??0+

3: N`rscnofreM N`sthrp hl tnf Bfus .moh|f khtf ?)\hi+ @ zz+ 4=:!3


15/23


??

Mef `t nms miahst thtmiip èkhrfd tnf rhif zimpfd op scnhimrs hl tnf Amenrfo `k

imp`ke tnf lhvkdmt`hks hl Sfznmrd` cvitvrf+ @t `s str`g`ke tnmt shaf rfimt`|fip sàziflmcts nm|f kht offk mddvcfd `k hrdfr th drmu unmt snhvid mzzfmr th of ho|`hvs

chkcivs`hks chkcfrk`ke tnf chktròvt`hk hl Ahrhccmk Bfu`sn scnhimrsn`z th tnf

Ehidfk Mef hl Sfznmrmd+33

Mitnhven Szm`k zhssfssfs m zimcf hl d`st`kct`hk `k zrhaht`ke tnf stvdp hl tnf

Nforfu imkevmef m sàzif f~ma`kmt`hk hl tnf lmcts dfahkstrmtfs tnmt tnf stvdp

hl tnf Nforfu imkevmef `k Szm`k ums `k`t`mtfd op Nforfu scnhimrs unh hrè`kmtfd

lrha Ahrhcch hr nmd stvd`fd tnfrf+ Dvkmsn ofk Imormt Nmif|` sh `ktàmtfip rfimtfd

th Sfznmrmd ms m ermaamr`mk mkd zhft `k tnf tfktn cfktvrp ums fdvcmtfd `k Lf+ 34

Dvkmsn cmaf th Szm`k mt tnf `k|`tmt`hk hlmsdm` òk Snmzrvt unh ums dftfra`kfd

th crfmtf m cfktrf hl Bfu`sn ifmrk`ke tnfrf+ _+ Pfnvdmn mppvb mish gkhuk ms Mov

Rfgnmrpm Pmpm ofk Dm|`d mi!Lms` unh ums tnf rst zfrshk th sveefst tnf trìmtfrmi

rhht hl Nforfu uhrds mkd th chazìf m Nforfu ermaamr ums mish lrha Lf+ Pfnvdmn

mppvb ums tnf tfmcnfr hl Phkmn òk Bmkm m zrffa`kfkt Nforfu ermaamr`mk+36

Dm|`d ofk Mormnma mi!Lms` urhtf m Nforfu d`ct`hkmrp cmiifdG`tmo Bma` mi!Milm+34) zz+ =Dvkmsn `k Sfmrcn hl tnf Lhvkdmt`hks hl Nforfu Imkevmef Stvd`m Hr`fktmi`m ^C\

.?::3) zz+ =55!=0:+

36 M+ Dhtmk I`kev`st`cs mkd Chazmrmt |f I`kev`st`cs `k tnf A`ddif Mefs2 Mk Mkmips`s

hl Hkf \fromi Zmttfrk `k Bvdmn mppvbs Ermaamr Tfvdmn @^ .=006) zz+ ==5!=3:

.Nforfu)7 K+ Omssmi Spktm~ `k Pfnvdmn mppvbsG`tmo mk!Kvtmlms mk Mrmo`c!Nforfu

Cvitvrmi FkchvktfrOfk F|fr if!Mrm|Mgà Tfi M|`| =00> zz+ 06!=== .Nforfu)7 M+

Amamk Tnf Lihvr`sn`ke Frm hl Bfu`sn F~fefs`s `k Szm`k2 Tnf I`kev`st`c Scnhhi Bvdmn

Nmppvb Bhkmn òk Bmkmn Ahsfs òk Cn`}v`tìim mkd Bvdmn òk Omima Soh Nforfu

Oòif(Hid Tfstmafkt.moh|f khtf 34) \hi+ @ ? .?:::) zz+ ?


16/23

?3

Pha Th| Mss`s

Tnf tnrff ermaamr`mks unh iflt Lf mii rfcf`|fd tnf`r Nforfu fdvcmt`hk tnfrf+ Hkf

hl tnf ahst àzhrtmkt Nforfu i`kev`sts unhsf chazmrmt`|f stvd`fs chkst`tvtf tnf rsthl tnf`r g`kd ums Pfnvdmn ofk ]vrmpsn mi!Tmnfrt`+ Mi!Tmnfrt` ums tnf rst i`kev`st th

zmp nffd th tnf rfimt`hks mkd sàìmr`t`fs oftuffk tnf Sfa`t`c imkevmefs Nforfu

Mrmo`c mkd Mrmam`c+ Mitnhven nf ums ohrk `k Tmnmrmt nf szfkt m ehhd zmrt hl n`s

i`lf `k Lf+ N`s ufii!gkhuk uhrg hk tnf àzhrtmkcf hl tnf rfmd`ke hl tnf Mrmam`c

trmksimt`hk hl tnf Thrmn ms zrfscròfd op tnf rmoo`s ums mctvmiip sfkt ms mk fz`stif

cmiifd tnf _msmimn th tnf Bfus hl Lf unh nmd sthzzfd rfmd`ke tnf Mrmam`c `k

hrdfr th zfrsvmdf tnfa th rf|frt th tnf mkc`fkt cvstha+ @t `s `ktfrfst`ke tnmt Pfnvdmn

fkdfm|hvrfd th dfahkstrmtf nhu vsflvi Mrmam`c ms ufii ms Mrmo`c chvid of lhr m

ofttfr vkdfrstmkd`ke hl tnf Nforfu tf~t+ F}vmiip `ktrèv`ke `s tnf mksufr hl tnf Bfus

hl Lf unh cimàfd tnmt tnfp nmd cfmsfd rfmd`ke tnf Mrmam c tf~t ofcmvsf tnfp lviip

vkdfrsthhd tnf Nforfu+35 @t mzzfmrs ho|`hvs tnmt Nforfu ermaamr `k Szm`k hufd

avcn th Ahrhccmk Nforfu ermaamr`mks mkd zhfts+

_fsfmrcn `k Tmiavd`c stvd`fs mcgkhuifdefs tnmt tnf erfmtfst scnhimr `k fmrip

Sfznmrmd ums _+ P`tm} ofk Pmm}h| nm!Ghnfk Milms` unh trmkslhrafd tnf pfsn`|mn

hl Ivcfkm `kth m nènip!d`st`kev`snfd cfktrf hl tmiavd`c scnhimrsn`z+ Mihkes`df _+

Ahsnf ofk mkhgn Milms` snhvid of chks`dfrfd tnf lhvkdfr hl tmiavd`c ifmrk`ke `k

Sfznmrmd+ N`s uhrgNmimgnhthr Tmiavd ]mtmk `s vkdhvotfdip hkf hl tnf amstfrz`fcfs

hl Bfu`sn cvitvrf mkd bvr`szrvdfkcf hkf hl tnf ahst `kvfkt`mi uhrgs zrhdvcfd `k

tnf A`ddif Mefs `k lmct+ _+ P`tm} Milms` ums ohrk ]mimt Omk` maamd `k =:=3

mkd d`fd `k Ivcfkm `k ==:3+ Nf szfkt mii n`s i`lf `k Lf nhuf|fr unfrf nf stvd`fd

mkd tmvent+ Unfk nf fd th Szm`k k =:>> nf ums sf|fktp!|f pfmrs hid+ Nf orhvent

th Ivcfkm tnf tmiavd`c frvd`t`hk un`cn nf nmd mc}v`rfd mkd df|fihzfd `k Lf+ Amkp

Zrfss Kfu Nm|fk =>3) zz+

>0!0= .Nforfu)7 M+ Umtmd Tnf Tmlgà mkd tnf Mgntmsmr `k Dm|`d ofk Mormnmas

I`kev`st`c Tfmcn`ke Ofkthiìm Pmmgh| .fd+) Nmdmssmn Snp Bvoìff Ohhg2 _fsfmrcn

Zmzfrs hk Nforfu I`kev`st`cs mkd Bfu`sn Imkevmefs Ofk Evr`hk Vk`|frs`tp hl tnf

Kfef| Offrsnf|m =00> zz+ : .Nforfu)+

35 U+B+ |mk Ofggva Tnf _`smim hl Pfnvdm òk ]vrmpsn mkd `ts Zimcf `k Nforfu

I`kev`st`csN`sthr`hermzn m I`kev`st`cm\@@@ ?(3 .=0>=) zz+ 3:5!3?57 B+ Lfiiamk Tnf

L`rst Chazmrmt`|f Nma`th!Sfa`t`st W@ok ]vrmpsnQI`kev`st`csCC\ .=05>) zz+


17/23


?4

hl n`s rfszhksm ahst hl un`cn ufrf ur`ttfk `k Mrmo`c ufrf chazhsfd `k Lf+3> N`s

hzvs amekva Sflfr nm!Nmimgnhtums ur`ttfk `k Lf mkd n`s `kvfkcf rfmcnfd dffz`kth chaavk`t`fs ofphkd tnf Zprfkffs+30 Hkcf mem`k uf sff nhu m erfmt scnhimr hltfk

`dfkt`fd u`tn Sfznmrmd ums k rfmi`tp tnf zrhdvct hl Ahrhcch cha`ke th Szm`k unfk

nf ums mirfmdp mk hvtstmkd`ke scnhimr+ Milms` mish erfmtip chktròvtfd th tnf zrfstèf

mkd stmkd`ke hl tnf pfsn`|m unfrf svcn scnhimrs ms _+ Phsfzn òk Afemsn mkd _+

Amàhk Amàhk`dfs lmtnfr stvd`fd+

Bhsfzn ok Zimt ahst cfrtm`kip lrha Lf ums mkhtnfr tmiavd`c scnhimr unh ah|fd

th Szm`k mkd tnfk th Zrh|fkcf `k tnf tufiltn cfktvrp+ Nf ums ahst zrhomoip hkf

hl tnf |`ctàs hl tnf Miahnmd`c zfrsfcvt`hks `k Mi!Mkdmivs unh lhvkd rflvef `k

Zrh|fkcf+ @ok Zimt f~frtfd m erfmt `kvfkcf `k Szm`k mkd ahst hl mii `k Zrh|fkcf+

Mahke tnf scnhimrs unha nf `kvfkcfd snhvid of afkt`hkfd _+ Mormnma ofk

P`tm} hl Kmrohkkf mkd _+ Rfrmpmn NmIf|`+ Bhsfzn òk Zimt ums mish `k chktmct

u`tn _+ Mormnma ofk Dm|`d hl Zhs}v`rfs unìf _+ Msnfr hl Ivkfi mvtnhr hlSflfr

Nm!A`knmeht ums zfrshkmiip `k thvcn u`tn nà mkd d`rfctip }vhtfs n`s uhrgs+4:

Tnf ahst `ktfrfst`ke sthrp rfemrds tnf sfttifafkt hl tnf Amàhk`dfs lmaìp `k

Lf+ Tnf Miahnmds unh cmaf th tnf m`d hl tnf`r Avsià orftnrfk `k Mi!Mkdmivs

mem`kst tnf md|mkc`ke Cnr`st`mk lhrcfs `k tnf @ofr`mk Zfk`ksvim rfam`kfd tnfrf mkd

ofemk àzhs`ke tnf`r str`ct zvr`tmk Avsià rfeàf hk tnf ihcmi zhzvimcf zfrsfcvt`ke

Avsiàs Cnr`st`mks mkd Bfus mi`gf+ Tnf Miahnmds dfstrhpfd Bfu`sn i`lf `k Mi!

Mkdmivs+ Amkp Bfus ufrf gìifd htnfrs ufrf lhrcòip chk|frtfd th @sima shaf ufrf

shid ms sim|fs mkd amkp fd th tnf khrtn th tnf N`szmk`c g`kedhas th Zrh|fkcf mkd

3> D+R+ _htst`fk Tnf _fszhksm hl tnf _`l Zvoi`snfd lhr tnf L`rst Tàf lrha As+ H~lhrdAs+ Nfo+ D \hi+ 3? Tnf Shvrcf mkd `ts Trmksimt`hk Hr NmA`rmn^^ .=05=) zz+ =56!

=0>7 @+ Lrmkths Stvd`fs k tnf _fszhksm hl _+ @smmc Milms` S`km`^C\ .=0>4) zz+ ?4:!

?4>7 C .=0>5) zz+


18/23

?6

Pha Th| Mss`s

th tnf fmst+ Svrzr`s`keip _+ Am`ahk mkd n`s lma`ip mltfr umkdfr`ke lhr ahrf tnmk m

dfcmdf rfmcnfd Lf mrhvkd ==


19/23


? .Mrmo`c hr`e`kmi)7 z+ 00 .Nforfu trmksimt`hks) Wmoorf|`mtfd

|frs`hkQ7 z+ =:: .Mrmo`c hr`e`kmi)7 z+ =:= .Nforfu trmksimt`hk) Wihke |frs`hkQ7 z+ ^@^

.Fkei`sn trmksimt`hk)+


20/23

?5

Pha Th| Mss`s

scnhimrs m c`tp hl chaafktmthrs unh vkdfrstmkd tnf sfcrfts hlS`lrf mkd S`lrm m

c`tp hln

mmkà unh zrmp u`tn m sufft |h`cf+46Amàhk`dfs uhrds `k n`s G`ddvsn Nmsnfa hr @eefrft Nmsnamd ifm|f kh dhvot

tnmt tnf lmaìp sfttifd k Lf ms Bfus2 Tnf md|`cf @ e`|f th apsfil mkd tnf |`fu tnmt @

mdhzt lhr apsfil lhr ap dfmr hkfs mkd e`|f th mii unh sffg ap md|`cf tnmt hkf snhvid

ifm|f svcn zimcfs Wunfrf lhrcòif chk|frs`hk `s dfcrffdQ mkd eh th m zimcf unfrf nf

cmk gffz n`s lm`tn mkd lvii tnf Thrmn u`tn kh chfrc`hk mkd kh lfmr snhvid ifm|f nhaf

mkd n`s cnìdrfk mkd f|frptn`ke nf nms 4< Svcn md|`cf chvid kht nm|f offk e`|fk op

shafhkf unh nmd szfkt m chks`dfrmoif kvaofr hl pfmrs ms m crpzth!Bfu+ Tnfrf snhvid

of kh dhvot tnmt _+ Amàhks dfc`s`hk th sfttif `k Lf ums dvf th `ts zhs`t`hk ms mk

àzhrtmkt Thrmn cfktrf nhaf th m zrfstè`hvs pfsn`|m+45

Tnf nfmd hl tnf mcmdfap unfrf _+ Ahsnf ofk Amàhk mkd n`s orhtnfr stvd`fd ums

_+ Pfnvdmn nm!Ghnfk òk Svsmk+ Amàhk`dfs mish amdf tnf mc}vm`ktmkcf tnfrf hl

mkhtnfr scnhimr lrha Szm`k unh lhvkd rflvef `k Lf2 Phsfl ofk Pfnvdmn òk Mgk`k+

Tnfrf thh Amàhk`dfs aft n`s d`sc`zif _+ Phsfzn ofk Pfnvdmn òk Snàhk m

kmt`|f hl Lf th unha nf sfkt n`s Ev`df lhr tnf Zfrzif~fdmltfr nf sfttifd k Mifzzh+

Minmr`` unh trmksimtfd tnf Ev`df lhr tnf Zfrzif~fd dfd`cmtfd n`s trmksimt`hk th

nà+ @ktrhdvc`ke nà ms m zr`kcf hl Szm`k m ih|fr hl ifmrk`ke Bhsfzn op kmaf nf

zrfsfktfd nà u`tn m imvdmthrp zhfa2

Zfmcf U`sdhas gkènt- @k phvr zmss`hkfd ent

Lhr gkhuifdef kf|fr phvr sz`r`t t`rfTnhven em`kst phvr nmkd mkd orènt chaamkd

Ehdifss mkd èkhrmkt afk chksz`rf +++4>

46 N+ Scn`ramk Fife`fs hk tnf Zfrsfcvt`hks k @srmfi Mlr`cm Szm`k Eframkp mkd Lrmkcf

Ghof mi Bmd A`khrm Amkvscr`ztm Nform`cm Afg`tf K`rdmaà Bfrvsmifa k+s+ @@@

W^@@@Q =030 zz+ 3=!36 .Nforfu)7 tnf rflfrfkcf th Lf `s lhvkd hk z+ 36+

45 z+ 66 .Nforfu)+45 Sff _+ Smmd`mn ok Dmkhk Ammamr mi Sfdfr Nm!Dhrht zvoi`snfd kN

fadmn Efkvmn

R+N+ Fdfiamk .fd+) Ervofr , Fvznrmt Gkèsovre =>6: W1 znhthchzp fd+ R`hk Tfi M| |

=0+

4> Bvdmn Minmr`` Tnf Ohhg hl Tmngfahk` Bfu`sn Tmifs lrha Afd`f|mi Szm`k D+S+ Sfemi .fd+

mkd trmks+) I`ttamk Iòrmrp Ihkdhk mkd Zhrtimkd ?::= z+ 3>0+


21/23


?>

@k rfszfct th n`s chktfazhrmr`fs Minmr`` lhvkd kh Ahrhccmk Nforfu zhfts hl rfmi

cmiòrf f~cfzt lhr Phsfzn ofk Pfnvdmn òk Snàhk+ Unìf tnf uhrids erfmtfstsmefs tnf crhuks hl tnf mefs nmd i`|fd `k Ahrhcch oflhrf tnf zfrsfcvt`hks hl tnf

Miahrm|`ds mkd lhrcòif chk|frs`hks hkip hkf zhft khu rfam`ks _+ Phsfzn ofk

Pfnvdmn+ Mzmrt lrha ofk Pfnvdmns zhfas nf chvid kd `k tnf mrfms hl Ahrhcch

WAmmrm|Q kh htnfr sufft mkd ofmvt`lvi shke+40 @k hkf hl tnf zhfas nf dfd`cmtfd

th nà Minmr`` cmiis nà Kfr Ammrm|` Tnf Iènt hl tnf Amenrfo+6: I`gf n`s

tfmcnfr Pfnvdmn ums mish m znps`c`mk+6=

Lf ums vkdhvotfdip mk mttrmct`|f Thrmn cfktrf2 tnf kvaofr hl scnhimrs lrha mii

d`sc`zi`kfs unh i`|fd mkd(hr uhrgfd tnfrf `s àzrfss`|f mkd `kcrfmsfs ms rfsfmrcn

`k tnf fid chkt`kvfs+ _+ Pfnvdmn ofk Mooms mvtnhr hl tnf drmamt`c z`ppvt Ft

Snmmrf _mthk un`cn `s svke `k mii Sfznmrd` spkmehevfs hk _hsn Nmsnmkmn oflhrf

tnf oihu`ke hl tnf snhlmr ums mish lrha Lf+ Mitnhven nf mish f|fktvmiip ah|fd th

Mifzzh Pfnvdmn ofk Mooms ums tnf zrhdvct hl tufiltn!cfktvrp Nforfu scnhimrsn`z

`k Lf+6? Minmr`` rfzhrts tnf erfmt mda`rmt`hk tnf Bfus hl Mifzzh d`szimpfd lhr nà

ms tnf erfmtfst zhft hl mii+63 @k n`s Tmngfahk` Minmr`` rflfrs th nà u`tn mzzrfc`mt`hk

a`~fd u`tn cr`t`c`sa2 _moo` Bvdmn ofk Mooms thh tvrkfd n`s stfzs thumrds tnf Fmst

mkd orhvent th Shkes lfmst i`kfs svccvifkt mkd lmt `l htnfrs ifss tnmk tnmt7 mkd stìi

htnfrs drp mkd mt+64

Sf|frmi hl tnf scnhimrs rfs`dfkt k Lf mish rfcf`|fd m sfcvimr fdvcmt`hk shaf f|fk

stvdp`ke vkdfr Avsià tfmcnfrs+ Svcn m evrf ums Phsfzn ofk Pfnvdmn òk Snàhk

unh szfc`mi`fd k znìhshznp amtnfamt`cs mkd afd`c`kf+ S`kcf Amàhk`dfs chvid

kht nm|f stvd`fd afd`c`kf dvr`ke tnf zfr`hd n`s lmaìp umkdfr`ke oftuffk Chrdh|m

40 _moo` Pfnvdmn Minmr`` Tmngfahk` M+ Gma`kgm .fd+) Scnvidofre , ch+ Umrsmu =>00

z+=>67 sff mish z+ 3


22/23

?0

Pha Th| Mss`s

mkd Lf nf avst nm|f rfcf`|fd n`s afd`cmi trm`k`ke `k Lf+ @k n`s uhrgs tnfrf

mrf rflfrfkcfs th f~zfrts hl afd`c`kf lrha Ahrhcch mi!Amenrò+ Hk kvafrhvshccms`hks nf ur`tfs `k rflfrfkcf th afd`c`kf2 @k hvr imkd mi!Amenrò Tn`s erfmt

Sfznmrd` znps`c`mk cifmrip rfcf`|fd n`s afd`cmi trm`k`ke k Ahrhcch+66

Unfk _+ Amàhk dfc`dfd th ifm|f Lf lhiihu`ke tnf dfmtn hl _+ Pfnvdmn òk

Svsmk lhr tnf smkct`cmt`hk hl E!ds kmaf `k ==


23/23


3:

Fzìhevf

@k chkcivs`hk @ u`sn th sveefst tnmt mihkes`df tnf zrhlhvkd `kvfkcf f~frc`sfd op

Sfznmrd` Bfurp hk tnf Bfus hl Ahrhcch lhiihu`ke tnf f~zvis`hk hl =40? mkd tnf

lhrcòif chk|frs`hk hl Zhrtvemi k =405 mk kvfkcf un`cn s efkfrmiip rfchek`fd

uf snhvid mish mcgkhuifdef tnf rhif zimpfd op Bfus hl tnf Amenrfo `k snmz`ke mkd

zrhaht`ke tnf cvitvrf hl Sfznmrmd lrha `ts `kcfzt`hk mkd vz vkt i tnf fkd hl tnf sh!

cmiifd Ehidfk Mef hl Szmk`sn Bfurp `k tnf tufiltn cfktvrp+ Tn`s mrt`cif `s m ahdfst

mttfazt th rfafdp m n`sthr`hermzn`cmi `kbvst`cf op th e`|`ke crfd`t th Ahrhccmk

scnhimrsn`z lhr `ts ambhr chktròvt`hk th tnf r`sf hl tnf Bfu`sn Sfznmrd`c cvitvrf tnmt

rfcf`|fd tnf t`tif tnf Ehidfk Mef+

Documents

CursoDeLadino.com.ar - El Presente, vol. 2, diciembre de 2008. La cultura Judeo-Española del Norte de Marruecos - Yaakov Bentolila