moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo

pirveli da meore nawilebi

maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSi

Cveni garemolia SalvaSvili, manana maWavariani

Cveni garemolia SalvaSvili, manana maWavariani

maswavleblissaxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSi

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSipirveli nawili

Cveni garemolia SalvaSvili, manana maWavariani

dafinansebulia „moswavleebis saxelmZRvaneloebiT uzrunvelyofis programis“ farglebSi

ISBN 978-9941-428-67-8

Cveni garemo 3lia SalvaSvili

manana maWavariani

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSi

pirveli nawili

SemecnebaTbilisi • 2018

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier 2018 wels

Cveni garemo 3moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo bunebismetyvelebaSipirveli nawili

avtori:lia SalvaSvili (jgufis xelmZRvaneli) _ pedagogi, bio-geografi, geograf. mecnierebaTa doqtori, iakob gogebaSvilis premiis laureati

manana maWavariani _ fizikosi

redaqtori _ givi bojgua _ filologi

dizaineri da damkabadonebeli _ manana maWavarianimxatvroba da kompiuteruli grafika _ ilia WrelaSvilisfotoebi _ akaki muSkiaSvilisgarekanis dizaini _ nato yubaneiSvilis

yvela ufleba daculia.am saxelmZRvanelos arc erTi nawili, aranairi formiTa da saSualebiT, iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier 2018 wels

ISBN 978-9941-428-67-8

© gamomcemloba `Semecneba~, 2018© l. SalvaSvili, m. maWavariani, 2018 Tbilisi, antonovskaias 9b

telefoni 995 32 260 23 15; 995 599 55 05 54 elfosta: info@shemetsneba.ge vebgverdi: www.shemetsneba.ge

mesame gamocema, 2018

CHVENI GAREMO (OUR NATURE) 3Student’S textbook in natural Science • Part i

Author Lia Shalvashvili, Manana MachavarianiRedactor Givi Bojgua

All rights reserved

© Publishing House SHEMETSNEBA, 2018© L. Shalvashvili, M. Machavariani, 2018 9b Antonovskaya Street., Tbilisi, Georgia Phone 995 32 260 23 15; 995 599 55 05 54 E-mail: info@shemetsneba.ge www.shemetsneba.ge

24

Cveni garemo 3

11. siTbos gadacema

I. praqtikuli samuSao _ `siTbo~.

saWiro masala: buki; cxeli wyliT savse ori minis Wiqa, minis Tavsaxurebi, asanTis carieli kolofi da carieli minis qila, wylis Termometri.

1. CarTe buki.2. bukis samuSao magidaze (Desktop) Sen xedav patara naxatebs _

piqtogramebs. qveS gakeTebuli aqvT warwerebi.3. daakvirdi piqtogramebs da moZebne iseTi, romelsac qvemoT

aqvs warwera _ siTbo.rtf.

4. miiyvane mausis (an TaCpedis) mimTiTebeli (kursori) am piqto-gramasTan da orjer daawkapune.

5. daakvirdi, ra Seicvala? _ ekranze gaixsna axali fanjara. axla Sen SegiZlia Seasrulo davaleba.

bolos ar dagaviwydes Seni namuSevris Senaxva.

25

siTbo

praqtikuli samuSaos Sedegad Sen darwmundi, rom minis qilaSi arsebul haers gadaeca cxeli wylis siTbo.

rogor fiqrob, ratom? _ Wiqas mina exura, Tbili haeri darCa minis WurWelSi da WiqaSi ar-sebuli cxeli wylis mier gadacemuli siTbo ga-reT ar gauSva.

aseve gaTba asanTis cariel kolofSi arse-buli haeri, romelmac ar misca wyals gaciebis saSualeba.

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tbil sxeuls ha-eri unarCunebs siTbos.

II. fanjrebs ormag minebs ukeTeben. minebs Soris yovelTvis toveben sivrces.

rogor fiqrob, ratom?

rogor fiqrob, ra `exmareba~ Cven sxeuls siTbos SenarCunebaSi.

saxelmZRvanelosgamoyenebis instruqcia

gakveTilisnomeri

da saTaurigakveTilis

ZiriTadi teqsti

logo, romelic Segaxsenebs,

rom es davaleba kompiuterisgamoyenebiTsruldeba

gverdisnomerirubrika `davaleba~,

romelic masalisSejamebisa da codnis

ganmtkicebis mizniT aris warmodgenili

savarjiSo, romelicsaswavlo miznis

miRwevas emsaxureba

ilustracia, romelicgexmareba

savarjiSos SesrulebaSi

sarCevi

pirveli nawili

mze da mTvare

1-2. mze da mTvare ............................................................6

3. sinaTle ....................................................................... 11

4-5. Crdili ..................................................................... 14

6. dRe da Rame ................................................................ 16

8. Semajamebeli gakveTili _ mze da mTvare ................ 19

siTbo

9-10. siTbo ...................................................................... 20

11. siTbos gadacema ....................................................... 24

12. siTbos gatareba ....................................................... 26

13. Tboizolatorebi ..................................................... 29

14. usafrTxoebis dacva ................................................ 32

bgeraTa samyaro

16. bgera .......................................................................... 34

17. bgeris wyaro. musikaluri instrumentebi ............. 35

18-19. bgeris gavrceleba .............................................. 36

20. maRali da dabali JReradobis bgerebi ................. 37

22. xmamaRali da xmadabali bgerebi ............................. 39

bunebrivi movlenebi

24. bunebrivi movlenebi ................................................ 42

25. daria Tu avdaria ..................................................... 44

26. pirobiTi niSnebi da amindi ..................................... 45

27. amindis prognozi ..................................................... 47

29. bunebis cocxali meteosamsaxuri ........................... 48

rubrikebis pirobiTi niSnebi

daakvirdi moifiqre

Caatare cda gamoiyene buki

yvavilovani mcenareebi

31-32. yvavilovani mcenareebi ............................................ 50

33-34. fesvi .......................................................................... 53

35. Rero ................................................................................ 57

36-37. foToli ..................................................................... 61

38-39. mcenare da sinaTle .................................................. 65

40-41. yvavili ....................................................................... 69

42. saqarTvelos flora ..................................................... 73

43. eqskursia tyeSi .............................................................. 76

6

Cveni garemo 3

1-2. mze da mTvare

I. daakvirdi fotos da aRwere.

Sen ukve ici, rom mze uzarmazari manaTobeli varskvlavia. Zvel dros adamianebs egonaT, rom mzec, mTvarec da sxva ciuri sxeulebi varskv-lavebia. mogvianebiT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaves varskvlavebi, planetebi da planetebis Tanamg-zavrebi.

sityva `planeta~ qarTulad moxetiales niS-navs. planetas marTlac SeuZlia mzis irgvliv moZraoba.

mTvare Cveni planetis _ dedamiwis Tanamgzav-ria. igi dedamiwasTan erTad `mgzavrobs~ kos-mosSi (samyaroSi).

7

mze da mTvare

II. daakvirdi fotoebs. ra aris gamosaxuli maTze? samuSao furcelze Cawere TiToeulis saxeli. aRwere isini da Seadare erTmaneTs.

8

Cveni garemo 3

albaT dakvirvebixar RamiT caze moelva-re mTvares. modi gavarkvioT, rogor anaTebs mTvare.

saWiro masala: fanari (`mze~), globusi (`dedamiwa~) da

sarke (`mTvare~).

IV. praqtikuli samuSao _ `rogor anaTebs mTvare~.

III. gaixsene, ra ici dedamiwis Sesaxeb.

dedamiwa kosmosidan.

es globusia _ dedamiwis modeli.

sityva `glubusi~ qarTulad burTs (sferos) niSnavs.

9

mze da mTvare

1. daakvirdi sarkes _ anaTebs Tu ara.2. fanari mianaTe sarkes. axla anaTebs Tu ara sarke?3. globusisken mimarTe sarke da isev mianaTe fanari.4. daakvirdi da aRwere Sedegi.

dakvirvebis Sedegad Sen darwmundi rom mTva res sakuTari naTeba ara aqvs. igi mzis sxi-vebs ireklavs da am areklili sxivebiT anaTebs.

10

Cveni garemo 3

V. daakvirdi mTvares.

zRvis napiridan danaxuli

savse mTvare

mzis sxivebiT zogjer mTvaris nawili naTde-ba. amis gamo Cven caze sxvadasxva formis mTva-res vxedavT: xan _ savses (mrgvals), xan _ nax-evrad savses, xanac namgliseburs.

mTvareze ar aris wyali da haeri, amitomac iq arc mcenareebi xarobs da arc cxovelebi bi-nadroben. mTvareze ar aris sicocxle.

amerikeli kosmonavtebi

mTvareze

11

mze da mTvare

3. sinaTle

I. fotoebze sinaTlis bunebrivi da xelovnuri wyaroebia asaxuli. amoicani, romel fotozea sinaTlis bunebrivi wyaro da romelze _ xelovnuri. daasaxele fotos nomeri.

Sen ukve ici, rom mze gvaZlevs sinaTlesa da siTbos. sinaTle aucilebelia yvela cocxali organizmisTvis.

rogor fiqrob, usinaTlod dainaxavdi rome-lime sagans?

sinaTle saSualebas gvaZlevs _ aRviqvaT sa-gnebi, SevZloT garemoSi orientireba, Sevasru-loT sxvadasxva samuSao...

albaT gainteresebs _ rogor `mogzaurobs~ sinaTle.

modi, gavarkvioT.

12

Cveni garemo 3

II. praqtikuli samuSao _ `rogor `mogzaurobs~ sinaTle~.

saWiro masala: 2 erTnairi kvadratis formis muyaos naWeri, 2 erTnairi marTkuTxedis formis muyaos naWeri, makrateli, fanari.

1. marTkuTxedis formis muyaosgan daamzade ori sadgami _ oTx tol nawilad gayavi muyao da gadakece ise, rogorc suraTzea mocemuli;

2. makratliT gaWeri or adgilas;3. TiToeul gaWril sadgamze daamagre (Camoacvi) kvadratis

formis muyao, romelsac winaswar unda gaukeTo naxvreti;4. miRebuli `kedlebi~ dadgi zustad erTmaneTis mopirdapired;

5. aanTe fanari da mianaTe erT-erTi `kedlis~ naxvrets;6. daakvirdi, aRwere da samuSao furcelze Cawere Sedegi.7. erT-erTi `kedeli~ gawie gverdze ise, rom `kedlebis~ nax-

vretebi erTmaneTis mopirdapired aRar iyos;8. isev mianaTe fanari pirveli `kedlis~ naxvrets;9. daakvirdi, aRwere da Seecade gamoitano daskvna.

13

mze da mTvare

III. SearCie, Seni azriT, zedmeti sityva da daasabuTe arCevanis siswore. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

1. mze, wigni, naTura, fanari; 2. varskvlavi, koconi, sanTeli, fanqari; 3. asanTi, elva, rveuli, lampa.

praqtikuli samuSaos Sedegad uTuod dar-wmundi, rom sinaTle sworxazovnad (wrfivad) vrceldeba, Tanac Zalian swrafad. rodesac TiTs vaWerT eleqtroCamrTvelis Rilaks, vxedavT, rom sinaTle umalve inTeba. sinamdvileSi sinaT-lis gavrcelebas imdenad mcire dro sWirdeba, rom mas verc ki vamCnevT.

am fotoebzec SeamCnev, rom sinaTle sworxazovnad vrceldeba

Sen ukve ici, rom planetas (magaliTad, dedamiwas) SeuZlia mzis irgvliv moZraoba.

rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba Tu ara erTdroulad mTlianad ganaTdes mTeli planeta?

moifiqre, rogor SeiZleba Seamowmo Seni pasuxi.

14

Cveni garemo 3

4-5. Crdili

I. praqtikuli samuSao _ `rogor `ibadeba~ Crdili~.

saWiro masala: Savi muyao, makrateli, webovani lenti, feradi flomasteri, xis joxi da fanari.

1. fanari mianaTe kedels; daakvirdi, rogor vrceldeba sinaTle (fanari uZravi unda iyos);

2. muyaoze flomasteriT daxate romelime figuris konturi da makratliT amoWeri;

3. figura webovani lentiT daamagre joxze;4. Caabnele oTaxi;5. kedlis fonze joxiT daiWire figura da mianaTe fanari;6. figura ramdenjerme daaSore da miuaxlove kedels;7. daakvirdi da aRwere Sedegi.

praqtikuli samuSaos Sedegad kedelze davi-naxeT muqi laqa (figuris msgavsi gamosaxuleba). rogor fiqrob, ratom? _ imitom rom sinaTlis gavrcelebis gzaze movaTavseT sxeuli (figura). sxivebis nawilma ver miaRwia kedlamde. sxeulis ukan warmoiqmna Crdili.

Sen dainaxe, rom, roca figura davaSoreT kedels da mivuaxloveT fanars, Crdili gadid-da. xolo roca figura mivuaxloveT kedels da davaSoreT fanars, Crdili dapataravda.

15

mze da mTvare

II. daakvirdi fotoebs. amoicani, romelia sagani da romeli _ Crdili. riTi hgavs Crdili sagans? riTi gansxvavdeba?

mzian amindSi Seni saxlis ezoSi, gaSlil (Ria) adgilas, CaarWe joxi. daakvirdi joxis Crdilis sigrZis cvalebadobas. Crdili Semoxaze carciT diliT, SuadRiT, saRamos. daakvirdi da aRwere Sedegi.Sedegi warmoadgine Canawerebis da Canaxatebis saxiT.

16

Cveni garemo 3

6. dRe da Rame

II. praqtikuli samuSao _ `dRe da Rame~.

saWiro masala: vaSli, 2 sxvadasxva feris alami da fanari.

1. vTqvaT, vaSli dedamiwaa, anTebuli fanari _ mze, mopirdapire mxares CarWobili almebi ki saxlebi.

2. Cabnelebul oTaxSi vaSli abrune yunwis saSualebiT da mianaTe fanriT. fanari ar amoZrao.

3. daakvirdi da aRwere Sedegi.

I. daakvirdi suraTs da aRwere. gaixsene, ra ici dRisa da Ramis Sesaxeb.

17

mze da mTvare

praqtikuli samuSaos Sedegad Sen darwmundi, rom vaSlis (anu dedamiwis) is mxarea ganaTebuli, romelic fanrisken (anu mzisken) aris miqceuli.

dedamiwa ganuwyvetliv moZraobs, brunavs, xan erT gverds miuqcevs mzes, xan _ meores. im mxareSi, romelsac mze anaTebs, dRea, sawinaaRm-degoSi ki _ Rame.

dedamiwa erT bruns erT dRe-Rames andomebs.diliT Tendeba. SuadRisas mze yvelaze metad

anaTebs da aTbobs dedamiwas, saRamos Rame cv-lis. dila, SuadRe, saRamo, Rame _ dRe-Ramis mo-nakveTebia.

18

Cveni garemo 3

daakvirdi naxatebs.

daasaxele dRe-Ramis romeli monakveTia asaxuli TiToeul naxatze.

rogor fiqrobT, swori Tana mim devrobiTaa danomrili? daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

19

mze da mTvare

8. Semajamebeli gakveTili _ mze da mTvare

I. waikiTxe qvemoT mocemuli ori mosazreba. eTanxmebi Tu ara? daasabuTe Seni pasuxi. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

1. xuT eleqtroRumels SeuZlia ufro meti adamianis gaTboba dedamiwaze, vidre mzes.

2. ocdaaT lampions SeuZlia ufro meti teritoriis ganaTeba, vidre mzes.

II. amoxseni gamocana. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

`gabadruli, ganabuli, zecas Tavze davqaTqaTeb, xSirad gvian gamovdivar, mzis naSuqi sxivi manTebs~.

III. SearCie da daasaxele swori pasuxi:

a) ra aris dedamiwisTvis mTvare? planeta; bunebrivi Tanamgzavri; varskvlavi.

b) rogori formis SeiZleba iyos mTvare? oTxkuTxedi; mrgvali; samkuTxedi.

IV. ipove Secdoma da gaaswore. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

1. mze sinaTlis xelovnuri wyaroa.

2. Crdilis forma da zoma yovelTvis ucvlelia.

3. sanTeli sinaTlis bunebrivi wyaroa.

V. gaixsene, ra ici mzis Sesaxeb da moifiqre, ratom gvaTbobs mze da ara romelime sxva varskvlavi?

20

Cveni garemo 3

9-10. siTbo

I. daakvirdi fotoebs. ra aris gamosaxuli maTze? aRwere da Seadare erTmaneTs.

21

siTbo

II. gaixsene, ra ici mzis, dedamiwis da haeris Sesaxeb.

dedamiwa haeris feniT aris garSemortymuli. sagnebs Soris arsebuli yoveli xvreli, patara bzari Tu WuWrutana hae riTaa amovsebuli. haeri ufero, usuno da gamWvirvalea.

dedamiwas mze aTbobs. im adgilebSi, sadac miwa ufro metad Tbeba, haeric ufro Tbilia. Tbili haeri zeviT miiwevs, mis adgils ki civi haeri ikavebs.

22

Cveni garemo 3

III. praqtikuli samuSao _ `siTbo~.

saWiro masala: plastilini, xis Cxiri, furceli, fanqari, saxazavi, makrateli.

1. furcelze daxaze kvadrati (zomiT 5×5 sm) da gamoWeri.2. xis Cxiri vertikalurad CaarWe plastilinSi.3. gamoWrili furceli gadakece ise, rogorc meore fotozea.4. qaRaldis figura Camoacvi xis Cxirs.5. xelisgulebi magrad uxaxune erTmaneTs.6. xelisgulebi miuaxlove figuras.7. daakvirdi da aRwere Sedegi.

1. masala 2. 3.

2, 3. samuSao etapebi

praqtikuli samuSaos Sedegad Sen darwmundi, rom xelisgulebis siTbo haers gadaeca. haeri gaTba, civi adgilisken gadainacvla. Tbili haeri Seexo qaRaldis fuguras da aamoZrava.

IV. rogor fiqrob, ra moxdeboda garemoSi sinaTlisa da siTbos gareSe?

23

siTbo

V. daakvirdi sxvadasxva daniSnulebis Termometrs. Seadare isini erTmaneTs.

haeris

haeris

meqanikuri

samedicino

haeris

haeris (oTaxSi)

wylis

siTbos aTvlas iwyeben ricxvi nulidan zemoT. yinvis aTvlas iwyeben nulidan qvemoT. siTbos gradusebis aRmniSvnel ricxvs win usvamen `+~-s (pluss). yinvis gradusebis

aRmniSvnel ricxvs `_~-s (minuss). sityva `gradusis~ aRniSvnisaTvis iyeneben patara wres da laTinur aso C-s _ °C. sityva `gradusi~ qarTulad nabijs,

safexurs niSnavs.

24

Cveni garemo 3

11. siTbos gadacema

I. praqtikuli samuSao _ `siTbo~.

saWiro masala: buki; cxeli wyliT savse ori minis Wiqa, minis Tavsaxurebi, asanTis carieli kolofi da carieli minis qila, wylis Termometri.

1. CarTe buki.2. bukis samuSao magidaze (Desktop) Sen xedav patara naxatebs _

piqtogramebs. qveS gakeTebuli aqvT warwerebi.3. daakvirdi piqtogramebs da moZebne iseTi, romelsac qvemoT

aqvs warwera _ siTbo.rtf.

4. miiyvane mausis (an TaCpedis) mimTiTebeli (kursori) am piqto-gramasTan da orjer daawkapune.

5. daakvirdi, ra Seicvala? _ ekranze gaixsna axali fanjara. axla Sen SegiZlia Seasrulo davaleba.

bolos ar dagaviwydes Seni namuSevris Senaxva.

25

siTbo

praqtikuli samuSaos Sedegad Sen darwmundi, rom minis qilaSi arsebul haers gadaeca cxeli wylis siTbo.

rogor fiqrob, ratom? _ Wiqas minis qila exura, Tbili haeri darCa minis WurWelSi da siTbo, romelic cxelma wyalma gadasca, qilam gareT ar gauSva.

aseve gaTba asanTis cariel kolofSi arse-buli haeri, romelmac ar misca wyals gaciebis saSualeba.

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tbil sxeuls ha-eri unarCunebs siTbos.

II. fanjrebs ormag minebs ukeTeben. minebs Soris yovelTvis toveben sivrces.

rogor fiqrob, ratom?

rogor fiqrob, ra `exmareba~ Cven sxeuls siTbos SenarCunebaSi.