Cveni garemo mogzaurobisTvis gaeZlo. dRes ukve viciT, rom SeuZlia, Tanac, ara marto frena, aramed Tveebis ganmavlobaSi kosmosSi mecnieruli dakvir - vebebis Catareba. iuri gagarini

dafinansebulia „moswavleebis saxelmZRvaneloebiT uzrunvelyofis programis“ farglebSi

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo

maswavleblis saxelmZRvanelo

moswavlis saxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSi

Cveni garemolia SalvaSvili, manana maWavariani


maswavleblissaxelmZRvanelobunebismetyvelebaSi



ISBN 978-9941-428-55-5

Cveni garemo 5lia SalvaSvili

manana maWavariani


SemecnebaTbilisi • 2018

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier 2018 wels

Cveni garemo 5moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo bunebismetyvelebaSi

avtori:lia SalvaSvili (jgufis xelmZRvaneli) _ pedagogi, bio-geografi, geograf. mecnierebaTa doqtori, iakob gogebaSvilis premiis laureati

manana maWavariani _ fizikosi

redaqtori _ givi bojgua _ filologi

dizaineri da damkabadonebeli _ manana maWavarianimxatvroba da kompiuteruli grafika _ ilia WrelaSvilisfotoebi _ akaki muSkiaSvilisgarekanis dizaini _ nato yubaneiSvilis

52-53, 54, 55, 57, 59 gakveTilebSi, avtoris TanxmobiT, gamoyenebuliaTeoriuli masala wignidan `mikroevoluciis safuZvlebi~ (SaTiriSvili a., WuWulaSvili i. Tsu _ Tb. : Tbil. un-tis gam-ba, 2005. ISBN 99940-38-43-5).gamomcemloba Semecneba da saxelmZRvanelos avtorebi madlobas uxdian baton aivengo SaTiriSvils.

yvela ufleba daculia.am saxelmZRvanelos arc erTi nawili, aranairi formiTa da saSualebiT, iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri, ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros mier 2018 wels

ISBN 978-9941-428-55-5

© gamomcemloba `Semecneba~, 2018© l. SalvaSvili, m. maWavariani, 2018 Tbilisi, antonovskaias 9b

telefoni 995 32 260 23 15; 995 599 55 05 54 elfosta: [email protected] vebgverdi: www.shemetsneba.ge

mesame gamocema, 2018

CHVENI GAREMO (OUR NATURE) 5Student’S textbook in natural Science

Author Lia Shalvashvili, Manana MachavarianiRedactor Givi Bojgua

All rights reserved

© Publishing House SHEMETSNEBA, 2018© L. Shalvashvili, M. Machavariani, 2018 9b Antonovskaya Street., Tbilisi, Georgia Phone 995 32 260 23 15; 995 599 55 05 54 E-mail: [email protected] www.shemetsneba.ge

cocxali samyaro

50

Cveni garemo 5

28-29. ra aris ekosistema?

Sen ukve ici, rom yovel cocxal organizms arsebobisTvis sWirdeba sakvebi, wyali, haeri, siTbo da sinaTle. is sacxovreblad yovelTvis garkveul garemos ìrCevs~ da es arCevani ar aris SemTxveviTi.

TeTri daTvis sabinadro garemo arqtikaa. es cxoveli Crdilo yinulovani okeanis sanapiroze da kunZulebze binadrobs. TeTr daTvs xSiri bewvi aqvs, romelic siTbos unarCunebs. mas siTbos SenarCunebaSi kanis qveS arsebuli cximis sqeli fenac exmareba, amave dros is sakvebis maragic aris. TeTri Seferiloba msxverplis mopovebaSi Svelis. TeTri daTvebi yinulis qveS mcurav selapebze nadiroben. daTvebs TaTebze magari `lanCebi~ aqvT, romlebic ar srialebs da yinulsa da Tovlze siaruls uadvilebs.

I. gaixsene, ra sWirdeba cocxal organizms arsebobisTvis?

TeTri daTvi arqtikaSi erTkuziani aqlemi udabnoSi

aqlemis sabinadro garemo udabnoebi da naxevarudabnoebia. udabnos qviSaze moZraoba Zalian Znelia, vinaidan cxovelebs fexi ucurdebaT an qviSaSi eflobaT. siarulis dros aqlemi qviSas exeba Cliqis mxolod wina nawiliT da sxeulis wona, nacvlad terfisa, mas awveba. siarulisas aqlemebi erTdroulad abijeben an marjvena, an marcxena wina da ukana fexebs da dinji rxeviT dadian. amis gamo, Sinaur aqlemebs ùdabnos xomaldebsac~ uwodeben. erTkuziani aqlemi uwylod ramdenime dRe Zlebs, magram roca svams, SeuZlia Zalian bevri, magaliTad, 110 litri wyali dalios. kuzSi imaragebs cxims, romelsac mogzaurobis dros izogavs da wyalze moTxovnas ikmayofilebs. aqlems nestoebis daxurvac SeuZlia, raTa qaris dros cxvirSi qviSa ar Seeyaros.

TeTri daTvisa da aqlemis msgavsad, yvela cocxali organizmi garkveul garemoSi binadrobs. garemoSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod aracocxali buneba, aramed sxva cocxali organizmebic, romelTa Soris

51

Cveni garemo 5organizmebi da ekosistemebi

cocxali arseba mTel sicocxles atarebs. am organizmebsa da ara cocxal bunebas Soris myardeba mWidro da mravalmxrivi kavSiri. cocxali organizmebi da maTi saarsebo garemo erTad qmnian sistemas, romelsac mecnierebi ekosistemas uwodeben.

tye, mdelo, udabno, zRva, tba, Waobi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli ekosistemebia.

moifiqre! kaqtuss aqvs msxvili da naklebad datotvili Rero, farTod gadgmuli fesvebi, foTlebi eklebadaa qceuli.

mewyvilesTan erTad moifiqre da aRwere, Tu rogor saarsebo garemosTan Sesaguebladaa saWiro kaqtusis TiToeuli niSanTviseba.

daasaxele da SeZlebisdagvarad aRwere is ekosistema, sadac xarobs kaqtusi.

kaqtusi

Seamowme Seni codna: SearCie da daasaxele zedmeti frazebi.

1. yovel cocxals arsebobisTvis sWirdeba: wyali; Jangbadi; siTbo; naxSirorJangi.

2. TeTr daTvs cximis sqeli fena exmareba: Tovlze siarulSi; sakvebiT momaragebaSi; siTbos SenarCunebaSi.

3. ekosistema aris mxolod: cocxali organizmebi; aracocxali buneba; cocxali organizmebi da maTi saarsebo garemo erTad.

davaleba: warmoidgine, rom ekvatoris maxloblad, xSir gauval tyeSi moxvdi, sadac maradmwvane buCqnarebi da lianebi xarobs. am tyes junglebs uwodeben. sxvadasxva wignebidan, internetidan, moiZie informacia junglebis ekosistemis Sesaxeb. nimuSis mixedviT, samuSao furcelze daxaze da Seavse cxrili.

nimuSi:

ekosistemissaxeli

masSi arsebuli cocxali organizmebi

garemo pirobebi

mcenareebi cxove lebimzis siTbo da sinaTle

naleqebihaeris

tenianobahaeris temperatura

saxelmZRvanelosgamoyenebis instruqcia

gakveTilis nomerida saTauri

gakveTilis ZiriTaditeqsti

ilustracia, romelicgexmareba

sagakveTiloteqstis

ukeT aRqmaSi

gverdisnomeri

rubrika `moifiqre!~,romelic emsaxureba

kritikuli azrovnebisganviTarebas

es saTauri giCvenebs,Tu romel Tavs

ekuTvnis gakveTili

es saTauri giCvenebs,Tu romel nawils

ekuTvnis gakveTili

rubrika `davaleba~, romelic masalis

Sejamebisa da codnis ganmtkicebismizniT aris

warmodgenili

rubrika `Seamowme Seni codna~,

romelic masalis aTvisebis

Semowmebis mizniT aris warmodgenili

sarCevi

pirveli nawili. dedamiwa da garesamyaro

Tavi I. mzis sistema

1. kosmosSi mogzauroba ........................................................8

2-3. planetebi da maTi Tanamgzavrebi ............................... 11

4. mogzauroba mTvareze ..................................................... 15

5-6. mzis sistemis planeta ................................................. 19

8-9. varskvlavebi da kometebi ............................................ 20

10-11. dabnelebebi ............................................................... 24

Tavi II. dedamiwis struqtura

14. dedamiwis struqtura ................................................... 28

15. dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebi ..................................... 31

16. mineralebi ...................................................................... 34

17. dedamiwis qerqi .............................................................. 37

18. moZravi xmeleTi ............................................................ 38

19-20. miwisZvra .................................................................... 40

22-23. vulkanebi ................................................................... 44

meore nawili. cocxali samyaro

Tavi III. organizmebi da ekosistemebi

28-29. ra aris ekosistema? .................................................. 50

30. bioturi da abioturi faqtorebi ................................ 52

31-32. niadagi ....................................................................... 55

33. temperatura ................................................................. 59

34-35. saqarTvelos ekosistemebi ....................................... 62

37. xelovnuri ekosistemebi ............................................... 67

38. adamiani da bunebrivi ekosistemebi ............................. 70

39-41. garemos dabinZureba ................................................ 72

42-44. saqarTvelos buneba safrTxeSia! ............................ 78

45-46. cxovelTa kveba ......................................................... 84

48. sakvebis warmoqmna ......................................................... 87

49. foTlis saxecvlileba .................................................. 89

51. foTolcvena ................................................................... 91

52-53. rogor egueba organizmi Tavis saarsebo garemos?..................................................... 93

54. rogor egueba organizmi Tavis saarsebo garemos? (gagrZeleba) .................................. 96

55. demonstraciuli Seferiloba ...................................... 98

57. gamafrTxilebeli Seferiloba ................................... 100

59. mweriWamia mcenareebi .................................................. 101

mesame nawili. sxeulebi da movlenebi

Tavi IV. sxeulebis moZraoba

63-64. moZravia Tu uZravi? .............................................. 104

65-66. sxeulTa moZraobis traeqtoria ........................... 105

67. ganvlili manZilis gazomva ........................................ 107

68. ganvlili manZilisa da drois gazomva ...................... 108

69. siCqare .......................................................................... 109

71. satransporto saSualebebi ........................................ 112

72-73. cxovelTa moZraobis traeqtoria da siCqare ..... 114

Tavi V. eleqtroba

75-76. rogor `modis~ Suqi Cvens saxlebSi? .................... 116

77. es saSiSia! ..................................................................... 119

78-81. rogor movamzadoT prezentacia? ........................ 120

82-83. ra aris denis wyaro ............................................... 126

85-86. ra aris eleqtruli wredi ..................................... 130

rubrikebis pirobiTi niSnebi

daakvirdi moifiqre

Caatare cda gamoiyene buki

pirveli nawili

dedamiwa da garesamyaro

Tavi I. mzis sistema

planetebi da maTi Tanamgzavrebi

kosmosSi mogzauroba

mogzauroba mTvareze

mzis sistemis planeta

varskvlavebi da kometebi

dabnelebebi

Tavi II. dedamiwis struqtura

dedamiwis struqtura

dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebi

mineralebi

dedamiwis qerqi

moZravi xmeleTi

miwisZvra

vulkanebi


8

Cveni garemo 5

1. kosmosSi mogzauroba

sityva `kosmoss~ berZnulad `qaosis~ (uwesrigobis) sapirispiro mniS-vneloba aqvs da mowesrigebul, organizebul sistemas niSnavs. Zvel sa-berZneTSi am sityviT meomarTa kanonzomier ganlagebas, wyobas aRniSnavd-nen. `kosmosi~ cis TaRs pirvelad Zvelma berZenma mecnierma piTagoram daukavSira. dRes mecnierebi ̀ kosmosSi~ gulisxmoben ̀ samyaros~, rogorc yvela ciur sxeulTa erTobliobas.

adamiani uZvelesi droidan akvirdeboda ciur sxeulebs, maTs urTi-erTganlagebas. ainteresebda _ SeeZlo Tu ara mas kosmosSi gafrena. pi-rveli adamiani, romelic kosmosuri xomaldiT gafrinda kosmosSi, rusi kosmonavti iuri gagarini iyo. es moxda 1961 wlis 12 aprils.

gagarinis gafrenamde aravin icoda, SeeZlo Tu ara adamians kosmos-Si mogzaurobisTvis gaeZlo. dRes ukve viciT, rom SeuZlia, Tanac, ara marto frena, aramed Tveebis ganmavlobaSi kosmosSi mecnieruli dakvir-vebebis Catareba.

iuri gagarini

9

Cveni garemo 5mzis sistema

Sen ukve ici, rom kosmosSi kosmosuri xomaldiT mifri-naven. kosmosuri xomaldi ki raketas miyavs. kosmosamde rom mivaRwioT, unda gadavlaxoT atmosfero, romliTac garSemortymulia Cveni dedamiwa da romlis `fskerzec~ Cven vcxovrobT.

mravali dakvirvebiT dadginda, rom dedamiwa Tavisken izidavs yvelafers. rac ar unda Sors aagdo qva, is auci-leblad davardeba dedamiwaze.

maS, rogor gadalaxa raketam dedamiwis miziduloba? SeiZleba, rom igi rogorme `moswydes~ dedamiwas?

SeiZleba, Tu gadalaxavs dedamiwis mizidulobas. es rom moaxerxos, raketam 1 wamSi 8 kilometri unda gaiaros.

SeiZleba, kidev ufro swrafad rom gafrindes raketa? magaliTad, marss an sxva planetas rom èstumros~?

SeiZleba. magram ufro swrafad unda ifrinos _ 1 wamSi 11 kilometri unda gaiaros.

SeiZleba Tu ara, rom raketam mzis miziduloba gada-laxos? SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi 1 wamSi 17 kilometramde manZili unda gaiaros.


10

Cveni garemo 5

ra aris sateliti?

rusma mecnierma konstantine ciolkovskim jer kidev 100-ze meti wlis win ivarauda, rom kosmosis Sesaswavlad SeiZleboda raketebis gamoye-neba. magram 50 weliwadze meti dasWirda iseTi mZlavri raketebis agebas, romlebsac orbitaze sxvadasxva sxeulTa gayvana SeeZleboda. pirveli aseTi sxeulebi satelitebi iyo. Zvel romSi am sityviT moixseniebdnen pirad mcvelebs, romlebic mudam Tan axldnen patrons. aqedan satelit-ma Tanmxlebis, Tanamgzavris mniSvneloba SeiZina.

pirveli sateliti Tanamedrove sateliti

Seamowme Seni codna: upasuxe kiTxvebs. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

1. ra aris kosmosi?

2. daasaxele pirveli adamiani, romelic kosmosSi gafrinda?

3. ra pirobaa aucilebeli raketis kosmosSi asafrenad?

4. ra aris sateliti?

davaleba: 1. moiZie informacia kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelad romeli kosmonavti gavida kosmosuri xomaldidan Ria kosmosSi da warmoadgine Semdeg gakveTilze.

2. moiZie informacia pirveli satelitis Sesaxeb da warmoadgine Semdeg gakveTilze.

11


2-3. planetebi da maTi Tanamgzavrebi

I. gaixsene, ra ici kosmosis Sesaxeb.

RamiT, varskvlavian caze dakvirvebisas, zogjer SeuiaraRebeli Tva-liTac SegviZlia davinaxoT romelime kaSkaSa planeta, magaliTad, ven-era, iupiteri an TviT marsic ki.

Zvelad mecnierebs planetebi is ciuri sxeulebi egonaT, romlebic caze moZraobdnen, varskvlavebi ki uZravad ekidnen caSi. ̀ planeta~ berZ-nuli sityvaa da `moxetiales~ niSnavs.

dRes mecnierebi sityva `planetas~ xmarebisas gulisxmoben ciur sxe-uls, romelic varskvlavis garSemo brunavs.

Cvens mzis sistemaSi rva planetaa. isini mzis garSemo brunaven. es planetebia: merkuri, venera, dedamiwa, marsi, iupiteri, saturni, urani da neptuni. yvela planeta mzis garSemo erTi mimarTulebiT moZraobs da sakuTari RerZis irgvliv brunavs. yvelaze didi planeta iupiteri, yve-laze patara planetaze _ merkurize 30-jer didia.

oTxi planeta _ merkuri, venera, dedamiwa da marsi _ myari qanebisga-naa agebuli, danarCeni oTxi ki _ gazebisa da siTxeebisgan.


12

Cveni garemo 5

II. daakvirdi suraTs. aRmoaCine Secdomebi. imsjele mewyvilesTan erTad.

did planetebTan erTad, mzis sistemaSi moZraoben e.w. juja plan-etebi. esenia: erisi, cerera da plutoni. sainteresoa, rom 2006 wlamde plutoni mzis sistemis me-9 planetad iTvleboda. Tumca mecnierebma daadgines, rom igi ara mxolod mzis sistemis planetebs Soris iyo pa-tara, aramed zogierT Tanamgzavrzec patara aRmoCnda. amitom igi juja palnetebs miakuTvnes.

Sen ukve ici, rom mTvare dedamiwis bunebrivi Tanamgzavria. mzis sis-temaSi, merkurisa da veneras garda, yvela planetas aqvs bunebrivi Tan-amgzavrebi. mag., marsis Tanamgzavrebia fobosi da deimosi, iupiteris erT-erTi Tanamgzavria ganimede, saturnis erT-erTi Tanamgzavria ti-tani. ganimede da titani sididiT aRematebian planeta merkuris.

es planeta veneraa. mas jer kidev didi xnis win dedamiwidan akvirdebodnen.

igi cnobilia, rogorc kaSkaSa planeta. veneras saxeli romaul miTologiaSi

siyvarulisa da silamazis qalRmerTis `veneras~ pativsacemad daarqves.

plutoni

13


moifiqre! mecnierebma daadgines, rom planeta saturnis Tanamgzavrititani sididiT planeta merkuris aRemateba.

rogor fiqrob, ratom ar miakuTvnes mecnierebma titani mzis sistemis planetas?

Seamowme Seni codna: waikiTxe qvemoT mocemuli sityvebi.amoicani Seni azriT zedmeti sityva dadaasabuTe Seni arCevani. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

1. venera, dedamiwa, mze, marsi, iupiteri.

2. merkuri, mTvare, saturni, urani, neptuni.

3. mTvare, titani, erisi, ganimede, fobosi.

davaleba: gaixsene informacia mzis sistemis planetebis Sesaxeb dakompiuteris gamoyenebiT Seavse cxrili `planetebi~.

a. CarTe kompiuteri.b. moZebne da gaxseni faili planetebi.rtf.g. axla Sen SegiZlia Seasrulo davaleba.


14

Cveni garemo 5

albaT ici, rom kedlis kalendarSi imdeni furcelia, ramdeni dRec aris weliwadSi. gadis dRe da kalendars erT furcels vaxevT.

planeta merkurize rom gvecxovra, Cvens kalendarSi mxolod erTi furceli iqneboda. iq mTeli weli grZelde-ba dRe. mTavrdeba dRe da iqve mTavrdeba weliwadic. mTe-li Semdegi weli ki grZeldeba Rame.

mzis sistemaSi merkuri yvelaze patara planetaa. misi orbita yvelaze axlosaa mzesTan, amitom siTbo da sina-Tle merkurize 6-jer metia, vidre dedamiwaze. dRisiT merkurize Zalian cxela. SuadRiT haeris temperatura +420°C-ia, xolo RamiT Zalian civa, temperatura _180°C-mde mcirdeba.

am planetaze wyali ar aris, amitom arc wvima modis da arc Tovli. merkurize qaric ar qris, radgan mas garSemo ar akravs atmosfero.

dedamiwis jgufis planetebi: 1 _ merkuri 2 _ venera 3 _ dedamiwa 4 _ marsi

15


4. mogzauroba mTvareze

I. gaixsene, ra ici mTvares Sesaxeb.

SenTvis cnobilia, rom mTvare dedamiwis bunebrivi Tanamgzavria. sxva planetebsac aqvT sakuTari Tanamgzavrebi. Cveni mTvare qvis usicocxlo burTia. masze arc atmosfero, arc wyali da arc sicocxlea.

1969 wlis 20 ivliss amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kosmonavtebi nil armstrongi da baz oldrini kosmosSi gafrindnen da pirvelebma daadges fexi mTvareze. isini ruxi feris fxvieri niadagis mqone civ da usico-cxlo samyaroSi aRmoCndnen, sadac mze sruliad bneli cidan anaTebda.

mTvare dedamiwaze oTxjer pataraa, xolo misi masa 81-jer nakle-bi. igi dedamiwidan daaxloebiT 400 aTasi kilometriTaa daSorebuli. mTvare dedamiwis garSemo Semobrunebas daaxloebiT 28 dRe-Rames an-domebs, anu imdenive dros, rac sakuTari RerZis garSemo. amitom Cven yovelTvis mTvaris erT mxares vxedavT.

1969 wlis ivlisidan 1972 wlis dekembramde amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kosmonavtebis eqvsma ekipaJma mTvareze ramdenime warmatebuli daSveba ganaxorciela. sainteresoa, rom kosmonavtebma 400 kilogrami mTvaris qanebi Seagroves da mravalnairi eqsperimenti Caatares.

dedamiwa da mTvare


16

Cveni garemo 5

pirveli eqspedicia mTvareze

nil armstrongi baz oldrini

17


mTvareze dakvirveba SeuiaraRebeli TvaliTac SeiZleba. magram mTva-risa da sxva ciuri sxeulebis Sesaswavlad adamianebi specialur xel-sawyos _ teleskops iyeneben. teleskopi or samuSaos asrulebs _ Soreul sagnebs aaxloebs da Zalian mkrTal sxeulebs amkveTrebs.

gaxsovdes _ berZnulad tele Sors niSnavs, xolo skopos _ mxedveli.

II. mewyvilesTan erTad imsjele teleskopis mniSvnelobaze.

Seamowme Seni codna: Seaswore araswori mosazreba.(davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

1. dedamiwa mTvaris bunebrivi Tanamgzavria.

2. mTvareze ar aris atmosfero.

3. teleskopis gareSe SeuZlebelia mTvaris danaxva.

4. pirveli adamiani, romelic mTvares estumra, iuri gagarini iyo.

5. dedamiwa mTvaris garSemo brunavs.

6. mTvaris miziduloba 6-jer ufro naklebia, vidre dedamiwisa.

7. dedamiwis garda, arc erT planetas ara aqvs bunebrivi Tanamgzavri.

8. mTvare dedamiwisken yovelTvis erTi mxariTaa mimarTuli.

davaleba: Sin moifiqre da Canaweris saxiT warmoadgineSemdeg gakveTilze naSromi Temaze: `rogor warmogidgenia kosmosis Seswavla momavalSi~


18

Cveni garemo 5

pirveli teleskopi, savaraudod, niderlandelma saT-valis ostatma hans liperSeim 1608 wels daamzada.

albaT erTxel ori linza erTad daiWira, gaixeda da...

saiubileo vercxlis moneta `teleskopis 400 weli~

Zveli teleskopi

warmoidgineT, rogor gaukvirdeboda imis danaxva, rac am linzebiT Canda.

liperSeis aRmoCenis ambavi male italiel mecnier, galileo galileis mouvida. 1609 wels manac daamzada msgavsi teleskopi. am xelsawyos erT boloSi amozneqili linza hqonda, meoreSi ki (TvalTan axlos) _ Cazneqili.

TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove teleskopSi linzebis sx-vagvari wyoba gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, win moTavsebulia amozneqili linza, ukan ki _ aseve amozneqili, oRond ufro patara.

galileo galilei galileis teleskopi

19


5-6. mzis sistemis planeta

kosmosidan dedamiwa ulamazes lurj planetad moCans. misi zeda-piris daaxloebiT ori mesamedi okeaneebiTaa dafaruli. dedamiwa mzis sistemaSi wylis samyaroa. dedamiwis zedapiris daaxloebiT erT meaTeds, ZiriTadad samxreTsa da CrdiloeT polusebs, gayinuli wyali faravs. TeTri Rrublebi, romlebsac caze vxedavT, haerSi wylis aorTqlebis Sedegad warmoqmnili uwvrilesi wveTebia.

mzis sistemis arc erT sxva planetaze ar aris wyali Txevadi saxiT. swored wyalia is, rac dedamiwas sicocxlisTvis gamosadeg planetad aqcevs.

dedamiwis moZraoba kosmosSi

dedamiwa ganuwyvetliv moZraobs kosmosSi. igi mzidan daaxloebiT 150 milioni kilometriTaa daSorebuli da mzis garSemo wreze bru-navs. sruli wris Sesrulebas erTi weliwadi sWirdeba, ufro zustad, 365 dReze odnav meti. orbitaze moZraobisas dedamiwa sakuTari RerZis garSemoc brunavs da dRe-RameSi erT bruns asrulebs. planetis im mxa-reze, romelic mzes uyurebs, dRea, meore mxareze ki _ Rame.

dedamiwa mze da dedamiwa

moifiqre! 1. Seni azriT, rogori iqneboda dedamiwa, Tu:a) igi mzesTan ufro axlos iqneboda?b) igi mzisgan ufro Sors iqneboda?

2. Seni azriT, ra moxdeboda dedamiwaze, Tu igi sakuTari RerZis garSemo brunvas Sewyvetda?


20

Cveni garemo 5

mze varskvlavia

mze Cveni `sakuTari~ varskvlavia. is im varskvlavebis msgavsia, rom-lebsac Ramis caze vxedavT, oRond gacilebiT ufro axloa CvenTan. mze saSualo sididis, `Cveulebrivi~ varskvlavia, Tumca dedamiwaze arsebu-li mcenareebisa da cxovelebisTvis igi marTlac rom gansakuTrebulia. mcenareebi mzis sinaTlesa da siTbos zrdisTvis iyeneben. mzis siTbo da sinaTle Cvens planetas yvela saxis cocxali arsebis samSoblod aqcevs.

sxva varskvlavebi

varskvlavebi sxvadasxva ferisa da zomisaa. isini gigantebic arian da jujebic. mzis msgavsad, yvela varskvlavi gavarvarebuli gazis uzarma-zari sferoa, magram isini mcire manaTobel wertilebad gveCveneba, rad-gan Zalian Soridan vuyurebT.

varskvlavis feri misi zedapiris temperaturaze metyvelebs. yvelaze cxeli varskvlavebi TeTri an molurjoa da ufro metad anaTebs. yve-laze civi varskvlavebi wiTelia da maTi zedapiri mkrTalad anaTebs. varskvlavis sicocxle usasrulo rodia. is ìbadeba~ da `kvdeba~. im var-skvlavebis nacvlad, romlebic `kvdeba~, axali varskvlavebi ìbadeba~. patara varskvlavi ufro didxans `cocxlobs~.

8-9. varskvlavebi da kometebi

mecnierebi gigantur manaTobel sferoebs varskvlavebs uwodeben.

21


Tanavarskvlavedebi

Tu varskvlavian cas daakvirdebi, SeamCnev, rom kaSkaSa varskvlavebis warmosaxviTi xazebiT erTmaneTTan SeerTebis Sedegad, sxvadasxva figu-ra iqmneba. am figurebs adamiani uZvelesi droidan ̀ xedavda~ da saxelebs arqmevda. varskvlavebis mier warmoqmnil jgufebs Tanavarskvlavedebi ewodeba. maTi danaxva damokidebulia imaze, Tu dedamiwis romel nawilSi vimyofebiT. CrdiloeT naxevarsferodan moCans iseTi Tanavarskvlave-debi, romlebsac samxreT naxevarsferodan ver davinaxavT, da piriqiT.

bevr gansakuTrebiT kaSkaSa varskvlavs sakuTari saxeli aqvs. es saxe-lebi, ZiriTadad, laTinuri an arabuli sityvebia. magaliTad, siriusi, proqsima kentavri da sxva.

Tanavarskvlavedi orioni Tanavarskvlavedi kentavri

es siriusia _ yvelaze kaSkaSa varskvlavi cis TaRze

es varskvlavi proqsima kentavria. igi, mzis Semdeg, dedamiwasTan yvelaze axlosaa


22

Cveni garemo 5

kometebi

zogjer cis TaRze Cndebian ucnauri ̀ kudiani varskvlavebi~, romelT-ac kometebs uwodeben. adre teleskopebis uqonlobis gamo ver xerxde-boda kometebze dakvirveba. amitom `kudiani saocreba~ Tavzars scemda adamianebs. Tvlidnen, rom Tu caze `kudiani varskvlavi~ gamoCndeboda _ mosalodneli iyo ubedureba.

axla `kudianebis~ aravis eSinia. piriqiT, mecnierebi mouTmenlad elian maT gamoCenas, raTa moaswron da kargad daakvirdnen am sakvirvel movlenas. kometebi mzis sistemis iSviaTi da xanmokle stumrebi arian.

ratom eZaxian kometebs `kudianebs~? aqvT Tu ara maT kudi? diax, marTlac aqvT kaSkaSa, manaTobeli kudi. mzesTan miaxloebisas misi kudi sul ufro da ufro grZeldeba, magram rodesac kometa tovebs mzis sis-temas, kudi mkrTaldeba, mokldeba da bolos sruliad qreba.

kometis centrSi patara manaTobeli `burTia~, rogorc patara `mze~, xolo mis garSemo airis Rrublebia. mecnierebma dRemde ver miagnes kom-etebis `samSoblos~.

ra moxdeba, rom erTmaneTs Seejaxon dedamiwa da kometa? iseTi araferi. kometis manaTobeli `burTi~ gigantur dedamiwasTan Sedare-biT namcecia. atmosferosTan Sejaxebis Sedegad igi daiSleba calkeul nawilakebad da Camocvivdeba. mecnierebi swored maSin Seityoben, ra niv-Tierebebisagan Sedgeba esa Tu is kometa da saidan mofrinda igi.

haleis kometa mzis garSemo grZel, wriul orbitaze brunavs. mas erTi sruli wrisTvis daaxloebiT 76 weli sWirdeba. ukanasknelad igi dedamiwas 1986 wels mouaxlovda.

ingliseli mecnieri edmond halei pirveli iyo, vinc kometis moZ-raoba Seiswavla da misi meored gamoCenis TariRi ivarauda. am kometas saxeli haleis pativsacemad ewoda.

haleis kometa (1910 weli) haleis kometa (1986 weli)

23


Seamowme Seni codna: upasuxe kiTxvebs. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

1. ra aris varskvlavi?

2. ra aris Tanavarskvlavedi?

3. riTi aris gamorCeuli kometa?

4. razea damokidebuli varskvlavis feri?

5. romel Tanavarskvlavedebs icnob?

I. gaixsene, raSi SeiZleba dagvexmaros didi da patara daTvis Tanavarskvlavedebi.

II. Seadare erTmaneTs varskvlavi da kometa.

III. waikiTxe qvemoT CamoTvlili sityvebi:

dedamiwa, merkuri, siriusi, venera, mTvare, mze,

marsi, deimosi, urani, fobosi, proqsima kentavri,

saturni, titani, neptuni, ganimede.

daajgufe varskvlavebad, planetebad da Tanamgzavrebad.

kompiuteris gamoyenebiT Seavse sqema `ciuri sxeulebi~.a. CarTe kompiuteri.b. moZebne da gaxseni faili ciuri-sxeulebi.rtf.g. axla Sen SegiZlia Seasrulo davaleba.

davaleba: Sin daakvirdi Ramis cas da dakvirvebis Sedegebi warmoadgine Canaxatis saxiT.gamoiyene Sesabamisi ciuri atlasi _ cis ruka (SegiZlia moZebno internetSi an biblioTekaSi) da Seecade aRmoaCino Sesatyvisoba Seni Canaxatsa da romelime Tanavarskvlaveds Soris.


24

Cveni garemo 5

mzis dabneleba

albaT gsmenia mzis dabnelebis Sesaxeb. roca mTvare dedamiwasa da mzes Soris moeqceva, igi mzis yviTel diskos efareba. amis Sedegad xi-luli xdeba mzis `gvirgvini~, e.w. `korona~. es mzis sruli dabnelebaa. am dros mzis yviTeli disko mTlianadaa dafaruli. es SeiZleba ramdenime wuTs gagrZeldes. mzis dabnelebis danaxva mxolod iq SeiZleba, sad-ac mTvaris Crdili dedamiwis zedapirs xvdeba. nawilobrivi dabnelebis dros ca ar bneldeba da mzis `gvirgvinsac~ ver vxedavT.

10-11. dabnelebebi

mzis korona

mzis dabneleba

25


mTvaris dabneleba

zogjer mTvare dedamiwis CrdilSi moeqceva. am dros mzis sinaTle mTvares aRar ecema da arc irekleba. es mTvaris dabnelebaa. Tumca mTvare sruliad uxilavi mainc ar xdeba. is, rogorc wesi, mkrTal nar-injisfer-yavisfrad anaTebs. mTvaris dabneleba dedamiwis yvela werti-lidan moCans, sadac mTvare àmosulia~ da zogjer 2,5 saaTs grZeldeba.

mTvaris dabneleba

I. sademonstracio cda.

teluris gamoyenebiT Seqmeni mzisa da mTvaris dabnelebis modeli da imsjele am movlenebis gamomwvev mizezebze. teluri


26

Cveni garemo 5

II. praqtikuli samuSao jgufebSi _ `dabnelebis modeli~.

saWiro masala: plastilini, asanTis Cxirebi, fanari, sqema.

muSaobis etapebi:

1. gamoZerwe `mze~, `dedamiwa~ da `mTvare~.2. asanTis Rerebs gaukeTe plastilinis sadgami.3. daamagre `mze~, `dedamiwa~ da `mTvare~ sadgamebian Rerebze.4. sqemaze `dedamiwas~ da `mzes~ miuCine Sesabamisi adgili.5. CarTe fanari _ `mze~.

I jgufi _ `mzis dabneleba~. sqemaze aRniSnul orbitaze ise amoZrave `mTvare~, rom miiRo

mzis dabnelebis modeli.

II jgufi _ `mTvaris dabneleba~. sqemaze aRniSnul orbitaze ise amoZrave `mTvare~, rom miiRo

mTva ris dabnelebis modeli.

davaleba: internetSi, wignebSi, JurnalebSi moiZie informacia kosmosis Seswavlis teqnologiebis ganviTarebisSesaxeb. Semdeg gakveTilze davaleba warmoadgine werilobiT an kolaJis saxiT.

muSaobis etapebi

27


bolo drois yvelaze xangrZlivi dabneleba moxda 2010 wlis 15 ianvars. tropikuli afrikisa da samxreT-aRmosav-leT aziis teritoriaze SeiniSneboda mzis sruli dab-neleba. daaxloebiT 11 wuTis manZilze mTvare efareboda mzes da mxolod mzis gvirgvini Canda.

es movlena arc Tu iSviaTia, magram ase xangrZlivad arc Tu xSirad xdeba. mzis dabnelebis es 11 wuTiani re-kordi gameordeba mxolod 3043 wels.

sainteresoa, rom mzis dabnelebis dros cxovelebi Zlier SfoTvas iCenen. mecnierebma daadgines, rom yvela cxoveli mzis ganaTebis intensivobis mimarT gansakuTre-biT mgrZnobiarea. uecari dabnelebis dros ZaRlebi da katebi yefasa da knavils iwyeben, samalavs eZeben. special-istebma aseve daakonkretes, rom am movlenas SesaZloa, cxovelebis moulodneli agresiac ki mohyves.

sxeulebi da movlenebi

116

Cveni garemo 5

75-76. rogor `modis~ Suqi Cvens saxlebSi?

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, jer kidev 2500-ze meti wlis win Zvel saberZ-neTSi cxovrobda bunebis mkvlevari, saxelad Talesi. Talesi ikvlevda magnitis Tvisebebs. man icoda, rom magniti izidavs rkinis sagnebs. zRvis sanapiroze Talesma aRmoaCina saintereso, idumali da msubuqi `qvebi~. es `qvebi~, marTalia, magnitis msgavsad ar izidavdnen rkinis sagnebs, magram Salis naWerze xaxunis Semdeg izidavdnen bumbuls, mSrali xis patara da msubuq naWrebs, gamxmar balaxs. es qarva iyo. Zveli berZnebi qarvas uwodebdnen èleqtron~. aqedan modis sityva èleqtroba~. Salis naWerze qarvis xaxuniT eleqtro naperwklebic ki SeiZleba miviRoT.

Senc SegiZlia mcireodeni eleqtroba miiRo da kalmiT miizido qaRaldis patara naWrebi, Tu kalams ramdenimejer gaixaxuneb Tmaze.

I. gaixsene, ra ici magnitis Sesaxeb?

moifiqre! I. daakvirdi naxats. rogor fiqrob, ra Secdoma dauSva mxatvarma? daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

II. gaixsene, ra ici elvis Sesaxeb?

117

Cveni garemo 5eleqtroba

ra aris elva?

mecnierebma gamoikvlies, rom Weqa-quxilis dros warmoiqmneba eleqtroba. am SemTxvevaSi Cndeba Zlieri naperwkali, romelsac elva ewodeba.

elvas zogjer mexi mohyveba. mexi dedamiwaze azianebs yvelafers, rasac daecema.

III. cnobilia, rom Weqa-quxilis dros calke mdgomi xis qveS dgoma saSiSia. rogor fiqrob, ratom?


118

Cveni garemo 5

ra aris eleqtrodeni?

Sen ukve darwmundi, rom qarvis Salze an kalmis Tmaze xaxuniT eleqtrobis miReba SeiZleba. magram es ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom Cvens saxlebSi iyos Suqi, imuSaos televizorma, macivarma, kompiuter-ma da a.S. Cvens saxlebSi TiTqmis verc erTi mowyobiloba ver imuSavebs eleqtrodenis gareSe. eleqtrodeni raRaciT hgavs mdinares. magram kala-potSi miedineba mdinaris wyali, eleqtrosadenebSi ki _ pawawina uxilavi nawilakebi. am nawilakebs mecnierebma èleqtronebi~ uwodes. eleqtro-denis gamomuSaveba mecnierebma daaxloebiT 130 wlis win iswavles.

eleqtrosadgurebSi specialuri danadgarebis saSualebiT Rebulo-ben eleqtrodens. amisaTvis iyeneben wylis an qaris nakads, mzis siTbos an sawvavis (magaliTad, navTobis, qvanaxSiris da sxv.) wvis Sedegad miRe-bul siTbos.

imisaTvis rom eleqtrodeni `mivides~ iq, sadac saWiroa, aSeneben spe-cialur gadamcem xazebs. Sen, albaT, ginaxavs maRali svetebi, romelTa Soris gaWimulia sadenebi. am gadamcemi xazebis meSveobiT eleqtrodeni `midis~ yvelgan, sadac masze moTxovnilebaa.

gadamcemi xazebis meSveobiT eleqtrodeni `Sedis~ specialur Seno-baSi moTavsebul mowyobilobaSi _ transformatorSi (sityva ̀ transfor-matori~ warmosdgeba laTinuri sityvidan `transformo~ _ gardamqmneli). aqedan ki ukve miwisqveSa gadamcemi xazebiT Semodis Cvens saxlebSi.

IV. waikiTxe qvemoT mocemuli sityvebi da SearCie, Seni azriT, zedmeti. daasabuTe Seni arCevani. (davaleba Seasrule zepirad).

a) eleqtronaTura, WaRi, bra, sanTeli; b) televizori, kompiuteri, eleqtroqura, gazqura; g) pianino, gitara, eleqtrogitara, violino; d) tramvai, velosipedi, sabavSvo etli, gorgolaWebi.

V. Sen, albaT, ginaxavs maRali svetebi, romelTa Soris gaWimulia sadenebi. am gadamcemi xazebis meSveobiT eleqtrodeni `midis~ yvelgan, sadac masze moTxovnilebaa.

rogor fiqrob, ratom aSeneben aseT maRal svetebs?

davaleba: Semdegi gakveTilisTvis:

1. gaixsene, ra ici nivTierebis Sesaxeb;

2. hkiTxe ufrosebs, an internetidan da Jurnal-gazeTebidan moiZie informacia gamtarebis da izolatorebis Sesaxeb.

119


77. es saSiSia!

I. daakvirdi naxatebs. waikiTxe qvemoT mocemuli frazebi da SearCie, Seni azriT, saWiro. daasabuTe Seni arCevani.

a) axlos viTamaSebb) joxiT davamagrebg) ufrosebs

Sevatyobineb

a) Sevexebi xelebiTb) davafareb foTlebsg) ufrosebs

Sevatyobineb

a) davamagreb web. lentiTb) davasvelebg) ufrosebs

Sevatyobineb

gamtarebi da izolatorebi

mecnierebma daadgines, rom zogi nivTiereba (magali-Tad, liTonebi) eleqtrodens kargad atarebs, zogi ki (magaliTad, plastmasi, rezini) _ ver atarebs.

pirveli tipis nivTierebebs eleqtrogamtarebs uwode-ben, xolo meores _ eleqtroizolatorebs.

moifiqre! I. cnobilia, rom eleqtrodeni liTonis mavTulebiT gahyavT erTi adgilidan meoreze. mavTulebze eleqtroizola- toris fenas akraven. rogor fiqrob, ratom?

II. cnobilia, rom Tu Stefselis Cangals rozetSi CavrTavT, deni CxirebSi gaivlis da mavTulSi SeaRwevs.

rogor fiqrob, risgan unda iyos damzadebuli Stefselis korpusi da Cxirebi?

davaleba: Semdegi gakveTilisTvis moiZie informacia da moamzade prezentacia Temaze: `ratom anaTebs naTura?~


120

Cveni garemo 5

78-81. rogor movamzadoT prezentacia?

ra aris prezentacia?

prezentacia laTinuri sityvaa da wardge-nas, warmodgenas niSnavs.

prezentacia raime sakiTxis auditoriis winaSe sajaro wardgenis procesia. prezenta-cia unda iyos mokle, azriani da saintereso.

kargad momzadebuli Sinaarsis garda prezentacias unda axldes sxva-dasxva TvalsaCinoeba (magaliTad, specialuri kompiuteruli programe-bis gamoyenebiT slaidebis Cveneba).

prezentacia specialur momzadebas saWiroebs. prezentaciis momzadebis dros Sen unda gamoyo prezentaciis ZiriTadi miznebi.

dasawyisSi mokled unda moaxseno auditorias, Tu raze apireb saubars. unda isaubro gasagebad da xazi gausva ZiriTad ideebs. prezen-taciis Semdeg mzad unda iyo upasuxo damswre sazogadoebis SekiTxvebs.

rogor moviZioT informacia?

_ rogor fiqrob, prezentaciaze muSaobisas, pirvel rigSi, ra unda gavakeToT? _ ra Tqma unda, gegma unda SevadginoT.

_ gegmis pirveli punqti, Seni azriT, ra unda iyos? _ ra Tqma unda, informaciis moZieba.

informaciis moZiebis mravali gza arsebobs _ wignebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi, interneti, SegiZlia ufrosebs hqoTxo da a.S. modi ganvixiloT internetSi informaciis moZiebis sakiTxi.

pirvel rigSi, unda izruno, rom saTanadod Seinaxo moZiebuli infor-macia. amisTvis kompiuterSi dagWirdeba axali saqaRaldes (New Folder) gax-sna. magaliTad, SegiZlia samuSao magidaze (Desktop) Seqmna axali saqaRal-de. amisTvis SegiZlia gamoiyeno klaviSebis kombinacia ++ an mausis marjvena RilakiT gaxsna damxmare fanjara da airCio instru-menti New Folder

amis Semdeg saqaRaldes unda mianiWo saxeli. axla yvela foto, teqsti Tu sxva raime informacia unda Seinaxo am

saqaRaldeSi.

121


informaciis moZiebisTvis, pirvel rigSi, internetis qselSi CarTuli kompiuteri dagWirdeba da brauzeri _ specialuri programa, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs vimuSaoT internetSi. dReisTvis mravali brauzeri arsebobs, maT Soris yvelaze popularulia: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Sa-fari, Google Chrome, Opera.

gamoiZaxe romelime brauzeri da air-Cie saZiebo sistema, magaliTad, Google.

amisTvis gadadi veb-gverdze https:// www.google.ge.

pirvel rigSi, albaT, unda gaarkvio, ra aris naTura, ras niSnavs sityva ̀ naTu-ra~. amaSi ganmartebiTi leqsikoni dagex-mareba, romelic SegiZlia moiZie veb-gverdze http://www.ena.ge/explanatory-online.

axla Sens mier moZiebuli informacia unda saTanadod Seinaxo. amisTvis rome-lime teqsturi redaqtori, magaliTad, WordPad dagWirdeba.

daakopire saWiro informacia. amisT-vis, mausis gamoyenebiT, moniSne saWiro teqsti. Semdeg daakopire (Segi-Zlia mausis marjvena RilakiT gamoiZaxo damxmare fanjara da airCio instrumenti Copy, an klaviSebis kombinacia gamoiyeno +).

Semdeg gamoiZaxe WordPad da gadaitane dakopirebuli teqsti. (Segi-Zlia mausis marjvena RilakiT gamoiZaxo damxmare fanjara da airCio instrumenti Paste, an klaviSebis kombinacia gamoiyeno +V)

amis Semdeg faili unda Seinaxo:

daubrundeT informaciis Ziebas.axla SegiZlia saZiebo velSi Seiyvano saWiro fraza (klaviaturis

qarTulze gadayvana ar dagaviwydes).


122

Cveni garemo 5

magaliTad, saZiebo velSi SeviyvaneT sityva naTura:

SegviZlia suraTebic movZebnoT:

am dros, sasurvelia, didi zomis (ufro xarisxiani) suraTebi moi Zio. SerCeuli suraTi kompiuterSi unda Seinaxo. mausis marjvena RilakiT gamoiZaxe damxmare fanjara da gamoiyene instrumenti Save image as... .

ase, nabij-nabij, Sens saqaRaldeSi mogigrovdeba prezentaciisTvis saWiro informacia:

internetSi raimes moZiebisas unda gaxsovdes, rom

zogi informacia aris daculi saavtoro uflebebiT. am

SemTxvevaSi Sen ar gaqvs ufleba, rom gamoiyeno es teqsti,

suraTi an raime sxva.

123


rogor movamzadoT prezentacia?

specialuri kompiuteruli programebis gamoyen-ebiT (magaliTad, Microsoft Office PowerPoint /inglisurad power point damajerebel moxsenebas niSnavs/) slaidebis Cveneba.

moZebne da gauSvi programa PowerPoint.Sens winaSe gaixsneba fanjara (prezentaciis pirveli slaidi):

pirvel rigSi, mianiWe prezentacias saxeli (Save As).

pirvel slaidze unda iyos Temis saTa uri (Title) da informacia avtoris Sesaxeb.

gadaiyvane klaviatura qarTulze da Seiyvane saTauri. Semdeg daamate informacia avtoris Sesaxeb. SegiZlia damatebiTi infor-maciac miuTiTo pirvel slaidze (magaliTad, TariRi).

Semdeg unda daamato axali slaidi (New Slide Picture with Caption):


124

Cveni garemo 5

axla SegiZlia daamato Sens mier moZiebuli suraTi. mausis marcx-ena RilakiT daawkapune suraTis xatulaze (logoze) da daamate suraTi (Sens saqaRaldeSi unda gadaxvide):

amis Semdeg teqsti unda daamato. daakopire Senaxuli teqsti (gamoi-Zaxe adre Senaxuli faili da daakopire saWiro teqsti).

Semdeg dabrundi programa PowerPoint-Si. miiyvane kursori saWiro adg-ilas, erTxel daawkapune da gadaitane dakopirebuli teqsti (Paste).

125


teqsti SegiZlia axlidanac Seiyvano. magaliTad, Tu romelime wignSi an JurnalSi moiZieb, Seni azriT, saWiro informacias, SegiZlia Seiyva-no es teqsti. programa PowerPoint gaZlevs saSualebas, magaliTad, te-qsts feri Seucvalo (Change the text color). amisTvis unda moniSno teqsti da gamoiyeno instrumenti Font Color:

SegiZlia sxva instumentebic gamoiyeno. magaliTad, teqsti daalago SuaSi (Center text). amisTvis dagWirdeba in-

strumenti Center (Ctrl+E).meore slaids rom daamTavreb, daamate mesame da a.S. ecade, rom lama-

zi slaidebi gamogivides. gaxsovdes, rom slaidebis raodenoba damoki-debulia prezentaciis xangrZlivobaze. magaliTad, 5-wuTiani prezent-aciisTvis sakmarisia 6_8 slaidi.

bolos aucileblad daimaxsovre Seni namuSevari.Seni namuSevris wardgenamde aucileblad moawye repeticia.prezentaciis dros isaubre mkafiod; Seecade, ar dafaro TvalsaCi-

noeba; ar dadge zurgiT auditoriisken; ecade, Caetio gankuTvnil dro-Si; dasrulebis Semdeg auditorias madloba gadauxade yuradRebisTvis.

gisurveb warmatebas!


126

Cveni garemo 5

82-83. ra aris denis wyaro

I. daakvirdi suraTs da aRwere masze gamosaxuli sagnebi.

albaT, xSirad gsmenia sityvebi: èlementi~, `batarea~, àkumula-tori~...

daaxloebiT 230 wlis win (1786 wels) italieli mecnieri luiji galvani mkvdar bayayze sxvadasxva cdebs atarebda. cdeb-is dros mkvlevari sxvadasxva liTonisgan damzadebul iaraRebs iyenebda.

SemTxveviT bayayis fexze spilenZis da rkinis iaraRebi erTdroulad moxvda da kunTi SeikumSa.

am movlenam luiji galvani sagonebelSi Caagdo, rac, sabolood, elementebisa da batareebis gamogonebis safuZveli gaxda.

batarea franguli sityvaa da niSnavs gar k veuli wesiT Se erTebul ramdenime ele-ments.

luiji galvani

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ramdenime wlis Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema SeZlo italielma mecnierma alesandro voltam. igi mixvda, rom Tu spilenZis da rkinis sxeulebi eleqtrogamtar garemoSi (swored aseTi garemo iyo bayayis organizmi) erTdroulad aRmoCndeba, eleqtruli deni warmoiqmneba. swored denia kunTis SekumSvis mizezi.

alesandro voltam Seqmna kidec pirveli eleqtruli batarea _ ̀ vol-tas sveti~. mkvlevaris iniciativiT eleqtrul batareas galvanis pativs-acemad `galvanuri elementi~ ewoda.

voltas sveti alesandro volta

Tanamedrove galvanuri elementebi


128

Cveni garemo 5

baRdadis batarea

albaT xSirad gsmenia, rom rac Cven axali gvgonia, sinamdvileSi kargad daviwyebuli Zvelia... sxva sakiTxia, ratom iqna es sagnebi daviwyebuli da mravali wlis Semdeg axlidan gamogonebuli...

daaxloebiT 80 wlis win (1938 wels) eraySi, qalaq baR-dadis maxloblad, germanelma mecnierma (arqeologma) vilhelm qenigma 2000-ze met wlis winandeli ucnauri sa-gani aRmoaCina. es iyo Tixis WurWeli, daxuruli asfaltis (bitumis) sacobiT. WurWelSi gadioda spilenZis wnulebiT dafaruli rkinis Reroebi.

gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom WurWelSi mJavuri Tvise-bebis siTxe iyo Casxmuli (Rvino an Zmari).

qenigma ivarauda, rom es mowyobiloba, erTgvari ba-tarea, eleqtrobis misaRebad gamoiyeneboda.

am versiis gadamowmeba SesaZlebeli gaxda zusti aslis damzadebiT. aRmoCenidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg amerikel-ma mkvlevarebma `baRdadis batareis~ ramdenime asli daamzades da maTi meSveobiT eleqtroba miiRes.

amiT damtkicda, rom uZveles batareebs eleqtrobis (eleqtroenergiis) gamomuSaveba SeeZloT òficialurad~ aRiarebamde aTaseulobiT wlebiT adre.

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II. rogor fiqrob, ra aris saWiro milSi wylis moZraobisaTvis? pasuxi daasabuTe da moiyvane magaliTebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan.

yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan Sen ici, rom milSi wylis moZraobisaT-vis Cven gvWirdeba tumbo an wylis doneebis sxvadasxvaoba. sadenebSi eleqtronebis gadasaadgileblad Cven viyenebT eleqtrul elementebs, maTgan Semdgar batareebs an generatorebs _ sxvadasxvagvar denis wya-roebs.

generatori laTinuri sityvaa da Semqmnels, mwarmoebels niSnavs.batareebSi Cven gvaqvs eleqtronebis maragi da `doneebis~ sxvaoba

maT boloebs Soris, xolo generatorebiT vqmniT moZraobisTvis auci-lebel pirobas, wylis tumbos msgavsad.

III. rogor fiqrob, risTvis aris saWiro denis wyaro? pasuxi daasabuTe da moiyvane magaliTebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan.

Tu magnits amoZraveb sadenis mimarT, masSi eleqtruli deni gaCndeba. es principia Cadebuli denis generatorebSi. magnitebs amoZraveben wylis, orTqlis, qaris, zRvis mimoqcevis an xelis Zalis gamoyenebiT. es meTodi muSaobs rogorc uzarmazar hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi, aseve martiv xelis generatorebSi, romliTac iteneba fanari.

davaleba: Semdegi gakveTilisTvis hkiTxe ufrosebs, an internetidan da Jurnal-gazeTebidan moiZie informacia da moamzade naSromi Temaze `ra aris akumulatori~.


130

Cveni garemo 5

85-86. ra aris eleqtruli wredi

Sen ukve ici, rom eleqtrodeni rom gamoviyenoT, upirveles yovlisa, gvWirdeba denis wyaro.

sxvadasxva eleqtroxelsawyo

modi SevTanxmdeT da naTuras, televizors, kompiuters, eleqtro-quras da saerTod, yovelnair xelsawyos, romelic eleqtrodeniT muSa-obs, vuwodoT mimRebi, anu momxmarebeli.

mimRebs eleqtrodeni rom mivawodoT, igi sadenebiT unda SevaerTod denis wyarosTan.

sadeni spilenZis mavTuliT

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I. daakvirdi suraTze gamosaxul naTurebs. ra msgavsebas da gansxvavebas amCnev? rogor fiqrob, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi romeli naTuris

gamoyeneba ufro xelsayrelia? pasuxi daasabuTe.

eleqtrodenis mimRebis CarTvisa da gamorTvisaTvis iyeneben CamrT-velebs.

ase rom SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sadenebiT erTmaneTTan SeerTe-buli denis wyaro, mimRebi da CamrTveli Seadgens eleqtrul wreds. modi SevTanxmdeT da eleqtruli wredis Semadgeneli nawilebisTvis Semovi-RoT pirobiTi aRniSvnebi.


132

Cveni garemo 5

daakvirdi elementis boloebs. erTi bolo pirobiTad aRniSnes `_~, xolo meore _ `+~.

modi, Cvenc denis wyaros pirobiT niSanze avRniSnoT boloebi `_~ da `+~.

denis wyaro

mimRebi

CamrTveli

sadeni

II. daakvirdi eleqtrul wreds. samuSao furcelze sqematurad gamosaxe wredi.

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IV. praqtikuli samuSao.

saWiro masala: denis wyaro, sadenebi, naTura, CamrTveli.

1. sqemis mixedviT aawye eleqtruli wredi.2. daakvirdi naTuras wredis or mdgomareobaSi:

Sekruli da Ria.3. ras daaskvni?

praqtikuli samuSaos Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT Semdegi:

wredSi deni rom arsebobdes, wredi Sekruli unda iyos.

III. waikiTxe qvemoT mocemuli sityvebi da SearCie da daasaxele, Seni azriT, zedmeti. daasabuTe Seni arCevani.

a) eleqtronaTura, macivari, sanTeli, televizori; b) akumulatori, gazqura, generatori, batarea; g) akumulatori, eleqtroqura, generatori, batarea.

Documents

Cveni garemo mogzaurobisTvis gaeZlo. dRes ukve viciT, rom SeuZlia, Tanac, ara marto frena, aramed Tveebis ganmavlobaSi kosmosSi mecnieruli dakvir - vebebis Catareba. iuri gagarini